2022届高考英语二轮复习：非谓语动词讲解与练习（无答案）

非 谓 语 动 词
解题思路
非谓语动词题目三步走：
①谓语动词/句型的要求: 解析句子结构，确定设空在句子中充当的功能(如状语、定语或宾补)； ②主被动关系: 找准相关动词的逻辑主语,确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动)；
③时间先后顺序: 搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式；
非 谓 语 动 词
1.谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动动
2. 非谓语动词：是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分(通俗地说，就是不能作谓语的动词变形）
判别谓语动词及非谓语动词的方法
She got off the bus, ___leaving_ (leave) her handbag on her seat.
2. She got off the bus, but __left(leave) her handbag on her seat.
由此可见，连词在决定句子结构以及谓语动词和非谓语动词的使用中起着关键的作用。
非谓语动词使用条件
一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。
考纲解读
非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词。它们是高中所学的基础语法，也是高考必考内容。既是高考的亮点又是高考的热点。
非谓语动词的句法功能
不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、 宾语补足语、状语。
动名词相当于名词。充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。
分词相当于形容词、副词。充当表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语
非谓语动词 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 宾语补足语
不定式 (to) do √ √ √ √ √ √
动名词v-ing √ √ √ √
现在 分词v-ing √ √ √ √
过去分词 √ √ √ √
一、不 定 式
一. 动词不定式的句法作用
1）、作主语
To learn English well is not easy.
It is not easy to learn English well.
It is not easy for me to learn English well.
小结：
动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，这种句型可归纳为下面的句型：
句型1：It + 谓语 + to do It takes us an hour __to get__(get )there by bus.
句型2：It’s + n. + to do It’s our duty __to help (help) the poor.
句型3：It is + adj + for sb to do sth （是形容事物的性质的 ）
It is + adj + of sb to do sth （是形容人的品质的 ）
下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个 of 引起的短语，这些形容词是：
(表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质，特征，属性）
kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, wrong, right, careless, rude, polite, naughty etc.
It is easy __for me to finish this work before ten.
It is very kind _of__ you to give me some help. ＝You are very kind to give me some help.　
It's impolite _of__ you to speak to the teacher like that.
＝you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.　
2).作表语 主语+系动词+不定式
To do two things at a time is to do neither． 一次做两件事等于未做。
To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。（眼见为实）
系动词be, appear, seem, prove后用to do形式做表语；
1. The captain seemed to hesitate (hesitate) for a moment.
2. His words proved to be correct (correct).
如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，不定式作表语对主语的内容做具体说明作用。
His wish is __ to buy__ (buy) a car in the near future. 他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆轿车。
To live is ___________ (struggle).
Her wish is ___________ (become) a doctor.
3).作宾语 如：want to do下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
want, decide,, agree, wish, hope ,promise , choose, need expect, pretend, refuse, plan, learn, manage, offer, afford, 负担得起help (to) do, determine, intend, desire愿望，attempt企图arrange安排pretend假装
1. They wanted _____( get ) on the bus, didn’t they
2．I agreed______ ( go ) there with the doctor.
3. I can’t afford ________ (buy) a car.
注意句型： it作形式宾语 如：find it +adj+ to do
I find/feel to work with him interesting ．
宾语 宾补
I find/feel _it interesting to work with him．
注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。
主语+ find/think/feel/make/ consider…+it +adj/n + to do sth.
1.We thought __ better ___ start early.
2.Do you consider ___ better not ____ go
3. I feel __ my duty __ change all that.
4.We think __ important __ obey the law.
4).作宾语补足语 如：tell sb.to do sth (与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系)
常可以跟to do 做宾补或主补的动词有
advise ,allow ,ask beg, cause（促使） ,expect encourage ,force get, hate, invite, order, wish, oblige（强制，迫使）want, warn ,remind teach, promise ,permit persuade ,request. force/would like/…sb. to do等。
1.The soldiers forced the enemy __________ (give) in.
2.Our teacher advises us __________ (do) more reading aloud every morning.
3.They would not allow him _________ (risk) going across the enemy line.
只能跟do (不含to的不定式) 作宾补的动词
1. 感官动词 (记忆口诀)
一感: feel
二听: hear, listen to (全过程)
三让: let, make, have…
四看: see, watch, notice, observe(全过程)…
. 2. 使役动词have/make/let(等)sb. do sth.
He made the boy _________ (clean) room.
注意： 当这类动词转为被动语态时， 其后的不定式则要加上“ to” 如：
He is often heard to sing (sing) the song·
5). 作定语 不定式做定语时一般修饰将要去做的事。不定式作定语时， 通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。
A.不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：
eg. I have something to tell you.
Do you have anything to wash today
Do you have anything to be washed today
(区别主被动）
比较： have some clothes to wash自己洗
have some clothes to be washed别人洗
She has a lot of work to do in the morning. 早上他有很多工作要做。
不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词
He is looking for a room to live in_(live).
I need a pen to write with
我需要一支笔写字。（介词不能省略）
1. We are looking a room _______.
A. to live in　 B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in
2. Would you please pass me the knife _______
A. to cut the fruit with　 B. to cut the fruit
C. cutting the fruit　 D. cutting the fruit with
3.I have something important to say. please find a piece of paper （写上）
4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？
I have no pen （写）
B.不定式与被修饰的词有主谓关系
She is the last to leave the room.
Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.
不定式修饰的名词前有only，last，next，序数词(first, second,..)或形容词最高级形容时，不定式作后置定语,与其所修饰的词有逻辑上主谓关系
6).作状语 表示目的、原因、结果或条件。
I came here to see you．(目的)
We were very excited to hear the news．(原因)
He hurried to the school only to find nobody there . (结果)
To look at him，you would like him．(条件)
1）不定式做目的状语， 可放于句首,也可放于句末, 前面可加in order/so as/so…as to 表强调.
掌握含有目的状语的几种句式：
He went to see the artist himself.
He stopped to have a look.
He ran so fast as to get to school in time
He got up early to catch the first bus.
= He got up early ___ ____ ___ catch the first bus.
=______________________, he got up early.
=_______________ the first bus, he got up early.
=He got up early ___ _____ _____ he could catch the first bus.
= He got up early ___ ___ ____ catch the first bus.
=He got up __ _____ ___ ____ catch the first bus.
注：1、so as to do…结构不能放于句首；
2、in order to do 结构，可以与in order that 目的状语从句转换
2)不定式可以用来做结果状语，常用enough to， only to， so + 形容词/副词 + as to，too...to 引导。
The question is too difficult to answer.
Would you be so kind as to step this way, please 请您从这边走好吗？
I tried the door, only to find it locked inside. 我要开门，却发现门被里面锁住了。
He is brave enough to go out alone at night
3). 原因状语: 主语+系动词+adj.+ to do
表感情的adj.有: happy, surprised, pleased, glad, sorry, anxious(忧虑), disappointed, careful, afraid, wrong.
I’m very sorry to see you.
He was afraid to leave him home
二、动词不定式的否定形式
1、动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形
例如： He asked me not to make such a mistake.
2、动词不定式与疑问词连用
疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how,等后面可以接动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
例如：(1) He doesn’t know how to use the machine.
(2) How to use the machine is a question.
(3) The question is when to go there.
练习：下列不定式各作什么句子成分？
1. To see you is glad.=It’s glad to see you.
2. I want to see you.
3. I want him to see you.
4. My hope is to see you.
5. He is the man to see you.
6. I’m glad to see you.
7. I went to see you.
8.He went so early as to see you
三、
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing
完成进行式 to have been doing
1. 不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，或之后发生用一般时态
1) He wanted ___________ (see) you.
2) I hope ___________(see) you again._______
2. 强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用进行时态
When I came in, he pretended (read) a book.
3. 强调 不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用不定式完成时
He is said _________________ (write) a novel last year.
4. 强调动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在，并可能持续下去时，用完成进行式
She is said (work) on the problem for many years.
不定式被动语态的用法
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，用被动语态
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here .
She asked to be sent (send) to work in Tibet .
The book is said to have been translated(translate) into English.
注意：用不定式的主动表被动。
当不定式与所修饰词有动宾关系同时又与本句中的另一个名词或代词构成主谓关系时，可用不定式的主动形式to do表示被动含义。如：
1) Mr.Smith，I have some questions__________ (ask).史密斯先生，我有一些问题要问。(不定式to ask的动作执行者是主语I)
2) Please give me some books___________ (read).请给我一些书读。(不定式to read的动作执行者是句中的me)
但：I'm going to the post office; do you have anything _____________ (send)？
我要去邮局，你有什么要寄的东西吗？(此句中send这个动作不是句中you发出的，所以用被动)
练习
1. Tom happened _____________ (pass) by when they spoke ill of him.
2. We all hope ___________ (become) scientists.
3. We all want ____________ (take) part in the sports meet.
4. I happened ______________ (read) the article when he asked me about it.
5. He pretended _______________ (be) a driver.
6. When the father came home, the naughty boy pretended ________________ (do) his homework.
7. He is said to ___________ (write) a novel now.
8. He is said ___________________ (send) to London already.
9. She is said _________________ (meet) a fairy one day.
10. Alice is said _______________ (do) her homework in her own room now.
11. I don’t expect them _____________ (wait) for me when I arrived there so late.
12. These boys are said ______________ (praise) for doing goods deeds.
二、动 名 词
1.动名词的构成及特征 动名词由“动词+ing”构成。
动名词既有动词特征，也有名词特征。
2.动名词的用法 动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。
3.动名词的否定形式 动名词的否定形式由not +动名词构成。
例如：He made me angry by not taking the medicine.
4.动名词的复合结构由名词所有格/物主代词+动名词构成。
例如：Would you mind my opening the door
动名词的作用
1.可作主语
Seeing is believing
Looking after the patients is a nurse`s job.
动名词作主语用it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型
② It`s + no use/ no good/ no fun/ a shame/ a waste of time/money/ useless+ doing
It’s no use doing sth. = It’s useless doing sth.
做某事是没有用的/做某事是无济于事的
2. It’s no good doing sth. 做某事是没有效果的，好处的。
3. It’s no fun doing sth. 做某事不玩/ 做某事没有意思。
Eg. It’s no fun living on your own. 独自生活没有意思
4. It’s a shame doing sth. 做某事很可惜/ 做某事很遗憾
5. It’s a waste of time / money doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间/钱。
6.There is no joking…不是轻而易举的事/不是好玩的。
①It is no use crying. 哭是无济于事的。
②It is no good objecting. 反对无效 It’s no good smoking too much
③It`s a waste of time copying other`s homework.
④There is no joking about the matter. 这是不可能的事情。/这不是轻而易举的事。
1. It’s no use ______( sit ) here waiting.
2. Is it any good ______( tell ) him the truth
3. It is great fun _____ (play) golf.
2.作表语to do 表示具体的动作，-ing form表示泛指的动作，通常 S. + be + doing
My job is teaching you English.
His hobby is collecting stamps.
My greatest happiness is serving the people.
3.可作动词宾语
① S. + vt.+ doing
Have you finished reading the book
I suggest doing it in a different way.
后只接动名词做宾语的一些常用特殊动词接“动名”，使用它们要记清，
避免错过 (少) 延期 avoid / miss /delay/postpone
建议完成 (多) 练习 suggest / advise/ finish /practise
喜欢想象 禁不住 enjoy/appreciate/ imagine/ resist / can’t help
承认 否定 (与) 嫉妒 admit / deny/envy
逃脱 冒险 (莫) 原谅 escape / envy /risk /pardon / excuse
忍受 保持 (不) 介意 stand / keep / keep on / mind
②作介词/短语动词的宾语: S. + v. + prep. + doing
必　背 常见的带介词to的短语：　　
be used to 习惯 be related to与……有关 get down to 着手做
be addicted to 沉溺于 put one’s mind to 全神贯注于
give rise to 引起 stick to 坚持 be equal to 胜任
object to 反对 devote oneself to 献身于
lead to 导致 be opposed to 反对 look forward to 盼望
e.g. ①She sat there without ___________ (speak)
②I look forward to________ (see) him again.
④When my father heard the news, he couldn't help __________ (laugh).
⑤I don’t feel like ________ (go) to see the film.
⑥He was busy__________ (prepare) his lessons.
7. Most of them objected to_________ (leave) in such a hurry.
8. How about Li Ming _________ (help) you with the job.
9. The mother warned her son against _______ (fight)with other boys.
10. The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed _____________ (catch).
11.While we’re developing agriculture and industry we must prevent earth ____________ (pollute).
4.动名词做定语 S. + v. + doing + n.
动名词做定语往往说明所修饰词的某种用途，一般放在被修饰词的前面。
e.g. a washing machine （动名词做定语，= a machine which is used for washing）
Does he work in the reading-room
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.
His grandfather has a bamboo walking stick.
四.动名词的时态和语态
主动语态 被动语态
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
完成式：动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。
例如 I regret not having taken your advice.
He didin’t mention having met you before
被动式：当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对象时，该动名词要求用被动形式。
例如： She didn’t mind being called a housewife
判断下列句子中动名词作什么成分：
⑴ Smoking does great harm to people’s health.
⑵ My job is looking after children.
⑶ I have finished reading the novel.
⑷ We have got a swimming pool in our school.
(5)He made me angry by not taking the medicine.
(6) Would you mind my opening the door
分 词
一、形 式
分词的时态,语态形式
构成（以study和go为例）
及物与不及物动词 及 物 动 词 不及物动词
主动语态 被动语态 主动语态
现在分词 一般式 doing being done going
完成式 having done having been done having gone
过去分词 一般式 done gone
过去分词只有一种形式: done
二、 功 能
1．作表语1.分词作表语
surprising, surprised
The result was ___________ .
They were ____________ at the news.
satisfied, satisfying
He appeared __________ with my answer.
The answer was ____________.
总结： 现在分词作表语:一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征, “令人……”的意思, 主语多数情况是sth. 过去分词作表语: 一般表示被动或说明主语情感心理上的感受, “感到……的”,主语多数情况是sb.
interesting使人感兴趣的 interested感兴趣的
exciting令人激动的 excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的 delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的 disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的 encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的 pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的 puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的 satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的 surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的 worried感到担心的
2.分词作定语
单个分词作定语
boiling water boiled water developing country developed country
falling leaves fallen leaves rising sun risen sun
总结：
现在分词表示正在进行的动作; 过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
B. 表示情感心理的分词作定语
exciting, excited
He told us the __________ news. The _________ pupils jumped with joy.
He had a ________(terrify) look in his eyes.
The boy answered in a ___________(frighten) voice.
总结：过去分词除修饰sb.以外,还可修饰表示神态、声音等的名词, 说明主语的心理状态。
C. 分词短语作定语
Tell the children ________(play)there not to make so much noise. =who are playing there
Did you see the man _______(talk) to the manager =who was talking
I used to live in a room _______(face)south. = which faced
The house ___________(stand)at the corner of the street was built in 1955. = that stands
总结： 现在分词作定语:a.表示正在进行的动作 b.表示经常性的动作或现在/当时的状态。
Is this the book _____________(recommend)by our teacher
The meeting ________(hold)last week is very important.
I hate to see letters ________(write) in pencil.
总结：过去分词作定语：表示被动
注①：如果所表示的动作此刻正在发生，用现在分词的被动形式来表示，如：
The meeting _______________(hold)now is very important.
We must keep a secret of the things _______________here.
注②：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，用不定式的被动形式来表示，如：
The meeting _____________(hold)next week is very important.
Please tell me the subjects _______________(discuss)at the next
3.作宾语(主语)补足语：
His lecture got us_________ (think).
He got his bike ________ (repair) just now.
He watched the bed ________ (carry) out of the door.
He felt a great weight ________ (take ) off his mind. 他感到心头如释重负。
How would you like your hair ______ (cut)
He is very popular among the students as he always tries to make them _________ (interest)in his lectures.
The other day, I had my pocket ________(pick) on the bus.
I am sorry to have kept you ___________(wait) for so long a time.
have sb doing sth get sb/sth doing sth使...开始行动
have/get sth done使...被做 have sth done 使...遭受
make oneself heard/understood leave sth undone 留下...未做
总结： 现在分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语存在主动关系；过去分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语存在被动关系。
4.分词作状语
形式 意义
doing 主动，与主句谓语动词同时或基本同时发生
having done 主动，先于谓语动词发生
done 被动
being done 被动，正在进行，一般作原因状语放句首
having been done 被动，先于谓语动词发生
A.作时间状语：
①When they heard the bad news，they couldn’t help crying.
= _______ (hear) the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.
② When we were taken around the city, we were deeply impressed by the city’s new look.
When ______ around the city, we were deeply impressed by the city’s new look.
③ When he finished his work, he went home.
________________ his work, he went home.
B.作原因状语：
①Because he was poor, he could not afford to travel abroad.
=___________ (be poor), he could not afford to travel abroad.
___________ (encourage) by his heroic deeds, they worked harder.
_______ (lose) in thought, he almost ran into a post.
__________ (frighten) by the big forest fire, the animals all ran away.
_____________ (not know) her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
②Because I hadn’t received his letter, I decided to call him up.
=___________________ (not receive) his letter, I decided to call him up.
_________________ (never be) to the city, he soon got lost.
C.方式/伴随状语:
①She watched the film, ________ (weep ) and _______ (sigh).
②The teacher stood there, __________ (surround) by a lot of students.
D.作条件状语：
①If I were given another chance, I would have done the job far better.
= ______ another chance, I would have done the job far better.
②(If) ________ (play) all day, you will waste your valuable time.
E.作结果状语：(意料中的结果)
① The hunters fired, _________(shoot) one of the wolves. ②The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus _________ (cause) the delay.
区别: 不定式表示意外的结果
He hurried to the station, only ________ (find) the train had left.
F.作让步状语：
①Though it heavily rained heavily, it cleared up very soon.
= ________________, it cleared up very soon.
②Though _____ (tell) of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
分词作状语时, 需注意:
分词短语作状语时,它的逻辑主语通常应是__________
________ (see) from the hill, the city is beautiful.
________ (see) from the hill, you can see the whole city.
B.分词短语的位置:
一般来说,时间,原因,条件,让步等分词短语多放在句首;而表结果,伴随的分词短语放在句尾.
Finding the door locked, Tom went home. ( _____ )
Tom went home, finding the door locked. （____）
Test yourself
1._____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
_____ to sunlight for too much time, your skin will be harmed.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed
C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
2. _____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering
C. To suffer D. Suffered
3. The research is so designed that once _____ nothing can be
done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
4. Finding her car stolen, _____.
A. a policeman was asked to help
B. the area was searching thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere
D. she hurried to a policeman for help
5. The idea for the new plan came to his mind, to his experiment in the lab.
A．while devoting B．while devoting himself
C．while he was devoted D．while devoted
1. 改写下列句子,其划线部分应改为分词短语
1.Look round when you cross the street.
2. When she heard the news, she burst into laughter.
3. As she was still rather weak, she could not stay up for too long.
4.Gentlemen always shake hands when they are introduced to each other.
5.A cold rain was falling. It was mixed with snow
6.While we were walking in the street, we met some friends of ours.
7.The old man walked slowly. He was supported by his little grandson.
8.The ground which is covered with white snow looks very beautiful.
9.There is a tall tree which covers the entrance to the cave.
10.The worker wrote to the police and disclosed who stole the money.
高考常考形式比较
to do 表将来目的 to be done 将来被动 to have been done 将来完成 to be doing 将来进行
doing 同时,主动 being done 同时,被动 having done主动及在主句谓语动词前发生 having been done 被动及在主句谓语动词前发生