2022年牛津版中考英语语法专题----名词 学案

专题三 名 词
名词是中考考查的重点。考查内容主要为：
1. 名词单、复数的变化规律及其用法； 2. 不可数名词量的表达法；
3. 名词所有格的变化及其用法； 4. 名词作主语的一致问题； 5. 常用专有名词的表示法；
6. 具体语境中名词的词义和一些常用易混淆名词的区别。 7.词性变化
Ⅰ.名词的定义
名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。 名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写，人名、地名、公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。如：Yao Ming ，China ，Christmas
Ⅱ. 可数名词和不可数名词 普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和 不可数名词。
1．可数名词 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。如：an apple; two apples 。
★ 注意： a 用于以辅音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前； an 用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前。
如：a book/buk/, a useful/ju:sful/ book ，an apple/’aepl/ ，a red apple , an hour/’aua/
2．不可数名词: 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，没有复数形式,不能与数词或不定冠词连用。
(1)物质名词。如： water; rice; tea; milk; food; fruit; meat; fish(鱼肉); chicken(鸡肉); beef; mutton; orange(橙汁)；sugar; salt; paper(纸); porridge; bread; sand; juice等。 这类不可数名词需要计量时要在名词前加表示量的词。如：a cup of tea; two bags of rice; three bottles of water等。
(2)抽象名词。如： news; music; time(时间); information等。
(3)注意：有些名词既可做可数名词也可做不可数名词。如：fish; time; glass; orange; room; chicken等。
Ⅲ. 名词的数
1. 可数名词复数形式的规则变化：
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watchesWish-wishes/ box-boxes
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
以f或fe结尾的名词, 变f或fe为v,再加es 读 /vz/ shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
可数名词复数形式的的不规则变化
(1)元音或词尾发生变化
如：man→men; woman→women; Frenchman→Frenchmen; tooth→teeth; foot→feet; child→children
(2)单复数形式相同
如：sheep→sheep; fish→fish; Chinese→Chinese; Japanese→Japanese; people→people　
(3)形式为单数意思为复数 如：family, class，police（集合名词）
(4)词尾s不表示复数，如：news, maths, physics, the United States等。
(5)常用复数形式，如：trousers, shorts（短裤）, clothes，glasses(眼镜)，noodles,chopsticks等。
3. 不可数名词的量的表示：（不能直接用数字；不能直接加a/an；无复数形式）
(1)表不定数量时，一般用much，(a)little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等词修饰。
(2)表确定数量时，一般用“数词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词。
如：a piece of paper, a piece of news, a bag of rice, two glasses of milk, four bottles of water
Ⅳ.名词的所有格：
1. 有生命的名词所有格
(1) 单数名词后加’s 。如：my brother’s book
(2) 不以s 结尾的复数名词后加’s 。如：the children’s football
(3) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加’ 。如：the boys’ game
(4) 以s 结尾的专有名词后直接加’ 。如：Dickens’ novels
(5) 某物为两个名词共有时，在第二个名词后加’s : 如：Tom and David’s room.
(6) 表示两个名词各自拥有的东西，在两个名词后都加’s: 如：Tom’s and David’s rooms.
2. 无生命的事物的名词所有格(of所有格)
(1)of＋名词。如：a photo of my family, the door of the classroom
注意：“of＋名词’s/名词性物主代词” 构成双重所有格 如：a friend of mine, a friend of Jim’s。
(2) 表示时间或距离，国家，城市的方法。也可用’s来构成所有格
▲如：ten minutes’ drive十分钟车程；a month’s holiday一个月的假期。China’s capital
(3)表称呼、职业等名词的所有格可以表示人的住所或工作场所。所有格后面的名词一般被省去。
如：at his brother’s; at the doctor’s; at the barker’s; at Mr Read’s
(4)用所有格表示节日的方法： 如：Teachers’ Day; Children’s Day
（除了父亲节和母亲节其他节日我们都用名词复数的所有格表示。） 如：Mother’s Day; Father’s Day.
▲（5）.由some、any、no、every与one、body 结合的复合不定代词something 、anything 等和else 连用时，所有格应加在else的后面。 如：This is _________________(somebody else ) pencil .
四、名词作句子成分：
★1.名词作主语
.表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
例：Two hours ______(be) enough for us to get there . Two years ______(pass) since we met last time.
2).量词短语“数字+量词+ of +…”作主语时，谓语动词应与量词保持一致。
A pair of shoes _______(be) under the bed . Two pieces of paper _______(be) on the desk .
3).名词+介词（with、except 、along with ….）+名词作主语时，谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致。
The teacher with the students _________(be) planting trees on the hill .
4).短语“neither…nor…、either…or…、not only…but also …”连接主语时，谓语动词实行就近原则。
Neither he nor I ______ (be) a Frenchman .
★2.名词作定语
1).名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。变复数时，名词中的中心词变为复数形式。
如：a banana tree→banana trees; a shoe factory→shoe factories
.名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。(sport )
例：The sports meeting will be held next week .
.man、woman 作定语时，man、woman随后面的名词单复数而变。 如 two women teachers
常考名词
成就，成绩 字典 医学；药
能力 不同点 错误，失误
行动，行为 困难；费力 音乐家
活动 方向 污染，污染物
演员/女演员 导演 人口
优势/ 劣势 发现；发现物 练习，训练
建议 讨论 产品，成果
一致，同意 教育 进展，进步
注意，专心 欧洲人 发音
商业，生意 经历，经验 骄傲，自豪
粗心 节日 目的
世纪，百年 德国/ 德国人 原因，理由
选择 高度 结论
交流，交际 信息 餐馆
竞赛，比赛 指示，说明 演说，发言
环境，条件 乐器；工具 成功
交谈，谈话 采访，会见 想法，看法
厨师 引言；介绍 财富
勇气 发明物/发明家 智慧
安全/ 危险 知识 奇迹
决定 语言 重量
发展 树叶（复） 服务
名词固定搭配
迷路 挡某人的路 在某人去......的路上
名胜古迹 令某人惊讶的是 说实话
有影响，起作用 保守秘密 上气不接下气
注意做某事 失控 随着......的发展
四面八方 做某事费劲 对......有价值的
考点一 名词的数与所有格
1.(2020宿迁) Mr Liu is a wise man, and he often gives us a few _________ .
A. suggestions B. advice C. hobbies D. knowledge
2. (2018广东) The three _________ upstairs are too small to have enough _________ for a double bed.
A. room; room B. room; rooms C. rooms; room D. rooms; rooms
3. the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are _________ teachers.
A. A number of; women B. A number of; woman C. The number of; woman D.The number of;women
4.(2020泰州)Mother's cooking skills will not only satisfy our _________ (胃) but also our spirit.
5.(2020连云港)Have you read the report Those _________ (英雄) stories really touched me deeply.
6.I saw some _________ (德国人) and Englishmen dancing in the street yesterday.
7.（2019徐州）Thomas Edison, one of the greatest ______ (invent) in the world, created over 1, 000 things.
8.(2018常州) -- Is this your umbrella -- No, it's another _________ ( visit).
9.(2017四川)Some parents often tell their kids not to believe s_________ words.
10.The true story about the poor girl caught many (read) attention. readers’
考点二名词词义辨析
1.(2021镇江)The TV series The Awakening Age (《觉醒年代) ) drew a lot of attention and_▲ with a high score of 9.2 on the Internet.
A. power B. wisdom C. praise D. wealth
2.一Have you decided what to write about Gulliver in Lilliput in the report
一-I'm not sure. Maybe I need to read some_ about it before writing.(2021南通)
A.reasons B. rewards C. results D. reviews
3.The landing of China's rover (登陆车) Zhurong on Mars shows China has made great____ in space exploration.(2021泰州)
A. progress B. project C. product D. protection
4.一We can always find something good in a bad if we 1ook for it.
一It's so true. Let's make full use of what comes. (2021扬州)
A. situation B. direction C. Instruction D. competition
5.Yuan Longping and his team have solved the problem of for many people. (2021盐城)
A hunger B. health C. pollution D. population
6.(2020南京)Maria is always full of _________ because she takes exercise every day.
A. energy B. talent C. humour D. wealth
7. (2020连云港)The _______ of the meeting is to help teachers and parents achieve better communication.
A. position B. progress C. period D. purpose
8. (2020苏州)I don't care how many words there are in your article, but the _________ of it really matters.
A. ability B. size C. quality D. energy
9.(2020扬州)You'll have to get your parents' if you want to go on a trip.
A. achievement B. announcement C. agreement D. advertisement
10.(2020泰州) --We have entered a world where robot operations become true with 5G technology.
— Hard to believe! Scientists are full of _________ which leads to great changes in our life.
A. attraction B. invention C. position D. contribution
11. (2019宿迁)—Anna, how does the dress look on me —To tell you the ____ , it doesn't fit you well.
A. trade B. trust C. truth D. treat
12.(2019泰州)My mother has a poor _________ of direction, so she is always afraid to go out alone.
A. scene B. silence C. service D. sense
13. (2019苏州) -- Keep quiet, son! I need complete _________ when I'm working.
--Sorry, Dad. I won't make any noise again.
A. trust B. silence C. control D. strength
14.(2018连云港)National Treasure quickly rose to the top television rating ranks after it was presented on
CCTV. It means a growing _________ in traditional culture among China's youth.
A. interest B. direction C. habit D. dream
15.(2018天津) Her smile made me feel warm and lively. It was like a hidden .
A.competition B.interview C.treasure D. tradition
16.(2017武汉)—I wonder if you've made a decision on the project, Bric.
一Not yet. I can't make it until I have first-hand on prices.
A. message B.knowledge C. information D.education
17.( 2016河南)—Are you going out with Jade tonight 一That's my . Mind your own!
A. offer B.business C.question D. chance
18.With the of the computer, museums today are different from what they used to be.
A. introduction B.invitation C. instruction D.direction
19.Though he never held a high in the government, the poet still cared about common people.
A. condition B. position C. education D. situation
20.If you can speak English well, you’ll have a great over others while looking for a job.
A. ability B. attention C. attraction D. advantage
21.—Han Mei can make a speech in front of so many students. She used to be a shy girl.
一The first prize in the English speaking competition helps increase her .
A.confidence B. interest C. knowledge D.experience
22.As a student, getting up early and being afraid of missing the first school bell may be common
for you. But thanks to new rules, you can stay in bed longer than before.
A.signs B. symbols C. experiences D.tasks
23.—-Yuan Longping's to our country is amazing.
一I agree. He and his team even start to plant saltwater rice.
A.celebration B.conversation C.contribution D.collection
24.Steve Jobs was full of —always coming up with new ideas which led to great changes in society.
A.instruction B.invitation C. introduction D.invention
II .词汇运用
A单词拼写
Beijing Daxing International Airport is one of the (奇迹）of the world.
With the opening of the three-child policy, (人口）of China will become larger.
She is the apple of her parents’ eye. And she is also their ____________ (骄傲).
As we reached the top of the mountain, we felt a sense of ____________ (成就).
One of the. ______________(女演员) in white dresses is Daniel's mother.
My grandpa knows the history and medical______ （价值）of many plants.
Do you think active people like to be________(领导者) in their lives
-Whose are these bags on the table -They are the________(德国人).
Reading _________ (指示) carefully is important before doing any DIY work.
Miss Wang has a nice (嗓音). Many people think she will become a singer.
It was really a joyful holiday and a meaningful_______ (经历).
This helps give them ___________ to face difficulties in their lives. (信心)
I’m surprised to know that a cow has more than two _________ (胃).
One of the _______（原因）of the traffic accident was the carelessness of the driver.
The tourists made___________(选择) to wait for the next train.
Thank you for your __________(建议). They’re very useful to me.
She has made two __________(演讲) about how to learn English well recently.
His first film received high ___________（赞扬）from the art community.
Choosing a gift for my family and friends can be a real _________ (挑战）for me.
-Are your parents in________(同意) that you can deal with it by yourself -Yes, of course.
21.Mr Green offered us a lot of advice on table m________.
词性转换
His death was a great _________(lose) to the whole world.
Do you know when he made his final_______(appear)in a film
To tell you the ___________,（true）sometimes I don’t agree with my parents.
Tan Dun is one of the most famous ________ (music) in the world.
Japan has lots of tourist___________(attract). so many visitors come to go sightseeing every year.
He had to sit in the front row because of his________(high).
As a guide, you have to take good care of these (tour) ID cards.
We should realize the (important) of teamwork in the daily life .
The students of Class 6 are writing an ( invite)letter to Mr.Li.
Because of the man's (kind). Mary found her home.
.It makes no ______________ (different)to me whether you go or not.
My friend likes reading. He is thought to be a boy of (wise).
New scientific ______________(discover) are being made every day. discoveries
It’s wise to try to get the best ______(produce) at the lowest price. It’s reported that the______(produce) of the new type of car has doubled recently.
With the ___ (develop) of technology, the journey to Mars might only take about 20
minutes in spacecraft in the future．