2022届高三英语二轮复习阅读理解说明文15篇（含答案）

说明文(1)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice-free – by spreading on them cheese brine, the salty liquid used to make soft cheese, like mozzarella.
Wisconsin, also called "America's Dairyland," is famous for its cheese. The state produced 2.8 billion pounds of cheese last year! a result, there was a lot of leftover cheese brine. Disposing of(处置)the brine can be expensive. So what should cheese makers do with the waste
Normally, towns use rock salt to de-ice streets. The salt lowers waters' freezing point, causing ice to melt(融化). But using cheese brine could help both cheese producers and cities save money, while keeping roads safe. Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point.
In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more environment-friendly option. Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment.
Rock salt is made of sodium chloride, the sane con-pound (化合物)in ordinary table salt. Sounds harmless, right But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food, road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on U.S. Roads every year!
The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground. There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants. and eat away soil. By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt, Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent.
Cheese brine has a downside too – a shell similar to that of bad milk. "I don't really mind it," Emil Norby told Modern Farmer magazine. He works for one of Wisconsin's county highway commissions and came up with the idea of using cheese brine. "Our roads smell like Wisconsin!" he said. （2020年1月浙江卷）
1．Why can cheese brine help keep winter roads ice-free
A．It is soft. B．It contains salt. C．It is warm. D．It has milk in it.
2．What is a benefit of using cheese urine on roads
A．Improving air quality. B．Increasing sales of rock salt.
C．Reducing water pollution. D．Saving the cheese industry.
3．Milwaukee's new way to de-ice streets may be an example of_______________.
A．barking up the wrong tree B．putting the cart before the horse
C．robbing Peter to pay Paul D．killing two birds with one stone
说明文(2)
Today's world is not an easy adjustment for young adults. Key skill set for success is persistence (毅力), a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.
BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American families over several years. And over time，the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in school.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers，"Padilla-Walker said. "This research also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence-which can be taught-are key to a child's life success.”
Researchers determined that dads need to practice an "authoritative" parenting style. Authoritative parenting is not authoritarian:rigid，demanding or controlling. Rather，an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics:children feel warmth and love from their father；responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed children are given an appropriate level of autonomy(自主权).
In the study，about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting. A key finding is that over time，children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence，which leads to better outcomes in school.
This particular study examined 11 to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence，which is an avenue of future research.
1．What is special about the BYU professors' study
A．It centered on fathers' role in parenting.
B．It was based on a number of large families.
C．It analyzed different kinds of parenting styles.
D．It aimed to improve kids' achievement in school.
2．What would an authoritative father do when raising his children
A．Ignore their demands.
B．Make decisions for them.
C．Control their behaviors.
D．Explain the rules to them.
3．Which group can be a focus of future studies according to the researchers
A．Single parents. B．Children aged from 11 to 14.
C．Authoritarian fathers. D．Mothers in two-parent homes.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Three Characteristics of Authoritative Fathers.
B．Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in Future.
C．Children Tend to Learn Determination from Father.
D．Family Relationship Influences School Performance.
说明文(3)
I am an active playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others. To do this I have searched through dozens of plays to find the ones that I think best show the power and purpose of the short play.
Each play has a theme or central idea which the playwright(剧作家) hopes to get across through dialogue and action. A few characters are used to create a single impression growing out of the theme. It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright. However, a variety of types is represented here. These include comedy, satire, poignant drama, historical and regional drama. To show the versatility(多面性) of the short play, I have included a guidance play, a radio play and a television play.
Among the writers of the plays in this collection, Paul Green, Susan Glaspell, Maxwell Anderson, Thornton Wilder, William Saroyan, and Tennessee Williams have all received Pulitzer Prizes for their contributions to the theater. More information about the playwrights will be found at the end of this book.
To get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience. The houselights dim(变暗). The curtains are about to open, and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell you the story. （2020年浙江卷）
1．What do we know about the author from the first paragraph
A．He has written dozens of plays. B．He has a deep love for the theater.
C．He is a professional stage actor. D．He likes reading short plays to others.
2．What does the author avoid doing in his work
A．Stating the plays’ central ideas. B．Selecting works by famous playwrights.
C．Including various types of plays. D．Offering information on the playwrights.
3．What does the author suggest readers do while reading the plays
A．Control their feelings. B．Apply their acting skills.
C．Use their imagination. D．Keep their audience in mind.
4．What is this text
A．A short story. B．An introduction to a book.
C．A play review. D．An advertisement for a theater.
说明文(4)
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.
For all of Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. “It’s not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he says.
In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger. （2020年浙江卷）
1．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Increased length of green lights. B．Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C．Flexible timing of traffic signals. D．Smooth traffic flow on the road.
2．What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A．They work better on broad roads.
B．They should be used in other cities.
C．They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.
D．They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.
3．What can we learn from Bellevue’s success
A．It is rewarding to try new things. B．The old methods still work today.
C．I pay to put theory into practice. D．The simplest way is the best way.
说明文(5)
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help. （2020年浙江卷）
1．Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests
A．To assess their health status. B．To evaluate their work habits.
C．To analyze their personality. D．To measure their mental ability.
2．How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4
A．By using an expert’s words. B．By making a comparison.
C．By referring to another study. D．By introducing a concept.
3．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B．Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C．Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D．Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
说明文(6)
Your student ID card identifies you as a student at the University of Bolton. It will provide you with access to University facilities such as University Libraries, Sports Centre, and Computing Services. Please carry your card with you at all times. Do not lose your card or lend it to others. Your card is valid during the whole time of your studies. It remains the property（财产）of the University of Bolton at all times.
New students—photographs
You will be requested to upload a passport sized photograph as part of the online registration process. This should be a jpg file with a size of no more than 1 MB．Your photograph should be a portrait image in proportion（比例）to a 6"×4" portrait photograph. It should be taken in colour and must not have been beautified with image filters（滤光镜）.
Your student ID card will be provided to you by your department during Welcome Week. Please be aware that you will not receive this smart card during Welcome Week if you do not upload your image online by 4 September 2020.
Replacement cards
If your student ID card no longer works or has been damaged, or if you have changed your personal or programme details, you should call into the Student Administration Centre （SAC） to request a new one. Please ensure that you bring your existing card with you. Your replacement card will be produced free of charge.
If your card has been reported to the Police as stolen, please also call into the SAC to request a replacement, bringing with you a copy of your Police Crime Report paperwork. Your card will be produced free of charge.
If your card has been lost, a fee of ￡5 is charged for the production of a replacement card. You are requested to use our online payment service.
Note: Replacement cards will be available for you to collect seven working days after making the request. As a security measure, you are requested to collect your card in person at the SAC．
（2020年天津卷）
1．Which of the following is a function of the student ID card
A．To remind students to protect public property.
B．To enable students to use resources in the library.
C．To help students demonstrate their computer skills.
D．To provide information about campus facilities.
2．To meet the requirements of the photograph on the student ID card, a new student should upload__________.
A．an image saved as a PDF file. B．a colour picture of their passport.
C．a photo beautified by a photographer. D．a portrait photograph of proper proportion.
3．In which case does a student have to pay for the replacement of the student ID card
A．The theft of the card has been officially proved.
B．The card holder has changed his or her major.
C．The card dropped off into a lake by accident.
D．The card fails to work properly.
4．To collect your replacement card, you should___________.
A．fetch it at the SAC personally B．go through a security check first
C．call the police station in advance D．wait for seven days before getting it.
说明文(7)
Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight against air pollution by recording pollutant levels near the ground.
Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems.
Conventional air pollution monitors are normally fixed on lampposts at about nine feet in the air. However, since Baggy stands at about the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently records pollution levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Environment A gency.
The doggy data research was the idea of Baggy's 13-year-old owner Tom Hunt and his dad Matt. The English youngster noticed that pollution levels are around two-thirds higher close to the ground than they are in the air at the height where they are recorded by the agency. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasise that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）.
Matt Hunt said he was "very proud" of his son because “when the boy gets an idea, he keeps his head down and gets on with it, and he really does want to do some good and stop young kids from getting asthma."
“Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it."
Tom said, "Most of the time, Baggy is just like any other dog. But for the rest of the time she is a super dog, and we are all really proud of her."
1．With a monitor on her collar, Baggy can ____________.
A．take pollutant readings B．record pollutant levels
C．process collected data D．reduce air pollution
2．What can we learn from the Baggy data
A．High places are free of air pollution.
B．Higher pushchairs are more risky for kids.
C．Conventional monitors are more reliable.
D．Air is more polluted closer to the ground.
3．What is Tom's purpose of doing the research
A．To wan of a health risk.
B．To find out pollution sources.
C．To test his new monitor.
D．To prove Baggy's abilities.
4．According to the passage, which word can best describe Tom Hunt
A．Modest. B．Generous. C．Creative. D．Outgoing.
说明文(8)
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity - but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually .The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends. （2020年全国卷1）
1．Why does the author like rereading
A．It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B．It’s a window to a whole new world.
C．It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D．It extends the understanding of oneself.
2．What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast
A．It’s a brief account of a trip.
B．It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C．It’s a record of a historic event.
D．It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
3．What does the underlined word ＂currency＂ in paragraph 4 refer to
A．Debt B．Reward. C．Allowance. D．Face value.
4．What can we infer about the author from the text
A．He loves poetry.
B．He’s an editor.
C．He’s very ambitious.
D．He teaches reading.
说明文(9)
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science. （2020年全国卷Ⅱ）
1．In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play
A．Building confidence. B．Developing spatial skills.
C．Learning self-control. D．Gaining high-tech knowledge.
2．What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A．Parents’ age. B．Children’s imagination.
C．Parents’ education. D．Child-parent relationship.
3．How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play
A．They play with puzzles more often.
B．They tend to talk less during the game.
C．They prefer to use more spatial language.
D．They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
4．What is the text mainly about
A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist D．A teaching program.
说明文(10)
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Redney C．Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive. （2020年全国卷Ⅲ）
1．What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1
A．Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B．New knowledge of human evolution.
C．Recent findings of human origin.
D．Significance of food selection.
2．Where do the Bajau build their houses
A．In valleys. B．Near rivers. C．On the beach. D．Off the coast.
3．Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A．They could walk on stilts all day.
B．They had a superb way of fishing.
C．They could stay long underwater.
D．They lived on both land and water.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea
B．Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C．Basic Methods of Genetic Research
D．The World’s Best Divers
说明文（11）
Does it matter if a language dies out The traditional answer is yes, because every language is a repository (智囊) of ideas and culture and represents a unique way of looking at the world. The planet only has about 7,000 languages; the extinction of even one decreases the sum total of human knowledge.
But in some cases, extinction can be seen in a more positive light. Take Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language（ABSL）for example, restricted to about 1,000 users in a small Israeli village with a high level of born deafness, the language seems to be bound to die by the spread of Israeli sign language.
The natural reaction to the loss of ABSL is regret. It is a fascinating language that has kept linguists busy since it came to their attention around 15 years ago. But for the deaf villagers, Israeli sign language is an upgrade: it allows them to speak to tens of thousands of people rather than a few hundred, and enables them to work and marry outside the village. It is hard to see that as anything other than progress. Similarly, other endangered languages die out because people abandon them in favor of ones that serve their needs better.
Technology also softens the blow, as endangered languages can now be captured in detail — which also means they could eventually be brought back from the dead, much as the Hebrew language was in the 19th century. It is now the first language of 9 million people.
Linguists naturally condemn the loss of language much as conservationists (环保主义者) once mourned the loss of every single species. But they are moving towards acceptance that not all species can be saved, that invasive species are not always bad and that human-engineered ecosystems are not necessarily inferior to natural ones. Perhaps our attitudes to language extinction are due for a similar change.
1．What can we infer about ABSL
A．Another language replaced it. B．It is an endangered language.
C．Deaf villagers prefer to use it. D．It has been studied for over 15 years.
2．What does the underlined word “upgrade” in Paragraph 3 mean
A．Recovery. B．Opportunity. C．Improvement. D．Update.
3．How does technology affect languages
A．Technology can remove people’s regret.
B．Languages may be rescued from the extinction.
C．Technology increases the number of endangered languages.
D．Endangered languages might be abandoned because of technology.
4．What’s the main idea of the text
A．More and more languages are dying out.
B．Technology creates some new languages.
C．People feel ashamed of language extinction.
D．Language extinction is not necessarily a bad thing.
说明文（12）
This season, the bushfires in Australia have burned more than 12.35 million acres of land. At least 25 people have been killed and 2000 homes destroyed. According to the BBC, this is the most casualties（伤亡）from wildfires in the country since 2009. The University of Sydney estimates that 480 million animals have died in South Wales alone.
Zeke Hausfather, an energy systems analyst and climate researcher at Berkeley Earth, said warmer temperatures and extreme weather have made Australia more susceptible to fires and increased the length of the fire season. “The drier conditions combined with record high temperatures in 2019 created main conditions for the disastrous fires.Australia’s fires were worsened by the combination of those two. 2019 was the perfect storm for being the warmest year on record for Australia and the driest year on record for Australia,” Hausfather added on Friday.
Kevin Trenberth, a senior scientist at the US National Center for Atmospheric Research, said warmer ocean temperatures also contributed to more variable weather around the world. Trenberth believes that global warming contributed to energy imbalances and hot spots in the oceans, which can create a wave in the atmosphere that locks weather patterns in places, causing longer rain events in Indonesia, for example, and at the same time contributing to drought in Australia.He said that once an area experiences drought conditions for two months or more, it increases the risk of fires catching and spreading. Those changing weather patterns due to global warming make drought events longer.
Climate experts stress that climate change is not the only factor in the severity of wildfires. How land is managed can also impact the amount of fuel available for fires. Practices like controlled burns and other factors can impact the risk to people and property, such as warning systems and the type of development in a given area. Changing those policies has great potential to limit future damage from wildfires along with changes to how fire management resources are dispatched (派遣).
1．What are the numbers about in paragraph 1
A．The causes of Australian fires. B．The consequences of Australian fires.
C．The damaged areas of Australian fires. D．The property destruction of Australian fires.
2．Which of the following best explains “susceptible to” in the second paragraph
A．Very quickly to adapt to. B．Very seriously to focus on.
C．Very likely to be influenced by. D．Very easily to be protected against.
3．What can we infer from Trenberth’s research
A．Global warming is the root cause of the bushfires.
B．Longer dry weather contributes to global warming.
C．Warmer ocean temperatures promote fires spreading.
D．The imbalanced energy leads to the temperature rising.
4．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph
A．To stress the effects of Australia fires.
B．To show the methods for controlling burns.
C．To predict the seriousness of Australia fires.
D．To provide some advice about reducing damage.
说明文（13）
A study has warned that seafood supplies from the world's oceans could be almost gone by the middle of the century. The researchers say there has already been a breakdown in wild populations of almost one third of currently fished sea-foods. The study says that means their catch has fallen by ninety percent from their highest level. Boris Worm of Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia Canada led the intentional team that did the study. Professor Worm says species have recently been disappearing from oceans at an increasing speed. At this rate he says all seafood species could collapse by 2048.
Other studies have also warned about the dangers of overfishing and the effects on ocean environments. But not everyone thinks the oceans are likely to be empty, in, fifty years.Some scientists said parts of the world do have problems but others arc doing a good job of protecting fish populations. Government officials in several countries with large fishing industries also questioned the research.
The study appeared earlier this month in Science magazine.
The researchers say damage to oceans affects not only fish populations but also the productivity of ecosystems. These complex systems help control water quality. The scientists say the loss of different kinds of sea life appears to increase the risk of fish kills and beach closures from harmful algae growth.
The scientists examined the results of thirty-two experiments and observed forty-eight protected areas. They also looked at records of catches worldwide. They studied records from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization from 1950 to 2003. And they examined archaeological information and other historical records for twelve coastal areas. That research reached back over a thousand years.
Boris Worm says the findings are, in his words, “beyond anything we suspected.”But he also said the situation is not too late to core. He said that with good fisheries management, some species could completely recover in three to ten years.
1．The two underlined words “their” in the first paragraph most probably mean .
A．researchers' B．fisherman's
C．sea foods' D．the oceans'
2．Which of the following is true according to the passage
A．All the scientists don't believe that all seafood species will disappearing very soon
B．Most government officials disagree to the seafood-disappearing research
C．Some scientists are doing a good job of protecting fish populations
D．It's too late to take any action to improve the situation.
3．According to Boris Worm, .
A．Some people are doing a good job of protecting fish populations
B．Overfishing is one of the causes for the loss of seafood species
C．things are getting worse though efforts can be made
D．some more species will come into being with right measures
4．What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To call on people to protect the ocean environment
B．To introduce a study about the disappearing of sea foods
C．To report different opinions about the seafood research
D．To criticize the present fisheries management
说明文（14）
Stan Lee, co-founder of the Marvel Universe(漫威宇宙) and co-creator of many of its most popular superheroes, died at the age of 95.
Lee was born Stanley Martin Lieber in New York in 1922. As a son of working-class Jewish immigrants from Romania, times were hard and he lived with his family in a shabby single-bedroom apartment. After graduating from high school at 16, Lieber landed a job as an assistant at Timely Comics. By the early 1940s, he was a temporary editor for the company. It was at this time that he began using his pen name---Stan Lee. In 1947, two years after returning from serving for the U.S. Army, Lee married his wife, Joan. The two began their 70-year marriage and had two children.
In the late 1950s, DC Comics breathed new life into its classic superhero and experienced a significant success with its updated version of the Flash, and later with super-team the Justice League of America.
To compete against DC Comics, Lee was given the task of creating their own group of superheroes. In 1961, Timely Comics changed its name into Marvel Comics after Atlas Comics, and that November saw the debut(首次亮相) of the Fantastic Four. Lee’s later famous and lasting creations of comic-book superheroes included Spider-Man, the Hulk, Thor, Iron Man and the X-Men.
Over the course of his career, Lee was an icon of Marvel Comics. As a writer and editor and, at various points, both the publisher and vice president of Marvel Comics, Lee not only introduced interesting characters to the industry, but changed the way that comic books came together. He also created a cooperative workflow between writers and artists, which became known as the “Marvel Method”. Lee received a National Medal of Arts in 2008 for his innovations that revolutionized American comic books.
1．What do we know about Lee from Paragraph 2
A．He served for the U.S. Army for two years.
B．He suffered from an unfortunate marriage.
C．He had a tough and struggling childhood.
D．He adopted his pen name at the age of 16.
2．What was the company called when Spider-Man was created
A．Timely Comics B．Marvel Comics
C．Atlas Comics D．DC Comics
3．What does the underlined word “icon” in the last paragraph mean
A．Statue. B．Agent. C．Assistant. D．Symbol.
4．What can be the best title for the text
A．Stan Lee, the Godfather of Marvel Comics.
B．The Development of Marvel Comics.
C．Stan Lee, a Superhero in Comic Books.
D．The Popular Superheroes of Marvel Comics.
说明文（15）
When a running event is longer than 26.2 miles, it is called an ultramarathon.There are two kinds of ultramarathons. In the first kind of ultramarathon, runners have to cover a specific distance—50 miles, for example. In the second kind of ultramarathon, runners have a limited amount of time, such as 24 hours, to cover as much distance as they can. Some ultramarathons are run as loops around a track or course. Others are run on trails through forests, deserts, or mountains. Many ultramarathons that are run on trails include natural obstacles that a runner will have to overcome, such as rocky paths or bad weather. Ultramarathons are run all over the world, even on Antarctica. The most famous race across Antarctica is called The Last Desert Race. Runners pay over $14,000 to compete in this race. Besides,they must also buy special equipment to protect themselves against the extreme cold.
People who want to train to run in an ultramarathon should first gain experience running regular marathons. Once you have completed a few marathons, you can add more and more distance every time you run.
Besides practicing, there are a few other things you can do to help you prepare to run an ultramarathon. First, pick a location that is close to home,which is safer because you will be more familiar with the area. Next, make sure to bring snacks, sunscreen, and extra shoes. You should also remember to drink eight ounces of water or a sports drink every 15 to 20 minutes. Your pace is also very important. When you are running an ultramarathon, you should start running more slowly than you do when you run a regular marathon.
Finally, many people who run ultramarathons say that it is easier and more fun to train with friends than it is to train alone. So if you are interested in running an ultramarathon, you should also try to get one of your friends interested in it too.
1．What is the main purpose of the first paragraph
A．To provide basic information about ultramarathons.
B．To help people train to run an ultramarathon.
C．To compare ultramarathons to regular marathons.
D．To share his or her personal experience with ultramarathons.
2．What makes The Last Desert Race so difficult to compete in
I. It is very expensive to travel to Antarctica.
II. The weather in Antarctica is very cold.
III. It is much longer than other ultramarathons.
A．I only. B．I and II only. C．II and III only. D．I, II, and III.
3．Why is it better to train for an ultramarathon with friends
A．Because it is safer to run ultramarathon with friends.
B．Because you can split the cost of a trip to Antarctica with a friend.
C．Because you typically train harder in the presence of others.
D．Because friends make training more enjoyable.
4．Where is this text most likely from
A．A diary. B．A novel. C．A magazine. D．A guidebook.
阅读理解说明文参考答案
说明文(1)B C D
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了威斯康辛州的密尔沃基市正在试验一种新的路面防冻方法——在路面上涂上奶酪盐水。文章说明了这种新方法的好处是，相比于常用的岩盐，奶酪盐水既可以帮助道路不结冰，同时又很省钱环保。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point.（奶酪盐水中含有盐，就像岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点）可知因为奶酪盐水含有盐，所以能帮助冬季道路不结冰。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants. …cut its rock salt use by 30 percent.（在那里它可以污染饮用水，伤害植物，侵蚀土壤。通过在街道上撒上奶酪盐水，然后再撒上一层岩盐，密尔沃基或许可以将岩盐的使用量减少30%）可知岩盐会污染饮用水，而在道路上使用奶酪盐水可以减少水污染。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point.（奶酪盐水中含有盐，就像岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点）以及第四段第一句In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more environment-friendly option.（除了省钱，奶酪盐水也是一个更环保的选择）可知相比于常用的岩盐，奶酪盐水既可以帮助道路不结冰，同时又很省钱环保，可知密尔沃基市的街道除冰新方法是一个“一石二鸟”的成功例子。故选D。
说明文(2)A D A C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位。研究人员认为，父亲们需要采用一种“权威”的养育方式，且一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句Researchers from Brigham Young University … help their adolescent children learn persistence.（杨百翰大学的研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位）可知杨百翰大学研究的特别之处在于，它关注的是父亲在养育子女中的角色。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中Rather，an authoritative parenting style includes…appropriate level of autonomy.（相反，权威的养育方式包括以下一些特征:孩子们感受到来自父亲的温暖和爱；强调责任和规则背后的原因；孩子们被给予适当的自主权）可知一个有权威的父亲在抚养孩子时会向他们解释规则。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句Yet the researchers suggest that…of future research.（然而，研究人员认为，单亲父母仍然可能在教授坚持不懈的好处方面发挥作用，这是未来研究的一个方向）可知根据研究人员的说法，单亲父母是未来研究的重点。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章倒数第二段中A key finding is that over time，…which leads to better outcomes in school.（一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩）和文章主要内容为说明父亲在养育子女中的角色，故选C选项“孩子们倾向于向父亲学习决心”最符合文章标题。故选C。
说明文(3)B A C B
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者的书籍的序言部分，包括其编写目的，书籍内容主体，以及如何实现有乐趣的阅读本书的建议。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“…and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others”可知，作者编辑这本书的最好的原因是希望与他人分享对戏剧的热情，因此可知作者对于戏剧饱含热情。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“It is not my intention to point out the central theme… the effectiveness of the playwright.”可知，作者并不想指出这本书中每一部戏剧的中心主题，因为那样确实会破坏阅读、讨论和思考戏剧以及剧作家的有效性的乐趣。A项“Stating the plays”central ideas(陈述戏剧的中心思想)”与原文表达信息一致。故选A项。
3．细节理解题。根据文章末尾段内容“To get the most out of the reading these plays, … in the audience.”可知，作者建议读者试着想象戏剧在舞台上上演，不再是读者而是成为观众，才能实现最佳的阅读乐趣。C项“Use their imagination”与原文“try to picture the play on the stage”表达信息一致。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据文章首段内容“I am an active playgoer and play-reader, … for the theater with others”可知，该句内容应是书籍的“自序”内容，且结合末尾“To get the most out of the reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience.”可知，在讲述如何更好地实现阅读乐趣，再结合全文内容可推知，作者通过该文章介绍自己的一本书。故选B项。
说明文(4)C D A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。美国华盛顿州的Bellevue采用了能随交通状况而调节交通灯时间的适应性信号灯，大大缓解了交通压力，也表明人们对于交通阻塞问题不再只是拓宽道路，而是能够采用新方法。
1．指代猜测题。That位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段的内容。根据第一段内容尤其是第一段最后一句“Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.(就像交通本身一样，信号灯的时间也会变化)”可知，第一段主要讲述的是信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.”意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句中“adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways(但自适应信号并不是解决拥堵道路的万能药)”及第二句中“others are so jammed that …meaningful difference(其他城市交通堵塞如此严重，只有减少道路上的车辆才能起有意义的作用) ”可推知，Kevin Balke认为适应性信号灯对于交通堵塞很严重的城市没有太大帮助。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“These lights, known as adaptive signals, …between work and home.(这些灯，被称为适应性信号灯，已经大大减少了通勤的麻烦和花费)”最后一段第一句“In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches.(在Bellevue，对适应性信号灯的转变是一个在欢迎新方法的价值方面的榜样)”可推知，从Bellevue的成功中可以得出，尝试新事物是值得的。故选A项。
说明文(5)D B C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。《神经病学》杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Researchers from the University of Leipzig… through a battery of tests.(来自德国莱比锡大学的研究人员召集了1000多名75岁以上的退休老人，并通过一系列的测试对他们的记忆力和思维能力进行了评估。)”可知，科学家让志愿者做测试是为了测试他们的心智能力。故选D项。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中Francisca Then说的话“This works just like physical exercise,( 这就像体育锻炼一样有效。)”及接下来进一步的解释“长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，Francisca Then是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。故选B项。
3．主旨大意题。第一段“Challenging work that requires…your brain stay sharp as you age(需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。)”是本文的主题句，结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，所以C项“困难的工作可能有助于大脑保持敏捷”适合作本文标题。故选C项。
说明文(6)B D C A
【分析】本文是说明文。Bolton大学介绍了学生证的作用，办理和使用学生证过程中需要注意的问题和处理办法。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Your student ID card identifies you…Sports Centre, and Computing Services.”可知，学生证表明你是Bolton大学的学生。它将为您提供访问大学设施，如大学图书馆、体育中心和计算服务的机会。即学生证可以让学生使用图书馆的资源。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据New students-photographs部分的“This should be a …image inproportion(比例)to a "6×4" portrait photograph.”学校对学生证照片大小、比例的要求，可知新生需要上传适当比例的肖像照片，故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“If your card has been lost, a fee of ￡5 is charged for the production of a replacement card.”可知如果学生证丢失，补新卡需要支付5英镑的费用。由此判断出，选项C：卡片不小心掉到湖里去了，属于丢失，应该支付补卡费用。故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一句“As a security measure, you are requested to collect your card in person at the SAC.”可知为了安全起见，应该亲自去SAC领取学生证。故选A。
说明文(7)B D A C
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了13岁的孩子Tom Hunt和他的爸爸通过在自己的宠物狗的脖子上戴污染监测器来记录地面附近的污染物水平；监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于强调婴儿和幼儿可能面临更高风险发展肺部问题的担忧。
1．细节理解题。本题题干意为：她的衣领上戴着监视器，Baggy 可以…。根据文章第二段Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Baggy在她的衣领上戴着污染监测器，这样她就可以在接近地面的地方进行数据测量。可知戴着污染监测器可以记录污染物的水平。故答案为B项。
2．推理判断题。本题题干意为：我们从Baggy收集到的数据中可以了解到什么？根据文章第二段 Her monitor has shown that air pollution…be at higher risk of developing lung problems.她的监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于突显婴儿和幼童罹患肺部疾病的风险更高的担忧。可知接近地面的空气污染水平更高。故答案为D项。
3．推理判断题。本题题干意为：进行这项研究Tom的意图是？根据文章第四段Tom has since reported the shocking … risk of developing asthma（哮喘）.汤姆已经令人震惊的发现报告给政府,试图强调,婴儿患哮喘的风险更高。可知Tom研究的目的是对健康风险提出警告。故答案为A项。
4．推理判断题。本题题干意为：根据文章，哪个词最能描述汤姆·亨特 根据文章倒数第二段“Tom built up a passion for environmental protection …'So we did it."汤姆在很小的时候就对环境保护产生了热情，马特补充说。他非常感兴趣的产品(小装置)。大约一年前，他得到了一个类似试管的新技术。一个星期天的下午，我们出去做一些监测，他说，为什么我们不把它戴在Baggy的衣领上，让她监测污染 于是我们就这么做了。可知Tom是非常的有创造力的。故答案为C项。
说明文(8)D B B A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But books don’t change, people do. … rich and transformative.(但是书没变，人变了。那就是使重新阅读行为如此丰富和富于变化之处)”和第二段“The beauty of rereading lies in…the more I feel time has wings.(重新阅读的美妙之处在于我们与作品的联系是基于我们现在的心理状态。真的，我年纪越大，就越觉得时光飞逝。)”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D项。
2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.”及“an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964年，这是他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判断出A Movable Feast是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B项。
3．词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The third book is Julio Cortázar’s Save Twilight: selected poems, because poetry.(第三本书是胡里奥·科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。故选A项。
说明文(9)B C D B
【分析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中…found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop better spatial skill(在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的空间技能。B. Developing spatial skills(发展空间能力)符合以上说法，故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中Puzzle play was found to be… Levine said.( Levine说，在父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数方面控制差异性之后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。C. Parents' education.(父母的教育)符合以上说法，故选C项。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.(他们有可能玩更复杂的谜题)符合以上说法，故选D项。
4．主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。
说明文(10)B D C A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the products of evolution,… the past few thousand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knowledge of human evolution.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段的The Bajau, as these people are known, … on stilts in coastal waters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。D. Off the coast.(沿海)符合以上说法，故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段的we were so amazed that … us local islanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可知，让Jubilado感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。C. They could stay long underwater. (他们能在水下待很长时间)符合以上说法，故选C项。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, …but to the ocean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生活。A.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题，故选A项。
说明文（11）BCBD
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在语言濒临灭绝的时候，人们的本能反应是感到惋惜，毕竟每一门语言都是文化和思想的体现，是观察世界的一种独特方式，每消失一种语言就会使人类知识的总量减少一点儿。然而，在有些情况下可以用积极的态度看待语言的消亡。
1．推理判断题。由第二段中的“Take Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL), … Israeli sign language.”可知，ABSL手语只有大约 1000 人使用，并且由于Israeli手语的传播,它似乎注定会灭亡，所以判断出ABSL是濒危语言。故选B项。
2．词义猜测题。根据画线词后的内容“it allows them to speak to tens of thousands of people rather than a few hundred,…可知，Israeli 手语让耳聋的村民们可以与更多的人交流，并且能够让他们在村子外面找到工作，以及与外面的人联姻，即Israeli手语比ABSL手语更能满足人们的需求；再结合下一句“It is hard to see that as anything other than progress.”可知，很难把Israeli手语看作进步之外的东西，说明Israeli手语是一种提高、改善、进步。故选C项。
3．细节理解题。由第四段的第一句“Technology also softens the blow, as endangered languages … was in the 19th century.”可知，科技也缓和了这种打击，因为濒危语言现在可以被详细地捕捉到——这也意味着它们最终可以起死回生，就像19世纪的希伯来语一样。技术可以帮助复活濒危语言,故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了人们应从积极的一面去看待濒危语言的灭绝。一方面濒危语言被能更好地服务于人们的语言代替，这是一种进步；另一方面科技也可以让某些濒危语言复活。因此人们对待濒危语言灭绝的态度应该改变，因为它未必是件坏事，故选D项。
说明文（12）BCAD
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了澳大利亚森林大火产生的条件和蔓延的原因。
1．细节理解题。由第一段“This season, the bushfires in Australia … 2000 homes destroyed.”这个季节，澳大利亚的丛林大火已经烧毁了超过1235万英亩的土地。至少25人死亡，2000所房屋被毁。可知，本段的数字表明森林大火产生的严重后果。故选B项。
2．词句猜测题。由第二段“Zeke Hausfather, an energy systems analys…of the fire season.”加州大学伯克利分校地球分校的能源系统分析师和气候研究员泽克·豪萨福尔说，气温升高和极端天气使澳大利亚更容易发生火灾，并延长了火灾季节的长度。可推测，气温升高和极端天气更容易发生火灾，more susceptible to 意为“更容易受到”，与C项“Very likely to be influenced by”很容易受……的影响，意思相近。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。由第三段的“He said that once an area experiences drought conditions …drought events longer.”他说，一旦一个地区经历了两个月或更长时间的干旱，它就会增加火灾发生和蔓延的风险。那些由于全球变暖而改变的天气使得干旱持续的时间更长。可推断，全球气候变暖是森林火灾的根本原因。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。由最后一段“Practices like controlled burns and other factors …in a given area.”控制烧伤等做法和其他因素可影响对人员和财产的风险，如预警系统和特定地区的开发类型。可知，作者在最后一段想要介绍控制火灾造成的伤害的方法。故选D项。
说明文（13）CABB
【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项研究警告说，到本世纪中叶，来自世界海洋的海产品供应可能几乎消失，其他研究也对过度捕捞的危险和对海洋环境的影响提出了警告。但是也有人对研究提出了质疑，有些地区在保护鱼类种群方面做得很好。如果渔业管理得当，一些物种可以在3到10年内完全恢复。
1．词义猜测题。根据第一段The researchers say there has already …研究人员说，在目前捕捞的海产品中，近三分之一的野生种群已经灭绝。所以研究表明，这意味着海产品的捕获量比最高水平下降了90%。根据上下文的语境判断出，their指的是“海产品的”。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段第二句But not everyone thinks the oceans are likely to be empty in fifty tears.不是所有的人都认为50年内海洋会枯竭。所以并不是所有的科学家都相信所有的海鲜物种都会很快消失。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据第二段Other studies have also warned about the dangers of overfishing and the effects on ocean environments. 其他研究也对过度捕捞的危险和对海洋环境的影响提出了警告。根据最后一段，如果渔业管理得当，一些物种可以在3到10年内完全恢复。由此判断出，据鲍里斯·沃姆说，过度捕捞是导致海产品物种灭绝的原因之一。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。一项研究警告说，到本世纪中叶，来自世界海洋的海产品供应可能几乎消失，其他研究也对过度捕捞的危险和对海洋环境的影响提出了警告。但是也有人对研究提出了质疑，有些地区在保护鱼类种群方面做得很好。如果渔业管理得当，一些物种可以在3到10年内完全恢复。由此判断出，这篇文章的主要目的是介绍一项关于海产品消失的研究。故选B项。
说明文（14）CBDA
【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了漫威创始人之一斯坦·李的传奇一生。他对美国漫画的影响力是令人瞩目的，他生前所创作的经典作品在世界上都可以称作是顶级的文化品牌，所以他被称为漫威之父。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的As a son of working-class Jewish immigrants from Romania, …as an assistantat Timely Comics.“作为一个来自罗马尼亚的工人阶级犹太移民的儿子，日子很艰难，他和家人住在一间简陋的单人床公寓里…作为及时漫画公司的一个助理。”可知，斯坦·李拥有一个艰辛的童年。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的In 1961, Timely Comics changed its name into Marvel Comics after Atlas Comic.“1961年，及时漫画公司更名为漫威漫画公司，以《阿特拉斯漫画》命名”。可知,公司的名字按照时间顺序依次为Timely Comics--.Atlas Comics-.Marvel Comics.神奇四侠于1961年首次推出,而蜘蛛侠是之后创作的,所以创作蜘蛛侠时公司的名称应是漫威(Marvel Comics)。故选B。
3．词义猜测题。最后一段介绍了斯坦·李的成就,作为漫威宇宙的创始人之一,斯坦·李可以算是美漫历史上最伟大的人物之一,没有他可能就没有现在的漫威世界.所以他可以被称为是漫威宇宙的标志,由此可推知.icon的意思是“标志”。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知,本文介绍了漫威创始人之一斯坦·李的传奇一生,他对美国漫画的影响力是令人瞩目的,他生前所创作的经典作品在世界上都可以称作是顶级的文化品牌,所以他被称为漫威之父。godfather意为“开拓者，发起者，创始人”。故选A项。
说明文（15）ABDC
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要给读者介绍了关于超级马拉松的基本信息和训练方法等。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中When a running event is longer than 26.2 miles,…as much distance as they can. 当一个赛跑项目的长度超过26.2英里时，它被称为超级马拉松。超级马拉松有两种。在第一种超级马拉松比赛中，参赛者必须跑完特定的距离——比如50英里。在第二种超级马拉松中，跑步者的时间是有限的，比如24小时，他们可以跑尽可能多的距离。 可知，第一段的主要目的是提供有关超级马拉松的基本信息。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第一段中The most famous race across Antarctica is called… the extreme cold. 最著名的横穿南极洲的比赛被称为“最后的沙漠比赛”。参加这次比赛的选手要支付超过14,000美元。此外，他们还必须购买特殊的设备来保护自己不受极端寒冷的影响。可知，去南极洲旅行昂贵的费用和南极洲寒冷的天气使得“最后的沙漠比赛”很艰难。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中Finally, many people who run ultramarathons …it is to train alone. 最后，许多跑超级马拉松的人说，和朋友一起训练比一个人训练更容易也更有趣。可知，和朋友一起训练超级马拉松会更好，因为有了朋友，训练就更有趣了。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段中When a running event is longer ….当一个赛跑项目的长度超过26.2英里时，它被称为超级马拉松。超级马拉松有两种。第二段中People who want to train to run… 想要参加超级马拉松的人首先应该获得跑马拉松的经验。以及第三段中Besides practicing, there are a few other things... 除了练习，你还可以做一些其他的事情来帮助你为跑超级马拉松做准备。可知，本文主要是介绍了关于超级马拉松的基本信息和训练方法等给读者，因此这篇文章最有可能出自一本杂志上。故选C项。