UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
单元目标
主题学习目标 通过本单元的学习，了解中外科学家的重要贡献及其性格特点和高尚品格，深入理解科学精神的内涵，树立开拓创新、坚韧不拔、艰苦奋斗的观念。了解中国科学技术的伟大成就，坚定文化自信。
语言能力目标 核心单词 severe, contradictory, infection, subscribe, proof, household, suspect, blame, handle, link, raw, pure, decrease, statistic, transform, microscope, thinking, protein, cell, virus, finding, initial, solid, cast, shadow, pour, concrete, mechanic, defend, assistant, leadership, outstanding, gifted, abstract, concept, astronomer, telescope, brilliant, fault, shift, vivid
重点词块 once and for all, subscribe to, water pump, break out, in charge of, thanks to, theoretical framework, come down, above all
单元语法 能够在语境中正确理解和使用表语从句（Predicative Clauses）。
写作能力 能够写一篇是什么造就了一个伟大的科学家的短文。
背景导学
Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879. He was a quiet child who spent much of his time alone. He was slow to talk and had difficulty learning to read. When Albert was five years old, his father gave him a compass. The child was filled with wonder when he discovered that the compass needle always pointed north. He asked his father and his uncle what caused the needle to move.
Albert did not like school. The German schools of that time were not pleasant. Students could not ask questions. Albert said he felt as if he were in prison.
In 1905, Albert Einstein published some important papers in a German scientific magazine. They included one of the most important scientific documents in history. It explained what came to be called his “Special Theory of Relativity（狭义相对论）”. Ten years later he expanded it to a “General Theory of Relativity”. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics. It was given to him not for his theories of relativity, but for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect（光电效应）.
Albert Einstein left Germany in 1933. He moved to the United States to continue his research. Einstein became a citizen of the United States in 1940.
Einstein spent the last twenty-five years of his life working on what he called a “unified field theory”. He hoped to find a common mathematical statement that could tie together all the different parts of physics. However, he did not succeed.
Albert Einstein died in 1955 at the age of seventy-six.
1.What do we know about Albert Einstein in his childhood
A. He was very clever.
B. He liked talking with people.
C. He was curious about new things.
D. He was good at inventing new things.
答案：C
2.What’s the right order of the following events about Albert Einstein
a. He became a citizen of the United States.
b. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
c. He put forward his “General Theory of Relativity”.
d. He left Germany for the United States.
A. d, b, c, a B. d, a, c, b C. b, c, d, a D. c, b, d, a
答案：D
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
自主学习·激发潜能
Ⅰ. 课文翻译
教材原文 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all. In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16， 37， 38, and 40). However, some households(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks. The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology. 教材译文 约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王” 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医, 甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。 关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。 斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡（尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅），但是有些住户（如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号）却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是,他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。 事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。 经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。
Ⅱ. 词汇拓展
① severe /s v (r)/adj. 十分严重的；极为恶劣的；严厉的→ severely /s v li/adv.严重地；严格地；严厉地
② infect / n fekt/v.使感染；传染→ infection / n fek n/n.感染；传染
③ suspect /s spekt/vt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 / s spekt/n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象→ suspected /s spekt dd/adj.有嫌疑的
④ pure /pj /adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的→ purely / pj li/adv.纯粹地；仅仅
⑤ transform /tr ns f m/vi.改变；转变vt.使改观；使改变形态→ transformation /tr nsf me n/n.转化；改造；转变
⑥ thinking / θ k /n.思想；思维；见解→ think /θ k/v.想→ thought /θ t/n.想法→ thinker / θ k /n.思想家
Ⅲ. 情境词块
1.die from/of 死于……
2.attend to 照料；照顾
3.give birth 分娩
4.once and for all 最终地；彻底地
5.subscribe to 同意；赞同
6.water pump 水泵
7.thanks to 幸亏；由于
8.一般来说 in general
9.查明 find out
10.由于…… as a result of
Ⅳ. 情境佳句
1.
句型公式 “特殊疑问词+不定式”结构
教材原句 As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. 由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。
中文例句 我不太清楚如何回答你的问题。
句式仿写 I don’t quite know how to answer your question.
2.
句型公式 so…that…引导结果状语从句
教材原句 He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。
中文例句 他们走得那么快，我没法跟上他们。
句式仿写 They walked so fast that I could not keep up with them.
3.
句型公式 It seems/seemed+that从句好像……，似乎……
教材原句 It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. 该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。
中文例句 看起来他适合目前的工作。
句式仿写 It seems that he is fit for the present job.
文本互动·合作探究
Ⅰ. 文本理解
Reading for the main idea.
Choose the best answer according to the text.
1.What’s the main idea of the text
A.John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.
B.The cause of cholera was polluted water.
C.The source of all the drinking water supplies should be examined.
D.How John Snow found the cause of cholera and defeated“King Cholera”.
答案：D
Reading for the structure.
Fill in the blanks with prope words.
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Cholera ◆It used to be one of the most feared 1. in the world. ◆It causes 2. diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. ◆In the early 19th century, millions of people 3. the disease.
Two contradictory theories ◆One theory was that 4. caused the disease. ◆Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from 5. in food or water.
John Snow ◆As a young doctor, he became 6. because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. ◆He desired to destroy cholera 7. and for all . ◆In his use of 8. and statistics , he found out why and 9. the way scientists study diseases. ◆For this reason, he 10. the father of modern epidemiology.
1. diseases 2. severe 3. died from 4. bad air 5. germs
6. frustrated 7. once 8. maps 9. transformads 10. is considered
Reading for the details.
Choose the best answer according to the text.
1.Why did John Snow become frustrated
A.An outbreak of cholera hit Europe.
B.Nobody knew how to deal with cholera.
C.Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases.
D.He had to attend to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.
答案：B
2.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text
A.John Snow was a famous doctor.
B.John Snow finally defeated “King Cholera”.
C.Cholera was a deadly disease of its day.
D.Few people died every time there was an outbreak of cholera.
答案：D
3.How did John Snow do the research
A.By using maps and statistics.
B.By drinking the water himself.
C.By questioning the patients.
D.By experimenting on himself.
答案：A
Ⅱ. 难句突破
1. Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，① until a British doctor, John Snow , showed ② how it could be overcome .
【分析】本句为主从复合句，① until 引导时间状语从句, 其中②how it could be overcome为 how 引导的宾语从句，作动词showed的宾语。
【译文】在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。
2. He discovered ① that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak ② was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days .
【分析】本句为主从复合句, 主句动词discovered 后是① that 引导的宾语从句, 其中② so…that… 引导结果状语从句。
【译文】他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。
Ⅲ. 概要写作
Step 1 Question Answering
根据课文内容回答下列问题。
1.Who is considered the father of modern epidemiology
John Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
2.What was his desire
John Snow desired to defeat cholera.
3.What did cholera use to be
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world.
4.What broke out in London in 1854？
An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854.
5.How did John Snow find out the cause of the disease
He found out the cause of the disease by using maps and statistics.
6.What was the result through his efforts
Through his efforts, the threat of cholera around the world greatly decreased.
Step 2 Sentence Rewriting
将1、2、3句，合并为主从复合句。
1. John Snow, who is considered the father of modern epidemiology, desired to defeat cholera, which used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world.
使用词汇替换方式改写上文 4、5、6句。
2. Cholera broke out in London in 1854.
3. He figured out the cause of the disease by using maps and statistics.
4. Thanks to his efforts, the threat of cholera around the world greatly decreased.
Step 3 Summary Writing
1.将以上句子连成一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的文章概要。
John Snow, who is considered the father of modern epidemiology, desired to defeat cholera, which used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world. （要点1）When cholera broke out in London in 1854, he figured out the cause of the disease by using maps and statistics. （要点2）As a result, thanks to his efforts, the threat of cholera around the world greatly decreased. （要点3）
新知清障·素养构建
核心词汇
1. once and for all 最终地；彻底地
However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all. 然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。（教材P2）
典例翻译
①Bill and Tom asked the teacher to settle the argument once and for all.
比尔与汤姆请求老师彻底解决争论。
②I’m warning you once and for all; if you don’t stop disturbing me, you’ll be regretful.
我最后一次警告你。如果你不停止纠缠我，你会后悔的。
归纳拓展
突然；同时 all at once
立刻；马上 at once
一而再，再三 once and again
一两次，几次 once or twice
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①All at once there was someone knocking on the door.
②He was punished once and again for telling lies.
（2）单句写作
③他一个月去一两次巴黎。
He visits Pairs once or twice a month.
④是我们彻底处理这个问题的时候了。
It is time we dealt with the issue once and for all .
2. subscribe vi.认购（股份）；定期订购；定期交纳（会费）
Snow subscribed to the second theory. 斯诺赞同第二种看法。（教材P2）
典例翻译
①Are you going to subscribe to the opera this season？
这一季你打算订阅歌剧吗
②How much did you subscribe to the disaster fund？
你向救灾基金捐了多少钱
③Do you subscribe to her pessimistic view of the state of the economy？
你同意她对经济状况的悲观看法吗
④He subscribed for 1，000 shares.
他认购一千股。
归纳拓展
订购；捐助 subscribe to
同意；赞同 subscribe to
认购（股份） subscribe for
学以致用
赏句猜义
①The rest of us do not subscribe to this theory. 赞成
②What newspapers and magazines do you subscribe to？订阅
③How much did you subscribe to the Hope Project ？捐助
3. suspect vt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。（教材P2）
典例翻译
①Just at that time, I began to suspect whether to tell her that matter.
只是在那个时候，我开始怀疑我是否应该告诉她那件事。
②Which of these people do you suspect of theft
在这些人当中你怀疑哪个有偷窃行为
③The police couldn’t prove the suspect’s guilt.
警察不能证实嫌疑犯的罪行。
归纳拓展
怀疑某人（做）某事 suspect sb. of (doing) sth.
怀疑某人是…… suspect sb. to be…
头脑风暴
“v.+sb.+of+sth.”结构大集合
①inform sb. of sth. 告知某人某事
②warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事
③cure sb. of sth. 治好某人某病
④remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事
⑤accuse sb. of sth. 指控某人某事
⑥rob sb. of sth. 抢劫某人某物
⑦convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①I suspect him to be (be) a pickpocket.
②I suspected the girl of lying (lie) to us.
（2）句型转换
③He suspected the woman staying in the flat above to be a murderer. （用宾语从句）
→He suspected that the woman staying in the flat above was a murderer .
4. blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责n.责备；指责
Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。（教材P2）
典例翻译
①Everybody knows that he is to blame for this.
人人皆知他应该为此受到责备。
②You can’t blame the rise in price on the government.
你不能把物价上涨归咎于政府。
③The president put the blame completely on his opponent.
总统把责任完全推给了他的对手。
④I am ready to take the blame for the mistake.
我准备为这一错误承担责任。
归纳拓展
（1）（对某事）负有责任，应受责备 be to blame (for sth.)
因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人 blame sb. for sth.
把某事归咎于某人/某事 blame sth. on sb./sth.
（2）将某事归咎于某人 put/lay the blame for sth. on sb.
对某事承担责任 take the blame for sth.
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①Don’t always blame your failure on others; you yourself should be to blame (blame).
②If that happens, the coach will take the blame for it.
（2）一句多译
③你们不应该把这次失败归咎于约翰。
You shouldn’t blame John for the failure.
= You shouldn’t blame the failure on John.
5. link n.联系；纽带vt.把……连接起来；相关联
Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。（教材P3）
典例翻译
①The newspapers have linked his name with hers.
报纸把他和她的名字联系在了一起。
②The two spacecraft will link up (with each other)in orbit.
两艘宇宙飞船将在轨道上（互相）连接。
③We must question the value of our link with the university.
我们要斟酌一下与这所大学联系的价值。
④The link between my computer and the telephone isn’t very good.
我的电脑和电话间的连接不是很好。
归纳拓展
（1）将……和……联系或连接起来 link…to/with…
（与……）连接；结合 link up
（2）A与B之间的联系 a link between A and B
与……有关系/联系 a link with…
头脑风暴
表达“联系；连接”的固定搭配还有：connect…with…, relate…to…, associate…with…。
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①The new tunnel links Britain to/with France.
②English teaching needs to link up with the cultural teaching.
（2）一句多译
③一座新桥把这个国家和这个城镇连接起来。
→The country is connected with the town by a new bridge. (connect)
→The country is linked to the town by a new bridge. (link)
6. decrease n.减少；降低；减少量vt.&vi.（使大小、数量等）减少；减小；降低
Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. 经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。（教材P3）
典例翻译
①The number of new students decreased from 210 to 160 this year.
今年新生人数从210减到160。
②The membership decreased to 150.
会员数减少到了150人。
③The number of students in the class has decreased by 20.
班级里的人数减少了20人。
④There has been a decrease in our imports.
我们的进口数量减少了。
归纳拓展
（1）在下降中 on the decrease
在……方面减少 a decrease in…
（2）减少到/了…… decrease to/by…
从……减少到…… decrease from…to…
学以致用
单句填空
①There is a decrease of nearly 7% in the number of visitors to the museum.
②The accidents have decreased by 20% since the measure was taken.
③Because of human activities, the number of some rare animals is on the decrease.
联想助记
decrease 的反义词 increase的用法
increase to 增加（长）到……
increase by 增加（长）了……
on the increase 在增加
7. transform vt.使改观；使改变形态vi.改变；转变
Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. 此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。（教材P3）
典例翻译
①It was the event that would transform my life.
这件事将会改变我的生活。
②Your generous help and tender care transformed my first American trip into an unforgettable memory.
你的慷慨相助和细心关怀把我的第一次美国之旅转化成了一个难以忘怀的记忆。
③In recent years, the movie industry has undergone a dramatic transformation.
近年来，电影业经历了巨大的改革。
归纳拓展
（1）把A变成B transform A into B
（2）n.改变；改革 transformation
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①In only 20 years the country has been transformed (transform) into an advanced industrial power.②In recent years his ideas have undergone a complete transformation (transform).
（2）完成句子
③到了旧的教育体制改变的时候了。
It is high time that the old educational systems were transformed/should be transformed .
重点句型
1.“特殊疑问词+不定式”结构
As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. 由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。（教材P2）
典例翻译
①I didn’t know what to say.
我不知道说什么。
②How to solve the problem is very important.
如何解决这个问题是非常重要的。
③Our question is when to start.
我们的问题是何时开始。
④In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewitnesses to believe andwhich not to believe.
在审判中，法官必须断定哪些证人可以相信，哪些证人不能相信。
归纳拓展
（1）常见的特殊疑问词：疑问代词who, what, which等和疑问副词how, when, where等。
（2）语法功能：该结构相当于名词性从句，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等（作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式）。
误区警示
（1）在“特殊疑问词+不定式”结构中，不定式常用主动形式表示被动意义。
（2）在以why或why not 开头的省略疑问句中，其后可跟不带to 的不定式。
学以致用
（1）完成句子
① When and where to hold the meeting （何时何地举行会议）remains to be discussed further.
②They always told me what to do and how to do it （做什么以及怎么做）.
（2）句型转换
③The boy is too young to know what he should do when in trouble.
→The boy is too young to know what to do when in trouble.
2. so…that…引导结果状语从句
It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. 该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。（教材P2）
典例翻译
①Maybe it was so crowded that my handbag slid off my arm.
也许太拥挤了，我的手提包从我的胳膊上滑落了。
②There were so many cars in the street that I couldn’t get through.
路上的车很多以至于我过不去。
③So hot a day was it that they all went swimming.
= Such a hot day was it that they all went swimming.
天气这么热，他们都去游泳了。
④They walked so fast that I could not keep up with them.
他们走得那么快，我没法跟上他们。
归纳拓展
so/such…that…引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”。
（1）so…that…结构的常见形式：
（2）such…that…结构的常见形式：
（3）so/such…that…结构中的so/such开头的句子，一般要用部分倒装。
误区警示
little表示“少”时其前用so，但表示“小”时用such。
There was so little time left that we must hurry.
时间不多了，我们一定得快一点。
They are such little children that they can’t understand it.
他们是这么小的孩子，他们不会理解的。
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①It is so good a film that I’d like to see it a second time.
②She is such a good teacher that we all respect her.
（2）句型转换
③It was such a cold day that there was nobody in the street.
→It was so cold a day that there was nobody in the street.
④It will be so low in price that no man making good money will be unable to own one. （用倒装句）
→ So low will it be in price that no man making good money will be unable to own one.
素养达标·迁移创新
Ⅰ. 语境填词
根据语境和汉语提示写出单词的正确形式。
1.（2019北京卷）In a world that warms up by3℃ , it found that multiple （数量多的）changes to the colour of the oceans would occur.
2.（2019浙江卷）However, when she hung up, she regretted the way she had handled （处理） the call.
3.（2019天津卷）Food webs may be dominated by many weak links （联系） because that arrangement is more stable over the long term.
4.（2019课标全国Ⅱ卷）Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent, according to statistics （统计数字） from the report.
5.She suffered from severe （十分严重的） depression after losing her job.
6.Customs officials have made a series of contradictory （相互矛盾的） statements about the equipment.
7.One theory is that the infection （传染） has been present in humans for a very long time.
8.There is no proof （证据） that the knife belonged to her.
9.The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household （家庭）.
10.In much of the animal world, night is the time set aside for sleep— pure （纯粹的）and simple.
Ⅱ. 语境选词
根据语境用方框内短语的正确形式填空。
take the blame for; thanks to; once and for all; on the decrease; subscribe to; link up; attend to; die from; find out
1.In a severe winter, wild animals can die from lack of food.
2. Thanks to the spread of modern technology, trained workers are now more vital than ever.
3.The demand for tea is on the decrease each year.
4.She occupied herself with routine office tasks and had no time to attend to her children.
5.The two families linked up through the marriage of their daughter and son.
6.It is not a theory that is commonly subscribed to .
7.Seeking to find out the real cause of the accident was what he was eager to do.
8.Let’s get this problem right once and for all .
9.The company was ready to take the blame for what had happened.
Ⅲ. 课文语法填空
Cholera used to be one of the most feared 1. (disease) in the world. As a young doctor, John Snow became 2. (frustrate) because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. He desired 3. (destroy) cholera once and for all. He thought cholera was caused by an 4. (infect) from germs in food or water. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate by 5. (mark) on a map the exact places where all those 6. died had lived. At last, John Snow found that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Through Snow’s tireless efforts, the threat of cholera around the world saw 7. substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks 8. the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow 9. (transform) the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow 10. (consider) the father of modern epidemiology.
1. disease 2. frustrated 3. to destory 4. infection 5. marking
6. who 7. a 8. to 9. transformed 10. is considered
20Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
（表语从句）
情境创设·语法精讲
教材链接
1. （教材P2） One theory was that bad air caused the disease.
2. （教材P5） You may not believe it, but that was what happened at the initial stage of our group’s research on developing a vaccine for malaria.
3. （教材P5） What Snow was determined to find out was why the 1854 outbreak of cholera in London could have caused over 500 deaths within ten days.
4. （教材P5） We realised that what we cared about was not what aspect we needed to develop a theory in, but rather how we can reduce the cost of a vaccine without reducing is effect!
观察并归纳：
1. 所有例句中的黑体部分都位于系动词be 后，作表语，故都是表语从句，这些表语从句在词性上相当于一个名词。
2. 句（1）由从属连词 that 引导；句（2）由连接代词 what 引导；句（3）由连接副词 why 引导；句（4）由连接代词 what 引导。
要点精析
表语从句放在系动词（也称连系动词）之后，充当复合句中的表语。表语从句就是指一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样。一般结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”。可接表语从句的系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。
类别 引导词 用法
从属连词 that 只起连接作用，不作句子成分, 无实际意义
whether 只起连接作用, 不作句子成分，意为“是否”，不能用if替换
连接代词 who, what, whom, whose, which 等 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等
连接副词 when, where, why, how等 在从句中作状语
其他连词 because 主句主语一般不用 reason
as if/as though 表语从句表示的情况发生的可能性较小时，常用虚拟语气
1. 由连接词that, whether引导的表语从句
从属连词that的用法：①无意义；②不充当成分。而whether有词义，意为“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如 question, trouble, problem, result, chance, suggestion, idea, reason 等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释，使主语的内容具体化。
The reason for his absence is that he hasn’t been informed.
他缺席的原因是他没被通知。
The point is whether we should lend him the money.
关键在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
What she couldn’t understand was that fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
她不能理解的是越来越少的学生对她的课感兴趣。
误区警示
if不能引导表语从句。
2. 由连接代词引导的表语从句
在连接代词who, what, which, whom, whose等引导的表语从句中，连接代词在句中作主语、宾语、表语等，并且不能省略。
The question is which of us should go.
问题是我们哪一个应该去。
The problem was who could do the work.
问题是谁能做这项工作。
That’s what he is worrying about.
那就是他在担心的事。
That’s what we should do.
那是我们应该做的。
3. 由连接副词引导的表语从句
在连接副词 when, where, why, how 等引导的表语从句中，连接副词在从句中作状语。
Go and get your coat. It’s where you left it.
去把衣服拿来。就在你原来放的地方。
I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. That’s why I got wet through.
我既没雨衣也没伞。那就是我湿透的原因。
That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year.
那就是老鼠每年是怎样损害大量粮食的。
4. 由从属连词because, as if/as though等引导的表语从句
It looked as if it was going to snow.
看起来好像要下雪了。
That’s because we never thought of it.
这是因为我们从未想过此事。
It seems as though he didn’t know the answer.
好像他不知道答案。
易混辨析
why 和 because 引导的表语从句的区别
That’s why... 意为“那是……的原因”，强调结果
That’s because... 意为“那是因为……”强调原因
I didn’t phone her, and that’s why she got angry with me. （强调“没打电话”这一结果）
我没有给她打电话。那就是她对我生气的原因。
I didn’t phone her, and that’s because I got angry with her. （强调“生气”这一原因）
我没有给她打电话。那是因为我生她的气了。
误区警示
reason 作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用 that 引导，不宜用 because。
5. 表语从句中的虚拟语气
在表语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是：advice, suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea等, 从句谓语形式是“should+动词原形”（should可以省略）。
My advice is that you（should) practise speaking English as often as possible.
我的建议是你（应该）尽可能多地练习说英语。
My suggestion is that we should tell him.
我的建议是我们应该告诉他。
实战演练
Ⅰ.单句填空
1. He got caught in the heavy traffic. That was why he was late.
2. Energy is what makes things work.
3. We didn’t set out; it was because we wanted to wait until our mother came back.
4. The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust.
5. A ship in harbor is safe, but that’s not what ships are built for.
6. The trouble is that I cant find my way.
7. What he wants to know is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.
8. The reason why I was sad was that he didn’t understand me.
9. That is what we are looking forward to.
10. The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.
11. That’s where I first met her, the small beautiful park.
12. His sole requirement was that the system work.
13. The first time we met each other was when we studied in that school.
14. There is no doubt that that’s why I object to the plan.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1. 困难是我们资金短缺。
The trouble is that we are short of money .
2. 这就是新英格兰牧场用石头墙而不用栅栏的原因。
That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields.
3. 听起来好像有人在敲门。
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door .
4. 当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn’t think of the right word anyhow.
5. 问题是她把他的钱弄丢了。
The trouble is that she has lost his money .
6. 问题是我们是否还需要一些冰淇淋。
The question is whether we need more ice cream .
4Section Ⅲ Using Language
自主学习·激发潜能
Ⅰ. 词汇拓展
① finding / fa nd /n.发现；调查结果；（法律）判决→ find /fa nd/vt.找到；发现
② initial / n l/adj.最初的；开始的；第一的→ initially / n li/adv.最初，首先；开头→ initialize / n la z/vt.初始化
③ defend /d fend/vt.保卫；防守；辩解→ defence /d fens/n.防御；保卫
④ assist / s st/ vt.帮助；协助；援助→ assistance / s st ns/n.帮助；协助→ assistant / s st nt/n.助手；助理
⑤ steady / stedi/adj.平稳的；稳步的；稳定的→ steadily /'stedili/adv.平稳地；持续地
⑥ astronomer / str n m (r)/n.天文学家→ astronomy / str n mi/n.天文学
⑦ vivid / v v d/adj.生动的；鲜明的；丰富的→ vividly /'v v dli/adv.清晰地；生动地；强烈地
⑧ brilliant / br li nt/ adj.聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的→ brilliantly / br lj ntli/ adv.灿烂地；辉煌地；光亮地
⑨ abstract / bstr kt/ adj.抽象的；理性的n.（文献等的）摘要→ abstraction / b str k n/ n.抽象；提取
⑩ gifted / ɡ ft d/ adj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的→ gift /ɡ ft/ n.礼物；天赋；赠品
mechanical /m k n kl/ adj.机械的；发动机的；机器的→ mechanic /m k n k/ n.机械师；机械修理工→ machine /m i n/ n.机械装置，机器
Ⅱ. 情境词块
1.have an impact on 对……有影响
2.with effort 努力
3.break out （战争、打斗等不愉快的事情）突然开始；爆发
4.in charge of 主管，掌管
5.take on the challenge 接受挑战
6.come down 患（病）；染上（小病）
7.指出 point out
8.梦想 dream of
9.最重要的是; 尤其是 above all
Ⅲ. 情境佳句
1.
句型公式 “否定词+比较级”结构表示最高级意义
教材原句 Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. 也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
中文例句 多么好的一本小说啊！我从未读过比这更感人的了。
句式仿写 What a wonderful novel! I have never read a more moving one .
2.
句型公式 not only... but also... 不但……而且……
教材原句 He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。
中文例句 他不但给我提了建议，而且还借给了我一些钱。
句式仿写 Not only did he give me some advice, but also he lent me some money .
激发思维·全程指导
背景导学
本栏目的活动主题是“谈论科学研究的经历”，听说活动聚焦参观博物馆。通过这样的科学探究和体验方式激活学生的相关经历，让学生谈论不同类型的科学探究活动，描述自己参与科学实验和科学研究的经历，与同学交流。
文本改写
教材原文 教材译文
THE FATHER OF CHINA’S AEROSPACE Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with “great scientific thought and scientific spirit” who was patriotic and served his homelandwith effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man. Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies. Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology. As a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, now one of NASA’S leading space-exploration centres. After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US, Qian returned to China in 1955. He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped. No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China. Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him from taking on the challenge. When asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles ”, his reply was a determined “Why not We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make.” Under Qian’s leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long March rockets. In 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, from a Long March rocket. Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also be traced back to Qian’s research, Qian earned the name of “the father of China’s aerospace”. Qian read a lot and was extremely knowledgeable, especially in the area of frontier science research. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research. On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened by Qian’s death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways. A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair, unable to move and using a computer to talk. Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles, his world became one of abstract thought. Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964. In general, there were two main theories on the origin of the universe. The first was the steady state theory, which holds that the universe has no beginning or end. The other was the big bang theory, which holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space. The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor at Cambridge. During the question and answer period after one of Hoyle’s lectures, Hawking stood up and pointedout that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths. Once the maths was corrected, it showed that the big bang theory-and not the steady state theory-was true. Hawking’s own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes. A star was born. So, what made Stephen Hawking a genius Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. He was willing to say what others were afraid to say, and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about. Furthermore, he was quite determined. This had helped him as a scientist, and had helped him even more in his fight against his disease. Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. 中国航天之父 也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。钱学森备受人们尊敬。《钱学森的故事》一书的作者称他是一位具有“伟大科学思想和科学精神”的人，并且热爱祖国、勤勉努力、甘于奉献、成就斐然。钱学森1911年生于杭州，在北京上学，后来考入上海交通大学，学习铁道机械工程。不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。1935年，钱学森前往美国读研究生。二十世纪三四十年代，钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱人物。二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。二十世纪四十年代，钱学森与其他几人成立了喷气推进实验室，该实验室现已成为美国宇航局领先的太空探索中心之一。 在钱学森的领导下，中国研制出了“东风”导弹，紧接着又研制出第一代“长征”系列火箭。1970年，中国使用“长征”火箭成功发射本国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。由于“神舟”系列火箭的大部分技术也可追根溯源到钱学森的研究，因此钱学森被誉为“中国航天之父”。 钱学森博览群书，尤其在前沿科学研究领域知识极其渊博。然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。他深厚的艺术鉴赏力时常给科研工作带来灵感。 2009年10月31日，钱学森逝世，举国哀痛，人们以各种方式纪念他、缅怀他。 一个纯思维的世界 史蒂芬·霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。大多数人都很熟悉他坐在轮椅上无法动弹、只能通过电脑来说话的样子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界。 霍金最早成名于1964年, 当时他身体健康，行动自如，是剑桥大学物理学研究生。总的来说，宇宙起源有两大理论：第一个是稳恒态理论，认为宇宙无始无终；另一个是大爆炸理论，认为宇宙始于时空中的一个点。稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德·霍伊尔教授。在霍伊尔的一次讲座中，霍金在问答环节站了起来，指出霍伊尔教授计算有误。错误纠正之后显示大爆炸理论而非稳恒态理论是正确的。不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。一位明星就此诞生。 那么，是什么使史蒂芬·霍金成为一名天才呢？除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。他敢说别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。此外，他意志坚定。无论是作为一位科学家，还是与病魔作斗争，这种品质对他都大有帮助。最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。
请将范文中的第二篇改写成一篇80词左右的短文。
【审题谋篇】
【词汇储备】
1.……之一 one of...
2.成名 achieve fame
3.一名物理学研究生 a graduate student in physics
4.证明 prove
5.用望远镜 with telescopes
6.一名天才 a genius
7.才华横溢 brilliant
8.愿意做 be willing to do
9.害怕做 be afraid to do
10.梦想 dream of
【句型运用】
1.史蒂芬·霍金是物理学中最著名和最有天赋的科学家之一。(one of…)
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics.
2.霍金作为一名物理学研究生最早成名于1964年。(achieve fame)
Hawking first achieved fame as a graduate student in physics in 1964.
3.他对大爆炸理论的研究不久被天文学家用望远镜证明，这使他成为一位明星。(be done)
His own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes and he became a star.
4.是什么使史蒂芬·霍金成为一名天才呢？（make+复合宾语）
What made Stephen Hawking a genius
5.除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人。(besides doing)
Besides being brilliant, he was brave.
6.他愿意说别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。（what引导宾语从句）
He was willing to say what others were afraid to say and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about.
【句式升级】
1.用强调结构强调时间状语升级句2。
It was in 1964 that Hawking first achieved fame as a graduate student in physics.
2.用非谓语动词和make的复合结构升级句3。
His own work on the big bang theory proven by astronomers with telescopes made him a star.
3.用表语从句升级句4、5。
What made Stephen Hawking a genius was that he was brilliant and brave.
4.用not only…but also…升级句6。
Not only was he willing to say what others were afraid to say but also dream of what others were afraid to dream about.
【串句成文】
5.将以上句子连成一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的短文。
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. It was in 1964 that Hawking first achieved fame as a graduate student in physics. His own work on the big bang theory proven by astronomers with telescopes made him a star. What made Stephen Hawking a genius was that he was brilliant and brave. Not only was he willing to say what others were afraid to say but also dream of what others were afraid to dream about.
实战演练
1.假定你是李华，请根据下面表格中的内容提示，以My Hero为题，为校报的英语园地写一篇英语短文，介绍你最崇拜的一位中国科学家。
姓名 梁建英 出生年份 1972年
主要经历 （1）1995年大学毕业后开始从事高铁研究工作 （2）作为总设计师带领其团队研发出时速300—350公里的高速列车
注意：1. 词数80左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：高速列车high-speed train
解析：写作指导
体裁 人物介绍的记叙文
时态 以一般现在时和一般过去时为主
人称 以第三人称为主
要点 1. 人物姓名、出生日期及中国高铁总设计师 2.1995年大学毕业后开始从事高铁研究工作 3. 带领其团队研发出时速300—350公里的高速列车
答案：One possible version:
My Hero
Everyone has a hero of his or her own. My hero is Liang Jianying. Born in 1972, she is the general designer of the China high-speed train. She graduated from university in 1995. Ever since, she has been devoting all her time and energy to the development of the Chinese high-speed railway. Afterwards, she led her team and invented the 300—350 km/h high-speed train, making it more convenient for us to get around quickly.
Liang Jianying has set a good example to us. From her, I realize that we should keep on trying until we realize our dreams.
【高级短语及句式】
1.某人自己的 of one’s own
2.出生在 be born in
3.从……毕业 graduate from
4.从……以后一直 ever since
5.把某人所有的时间和精力都花在…… devote all one’s time and energy to...
6.随意走走 get around
7.给某人树立一个好榜样 set a good example to sb.
8.继续做某事 keep on doing sth.
9.她出生于1972年，是中国高速列车的总设计师。（过去分词短语作状语）
Born in 1972, she is the general designer of the China high-speed train .
10.后来，她带领她的团队，发明了300—350公里/小时的高速列车，使我们更方便快速地四处旅行。（现在分词短语作状语）
Afterwards, she led her team and invented the 300—350 km/h high-speed train, making it more convenient for us to get around quickly .
新知清障·素养构建
核心词汇
1.pour v.倒出；倾泻；斟（饮料）
A non-Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid, but if you put any pressure on it, it suddenly becomes hard as concrete. 非牛顿流体很奇怪，因为你可以把它像液体一样倒出来，但如果你对它施加压力，它会突然变得像混凝土一样硬。（教材P7）
典例翻译
①It has been pouring down in Delhi almost non-stop for the past three days, disturbing normal life.
德里市在过去的3天里一直在下着倾盆大雨，几乎没有停过，扰乱了正常的生活。
②She poured out everything to us as if we were her own kin.
她把什么都对我们讲了，就仿佛我们是她的亲人似的。
③He was so worried that sweat began to pour down his face.
他如此担心以至于汗水沿着他的面颊直淌下来。
归纳拓展
④涌进…… pour into/in
⑤倒出；涌出；倾诉 pour out
⑥从……中涌出来 pour out of...
⑦（雨）倾盆而降 pour down
联想助记
“下大雨”英文一览
It’s pouring.
It’s raining cats and dogs.
It’s raining hard.
It’s raining heavily.
It’s a heavy rain.
学以致用
单句填空
①The rays of the sun poured in through the window.
②The river pours into the sea.
③Sobbing, she poured out the whole story.
④He was seriously wounded. Blood poured out of the wound.
2.break out（战争、打斗等不愉快的事情）突然开始；爆发
However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. 不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。（教材P7）
典例翻译
①He predicted that war would break out in the next few years.
他预言战争将在接下来的几年里爆发。
②The policeman found that the house had been broken into and a quantity of jewelry stolen.
警察发现有人闯入这栋房子，盗走了大量珠宝。
③He tried to cope with the ever-increasing burden of his work, but finally his health broke down.
他设法应付自己日益增长的工作负担，但最后他的身体垮了。
归纳拓展
④出故障；垮掉 break down
⑤突破；冲破 break through
⑥破碎；解散；分手 break up
⑦断开；中断；停顿 break off
⑧逃脱；脱离 break away from
⑨强行闯入；突然开始 break into
⑩强行进入；打断 break in
学以致用
单句填空
①He broke into my house and stole my money.
②The meeting broke up at eleven o’clock.
③Once you join them, you can never break away from them.
④If you go on working like that, you will break down sooner or later.
3.defend v.保卫；防守；辩解
However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. 不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。（教材P7）
典例翻译
①He gave his life in defence of his country.
他为保卫他的祖国而献出了自己的生命。
②We shall defend our country, whatever the cost may be.
无论付出什么代价，我们都要保卫我们的国家。
③I have to say in her defence/in defence of her that she knew nothing about it beforehand.
我得为她说句话，她事先并不知道此事。
④We defended her from/against harm.
我们保护她免受伤害。
归纳拓展
（1）保护……使不受……，为……辩解 defend... from/against
自卫 defend oneself
（2）defence n. [U]防御；保卫
保卫 in defence of
为某人辩护 in one’s defence = in defence of sb.
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①He made a long speech defending his views from objections.
②They defended themselves against being attacked (attack).
③Offensive（进攻）is the best defence (defend).
（2）同义改写
④He has hired a lawyer to defend him against his action. （用defence改写）
He has hired a lawyer to be in his defence against his action.
4.in charge of 主管；掌管
He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。（教材P8）
典例翻译
①I’m the one in charge of setting up all the chairs.
我是负责摆放所有椅子的人。
②She charged me ＄24 for the book.
这本书她向我要价24美元。
③We can deliver goods to your door free of charge.
我们可以免费送货上门。
④A week later, I volunteered to take charge of English study in my class.
一个星期以后，我自愿负责班级里的英语学习。
归纳拓展
（1）为某物向某人收取费用 charge sb. for sth.
控告某人(做)某事 charge sb. with (doing) sth.
（2）掌管/负责…… take charge of
控制/管理…… in charge of；
受……的管理 in the charge of
（3）免费 free of charge
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①There is a heated discussion on whether museums should charge for admission or not.
②The man who had taken charge of the company was charged with taking drugs.
（2）一句多译
③汤姆在老板不在时负责这家公司。
→The company is in the charge of Tom while the boss is away.
→Tom is in charge of the company while the boss is away.
→Tom takes charge of the company while the boss is away.
易错辨析
表示“控告某人某事”还可以用accuse sb. of sth. 结构。accuse常与of搭配，而charge常与with搭配。
5.fault n.弱点；过错
Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. 最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。（教材P9）
典例翻译
①It’s your own fault for being careless.
你粗心大意是你自己的过错。
②I was disappointed whenever the cook found fault with my work.
每当厨师挑我工作上的毛病时，我都很失望。
③And you are no better-But then, I’m at fault too.
你也好不了多少——不过嘛，我也有错。
归纳拓展
④挑剔某人/物 find fault with sb./sth.
⑤做某事是某人的过错 be one’s fault for doing sth.
⑥有过错 at fault
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①He is always finding fault with me, which makes me very angry.
②That is your fault for not finishing your homework.
（2）完成句子
③警察说是另一名司机的责任。
The police said that the other driver was at fault .
重点句型
1.“否定词+比较级”结构表示最高级意义
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. 也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。（教材P7）
典例翻译
①Mr. Stevenson is great to work for-I really couldn’t ask for a better boss.
为史蒂文森先生工作真好——我实在找不到比他更好的老板了。
②It was not until then that I suddenly realized nobody was happier than I was.
直到那时，我才突然意识到没有人比我更幸福了。
③—Must I turn off the gas after cooking
—Of course. You can never be too careful with that.
——做完饭后我必须关上煤气吗？
——当然，在用煤气方面越小心越好。
归纳拓展
（1）“否定词+比较级”结构表示最高级意义，通常意为“没有比……更……”。常用的否定词有no, not, never, nothing, nobody, hardly等。
（2）can/could+never/not+enough/too... 表示“再……也不过分”。
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①I have never eaten a better (good) dinner in recent years.
②I have never read a more interesting (interest) story than this one.
③You can never be too careful while crossing the street.
（2）句型转换
④In my view, health is the most important thing in our daily life.
→From my point of view, nothing is more important than health in our daily life.
2.“动词+宾语+宾补”结构
This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. 这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。（教材P9）
典例翻译
①The news that our team had won made us very happy.
我们队获胜的消息使我们非常高兴。
②She made him her assistant.
她委派他做自己的助手。
③He made her work day and night.
他让她日夜工作。
归纳拓展
make的复合结构有以下几种形式：
make+名词/代词+形容词/副词；
make+名词/代词+介词短语；
make+名词/代词+过去分词；
make+名词/代词+不带to的不定式；
make+名词/代词+名词。
巧学妙记
类似用法的词还有：
吾看三室两厅一感觉（五看三使役二听一感觉）。
（吾看）notice, see, watch, observe, look at（三室）have, let, make（两厅）hear, listen to（一感觉）feel
温馨提示
当感官动词接不带to的宾语补足语用于被动语态时，宾补变为主补，to要还原。
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①She spoke loudly so that she could made herself heard (hear) clearly.
②I was made to feel (feel) like one of the family.
（2）完成句子
③她通过了考试, 这使她父母很自豪。
She passed the exam, which made her parents proud .
④我们让他当队长。
We made him captain of the team .
素养达标·迁移创新
Ⅰ. 语境填词
根据语境和汉语提示写出单词的正确形式。
1.The setting sun cast （投射） an orange glow over the mountains.
2.She was about to set off when a familiar shadow （影子） suddenly came into her sight.
3.The moon was casting a rainbow （彩虹） through the spray from the waterfall.
4. Pour （倒出） the honey into the bowl and mix it thoroughly with the other ingredients.
5.There was a vast distance between psychological clues and concrete （具体的）proof.
6.This microscope （显微镜） can magnify(放大）bacteria three thousand times their actual size.
7.Twain’s vivid （生动的）and often amusing descriptions of life on the river quickly became popular.
8.His manners had always made her blind to his faults （缺点）.
9.It was his brilliant （精彩的） performance in “My Left Foot” that established his reputation.
10.The research shows that preschool children are capable of thinking in abstract （抽象的）terms.
Ⅱ. 语境选词
根据语境用方框内短语的正确形式填空。
have an impact on; with effort; break out; in charge of; take on; come down; in general; point out; dream of; above all
1. In general , though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today’s world of cultural crossroads!
2.Think about what I have told you, but above all , don’t breathe a word of it to others.
3.Can you point out the hotel on this map
4.She took a deep breath and sat up slowly with effort .
5.No other organization was able or willing to take on the job.
6.He must have come down with a bad cold, for he has got a sore throat.
7.That he dreamed of being a lawyer came true at last.
8.A fire broke out in the lower storey during the midnight and soon the whole building was in flames.
9.That would have an impact on the global economy and on financial markets.
10.Now I’m in charge of Class 6 and will take charge of Class 4 next term.
Ⅲ. 课文语法填空
The Father of China’s Aerospace
Perhaps no other scientist has had a 1. (great) impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. He was a well-respected man, 2. served his homeland with effort. Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and Shanghai. In 1935, he went to the US 3. further study and then worked there. After overcoming some difficulties, he 4. (return) to China in 1955, and was put in charge of developing China’s rocket science as well as the space and missile programme. 5. (face) with challenges, Qian didn’t feel discouraged. When 6. (ask) “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles ”, his reply was “Why not ” Under 7. (he) leadership, China developed its own missiles, rockets, and man-made satellites 8. (success). Qian was knowledgeable. However, 9. made him an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his interest in other things like music and drawing, which gave him 10. (inspire) in scientific research. The whole country was saddened by Qian’s death in 2009.
1. greater 2. who 3. for 4. returned 5. Faced
6. asked 7. his 8. successfully 9. what 10. inspiration
18Section Ⅳ Expanding Your World
单元回顾·总结提升
Ⅰ. 单词分层默写
1.单词拼写
① cholera n.霍乱
② frustrated adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的
③ infection n.感染；传染
④ proof n.证据；证明；检验
⑤ household n.一家人；家庭；同住一所（套）房子的人
⑥ contradictory adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
⑦ blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责n.责备；指责
⑧ link n.联系；纽带v.把……连接起来；相关联
⑨ handle n.把手；拉手；柄vt.处理；搬动；操纵
⑩ germ n.微生物；细菌；病菌
pure adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的
decrease n.减少；降低；减少量vt.&vi.（使大小、数量等）减少；减小
statistic n. pl. 统计数字；统计资料；统计学
subscribe vi.认购（股份）；定期订购；定期交纳（会费）
raw adj.未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的
virus n.病毒
solid adj.可靠的；固体的；坚实的n.固体
pour v.倒出；倾泻；斟
outstanding adj.优秀的；杰出的；明显的
fault n.弱点；过错
2.拓展单词
① severe adj.十分严重的；极为恶劣的；严厉的→ severely adv.严重地；严格地；严厉地
② infect v.使感染；传染→ infection n.感染；传染
③ suspect vt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象→ suspected adj.有嫌疑的
④ pure adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的→ purely adv.纯粹地；仅仅，只不过
⑤ transform vi.改变；转变vt.使改观; 使改变形态→ transformation n.转化；改造；转变
⑥ thinking n.思想；思维；见解→ think v.想→ thought n.想法→ thinker n.思想家
⑦ initial adj.最初的；开始的；第一的→ initially adv.最初，首先
⑧ defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解→ defence n.防御；保卫
⑨ assistant n.助手；助理→ assist vt.帮助；协助；援助→ assistance n.帮助；协助
⑩ steady adj.平稳的；稳步的；稳定的→ steadily adv.平稳地；持续地
finding n.发现；调查结果; （法律）判决→ find vt.找到; 发现
astronomer n.天文学家→ astronomy n.天文学
mechanical adj.机械的；发动机的；机器的→ mechanic n.机械师；机械修理工→ machine n.机械装置，机器 abstract adj.抽象的；理性的n.（文献等的）摘要→ abstraction n.抽象；提取
brilliant adj.聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的→ brilliantly adv.灿烂地；辉煌地；光亮地
gifted adj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的→ gift n.礼物；天赋；赠品
vivid adj.生动的；鲜明的；丰富的→ vividly adv.清晰地；生动地；强烈地
Ⅱ. 短语搭配翻译
1.最终地；彻底地 once and for all
2.同意；赞同 subscribe to
3.幸亏；由于 thanks to
4.水泵 water pump
5.照料；照顾 attend to
6.死于…… die from
7.分娩 give birth
8.一般来说 in general
9.查明 find out
10.由于…… as a result of
11.对……有影响 have an impact on
12.努力 with effort
13.（战争、打斗等不愉快的事情）突然开始；爆发 break out
14.主管，掌管 in charge of
15.接受挑战 take on the challenge
16.患（病）；染上（小病） come down
17.指出 point out
18.梦想 dream of
19.最重要的是 above all
Ⅲ. 教材原句翻译
1.在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome.
2.然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
3.一种看法是空气污染引发疾病。
One theory was that bad air caused the disease.
4.他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。
He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
5.斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
6.斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。
Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
7.由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。
As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.
8.这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。
This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries.
9.也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.
10.他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。
He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme.
Ⅳ. 书面表达
1.结合本单元主题，使用本单元词汇与句型写一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的短文。
1. 在我看来，成就伟大科学家的是他们的科学精神——专心、勤奋、决心等。（make的复合结构）
2. 多亏了科学精神，伟大的科学家们取得了许多突出的成就。（thanks to; outstanding）
3. 没有钱学森在导弹和火箭方面全心全意的工作，中国就不会在短时间内成为世界上一个如此强大的国家。
4. 袁博士研制的杂交水稻大大减少了世界上的饥饿人口。（decrease）
5. 此外，作为学生，如果我们能把科学精神用于我们的学习中，那么我们一定会实现我们的目标。（furthermore; apply…to…）
6. 我们不仅要尊重这些伟大的科学家，而且要学习他们的科学精神。（not only…but also…）
答案：In my opinion, what made them great scientists are their scientific spirits-devotion, diligence, determination and so on. Thanks to the scientific spirits, the great scientists have made many outstanding achievements. For instance, without Qian Xuesen’s devoted work on missiles and rockets, China wouldn’t have become such a powerful country/so powerful a country in the world in a short time. The hybrid rice that Dr. Yuan developed has decreased the number of the hungry people around the world greatly. Furthermore, as students, if we can apply the scientific spirits to our study, we will certainly achieve our goals. Not only should we show respect for the great scientists, but also we should learn the scientific spirits from them.
丰实底蕴·素养融通
趣谈词汇
单词的魔性
I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won’t wish the wish you wish to wish.
对于“wish”这个词，相信很多人都只知道它是“希望”的意思，但其实它还有其他意思。这个句子就是个很好的例子。
1. 第一个“wish”是动词，意为“希望”。
2.“to wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
3.“the wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
4.“you wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
5.“to wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
6.“you wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
7.“the wish”中的“wish”是名词，意为“梦想”。
8.“the witch wishes”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
9.“won’t wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
10.“the wish”中的“wish”是名词，意为“梦想”。
11.“you wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
12.“to wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
所以这句话的意思是：
我希望梦想着你梦想中的梦想，但是如果你梦想着女巫的梦想，我就不想梦想着你梦想中的梦想。
经典美句
Forrest Gump《阿甘正传》
1. Life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you’re gonna get.
生命就像一盒巧克力，你永远都不知道你会得到什么。
2. If you are ever in trouble, don’t try to be brave, just run, just run away.
你若遇上麻烦，不要逞强，你就跑，远远跑开。
3. I don’t know if we each have a destiny, or if we’re all just floating around accidentally-like on a breeze.
我不懂我们是否有着各自的命运，还是只是到处随风飘荡。
4. Death is just a part of life, something we’re all destined to do.
死亡是生命的一部分，是我们注定要做的一件事。
5. Have you given any thought to your future
你有没有为将来打算过呢？
6
