2022届高三二轮专题复习名词和冠词用法课件（47张PPT）

(共47张PPT)
专题复习 名词 冠词
感悟高考
1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _______(cause)．
2. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased _______ (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
3. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the _____________(introduce) of electric powered engines and lifts.
causes
pollution
introduction
4.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _______(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
5. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _______(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
6. (2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few _______(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle fed, the other is with mum—she never suspects.
effects
crowds
days
考向分析
给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；
给出其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)的提示词，填写名词(同时注意名词的数)
名词的单复数
问题1：
--- How many does a cow have
--- Four.
A．stomaches B．stomach
C．stomachs D．stomachies
问题2：
The ______ of the building are covered with lots of ______.
A．roofs; leaves B．rooves; leafs
C．roof; leaf D．roofs; leafs


问题3：
When the farmer returned home he found three ______ missing.
A．sheeps B．sheepes C．sheep D．sheepies
问题4：
_____ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.
A. The Evens B. The Evens’
C. The Evenses D. The Evenses’


规则 例词
一般情况下,在词尾直接加-s book—books　cap—caps tree—trees
以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词,在词尾加-es 以 –ch 结尾的名词发音为 [k]时，只加 –s glass—glasses　box—boxes watch—watches
stomach--stomachs
以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词,把y改为i,再加-es 以元音字母 +y 结尾的则直接加 -s。 story—stories country—countries
boy---boys
以-o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,但有些名词要加-es,它们主要有:黑人英雄坐在火山上吃土豆、西红柿 radio—radios photo—photos
Negro—Negroes hero—heroes volcano--volcanoes potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes
以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,直接加-s, 一个农奴(serf)在海湾(gulf)捡了珊瑚礁(reef),来到房顶(roof)上,找到首长(chief),有了证据(proof),增加了信仰(belief)。 有些需把f或fe变为v,再加-es,主要有:妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌:躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。 serf， gulf , reef, roof, chief, proof, belief
wife—wives knife—knives wolf—wolves thief—thieves shelf—shelves self—selves life—lives half—halves leaf—leaves
　
合成名词通常只将主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变为复数 son-in-law—sons-in-law
storyteller—storytellers
“man/woman+n.”变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数 man teacher—men teachers
woman engineer—women engineers
问题5：
Some ______ visited our school last Wednesday.
A．German B．Germen
C．Germans D．Germens
国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：
1、单复数同形：Chinese; Japanese; Swiss
2、需要变形：Englishman - Englishmen
3、加 –s 或 -es：German – Germans

2.不规则变化
(1)变内部元音
foot—feet脚　　　　　　man—men男人
woman—women女人　　tooth—teeth牙
goose—geese鹅　　gentleman—gentlemen绅士
(2)单复数同形的名词
sheep绵羊 deer鹿 spacecraft太空船　aircraft飞行器
Chinese中国人　　Japanese日本人
Swiss瑞士人　　means方法
crossroads十字路口　　headquarters总部
series连续,系列，丛书　　species种类
(3)外来名词的复数形式
criterion—criteria标准　　phenomenon—phenomena现象
bacterium—bacteria细菌　　medium—media媒体
analysis—analyses分析　　basis—bases基础
crisis—crises危机　　thesis—theses论文
(4)fish表示不同种类的鱼时,其复数形式通常为fishes,而表示鱼的条数时,其复数形式与单数形式相同。表示“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。
There are many different fishes in this river.
I bought five fish today.
(5)penny表示便士的“价值”时复数为pence,常与数词搭配来表示钱数:five pence五便士,ten pence十便士;表示便士的“个数”时复数为pennies。
二、不可数名词
一般来说,物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的,没有复数形式,一般也不用不定冠词a或an修饰。常考的不可数名词有:
advice, baggage, luggage, equipment, furniture, fun,
work(工作),homework, housework, health,information,
music, news, progress, traffic,wealth, weather, space(太空),
word （消息）room(空间),man(人类)
针对练习
1．(2019·江西新余期中)Sometimes there’s so much work for you to deal with and you feel it’s beyond your ability to fulfill it. Actually, you can take _ (measure) to help yourself.
6．(2019·湖北七校联考)Even though there weren’t ______ (leaf) on the trees, yet I could still hear birds singing songs of spring.
10．(2019·山东滕州一中检测)Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) is an important part of Chinese culture. Great______ __(success) have been made in many areas through TCM cures.
5．(2019·洛阳统一考试)Once I broke a_____________ (neighbor) window. Seeing nobody around, I ran away immediately.
measures
leaves
successes
neighbor's
三.名词所有格
①-'s所有格主要用于表示人或其他有生命的名词的所有关系,表示“……的”。
his parents' company
Robert Browning's poem
②表示时间、距离、价格。例如:
today's newspaper
a five days' journey
③表示店铺、医院、学校、住宅及公共建筑时,名词所有格后常常不出现它所修饰的名词。例如:
at the barber's (shop)
at the doctor's (office)
at the tailor's (shop)
用法精讲
-'s所有格的构成规则
构成 举例
单数名词和复数名词词尾没有s,通常加“'s” the boy's bag
the children's rooms
以s结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加“'” the workers' struggle
the Teachers' Day
合成词,在最后一个词的词尾加 “'s” her brother-in-law's character
复合不定代词后加else, 在else后加“'s” somebody else's possessions
作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加's an hour and a half’s walk
2. of～属格：
多用于无生命现象的名词， 也可用于有生命现象的名词；当一个名词有较长的定语时，就只能用of～短语来表示所有关系。
如：the cover of the book;
a toy of Li Ping’s younger brother
3．双重属格：
既有～’s的属格，又有of～的属格。通常～’s属格表示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:a friend of my father’s; a book of Tom’s
4.表示“某人自己的”的属格:
用of one’s own表示，不可用of＋反身代词。
例如：This is the house of my own.
Fill in the blanks.
1. He received an __________ (invite) the other day but didn’t accept it.
2. The old teacher has rich experience in ____________ (translate).
3. She plays an active role in daily ___________ (active).
4. The sudden ________ (die) of the leader shocked and upset the whole nation.
5. The ___________ (mix) tasted terrible.
6. Never shall I forget your ____________ (kind).
7. After ____________ (graduate), he went to work as a teacher and then in a government office.
translation
invitation
activities
death
mixture
kindness
graduation
8. This is a ___________(decide) made by the majority.
9. He lost his grandparents in his ___________ (child).
10. To our ____________ (satisfy), he managed to pass the driving test eventually.
11. He is one of the ____________ (survive) of the air crash.
12. It is of great ____________ (necessary) that we learn English well if we want to go to a fine university.
13. Nobody can enter my study without my ___________ (permit).
14. He seems to be in low __________ (spirit). Let’s go and cheer him up.
decision
childhood
satisfaction
survivors
necessity
permission
spirits
拼写
15. China's Liangzhu Archaeological Site...
... ...
It was officially submitted to UNESCO in 2019, hoping to win__________(recognize) as a World Cultural Heritage Site.
recognition
注意动词变名词时的拼写变化
1. succeed—success 成功 2. pronounce—pronunciation 发音
3. explain—explanation 解释 4. decide—decision 决定
5. enter—entrance 进入 6. permit—permission 允许
7. refuse—refusal 拒绝 8. consider—consideration 考虑
9. discover—discovery 发现 10. conclude—conclusion 得出结论
11. arrive—arrival 到达 12. survive- survival 幸存者
13. weigh—weight 重量 14 . describe- description
15. appreciate – appreciation 16. recognize- recognition
17. invite- invitation 18. free-freedom
19. exist-existence 20. serve- service
21. mix-mixture 22. brave-bravery 23. lose-loss
24. expect –expectation 25. admit – admission
26. cruel - cruelty pete – competition –competitor
冠词考点及复习要点
1、不定冠词的用法比较；
2、定冠词的习惯用法；
3、零冠词的用法；
4、在习惯用语中冠词的用法；
不定冠词的用法
1.The Wilsons live in _____ A-shaped house near the coast. It is _____ 17th century cottage.
A. the , / B. an, the C. /, the D. an, a
2.Mrs. Taylor has _____ 8-year-old daughter who has _____ gift for painting—she has won two national prizes.
A．a; a B．an; the C．an; a D．the; a
D
C
1.不定冠词a,an
单词的发音以辅音音素(注意:不是辅音字母)开头时用a;单词的发音以元音音素(注意:不是元音字母)开头时用an如:
a university, a useful book, a one-eyed dog,a European car,
an hour,an honest boy,an X-ray,an ugly man等。
用法精讲
2.不定冠词的用法:
①用于单数可数名词前,表示泛指;
②用于表示数量“一”;
③用于第一次提到的某人或某物之前;
④用于序数词前,表示“又一,再一”;
⑤用于时间、重量等名词前,表示“每一”;
⑥用于专有名词前,表示具有某种特性的人或物,某一位不认识的人或某个不确定的时间;
⑦用于抽象名词具体化时的某些名词之前;
⑧用于某些物质名词前表示“一杯、一份、一场、一阵”等;
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough days.在那些艰苦的日子里能够买得起一杯饮料是一种安慰。
3.含有不定冠词的常用搭配
a waste of...……的浪费　　　a collection of一批……
as a result 因此　　as a rule通常
as a whole 总体上　　as a matter of fact事实上
at a loss不知所措　　at a distance离一段距离
in a hurry匆忙　　in a word 总之
in a sense在某种意义上　　in a way 在某种程度上
all of a sudden突然　　once in a while偶尔地
once upon a time 从前　 for a while一段时间;一会儿
be/go on a diet节食　　come to an end 结束
give sb. a lift让某人搭便车　　have a gift for有……天赋
have/catch a cold感冒　　have/take a rest 休息
have a good time玩得高兴
have a word in sb's ear与……说私话
have a holiday度假
have a knowledge of在某方面知识渊博
have a good command of 掌握;精通
have a population of有……人口
have a history of 有……的历史
an area of……的面积
keep an eye on 照看;留意
make a living谋生　　pay a visit to 拜访
What a pity/shame! 真遗憾!
定冠词的用法
1. As a rule, domestic servants doing odd jobs are
paid _______.
A. by the hour B. by hour
C. by an hour D. by hours
2.On May 5, 2019, at ______World Table Tennis
Championship, Kong Linghui and Wang Hao won
the gold medal in men's doubles with _______
score of 4: 1.
A
the
a
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
　1）特指双方都明白的人或物：
　　 Take the medicine.　把药吃了。
　2）上文提到过的人或事：
　　 He bought a house.　I‘ve been to the house.
　　 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
　3）指世上独一物二的事物：
　 the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth
4）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类
人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，
very， same等前面：
Where do you live 　I live on the second floor.　
你住在哪？我住在二层。
That‘s the very thing I’ve been looking for.　
那正是我要找的东西。
6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：
　 They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
　 They are teachers of this school.　 (指部分教师)
7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位
的名词前：
　She caught me by the arm..　她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团
体、阶级、等专有名词前：
　 the People‘s Republic of China　 中华人民共和国
　 the United States　 美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前：　
She plays the piano.　她会弹钢琴。
10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：
　 the Greens　 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
11) 用在表示“度量衡”之类的名词前：
Apples are sold by the pound.
但要注意在 time, weight, length 等名词前不加 the。
12) 用在惯用语中：
in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening)；　
the day after tomorrow；　
the day before yesterday；　the next morning；　
in the sky (water，field，country)；　
in the dark；　in the rain；　in the distance；　
in the middle (of)；　in the end； on the whole；
by the way；　go to the theatre
1.定冠词的常见用法
①用于特指的人或事物前;
②用于自然界中独一无二的事物前;
③用于双方都知道或上文已提到的人或物之前;
④用于表方向或方位的名词前;
⑤用于形容词或形容词化的过去分词前,表示一类人或物;
⑥用于表示西洋乐器的名词之前;
⑦用于姓氏的复数名词前,表示某某一家人、某某夫妇等;
用法精讲
⑧用于整十的数词的复数形式前,表示年代;
⑨用于序数词、形容词的最高级前;
⑩用于固定结构“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位”前,表示“……某人
身体的某个部位”;
用于计量单位名词前。
All the photographs in this book, unless stated otherwise, date from the
1950s.除非另外说明,这本书中的所有照片都要追溯到20世纪50年代。
This is the most interesting novel I have ever read.
The police caught the thief by the arm.
People often hire the car by the hour.
固定搭配
in the world在世界上　　
one...the other...一个……另外一个……
in the end最后,终于　　in the daytime在白天
in the habit of习惯
make the most/best of充分利用
in the distance在远处　　in the way挡路
on the whole大体上　　on the right/left在右/左面
at the same time同时　　at the moment此刻
for the time being暂时　　in the public eye 广为人知的
go to the doctor去看病　　by the way顺便说一下
on the radio/phone在广播/电话里
on the spot在现场,当下,当场
to tell(you)the truth说实话,老实说
go to the cinema去看电影
not in the least(=not at all)一点也不
on the one hand...,on the other hand...一方面……,另一方面……
for the most part通常,多半
the+比较级,the+比较级 越……,就越……
the+比较级+of the two两个中较……的一个
零冠词的用法
1. If you go by ______ train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get ______ fast one.
A．the; the B．不填；a
C．the; a D．不填；不填
2. It is often said that _____ teachers have _____
very easy life.
A. 不填；不填 B. 不填；a
C. the, 不填 D. the, a
B
B
1）国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary；
2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定
冠词；
They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；
Failure is the mother of success.　失败乃成功之母
4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；
　Man cannot live without water.　
人离开水就无法生存。
5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示
时间的名词之前，不加冠词；
　 We go to school from Monday to Friday.　
我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；
　 The guards took the American to General Lee.
　 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7）在三餐饭、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加
冠词 如：have breakfast，play chess
但如果三餐饭的名词前有形容词修饰，则需要加
冠词。如：have a big breakfast
11)不用冠词的序数词；
　a. 序数词前有物主代词
　b. 序数词作副词　 He came first in the race.
　c. 在固定词组中　 at (the) first, first of all,　
from first to last
12）在复习过程中注意不带冠词的短语和习惯用语。
13）特别注意加冠词和不加冠词的意义区别。如：
go to hospital --- go to the hospital
at table --- at the table
in charge of --- in the charge of
out of question --- out of the question
零冠词的用法口诀
月、季、星期、洲, 称呼、头衔、职务前;
三餐、球类、惯用语; 学科、棋类名词前。
名师点津
表示一日三餐、季节、月份、星期等的名词前有修饰语或指具体的某一顿饭或特指某一餐、某一季节、月份等，其前要用冠词。
◆According to the weather report, we will have a very hot summer this year.
根据天气预报，我们今年将会度过一个非常炎热的夏天。　
含有零冠词的常用搭配
at present目前　　　　ahead of time 提前
at risk有危险　　by accident 碰巧
by law根据法律　　by mistake错误地
in fact 事实上　　in peace和平
in advance 提前　　in danger处于危险中
in trouble 有麻烦
from morning till night从早到晚
lose heart灰心　　on second thoughts转念一想
out of work失业　　out of control 失控
take part in参加　　be under repair 处于维修中
1.(2019·浙江)Everybody wears ______ same style of clothes.
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _____ top.
3．When I traveled in Boston, I lived with ________ Smiths, who were very friendly to me.
4．Hearing these words, Tony became really angry and hit Jack in ________ face.
5．When one buys something on hire purchase (分期付款), he/she has to pay out by ________ month.
6．(2019·厦门高三期末)It's never easy for ________ Asian athlete to shine in track and field events.
7．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call saying she was short listed, we thought it was ______ joke.
8．(2019·湖北)In Australia, which has the highest number of food advertisements in children's television in the world, there are ________
average of 12 food ads per hour.
9．(2019·陕西）I'm ______ 18 year old boy in the final year of high school and my life is a work in progress.
10.The leaders from the world are greatly impressed by the fact that people from all walks of life are working hard for ________ new Zhejiang.
the
the
the
the
the
an
a
an
an
a
Homework
1.预习并完成优化方案专题代词与数词 (P289)。
2. 每天坚持做完型与阅读。