2021-2022学年牛津深圳版八年级英语下册Unit1 Helping those in need--词汇篇--同步讲义

1. 掌握相关的词汇和词组；
2. 提高词汇和词组的综合运用能力
3. 辨析易错点，易混淆点。
Who is she？Can you guess？
词汇 raise v.增加，提高 teenager n.青少年 offer v.主动提出 suffer v.（因疾病）受苦，受折磨 serious adj. 严重的 illness n. (某种)疾病 organize v. 组织，筹备 express v. 表达，表露 pain n. 痛苦，苦恼 lonely adj. 孤独的，寂寞的 friendship n. 友谊；友情 difficulty n.困难；费劲 joy n. 愉快；愉悦 peace n. 平静；宁静 hurt v. 疼痛；使受伤 courage n. 勇气；勇敢 spirits n. 情绪；情感
词组 1. in need 需要帮助的 2. voluntary work 义务性工作 3. ask permission 报请批准 4. suffer from… 因......受苦；受折磨 5. raise one’s spirits 使鼓起勇气；使振奋 6. raise money… 筹募钱 7. teach sb to do… 教某人去做…… 8. need to do… 需要做…… 9. look after… 照顾…… 10. in one’s free time 在某人空闲时间 11. help sb do… 帮助某人做…… 12. continue to do… 继续做…… 13. in the future 将来 14. work as... 从事……工作 15. attend school 上学 16. write to sb 给某人写信 17. give sb permission to do... 批准某人做…… 18. because of... 因为…… 19. be unable to do... 不能做…… 20. stay at home 呆在家 21. take part in 参加 22. think about 考虑 23. in order to 目的在于；为了
语法 1.反身代词 2.方位介词
1. raise v. 筹集；提升；增加
第三人称单数：raises 过去式：raised
过去分词：raised 现在分词：raising
搭配：raise money 筹款；raise money for … 为……筹款
raise one’s voice 提高嗓门；
例如：They raised money for homeless people.
raise price 提高价格；raise one’s spirits 打起精神
raise = keep 有“饲养，抚养”的意思，如：
raise cattle = keep cattle（饲养牲口）和raise children（抚养孩子）
辨析：raise, rise(rise--rose--risen)的区别
(1) 这两个词都有“提高，上升，增加”的意思，但其用法不同。
raise是及物动词，其主语通常是人；而rise是不及物动词，其主语通常是物。例如：The sun rises and bathes the earth. 太阳升起，普照大地。
Bath n. 沐浴，浴室 bathe v. 沐浴，洗，（光线）充满
(2) raise和rise用于同一事物时含义不同。例如：
The price of TV sets has been raised recently. 最近电视机提价了。
（政府或厂家主动行动）
The price of TV sets has risen recently. 最近电视机提价了。（市场调节）
2. permission n. = agreement 准许；批准
搭配：ask permission 报请批准
Write a letter to the head teacher to raise money.
给校长写一封信请求允许筹钱。
同根词：permit v. = allow you to do it 许可，准许；默许
The guards permitted me to bring my camera and tape recorder.
知识拓展：
表示请求某人允许自己做某事，通常与动词ask, ask for, request连用。
She asked for permission to leave work early.她请求许可早点下班。
表示允许某人做某事，通常与动词give连用。
Who gave you permission to come here 谁准许你到这里来的
(3)表示不允许某人做某事，通常与动词refuse/ deny 连用。
The school has been refused permission to expand.学校扩充未得到允许
3. disabled adj. 丧失能力的；有残疾的
I taught disabled children to sing. 我教残疾的孩子唱歌。
同根词：disable v. = make (sb.) unable to do sth. 使残废，使伤残
He is disabled from voting. 他失去了选举资格。
enable v. [ n'e b( )l] = make (sb.) able to do sth. 使（某人）能够做某事
The new test should enable doctors to detect the disease early.
新的检测手段应该能够使医生们尽早查出这种疾病。
搭配：mentally disabled 有智力缺陷 learning disabilities 学习障碍
4. offer v. = be willing to do something 主动提出
搭配： offer to do sth. 主动提出去做某事，愿意做某事
Peter offered to teach them water-skiing. 彼得主动提出教他们滑水。
搭配：offer one’s hand 伸出友好的手 offer sb. sth. 为某人提供某物
They have offered me a large sum of money to go away.
_____________________________________________
辨析：provide, offer的区别：
provide用于表示无主动慷慨之意地为人或物提供需要或有用的东西，仅仅是出于某种责任，强调提供必须用的东西，尤其是生活用品,多数情况是免费的。常用于provide sb. with sth. 或provide sth. for sb. 的固定搭配中。
offer表示主动提供服务、工作等，对方可以接受，也可以不接受。常用于offer sb. sth.或offer sth. to sb. 固定搭配中。
例如：offer sb.主动提出帮助某人；offer sb. a good salary 给某人一个好工资。
Somehow she managed to provide her children with food and clothing.
她总算设法使她的孩子有饭吃，有衣穿。
He offered me a glass of wine. = He offered a glass of wine to me. 他端给我一杯酒。
5. illness n. （某种）病
The children there all suffer from serious illness. 那里的孩子都遭受疾病的折磨。
同根词：ill adj. 有病的 （比较级：worse, 最高级：worst）
辨析：ill, illness, sick的区别：
illness是ill的名词形式，是可数名词。
ill和sick都有“生病的；有病的”之意，但用法并不完全相同。
ill表示“生病的；有病的”这一意思时，一般用作表语，不能作定语；
sick既可以作表语又可以作定语，如“病人”可以说a sick man或the sick, 但不能说an ill man或the ill。例如：
She is ill/sick in bed. 她卧病在床。
She is looking after her sick father. 她在照顾她生病的父亲。
sick 有“恶心的；厌倦的”之意。例如：The smell makes me sick. 这气味使我感到恶心。
ill作定语修饰名词时是“坏的；邪恶的”之意。例如：
He is an ill man. 他是一个邪恶的人。
一言辨异：Although I am ill, I have to look after my sick sister at home today. Because of illness, she can’t go to school.尽管我病了，但是今天我必须在家照看我生病的妹妹。因为疾病，她没有去上学。
6. organize v. 组织
In the end, we all decided to organize a concert for Easter. 最终，我们一致决定组织一场复活节音乐会。
同根词：organization n. 组织；机构 organizer n. 组织者organized adj. 有组织的
What do you know about our organization 关于我们的组织你知道些什么？
Students need organized activities. 学生们需要有组织的活动。
Who is the organizer of the exhibition 谁是这次展览会的组织者？
7. express v. 表达；表露
This helps them express their feelings. 这有助于他们表达他们的情感。
同根词：expression n. 表现，表示，表达；表情
She gave expression to her sadness. 她流露出了悲伤之情。
8. lonely adj. 孤独的；寂寞的；荒凉的 （比较级：lonelier最高级：loneliest）
It felt like the loneliest place in the world. 感觉这就像是天底下最荒凉的地方。
辨析：lonely, alone的区别：
alone为形容词，意为“单独的”，只作表语，不能作定语。侧重说明独自一人，没有助手或同伴，没有感彩的只表示客观的状态。
lonely意为“孤独的”，表示主观上感到孤独、寂寞，有较浓的感彩，指因缺少朋友、同情、友谊等产生的一种悲伤和忧郁的感情。它为形容词，在句中作表语或定语。作定语时，意为“荒凉；偏僻”，多修饰表示地点的名词。
alone还可以作副词。
alone adv. 单独；独自
She went home alone.= She went home by herself. 她独自回家去了。
The old man lives in a lonely town, he lives alone but he does’t feel lonely.
这位老人住在偏僻的镇上，他独自一人住着，但他并不感到孤独。
一言辩异: I didn’t feel lonely though I was alone. 我虽孤身一人，但并不感到寂寞。
9. friendship n. 友情；友谊
同根词：friend n. 朋友 复数：friends.
True friendship is worth more than money. 真正的友谊比金钱更有价值。
friendly adj. 友好的
Robert has a friendly relationship with his customers. 罗伯特和他的客户之间关系处得很好。
friendliness n. 友善
She also loves the friendliness of the people. 她也喜欢人们的友善。
10. difficulty n. = be not able to do something easily 困难；费劲
The country is facing great economic difficulties. 该国正面临巨大的经济困难。
同根词：difficult adj. = hard to do 困难的
The child is going through a difficult phase. 那孩子正经历困难的阶段。
It’s difficult for me. 对我来说这很难。
搭配：have difficulty (in) doing something 做……有困难
________________________________ 我毫不费力地表达了自己的意思。
in difficulty/difficulties 处境困难
The bank is in difficulty/difficulties. _______________________________
11. joy n. = a feeling of great happiness 愉快；喜悦
I taught them to sing because music can bring them joy and peace.
我教他们唱歌，因为音乐能带给他们喜悦与宁静。
同根词：joyful n. 快乐的，高兴的；令人开心的，使人喜悦的
He was excited and joyful at the success. 他因成功而激动欣喜。
搭配：to one’s joy 令人高兴的是，使某人高兴的是
To her joy her son was permitted to a key university.
12. peace n. 平静；宁静
the Nobel Peace Prize 诺贝尔和平奖
One more question and I’ll leave you in peace. 再问一个问题，我就不打扰你了。
同根词：peaceful adj. 和平的；爱好和平的；安静的；平静的
Evening in the country is a very peaceful time. 乡村里的今晚是平静安谧的时刻。
13. hurt v. = injure [' nd ] 使疼痛；受伤
Tim hurt his legs in an accident, but he has lots of courage.
提姆在一次事故中伤了腿，但他很勇敢。
同根词：hurt adj. 受伤的；痛苦的；（受）损坏的
They did not seem to be badly hurt. 他们看起来没有受重伤。
搭配：hurt oneself 自己受伤
Have you hurt yourself 你伤着自己了吗？
注意：身体伤害重用badly修饰。精神、感情受到创伤用 very much/ rather/ deeply修饰
The driver hurt himself badly in the accident. 那位司机在事故中伤得很重。
Your words deeply hurt her. 你的话深深地伤害了她。
14. courage n. 勇气；勇敢
同根词：encourage v. 鼓励，鼓舞；支持；促进；鼓动
My English teacher often encourages us to read English aloud.
我的英语老师常常鼓励我们大声读英语。
搭配：take one’s courage in both hands 鼓起勇气去做；敢作敢为
gather courage鼓足勇气 lose courage 失去勇气
gather ['g ] vt. 收集；收割
Taking her courage in both hands, she opened the door and walked in.
她壮着胆打开门，走了进去。
Failure is the mother of success. Keep up your courage.失败是成功之母。鼓起你的勇气来。
15. Spirits n. 情绪，心境
他回到家里是情绪非常好。He felt in excellent spirits when he arrived home.
Spirit n. 精神，勇气，意志。
尽管他已经不再人世，但他的精神却至今还在。Even though he is no longer living, his spirit lives on today.
固定搭配：in spirit 在心里， 在精神上
16. pay v. 付款；偿还
We paid 35 pounds for each ticket. 我们每张票付了35英镑。
同根词：pay n. 工资；薪水；报答
They complained about their pay and conditions. 他们抱怨他们的薪水和工作条件。
搭配：pay off 偿清（债务）；支付（债务）的全部数额
pay attention to 注意 pay a visit to 去参观，拜访
pay for 为……付款
辨析：take, spend, cost和pay的用法区别：
总结：
take一般用it作主语，例如：it takes sb. sometime to do sth.
spend一般是人作主语，例如：I spend an hour finishing my homework.
cost表示某物值什么的（价值或钱），例如：The book cost 200 yuan.
pay一般是人作主语，例如：I pay lots of money for books.
spend的主语必须是人，常用于以下结构：
(1)spend time/money on sth. 在……上花费时间（金钱）。例如：
I spent two hours on this math problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。
(2)spend time/money (in) doing sth. 花费时间（金钱）做某事。例如：
They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。
(3)spend money for sth. 花钱买…… 例如：
_______________________________ 他的钱用来买书了。
cost的主语是物或某种活动，还可以表示“值”，常见用法如下：
(1)sth. costs (sb.) + 金钱，某物花了（某人）多少钱。例如：
A new computer costs a lot of money. __________________________
(2)(doing) sth. costs (sb.) + 时间，某物（做某事）花了（某人）多少时间。例如：
Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.
他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。
注意：cost的过去式及过去分词都是cost，并且不能用于被动句。
take后面常跟双宾语，常见用法有以下几种：
(1)It takes sb. + 时间 + to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。例如：
It took them three years to build this road. 他们用三年时间修完了这条路。
(2)doing sth. takes sb. + 时间，做某事花了某人多少时间。例如：
Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。
pay的基本用法是：
(1)pay (sb.) money for sth.付钱（给某人）买…… 例如：
I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英镑的房租。
(2)pay for sth. 付……的钱 例如：
I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不赔丢失的书款。
(3)pay for sb. 替某人付钱 例如：
Don’t worry! I’ll pay for you. 别担心，我会给你付钱的。
(4)pay sb. 付钱给某人 例如：
They pay us every month. 他们每月给我们报酬。
(5)pay money back 还钱 例如：
May I borrow 12 yuan from you I’ll pay it back next week.
(6)pay off one’s money 还清钱。
17. voluntary adj.自愿的；志愿的
He made a voluntary statement to the police.他自愿为警方作供。
18. be used for doing 被用来做（某事）
be used to do 被用来去做``````
be used as 把······用作，被用来当作······
be used by (某物)被某人使用，by后接动词的执行者
**be used to (doing) sth. 习惯于（做某事）
**used to do sth. 过去常常做某事
This medicine is used for curing cancer. 这种药物是用于治疗癌症的。
Clothes are used to keep warm. 衣服是用来保暖的。
The box is used as a table. 这个箱子被当作桌子用。
This car is used by Mr. Li.这是李先生的专用轿车。
My father is used to getting up early. 我爸爸习惯于早起。
I used to dance after school. 我过去常常放学后跳舞。
In the past, people used to use horses as their transport.
18. since then 自从那时起
since I was born 自从我出生时
since+ 时间点（用于完成时）
自从5点开始他就在等了。
He has waited since 5 o’clock.
陈先生自从2岁起就住在这儿。
Mr. Chen has lived here since 2 years old.
我们自从七年前开始就学习英语了。
We have learned English since 7 years ago.
综合练习
一、根据要求写出相应的单词。
1. offer (第三人称单数形式)________
2. organize (一般过去时)________
3. spirit (复数) _________
4. express (过去分词)_________
5. difficult (名词)_________
二、根据句意及首字母提示写单词，完成句子。
1. When I saw the look of j _____on the sick boy's face, I felt happy.
2. The doctor is thinking of a way to make the sick boy get less p_____．
3. To our surprise, the car accident wasn't so s______ as we could imagine.
4. The old woman lives in the countryside alone, so she feels very l______．
5. When we face (面对) our own problems, we need a lot of c______．
三、用括号里词的适当形式填空，完成句子。
1. You'll have to ask______ (permit) if you want to go into the office.
2. If you are in high______ (spirit), you have a good feeling.
3. Last week, Mr Green helped us_______ (organize) a singing competition.
4. Every day, I go to a children's hospital to see a sick boy_______ (call) Eric.
5. These days people may get all kinds of strange______ (ill) because of pollution.
6. I need________ (study) hard and make progress every day.
7. I used______(go) to work by taxi, but now I ride my bike for work.
动词不定式
动词不定式： to+动词原形 （在某些情况下可以省略to）
1、动词不定式作宾语：
1）V+to do：动词不定式位于一些动词
后面，作这些动词的宾语。这些动词包括agree, choose, decide, forget, fail, go on, learn, hope,
mean (意味；想要)，need, offer, plan, regret, require, remember, seem, stop, try, wish, want···
[注意]：部分动词后接不定式与接动名词的含义不同。如stop, forget, remember 填空：
a. He decided (buy) the camera.
b. I want to (listen to) some music after class.
c.I hope (travel) all over the world one day.
疑问词+to do：动词不定式位于疑问词之后。这些疑问词包括who，what，where，how···
I don’t know what to do. （做什么）
how to do it / that. （怎么做）
where to go (去哪里)
when to leave (什么时候出发)
which one to choose (选择哪个)
选择：I haven’t decided when a holiday yet.
took B. taking C. to take D.take
作宾补----动词 + 宾语 +（to） do：动词不定式位于宾语之后做宾补。
动词 + 宾语 +to do：这些动词包括tell. wish, ask, want，like, beg(请求), invite（邀请）, warn（警告，提醒）, allow, encourage, advise 等。
例句：Li Mei asked me to show her the new dictionary.
动词 + 宾语 + do (不带 to 的不定式)：这些动词包括感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice； 使役动词 have ,make, let.（如果将其改成被动语态，必须将不定式符号to还原。）
例：Colors can change our moods(情绪) and make us happy or sad.
A. feel B. to feel C. felt D. Feeling
固定搭配：make sb. do sth.
help +宾语+（to） do：在动词help之后做宾语或宾语补足语的不定式，to可省略也可保留。
Could you help me （to）carry the box？你能帮助我搬箱子么？
Will you help me (to) move the table 请帮我搬一下桌子好吗？
作状语（可以表目的、表结果、表原因）。
例：1. She stydied hard to pass the exam.她刻苦学习，以便通过考试。
2. Cindy used a brush to paint a picture of a park。Cindy用一支笔画一副公园的画。
注意：为了强调目的，有时可以把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前面加in order to…或so as not to… 转换句子：
She studied hard to pass the exam. = To pass the exam, she studied hard.
Cindy used a brush to paint a picture of a park.= To paint a picture of a park , Cindy used a brush.
*不带to的不定式：
had better, why not
感官动词see, watch, feel, hear, look at, listen to和使役动词have, make,let
help之后做宾语或宾语补足语的不定式，to可省略也可保留
综合练习
单项选择。
( ) The workers want us ______ together with them.
work B. working C. to work D. worked
( )There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t know _________.
where to choose B. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which
( )The teacher told them ____make so much noise.
don’t B. not C. will not D. not to
( )He gave us some advice on how____ English.
learning B. learned C. to learn D. Learn
He promised ______his old friend during his stay in Tianjin.
A. see B. seeing C. saw D. to see
一、根据句意及首字母提示完成单词。
1.He asked p_______ to leave the room.
2.The government still face very s_______ difficulties.
3.We p_______ 35 for each ticket.
4. The country is facing great economic d_______.
5.Peter o_______ to teach them water-skiing.
二、用方框中短语的适当形式完成句子。
be unable to, because of, since then, millions of, work as, stay at home
1. I decided __________ to help my mother do the housework.
2. The old man has helped __________ children to go to school.
3. This boy _________ talk and walk, but he never gives up himself.
4. My grandpa used to_________ a policeman and often helped people in need.
5. We spent one hour waiting in the rain _________Tim.
6. Two years ago, Jack joined us. ________ he has done many great things.
三、选择题
（ ）1.Tom is the first _____ to school.
A. get B. to get C. getting D. Got
（ ）2. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______.
not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
（ ）3. I saw him _______ out of the room.
go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes
（ ）4.---_______ more about tomorrow’s weather, call 121. ---OK, I will. Thank you.
Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known
（ ）5.We must do everything we can ____ waste water from running into rivers.
keep B. kept C. to keep D. Keeping
( )6. I don’t know how to begin a talk with Betty. She can sit all day long _____a word.
A. by B. with C. in D. without
( )7. Scientists are trying their best to come up with ways to treat(治疗) the terrible disease(疾病) ______ H7N9.
A.called B. call C. name D. was call
( )8.He was born in 1956 and _______ in 2012.
A. death B. dead C. died D. die
( )9.---How is your English study ---Not bad. But I _____ learning English grammar.
am interested in B. am good at C. have difficulty D. have no trouble
( )10. ---Sam, my mobile phone is in my bedroom. Could you _____ if for me ---No problem.
A.bring B. get C. take D. Carry
词汇 raise v.增加，提高 teenager n.青少年 offer v.主动提出 suffer v.（因疾病）受苦，受折磨 serious adj. 严重的 illness n. (某种)疾病 organize v. 组织，筹备 express v. 表达，表露 pain n. 痛苦，苦恼 lonely adj. 孤独的，寂寞的 friendship n. 友谊；友情 difficulty n.困难；费劲 joy n. 愉快；愉悦 peace n. 平静；宁静 hurt v. 疼痛；使受伤 courage n. 勇气；勇敢 spirits n. 情绪；情感
词组 1. in need 需要帮助的 2. voluntary work 义务性工作 3. ask permission 报请批准 4. suffer from… 因......受苦；受折磨 5. raise one’s spirits 使鼓起勇气；使振奋 6. raise money… 筹募钱 7. teach sb to do… 教某人去做…… 8. need to do… 需要做…… 9. look after… 照顾…… 10. in one’s free time 在某人空闲时间 11. help sb do… 帮助某人做…… 12. continue to do… 继续做…… 13. in the future 将来 14. work as... 从事……工作 15. attend school 上学 16. write to sb 给某人写信 17. give sb permission to do... 批准某人做…… 18. because of... 因为…… 19. be unable to do... 不能做…… 20. stay at home 呆在家 21. take part in 参加 22. think about 考虑 23. in order to 目的在于；为了
语法 1.反身代词 2.方位介词
学生易错点整理：
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