2022年中考英语二轮专题复习课件：专题一 名词（64张ppt）

(共64张PPT)
专题一 名词
● 基本知识：名词表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称，在句中主要作主语、宾语、定语和宾语补足语等。
知识点1　可数名词的单复数
● 基本知识：可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之分。
1．规则变化
知识点 例子
一般情况下，在词尾加 -s book—books, pen—pens, eraser—erasers
以字母x，s，ch，sh结尾的词，在词尾加- es bus—buses, box—boxes, watch—watches
以辅音字母＋y结尾的词，变y为i加 -es baby—babies, country—countries
以f或fe结尾的词，把f或fe变为v再加 -es wife—wives, leaf—leaves, knife—knives
以字母o结尾的词 有生命的加 -es tomato—tomatoes, potato—potatoes
无生命的加 -s photo—photos, radio—radios, piano—pianos
注：以元音字母 ＋y结尾的单词则直接加字母 s。如monkeys，keys，boys，toys等。
2．不规则变化
知识点 例子
特殊的名词复数 man—men, woman—women, child—children，
foot—feet, tooth—teeth, mouse—mice
单复数相同的名词 sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese
总以复数形式出现 people, glasses, shorts, trousers, clothes
有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义 manners(礼貌), times(时代)
police, class，team，family，government，group, public, crowd等指代一个单位、机构或被看成一个整体时，作单数。表示该群体的成员，被看作复数 The family is not large.
这个家庭不大。(指家庭整体)
The family are all music lovers.
这一家人都是音乐爱好者。(指家庭中的成员)
由man或woman与其所限定的名词同为复数 men drivers，women doctors
有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复数形式 make friends with, shake hands with
中考链接
( )1.—There are many ________ about this farm.
—Yes，lots of ________ are planted on it.
A．photo; potato　 B．photos; potatos　
C．photos; potatoes　 D．photoes; potatoes
C
( ) 2.—It's said that the two ________ doctors have just come back from Wuhan.
—Yeah，I know them.They are both already in their ________.
A．woman；sixty　 B．women；sixtieth　
C．women；sixties　 D．woman；sixties
C
知识点2　不可数名词
● 基本知识：指所表示的事物不能用数来计量，往往需要借助于容器来表示。如four glasses of milk。
知识点 例子
只有单数形式，但不能与a/an或具体数词连用 不能说a good news, an advice, a hard work
常用“of”词组来表示数量 a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper
常由much, little, a little, a lot of等词修饰 They have saved much money for future use.
不可数名词前加a/an可使之具体化 You really give me a surprise.
有些抽象名词常用复数表达具体的事物 difficult困难→difficulties难事， success成功→a success一个成功的人或一件成功的事
注：有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。如：
Light travels faster than sound.(light光线，不可数)
The lights are on.(light灯，可数)
中考链接
( )3.How much ________ do we need to make a banana milk shake
A．bananas　 B．apples　
C．coffee　 D．milk
D
( ) 4.It's dangerous for us to give too much ________ about ourselves on the Internet.
A．messages　 B．suggestions　
C．preparation　 D．information
D
知识点3　名词的所有格
● 基本知识：名词的所有格是表示所有关系的形式。即“……的”。
's 所有格用于有生命的名词，或表示时间、距离、地点等 单数名词变所有格，只需在词尾加' s the teacher's office，today's paper，my group's idea
以s 结尾的复数名词只加' students' reading room，five minutes' walk
不以s结尾的复数名词加's children's toys，men's room
某人或物为两人所共有，在第二个人后面加' s This is James and Dick's room.
不是两人共有，在每个人后分别加' s Jenny's and Mary's rooms face to the south.
名词短语只在最后一个词后加's a quarter of an hour's talk
of所有格用于无生命名词的所有关系 the map of the world，the window of the room，the gate of our school，the City of New York 双重所有格 of ＋ 名词's a friend of my mother's，a picture of Lily's
of ＋ 名词性物主代词 two classmates of mine，three cousins of hers
中考链接
( )5.Look at the big and clean room.It's ________.
A．Lucy's and Lily's　 B．Lucy and Lily's　
C．Lucy's and Lily　 D．Lucy and Lily
B
( ) 6.The hospital is far away from here indeed it's about ________ walk.
A．three minute　 B．a three minute's　
C．a three minutes　 D．three minutes'

D
知识点4　名词辨析
1．语境辨析
这类考题要求考生运用自己的生活经验和知识积累，根据上下文语境及含义，推测出考题要表达的意思，从而判断出正确的答案。
2．近义词辨析
对于具有相近含义的名词之间的不同点，主要从语法角度区分其不同之处。
(1)sport，game，match与race
①sport以锻炼为主的“户外运动”。②game以胜负为主的“运动，比赛”。③match意为“竞赛，比赛”，多指正式比赛。④race意为“赛跑，赛马，赛车”。
(2)festival，holiday与vacation
①festival“节日”，指喜庆的日子。②holiday“假日，休息日，假期”，指法定假日。③vacation美语“假期”，指一段长时间的休息。
(3)journey，tour，trip与travel
①journey指长途旅行，含辛苦之意。②tour指短期逗留的旅行、游览、观光等。③trip指往返定时的短途旅行，如出差度假等。④travel指长期或长途的观光旅行。
(4)sound，noise与voice
①sound指各种声音。②noise主要指“噪音”(unpleasant sound)。③voice指人的“嗓音”。
(5)message，news与information
①message可数名词，意为“口信”。②news不可数名词，意为“新闻”。③information 不可数名词，意为“信息”。
(6)notice，suggestion与advice
①notice“布告，公告，启事”，可数名词。②suggestion“建议”，可数名词。③advice“建议”，不可数名词。
3．即时训练
练习1：选择sport, game, match与race，并用其正确形式填空
①Our school football team won the___________.
②They were strong and won the boat_________.
③Beijing held Olympic ___________in 2008.
④People all around the world enjoy__________.
match
race
Games
sports
练习2：选择festival, holiday与vacation，并用其正确形式填空
①The Spring ___________is only a week away.
②What will you do during the summer_________________
③He works all year round without a_________ .
Festival
vacation/holidays
holiday
练习3：选择journey, tour, trip与travel，并用其正确形式填空
①Did you go to London in your___________
②He has gone on a walking__________ .
③He made the _____________ to Dunhuang once.
④He took several ________ to Shanghai last year.
travels
tour
journey
trips
练习4：选择sound, noise与voice，并用其正确形式填空
①Suddenly there was the _________ of shots.
②She lost her ________ because of a bad cold.
③The _______ kept me awake in the night.
sound
voice
noise
练习5：选择message, news与information，并用其正确形式填空
①check some _____________ on the computer
②a piece of___________
③leave a____________
information
news
message
练习6：选择notice, suggestion与advice，并用其正确形式填空
①I have some ______________ to tell you.
②Could you please give me a piece of_________
③There is a __________ saying “No Parking”．
suggestions
advice
notice
一、实战演练
( ) 1.________ the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are ________ teachers.
A．A number of; women B．A number of; woman
C．The number of; women D．The number of; woman
C
( ) 2.Here are some ________.Do you like ________？
A．oranges; them B．orange; it
C．oranges; they D．oranges; their
( ) 3.I paid ￥10 for ________ this morning.
A．4 bottle milks B．4 bottles of milk
C．4 bottles of milks D．4 milk
A
B
( ) 4.The town is far away from here indeed it's about ________ walk.
A．three hour B．a three hour’s
C．a three hours D．three hours’
( ) 5.The PLA man saved three ________ lives in the accident.
A．children’s B．children C．child D．childs'
D
A
( ) 6.________ mothers can't go to the parents' meeting because they are too busy.
A．Jack's and Paul B．Jack's and Paul’s
C．Jack and Paul's D．Jack and Paul
( ) 7.________ are planning to go on vacation.
A．Black's B．A Black's C．The Black's D．The Blacks
B
D
( ) 8.—What a good ________ you've given me! Thanks a lot.
—My pleasure.
A．information B．news C．suggestion D．advice
( ) 9.Hangzhou is ________ to hundreds of foreign friends who are working and studying here.
A．home B．house C．family D．room
C
A
( )10.Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of beef，vegetables and ________.
A．some rice B．a few rice
C．a little rices D．a rice

A
二、能力提升
Task 1语法选择(名词专练)
A
People all have unforgettable past memories.I had a matter that looked like a 1 ，reappears unceasingly in me at present. Maybe it was not a big thing to a 2 but it was very impressive to me at that time because I was only 8 eight years old.
When I was in Grade 1 in a primary school，I failed in the math and Chinese 3 again. My mother looked through the papers and told me that I had a lot of 4 in my papers. I was very mad and cried. But mother didn't get angry，she was quite a wise woman in the world. No matter what 5 I met，she never told me the answer or how to do it. Instead，she always kept me thinking on my own and then asking the teacher or other students for 6 . I did as her advice. Those
endless 7 in asking，I couldn't remember very clearly，but I made it. One 8 later，when I was in Grade Two，After I worked hard all the time，I had got rapid 9 in my studies at school. As I grew up，I got a good 10 of thinking independently first and then asking others.
Nobody knew how much pain I had suffered. I will never forget those memories.
( )1.A.movie　 B．newspaper　
C．story　 D．magazine
( ) 2.A.policeman　 B．teacher　　　　
C．doctor　 D．student
( ) 3.A.classes　 B．plays　　
C．exams　 D．homework
A
D
C
( ) 4.A.point　 B．points　
C．mistake　 D．mistakes
( ) 5.A.interest　 B．work　　　
C．trouble　　 D．happiness
( ) 6.A.success　 B．help　
C．practice　 D．praise
D
C
B
( ) 7.A.messages　 B．experiences　
C．question　 D．difficulties
( ) 8.A.year　 B．day　 C．hour　 D．time
( ) 9.A.progresses　 B．progress　
C．marks　 D．mark
( ) 10.A.feeling　 B．way　 C．method　 D．habit
B
A
B
D
B
One day，a teacher entered the classroom and handed out paper to have a test. To everyone’s 11 ，there were no questions，just a black dot in the center of the 12 .
The teacher said，“I want you to write about what you see there.” The confused (困惑)students got started on the
13 . Twenty minutes later，the teacher took all the answer 14 . After a quick once over，he began to read each
one of them aloud. They all described the black dot，trying to explain it’s 15 and so on.
“I'm not going to grade you. I just wanted to give you something to think about. No one write about the white 16 of the paper. Everyone focused (集中)on the black dot and the same thing happens in our lives.” the teacher said. Our life is a gift. We always have 17 to celebrate，being alive and healthy，the beauty of nature，our friends，the job which
provides us a way to make a living，etc.
However，we keep focusing only on the dark dots，such as the healthy 18 ，the family arguments，etc.
“The dark dots are very small compared to everything we have in our lives，but they are the ones that pollute our
19 .” the teacher continued. “Take your eyes away from the black dots in your life.Enjoy each 20 that life gives you. Be happy and live a life positively.”
( ) 11.A.surprise　　　 B．surprises　　　
C．surprised　　 D．surprising
( ) 12.A.book　　　　　 B．page　　　　　
C．passage　　　 D．magazine
( ) 13.A.task　　　　　 B．news　　　　　
C．story　　　　　D．note
A
B
A
( ) 14.A.exam　　　　　 B．pen　　　　　
C．exercise　　　 D．papers
( ) 15.A.meaning　　　 B．position　　　　
C．reason　　　　 D．color
( ) 16.A.grade　　　　　 B．part　　　　　
C．life　　　　　　D．thing
D
B
B
( ) 17.A.ways　　　　 B．people　　　　
C．reasons　　　 D．places
( ) 18.A.problems　　　 B．body　　　　　
C．skins　　　　 D．hobbies
( ) 19.A.eyes　　　　　 B．minds　　　　
C．food　　　　　 D．air
C
A
B
( )20.A.moment　　　　 B．hour　　　　　
C．step　　　　　 D．time
A
Task 2名词与完形填空
A
On Saturday, heavy haze (霾) still covered north and east China.Highways were closed and 1 couldn't take off on time.
The smoggy weather affected the country’s 2 from north to south, including Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, and 6 other provinces. People could only see clearly less than 50 3 in some areas.
4 like Shanghai and Nanjing have been covered by the gray sky for the past several days. Many walkers in the street had to wear 5 . In the Lukou airport in Nanjing, more than 60 flights were canceled (取消) on Saturday because of the haze.The haze also made schools and kindergartens stop
6 on Thursday and Friday in Nanjing.
The office worker of Environmental Protection said that
there were several main 7 behind the widespread haze: unpleasant weather 8 making it difficult for smog to disappear, motor vehicle exhaust (尾气), and coal use for winter heating.
To fight 9 , the Chinese government now plans to clean up the air by cutting coal use, closing some factories, and so on.
We must face up to the facts, the 10 of smog will be a long fight.
( ) 1.A.coaches B．trains C．flights D．ships
( ) 2.A.water B．land C．air D．island
( ) 3.A.meters B．kilograms C．inches　 D．feet
( ) 4.A.Villages B．Cities C．Towns D．Farms
( ) 5.A.hats B．gloves C．sunglasses D．masks
( ) 6.A.classes B．rest C．work D．shopping
C
B
A
B
D
A
( ) 7.A.secrets B．season C．reasons D．orders
( ) 8.A.situations B．communications
C．conclusions D．conditions
( ) 9.A.introduction B．pollution
C．instruction D．affection
( ) 10.A.development B．treatment
C．movement D．agreement
C
D
B
B
B
Katy Sullivan is an actress, an athlete (运动员), and a person who never says no or I can’t.
She was born without the lower half of her 11 and has worn prosthetic (假体) ones all her life. She grew up in Alabama, US and had an active 12 . She feels lucky because her 13 treated her in just the same way as the other members.
Katy believed she could achieve anything. So she chose two 14 that are difficult, even with both legs. As a teenager, she once saw a good movie and made her mind up to be a(n) 15 .
She has played 16 in theater, television and movies.She has a positive (积极的) 17 of life. So when she was asked whether she'd like to try running, she said “yes”. She was given a pair of running legs and she started her new 18 .
Katy was the first person to run as a competitive 19 with two prosthetic legs in the world. She entered the final of the 100 meters in the 2012 London Paralympics.
Katy's family, friends, and fans look up to her as an
20 of someone who has overcome her difficulty and achieved her dreams.
( )11.A.arms　　　　 B．legs　　　　　　
C．feet　　　 D．hands
( )12.A.experience B．background
C．neighbor D．childhood
( ) 13.A.family B．friend C．classmate D．guest
( ) 14.A.jobs B．activities C．questions D．articles
B
D
A
A
( ) 15.A.athlete　　　　B．writer　　　　　　　　　　
C．actress　　　 D．coach
( ) 16.A.games　　　　 B．music　　　　　　　　　　
C．sports　　　　D．roles
( ) 17.A.value B．view C．skill D．goal
( ) 18.A.hope B．need C．life D．right
C
D
B
C
( ) 19.A.sport B．culture C．task D．prize
( ) 20.A.ancestor　　　　 B．enemy　　　　　　　　　　
C．influence　　　 D．example
A
D
Task 3名词与短文填空
A
Did you know that tea was invented by accident
Many people believe that tea was first drunk about 5,000 　1　 ago. It is said that a Chinese ruler called Shen Nong was the first person to discover tea as a drink.
One day Shen Nong was boiling (煮)　2　 over an open fire. Some 　3　 from a tea plant fell into the water and remained there for some time. It produced a nice 　4　 so he tasted the brown water. It was quite delicious. He drank it,
and so, one of the world’s favourite 　5　 was invented. A few thousand years later, Lu Yu, “the saint (圣)of tea”, mentioned Shen Nong in his 　6　 Cha Jing. The book describes how tea plants were grown and used to make tea. It also discusses where the best tea leaves were produced and what 　7　 of water were used. It is believed that tea was brought to Korea and Japan during the 6th and 7th 　8　. The tea trade (贸易)
from China to western 　9　 took place 200 years later. This helped to spread the popularity (普及)of tea and the tea plants to more 　10　 around the world. Chinese people are without doubt the ones who best understand the nature of tea.
1.　 　　2.　 　　3.　 　　4.________　 　　
5.　 　 6.　 　　7.　 　　8._________　 　　9.　 　　10.　 　

places
countries　
centuries　
kind(s)　
book　
drinks
smell　　
leaves　
water　
years　
B
Christmas is for love. I didn't know this until I received a wonderful 11 before one Christmas.
Mark was an 11- year- old boy. I didn't notice Mark until he began staying after 12 each day to help me do some cleaning in our classroom. We didn't talk much, but enjoyed the quiet 13 of the day. When we talked, Mark spoke mostly of his 14 . He was quite little when she died, he
remembered her as a kind, gentle, loving woman who always spent a lot of 15 with him.
When Christmas came near, I was surprised that Mark didn't stay to help me clean our 16 any more. Then, one afternoon, he said that he was making me a 17 for Christmas.
Finally, the last school day before Christmas, Mark gave me a small 18 . I opened it and found nothing in it. I held the empty box and asked gently, “What is this, Mark？”
“It's love，” he said softly, “and Mother always said it's the best 19 when you give it away.”
Yes, Christmas is for good and wonderful gifts. But mostly, Christmas is for 20 .
11.__________　 12._________ 　 13._________ 　
14.__________ 　 15._________ 16.__________　
17.__________ 　 18._________ 　 19.__________ 　
20.__________
gift
class
hours
mother
time
classroom
surprise
box
wish
love