中考专区二轮专题---被动语态用法详解

课件36张PPT。 被动语态用法详解(一) 语 态 分 类英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)
A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动)
汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。 被动语态的用法：
1.不知道动作的执行者是谁。. The window was broken yesterday..
2.没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。.More trees must be planted every year.
3.需要突出或强调动作的承受者。.
.He was badly hurt in the accident yesterday.
?4 汉语中含有“被”、“由”等词时。Wei Hua is asked to come by Lin Tao
5?某些句子习惯上用被动语态。He was born in October, 1988.
Note: 1.用于被动语态中的动词是及物动词，不及物动词不能用被动语态.
World War II took place in Europe. (right)
World War II was taken place in Europe. (wrong)
2.反身代词在句中作宾语时,不能用被动语态.
He taught himself English. (right)
Himself was taught English by him. (wrong)
主动语态变被动语态的方法1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语(注意代词的格的转换）。
2.把主动语态的谓语动词改为 “be + 过去分词”结构；（注意人称，数，时态的一致）。3.把主动语态的主语变为被动语态的by
短语。（① by短语可以省。② by短语
后跟代词的宾格。）by the teacher..The teacher often asks him questions.Heis askedquestions歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。
谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。
主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。
例如： All the people laughed at him.
---- He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
-----The bikes are made?by them?in the factory. 1 They play football on Sunday.
2 Lucy does the homework in the evening.
3 They often use computers in class.
4 We make these machines in Beijing.
Football is played by them on Sunday.The homework is done by Lucy in the evening.Computers are often used by them in class.These machines are made in Beijing.注意：1 被动句中的谓语动词的单复数和被动句中的主语一致
2 被动句的时态要和主动句一致
3 (注意主动句中的宾语（的宾格）要变成被动句的主语（的主格）
4（ by+宾格） //其他成分照抄不变常见的八种时态中的被动语态
1. 一般现在时：
(1)People grow rice in the south of the country.
Rice is grown in the south of the country.
(2)The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 1. They bought ten computers last term． by them last term.2.一般过去时的被动语态结构：was/were +过去分词last year.2.We planted many trees last year.Many treeswere plantedTen computerswere bought3.一般将来时的被动语态结构：will be+过去分词1.They will finish the work in ten days.by them in ten days.The workwill be finished2.Tom will clean the room tomorrow.The roomwill be cleanedbyTom tomorrow.4.含有情态动词的被动语态结构：can/may/must/should + be+过去分词1.Amy can take good care of Gina ．by Amy.Ginacan be taken good care of2.You should drink more water.More water should be drunkby you.5.现在进行时的被动语态的结构is / am / are + being ＋过去分词1.Some workers are painting the rooms now．by some workers now.The roomsare being painted2.He is watching TV.TVis being watched by him.6.现在完成时的被动语态的结构have / has ＋been ＋过去分词1.We have made twenty more keys．by us.Twenty more keyshave been made2.We have finished our compositions.Our compositionshave been finishedby us.(二) 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化
主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以 give 为例，列表如下：
一般现在时：
一般过去时：
一般将来时：
一般过去将来时：
现在进行时：
过去进行时：
现在完成时：
过去完成时：
将来完成时：
过去将来完成时： ?
［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。 am / is / are + done
was / were + done
shall / will + be done
should / would + be done
am / is / are + being + done
was / were + being + done
have / has + been + done
had + been + done
shall / will + have been + done
should / would + have been + done (1)They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
(2)They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.
Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.
(3)The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
(4) The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.
The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.(5)The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
(6) We are painting the rooms.
The rooms are being painted.
7)The workers were mending the road.
The road was being mended.
(8)This time last year we were planting trees here.
Trees were being planted here this time last year.
9)He can write a great many letters with the computer.
A great many letters can be written with the computer by him.(10)Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off. I have been told the sports meeting might be put off.
(11)He has brought his book here.
His book has been brought here.
12)When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.
13) The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great leader.
He had been considered to be a great leader.
14)You must hand in your compositions after class.
Your compositions must be handed in after class.
如：1. He gave me a book.
I was given a book by him. （以I做主语）
A book was given to me by Tom. （以物book作主语）
2. He teaches us English.
－We are taught English by him. （以人当主语）
－English is taught to us by him. （以物作主语）被动语态的几种类型1.带双宾语句子的被动语态.（指物的宾语叫直接宾语，
指人的宾语叫间接宾语）常见的接双宾语的动词有:
to: pass, give, teach, show, bring, lend ,tell ,sell
for: buy, draw, sing, get, choose, cook以“人”当主语时，变法和一般的变法一样；
以“物”当主语时，在保留的间接宾语前必须加to或for.主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 (S + V+ IO+ DO
1）.将表人的间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变。He showed us a picture .We were shown a picture by him.
2）.将指物的直接宾语变为主语，要在间接宾语前加介词to或for.A picture was shown to us by Tom.A dictionary was bought for me by my parents. 注意：1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
(1) The book was showed to the class.
(2) My bike was lent to her.
2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：
build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。
(1) A new skirt was made for me.
(2) The meat was cooked for us.
(3) Some country music was played for us. keep, make 三类的动词常常有宾语补足 语(形容词，不定式，Ving 形式。。。），在被动语态中，宾语补足语位置不变（照抄）。
1 We must keep our classroom clean .
主 谓 宾 宾补

our claasroom must be kept clean by us.
我们必须保持教室干净
2.含有宾语补足语的句子的被动语态Lucy asked Jim to go shopping with her
I found a snake lying under a car over there
3 I saw a boy swimming in the river on my way home
A by was seen swimming …………
4 The good news made me happy
I was made happy by the good news
即feel , hear , listen , have , make , let , look , watch , see , notice ，这些词在主动句中，其后的动词不定式不加to，但变被动句时必须加to. 1.I saw him play basketball last Sunday.Hewas seento play basketball last Sunday.2.We heard them sing in the classroom.Theywas heardto sing in the classroom.3.感官动词和使役动词的被动语态1. The boss made the little boy do heavy work. .
2. We saw him play football on the playground
3. The teacher made me go out of the classroom..
4 . I saw a thief walk into the office building The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. He was seen to play football on the playground. I was made to go out of the classroom （by the teacher）.
－A thief was seen to walk into the office building by me . 不及物动词没有宾语，因此没有被动语态。但有的不及物动词后面加上介词及其他一些词类构成短语动词之后，其作用相当于及物动词，可以接宾语，因而也可以变为被动语态。短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：1 ,They take good care of my child.
My child is taken good care of by them.
2, I turned off the radio.
The radio was turned off (by me)
3, I have never heard of such a thing before.
----Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻
4.含有短语的主动语态变被动语态下列这些短语本身即是被动语态的形式，不需再加－by
be covered with …用…覆盖着
be interested in …对…感兴趣
be surprised at …对…感到惊奇
be made of （from）用…制造的动词短语的被动语态
take care of －be taken care of
cut down －be cut down
laugh at －be laughed at
look after－be looked after(六)语态转换时所注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought. (正确)
A new computer have been bought. (错误)
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：
A present was given to me yesterday. 保留宾语×3. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：
Nobody can answer this question.
误The question can be answered by nobody.
正 The question can not be answered by anybody. ×4. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：
They haven't done anything to make the river clean.
误：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.
正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean. 5. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：
Who wrote the story?
误：Who was the story written?
正：By whom was the story written? 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：
第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。
(1)— Do you like the material? — Yes, it feels very soft.
误：It is felt very soft.
(2)The food tastes delicious.
误：The food is tasted delicious.
(3)The pop music sounds beautiful.
误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.
第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：
He entered the room and got his book.
误：The room was entered and his book was got.
She had her hand burned.
误：Her hand was had burned. 第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：
The fire broke out in the capital building.
误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.
第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。
When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.
误：The sun had already been risen.
After the earthquake, few houses remained.
误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.
第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：
I taught myself English.
误：Myself was taught English.
We love each other.
误：Each other is loved. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：
据说…… It is said that …
据报导…… It is reported that …
据推测…… It is supposed that …
希望…… It is hoped that …
众所周知…… It is well known that …
普遍认为…… It is generally considered that …
有人建议…… It is suggested that …
1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp. Exercises
将下列句子变为被动语态：
1. They clean their classroom every day . __________________________________
2. I repair Jenny’s bicycle every Sunday. ____________________________________
3. This farmer grew beautiful flowers last year. ______________________________
4. The students should do their homework every day .
____________________________________
5. Tom often plays basketball on the playground.
Their classroom is cleaned by them every day .Jenny’s bicycle is repaired (by me) every Sunday.Beautiful flowers were grown by this farmer last year.Their homework should be done by the students evey day.Basketball is often played by Tom on the playground.6. Sometimes she gives me a present .

7. The pupil asks the teacher to tell a story.
8. Children often sing this song .
9. John answered all the questions.

10. Tom broke the window.
I am given a present by her sometimes.The teacher is asked to tell a story by the pupilThe song is often sung by children.All the questions were answered by John.The window was broken by Tom.A present is given to me by her sometimes.12. We can finish the work on time11.My father bought me a bike.I was bought a bike by my father.A bike was bought for me by my father.The work can be finished by us on time.13. He tells me to wait here for him . ______________________________________
14. People all over the world know the Great Wall .
______________________________________
15. We will build a new bridge over the river . ______________________________________
16.Mary often takes care of the children . _____________________________________
17. People call him Little Old Man _______________________________
18. Tea grows in China . ______________________________________
19. People speak English in almost all the countries in the world .
______________________________________
I’m told to wait here for him by him.The Great wall is known by people all over the world. A new bridge will be built over the river by us. .The children are often taken care of by Mary He is called little Old Man by people.Tea is grown in China .English is spoken in almost all the countries in the world
20. She often sings this popular song.

21. We clean our classroom every day .

22. They teach English in their school .

23. We usually make cakes with eggs.

24. People play football all over the world .

25. They grow tea in the south of China .
This popular song is often sung by her Our classroom is cleaned by us everyday.English is taught by them in their school.Cakes are usually made with eggs by us . Football is played all over the world (by people). Tea is grown in the south of China.