Unit 7
助动词
△uxiliar
→7一1
话说助动词
助动词通常无词义,不能单独作谓语动词。助动词在句中的作用,在于帮助构
成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问结构等。英语中的助动词主要有:
be,been,being,am,are,is,was,were;
have,has,had;
shall,will,should,would;
do,does,did.
→7—2
助动词的种类
助动词可分为时态助动词,do助动词和情态助动词3种。
1时态助动词
时态助动词有be,have,shall(should,will(would),它们和非限定动词一起构
成各种时态和语态。如:
We shall be there at10.我们10点到达那里。(由shall be构成一般将来
时)
Some boys are playing on the grass.一些男孩正在草地上玩。(由are
playing构成现在进行时)
Ve shall have the basketball match if it does not rain.如果不下雨,我们
就比赛篮球。(由shall have构成将来时)
2助动词do
助动词d0本身无词义,它仅为无助动词的动词提供助动词,构成疑问结构和
否定结构
①由do,does和did构成一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问结构。如:
Do you have any questions' 你们有问题吗?(一般现在时的疑问式)
Does Howard like playing volleyball 霍华德喜欢打排球吗?(一般现在
时的疑问式)
General English Grammar-Auxiliary
119
120
薄冰通用英语语法·助动词
Did you listen to the weather report on the radio 你收听了广播电台的天
气预报没有?(一般过去时的疑问式)
②由do not,.does not和did not构成一般现在时和一般过去时的否定结构。
如:
Idon't know what to do.我不知道该做什么。(一般现在时的否定式)
Tom does not like organizing meetings.汤姆不喜欢组织会议。(一般现
在时的否定式)
They didn't follow her advice.他们没有按照她的建议去做。(一般过去时
的否定式)
味品水[注]
助动词加not通常都有简略式,用于口语中。如:
is not-—isn't
would not-wouldn't
are not-aren't a:nt
have not-haven't
was not-wasn't
has not-hasn't
were not-weren't [wa:nt]
had not-hadn't
shall not-shan't fa:nt]
do not-don't [daunt]
will not-won't waunt
does not-doesn't
should not-shouldn't
did not-didn't
3情态助动词
情态助动词有词义,但不完全。它用来表示说话人的方式,表达说话人对谈到
的情况所持的态度。
情态助动词通常没有第三人称带s的后缀形式,也没有非限定动词形式。它
们只有两种时态形式,现在式和过去式。这两种时态形式可后接动词原形,也可后
接动词进行式、动词完成式或动词被动式。
±7—3
时态助动词的形式与功用
1 be
be的形式
肯定式
否定式
第一人称单数
am
am not
现在式
第三人称单数
尽
is not
第二人称单复数和第一、三人称复数
are
are not
第一、三人称单数
was
was not
过去式
第二人称单复数和第一、三人称复数
were
were not
现在分词
being
not being
过去分词
been
not been