上海市2021-2022学年高二下学期期中英语词汇与各题型综合复习题（含答案）

期中复习（原卷）
词汇练习
1) Choose the best answer.
1. When Richard said, “You are much more agreeable and prettier now”, Joan’s face turned red at the unexpected _______.
A. command B. comparison C. compliment D. contribution
2. Every child, _______ the circumstances into which they are born, has the right to achieve their potential.
A. regardless of B. speaking of C. aiming at D. stuck to
3. In recent years much more _______ has been put on developing the students productive skills.
A. obsession B. emphasis C. point D. weight
4. If you _______ your demand, then maybe you will have more chance of getting what you want.
A. conduct B. dismiss C. grant D. moderate
5. He said he would _______ me to Mr Li as his assistant but he didn’t.
A. comment B suggest C. command D. recommend
6. The production of television commercials must be professional whether they _______ promoting good service, or public education.
A. depend on B. contribute to C. aim at D. result from
7. She has lost her handbag with the _______ sum of $150 in it.
A. available B. endurable C. considerable D. valuable
8. What is it that has forced people, especially women, to _______ a lot of pain and suffering to make themselves more beautiful
A. endure B. survive C. alter D. issue
9. It is not our mistakes that _______ who we are; it is how we recover from those mistakes that counts.
A. distinguish B. separate C. define D. recognize
10. The shop-assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _______ quality, he'd tell them so.
A. humble B. minor C. inferior D. awkward
11. John has got a fever these days, and he says he doesn’t want to see a doctor, but I’m afraid he has no _______.
A. idea B. treatment C. alternative D. chance
12. It is generally believed that constant reading and comprehending can _______ our mental ability of comprehension while physical exercise can help build up our body.
A. stress B. effect C. strengthen D. decide
13. Despite their good service, most inns are less costly than hotels of _______ standards.
A. equivalent B. uniform C. alike D. likely
14. In order to be a good fireman, one must _______ strict local fire department’s training program after passing all the tests.
A. undertake B. agree C. undergo D. change
15.-- How do you find the furniture I bought
-- _______. But _______ what you bought with the one we had I don’t think it worth the money.
A. Fascinating, compared B. Fascinating, comparing
C. Fascinated, to compare D. Fascinated, compared
16. He is very _______ and well-qualified, so he should reach the top of his profession.
A. proud B. jealous C. ambitious D. enthusiastic
17. People tend to live more happily and longer if they are _______ about life.
A. pessimistic B. enthusiastic C. optimistic D. terrific
panies should choose a suitable brand name that both salesman and consumers will _______ positive images.
A. put through B. associate with C. wind up D. be equal to
19. The football and the heart _______ a passion for football.
A. unpack B. deliver C. convey D. symbolize
20.A great deal of hotel business comes from people travelling not just for holidays but by people travelling _______ their business activities.
A. in harmony with B. in conflict with C. by order of D. by virtue of
2) Fill in the blanks with the words given. Make necessary changes if necessary.
stretch; current; considerable; alter; intense victim; embarrass; depart; conceal; stimulate
1. _______________ your arms and legs is good for your body.
2. The government will do everything in its power _______________economic growth.
3. He felt _______________ as soon as he realized that he had asked a foolish question.
4. Meanwhile, people show _______________ emotions in the evening than they do in the morning.
5. After careful consideration, I decide to resign my _______________ post so as to realize my long-held dream.
6. This suggested the dogs were able _______________ their behavior when they knew their owners' perspective had changed.
7. Tom _______________ this money in a trunk box which he deposited in a security company abroad as family valuables.
8. First aid is emergency care for a _______________ of sudden illness or injury until more skillful medical treatment is available.
9. During the 1980s there was _______________ restructuring of the Health Service with an increased emphasis on managerial efficiency and the privatization of some services.
10. Too many people put off something that brings them joy just because they haven’t thought about it, don’t have it on their schedule, didn’t know it was coming or are too strict _______________ from their routine.
综合练习
语法填空：
Customer Service
People going shopping in America can expect to be treated with respect from the very beginning. When customers get to the store, they are treated as ___1___(honor) guests. Customers don’t usually find store clerks ___2___ (sit) around watching TV or playing cards. Instead, the clerks greet them warmly and offer to help them find what they want. Customers usually don’t have to ask 3 _______ _______ items cost, since prices are clearly marked. And ___4___ they are at a yard sale or flea market (跳蚤市场), they don’t bother trying to bargain.
When customers are ready to check out, they find the nearest and shortest checkout lane. But as Murphy’s Law would have it, ___5___ lane they get in, all the other lanes will move faster. Good stores open new checkout lanes when the lanes get too long. Some even offer express lanes for customers with 10 items or less. ___6___ they pay for their purchases, customers receive a smile and a warm “thank you” from the clerk.
In America, customer service continues long after the sale. Many products come with a money-back guarantee. So if there is a problem with the product, customers can take it back. The customer service representative will often allow them to exchange the item or return it ___7___ a full refund.
For many American customers, service is everything. If a person receives poor service from a store, he probably ___8___ (avoid) shopping there in the future. On the other hand, customers often remain loyal to a business that has excellent service 9 _______ _______ their prices are high. Customer service in America grows out of the belief that “the customer is always right.” That ___10___ not always be true. But, as someone has said, the customer is always the customer.
十一选十：
A.belief B.discourage C.choices D.issues E.try F.characterize G.demonstrate H.ensure I.incomparable J.opposing K.responsible
The unique features of colleges and universities in the U.S. are hardly shared by their competitors in Europe or Asia. Many foreign students are attracted not only to the academic programs at a particular US college but also to the larger community, which affords the chance for them to absorb the surrounding culture. Clubs, sports teams, student publications and drama societies __1__ colorful and enjoyable American campus life. However, few foreign universities put much emphasis on this. "In people's minds, the campus and the American university are both admirable," says Brown University President Vartan Gregorian. In America, people have a strong __2__ that a student's daily life is as important as his learning experience."
Foreign students also come in search of __3__. America's menu of opinions -- research universities, state institutions, private liberal-arts schools, community colleges, religious institutions -- is __4__. No any single Europeans country can offer such variety. "In Europe," says history professor Jonathan Steinberg, who has taught at both Harvard and Cambridge, there is only one system, and that is it." From the beginning, students overseas usually are required to __5__ professional skills in a specific field, whether law or philosophy or Chemistry. Most American universities insist that students have a (n) __6__ on natural and social sciences, languages and literature before choosing a field of concentration.
Such __7__ philosophies grow out of different traditions and power structures. In Europe and Japan, universities are __8__ only to a ministry of education, which sets academic standards and provides money.
Centralization (集权化) is likely to __9__ that all students are equipped with roughly the same resources and perform at roughly the same level. On the other hand, it may also __10__ the testing of different ideas. "When they make mistakes, they make big ones," says Robert Rosenzweig, president of the Association of American universities. "They set a system in wrong directions, and it's like piloting a super ship."
完形填空：
It’s believed that intelligent people are better at learning languages. Most language learning skills, __1__, are habits, which can be formed through a bit of discipline and self-awareness. But, some of them are not good enough. Here are the three most common __2__ language learners make and how to correct them.
Not listening enough
There’s a school of language-teaching experts that believe language learning __3__ a “silent period”. Just as babies learn to produce language by hearing and parroting sounds, language learners need to practise listening in order to learn. This can develop learned vocabulary and structures, and help learners see patterns in language.
Listening is the communicative skill we use most in daily life, but it can be __4__ to practise unless you live in a foreign country or attend language classes. The solution Find music, podcasts, TV shows and movies in the __5__ language, and listen, listen, listen, as often as possible.
A single method
Some learners are most comfortable with the listen-and-repeat drills of a language lab. Some need a grammar textbook to __6__ a foreign tongue. Each of these approaches is fine, but it’s a mistake to rely on only one. Language learners who use __7__ methods get to practise different skills and see concepts explained in different ways. What’s more, the __8__ can keep them from working in a situation that never changes. When choosing a class, learners should seek a course that __9__ the four language skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking). For self-study, try a __10__ of textbooks, audio lessons, and language learning apps.
__11__
It doesn’t matter how well a person can write in foreign script, or finish a vocabulary test. To learn, improve, and truly use our language, we need to speak. This is the stage when language students should calm down, and feelings of __12__ or insecurity hinder (阻碍) all their hard work. In Eastern cultures where saving face is a strong social value, EFL teachers often complain that students, despite years of studying English, simply will not speak it. They’re too __13__ making mistakes of the grammar or mispronouncing words in a way that would __14__ them.
The key is that those mistakes help language learners by showing them the limits of language, and correcting errors __15__ they become deep-rooted. The more learners speak and practise, the more quickly they improve.
1. A. however B. moreover C. furthermore D. therefore
2. A. successes B. wonders C. mistakes D. contributions
3. A. picks up B. begins with C. takes up D. meets with
4. A. efficient B. difficult C. easy D. ideal
5. A. national B. official C. sign D. target
6. A. make sense of B. make use of C. make profit of D. make fun of
7. A. common B. educational C. permanent D. multiple
8. A. variety B. change C. improvement D. alternative
9. A. postpones B. lacks C. assesses D. practises
10. A. selection B. preference C. combination D. replacement
11. A. Complaints B. Fear C. Secure D. Diligence
12. A. humor B. shyness C. achievements D. laughter
13. A. confident in B. comfortable with C. keen on D. afraid of
14. A. amuse B. inform C. remind D. embarrass
15. A. if B. before C. in case D. so that
阅读理解：
(A)
Does it feel right
This is an excerpt from Oprah Winfrey's 2008 Stanford Commencement (毕业典礼) Address:
A year after I left college, I was given the opportunity to co-anchor (共同主持) the 6 o'clock news in Baltimore... Yet, it didn't feel right. The first sign, as President Hennessy was saying, was when they tried to change my name. The news director said to me at the time: “Nobody's going to remember Oprah. So, we want to change your name. We've come up with a name we think that people will remember and people will like. It's a friendly name: Suzie.”... I grew up not loving the name, but once I was asked to change it, I thought, well, it is my name and do I look like a Suzie to you So, I thought, no, it doesn't feel right. I'm not going to change my name. And if people remember it or not, that's OK.
And then they said they didn't like the way I looked... So, they sent me to a salon where they gave me a perm (烫发), and after a few days all my hair fell out and I had to shave my head. And then they really didn't like the way I looked, because now I am black and bald and sitting on TV. Not a pretty picture.
But even worse than being bald, I really hated, hated, hated being sent to report on other people's tragedies as a part of my daily duty, knowing that I was just expected to observe, when everything in my instinct told me that I should be doing something, (and that) I should be lending a hand...
It felt right. And that's where everything that followed for me began. And after eight months, I lost that job. They said I was too emotional. I was too much. But since they didn't want to pay out the contract, they put me on a talk show in Baltimore. And the moment I sat down on that show, the moment I did, I felt like I'd come home. I realized that TV could be more than just a playground, but a platform for service, for helping other people's lives improve. And the moment I sat down, doing that talk show, it felt like breathing.
And I got that lesson. When you're doing the work you're meant to do, it feels right and every day is a bonus (意外收获), regardless of what you're getting paid.
1. Why did Oprah refuse to change her name to Suzie
A. She wanted to be herself. B. It would be inconvenient.
C. The name Suzie was too ordinary. D. She was fond of her own name.
2. What was the most important reason for why Oprah hated her job reporting the news
A. Reporting tragedies all day made her sad.
B. She didn't like just standing around and talking.
C. She hoped she could decide what to report.
D. She was asked to change her name and shave her hair off.
3. What does “that lesson” in the last paragraph refer to
A. Listening to your heart. B. A good beginning makes a good ending.
C. Don't hesitate to find a better job. D. Helping people improve.
4. Which of the following best describes Oprah
A. Understanding and optimistic. B. Careful and considerate.
C. Persuasive and emotional. D. Determined and sympathetic.
(B)
Detailed Guidance on Analytical Features
The definition of an analytical feature
Hard news is the kind of fast-paced news that usually appears in newspapers, magazines and some other mediums. Because each story in only relevant for a short time, writing must be concise and without excessive detail..Like a hard news story, an analytical feature also appears in newspapers; magazines or on the Web. However, an analytical feature covers a topic in some depth. It examines important issues or events in details, and provides more interpretation and background information for readers than hard news. Writing an analytical feature means looking for patterns, motives and outcomes that explain the event issue or problem.
An analytical feature should be based on an investigation of documents in the public domain-archives, libraries, scholarship, or local offices-and an interview with people with knowledge related to the topic.
Step-by-step guide to feature writing
1. Select a topic
2. Make a list of preliminary questions to establish what needs to be known about the topic. Here are some of the basic questions that a feature addresses.
●What is the problem
●What institutions and people are involved
●What is the standpoint
●What causes the problem
●What are the possible consequences
3. List your sources--people: institutions, documents, books, articles that are likely to provide information and answers to your questions.
4. Refine your questions decide what you are going to look for in the written documents and what you are going to ask your potential sources.
5. Arrange your appointments, interviews or are, archival searches in a logical order, following the plan for your basic questions.
6. Conduct interviews on what information you are trying to get from each source.
7. Write and outline that sets up the structure of the feature.
8. Go back to your notes, organize information, compare and contrast data, analyze material, identify missing information, expand the list of sources, and conduct new interviews.
9. Write the feature
Analytical feature structure
THE INTRO: The most important function of the introduction is to make the readers want to read on.
THE BODY OF THE FEATURE: The content of the feature will vary depending on the subject matter, style of publication, supposed interests of the readers and intentions of the journals. The following points are what you should include in the body of your feature.
●Facts -- include the main appropriate points throughout the text rather than in chunks.
●Quotes-can bring writing to life, inject authority and powerful expression into the piece.
Think carefully which bits of your research to quote and which bits to translate into your own words, as the simple facts of a story do not normally need to be told through direct quotes.
●Description -- Let the readers see what you are seeing, show rather than tell.
Analysis -- can be provided by experts who have conducted relevant research, but it may also be provided by ordinary people with direct knowledge and involvement. Your own analysis of the topic should be based on extensive research and supported by evidence. THL ENDING: Aim to provide a rounded ending of the text either in the form of a summary, a quote or a return to the scene of the introduction.
1. The guidance on analytical features is most probably taken from ________.
A. a book on news writing B. a movie script
C. a school admission brochure D. a book on interview preparation
2. Unlike a hard news story, an analytical feature ________.
A. only published in in-depth magazines, instead of in newspapers or on websites
B. investigates issues or events behind the news
C. interprets issues or events clearly and concisely without excessive detail
D. covers a couple of topics
3. Before you write analytical feature, you should do all the following EXCEPT________.
A. preparing the questions for your interviews
B. writing a short summary of the main points of the feature
C. sorting out and analyzing the information and data you collected
D. filming and recording the issue or event you want to investigate
4. When you write the body of an analytical feature, you should________.
A. summarize the main idea of the feature B. be in agreement with the opening paragraph
C. introduce the topic of the feature D. analyze the topic based on your research
(C)
In 1851, Auguste Comte, the French philosopher and father of sociology, coined the new word altruism as part of a drive to create a non-religious religion based on scientific principles. He defined it as “intentional action for the welfare of others that involves at least the possibility of either no benefit or a loss to the actor”. At that time, studies of animal behavior and phrenology (颅相学) led him to locate egotistical (自我本位的) instincts at the back of the brain, altruistic ones at the front.
Today, we have a far more sophisticated knowledge of the neurological (神经学的) and biochemical factors that underpin kind behavior. And this science forms the bases of two books aimed at general readers -- but also at those who, despite the research, still doubt the existence of altruism.
However, the books may end up providing more information for those who are doubtful. Take The Altruistic Brain by neuroscientist Donald Pfaff. On solid scientific ground, he builds a five-step theory of how altruism occurs, which depends on an idea that is unconvincing and may achieve the opposite result. Pfaff argues that to act altruistically you should first visualize the receiver of your good will, then mentally transform their image into your own, “from angle to angle and curve to curve”. Does it really work
At the core of evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson’s Does Altruism Exist is another contentious(有争议的) idea: altruism has evolved as the result of group selection. But Wilson argues his corner masterfully, providing a clever reply to the belief that natural selection occurs only at the level of the selfish gene: “Selfishness beats altruism within groups. Altruistic groups beat selfish groups,” he says.
In other words, we cooperate when doing so gives our team the advantage. That doesn’t sound very selfless either.
Wilson acknowledges this, but argues that thoughts and feelings are less important than actions. According to evolutionary theory, pure altruists do exist, but it doesn’t matter why people choose to help others -- their reasons may be difficult even for themselves to understand. What matters is that humans can coordinate their activities in just the right way to achieve common goals. Other animals do this too, but we are masters. “Teamwork is the signature adaptation of our species,” he says.
Pfaff goes further, insisting that our brain biology “urges us to be kind”. He believes this knowledge alone will inspire individuals to be more altruistic. His desire to create a better world is admirable and some of his ideas are interesting, but Wilson’s analysis is clearer.
While it is in our nature to be altruistic, Wilson says, we also have a healthy regard for self-interest and a resistance to being pushed around. Which one comes to the fore depends on the environment in which we find ourselves. Ethics, he says, cannot be taught at individual level, but are “a property of the whole system”.
1. Which of the following can be considered an altruistic behaviour according to Comte’s definition
A. A person offers to donate his liver to another who needs one.
B. A clerk returns the umbrella to his colleague which he has kept for a long time.
C. A student volunteers to wok in the orphanage to collect data for his research.
D. A police officer spots a car parking in the no-parking area, finding a child in the trunk.
2. What does Donald Pfaff think people should do in order to behave altruistically
A. Draw a picture of the person they are going to help.
B. Transform the receiver into a kind person.
C. Visualize what they are going to do in mind first.
D. Imagine they themselves are to be helped.
3. Which of the following statements is David Sloan most likely to agree with in his book
A. Being kind is not something people are born with.
B. People in groups are less likely to be selfish.
C. People may well act selflessly because of where they are.
D. Most people know clearly why they are ready to help others.
4. What can be concluded from the passage
A. Figuring out what makes us behave selflessly is a tricky business.
B. Unlike Donald Pfaff’s book, David Sloan’s book aims at professional readers.
C. Comte’s definition of altruism proves to be impractical in modern times.
D. Both Donald Pfaff and David Sloan lay emphasis on team work.
六选四：
This future may not be what you think. Robots can’t successfully imitate doctor’s motions in the operating room. Finally, several humans observed as the robotic arm made numerous motions. The nursing assistant for your next trip to the hospital will still be human beings. They will just allow us to decrease workload and achieve better performances in several tasks. His work indicates that humans and robots can effectively cooperate during high-task events such as surgeries.
Your next nurse could be a robot
Dr. De Momi, of the Politecnico di Milano(Italy), led an international team that trained a robot to imitate natural human actions. ___1___ Over time this should lead to improvements in safety during surgeries because unlike their human counterparts robots do not tire and can complete an endless series of precise movements. The goal is not to remove skill from the operating room, but to complete it with a robot’s particular skills and benefits.
“As a roboticist, I am convinced that robotic (co) workers and collaborators will definitely change the work market, but they won’t steal job opportunities. ___2___ De Momi explains.
To conduct their experiment, De Momi’s team photographed a human being conducting numerous reaching motions, in a way similar to handing instruments to a surgeon. These camera captures were input into the neural network of robotic arm, which is crucial to controlling movements. Next a human operator guided the robotic arm in imitating the reaching motions that the human subject had initially performed. Although there was not a perfect overlap between the robotic and human actions, they were broadly similar.
___3___These observers determined whether the actions of the robotic arms were “biologically inspired,” which would indicate that their neural networks had effectively
learned to imitate human behavior. About 70% of the time this is exactly what the human observers concluded.
These results are promising, although further research is necessary to confirm or refine De Momi’s conclusions. If robotic arms can indeed imitate human behavior, it would be necessary to build conditions in which humans and robots can operate effectively in high stress environments like operating rooms. ___4___ De Momi’s work is part of the growing field of health care robotics, which has potential to change the way we receive health care sooner rather than later.
概要写作：
Whether it’s joining a school club, going to a friend’s birthday party, or travelling by train, we can meet new people anywhere and anytime in our lives. However, many of us feel awkward when meeting people for the first time, especially when we aren’t quite sure what to say. The situation feels cold, even icy.
“Breaking the ice” is a term widely used in the English-speaking countries to describe a small talk skill that can help save a conversation from certain failure.
So where do you even begin Well, a good start is to accept that it is perfectly normal to feel a little nervous when talking to someone for the first time. They might look scary, but they could turn out to be the nicest person you’ve ever met.
You might think that breaking the ice is difficult. But sometimes just a simple “hello”, followed by a three-second smile, can make all the difference.
Complimenting (恭维) someone on their clothes or accessories (饰品) is also a great, easy way to break the ice. You might say, “I love your jacket. Where did you buy it from ”
Being in an uncomfortable or unpleasant situation with someone new might feel terrible, but it can actually be one of the best icebreakers. By focusing on the situation, you come together to fight the common enemy: the long bathroom queue, for example, or the overcrowded bus.
You can make observations too. “What kind of drink is that ” “That’s a lovely name. What does it mean ” “Do you study here too ” There are opportunities all around you to ask questions that don’t seem strange, as long as you have some follow-up questions in mind.
If you’re feeling extra bold (大胆的), make a joke. Jokes can be difficult to master but if you get them right, they show the lovely and smart side of your character. “What’s your name ” “Well, people usually call me Mike, but you can call me tonight.”
Summary
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_______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
期中复习（解析）
词汇练习
1) Choose the best answer.
1. When Richard said, “You are much more agreeable and prettier now”, Joan’s face turned red at the unexpected _______.
A. command B. comparison C. compliment D. contribution
2. Every child, _______ the circumstances into which they are born, has the right to achieve their potential.
A. regardless of B. speaking of C. aiming at D. stuck to
3. In recent years much more _______ has been put on developing the students productive skills.
A. obsession B. emphasis C. point D. weight
4. If you _______ your demand, then maybe you will have more chance of getting what you want.
A. conduct B. dismiss C. grant D. moderate
5. He said he would _______ me to Mr Li as his assistant but he didn’t.
A. comment B suggest C. command D. recommend
6. The production of television commercials must be professional whether they _______ promoting good service, or public education.
A. depend on B. contribute to C. aim at D. result from
7. She has lost her handbag with the _______ sum of $150 in it.
A. available B. endurable C. considerable D. valuable
8. What is it that has forced people, especially women, to _______ a lot of pain and suffering to make themselves more beautiful
A. endure B. survive C. alter D. issue
9. It is not our mistakes that _______ who we are; it is how we recover from those mistakes that counts.
A. distinguish B. separate C. define D. recognize
10. The shop-assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _______ quality, he'd tell them so.
A. humble B. minor C. inferior D. awkward
11. John has got a fever these days, and he says he doesn’t want to see a doctor, but I’m afraid he has no _______.
A. idea B. treatment C. alternative D. chance
12. It is generally believed that constant reading and comprehending can _______ our mental ability of comprehension while physical exercise can help build up our body.
A. stress B. effect C. strengthen D. decide
13. Despite their good service, most inns are less costly than hotels of _______ standards.
A. equivalent B. uniform C. alike D. likely
14. In order to be a good fireman, one must _______ strict local fire department’s training program after passing all the tests.
A. undertake B. agree C. undergo D. change
15.-- How do you find the furniture I bought
-- _______. But _______ what you bought with the one we had I don’t think it worth the money.
A. Fascinating, compared B. Fascinating, comparing
C. Fascinated, to compare D. Fascinated, compared
16. He is very _______ and well-qualified, so he should reach the top of his profession.
A. proud B. jealous C. ambitious D. enthusiastic
17. People tend to live more happily and longer if they are _______ about life.
A. pessimistic B. enthusiastic C. optimistic D. terrific
panies should choose a suitable brand name that both salesman and consumers will _______ positive images.
A. put through B. associate with C. wind up D. be equal to
19. The football and the heart _______ a passion for football.
A. unpack B. deliver C. convey D. symbolize
20.A great deal of hotel business comes from people travelling not just for holidays but by people travelling _______ their business activities.
A. in harmony with B. in conflict with C. by order of D. by virtue of
【Keys】1-20 CABDD CCACC CCACB CCBDD
2) Fill in the blanks with the words given. Make necessary changes if necessary.
stretch; current; considerable; alter; intense victim; embarrass; depart; conceal; stimulate
1. _______________ your arms and legs is good for your body.
2. The government will do everything in its power _______________economic growth.
3. He felt _______________ as soon as he realized that he had asked a foolish question.
4. Meanwhile, people show _______________ emotions in the evening than they do in the morning.
5. After careful consideration, I decide to resign my _______________ post so as to realize my long-held dream.
6. This suggested the dogs were able _______________ their behavior when they knew their owners' perspective had changed.
7. Tom _______________ this money in a trunk box which he deposited in a security company abroad as family valuables.
8. First aid is emergency care for a _______________ of sudden illness or injury until more skillful medical treatment is available.
9. During the 1980s there was _______________ restructuring of the Health Service with an increased emphasis on managerial efficiency and the privatization of some services.
10. Too many people put off something that brings them joy just because they haven’t thought about it, don’t have it on their schedule, didn’t know it was coming or are too strict _______________ from their routine.
【Keys】
1.Stretching 2.to stimulate 3.embarrassed 4.more intense 5.current 6.to alter 7.concealed 8.victim 9.considerable 10.to depart
综合练习
语法填空：
Customer Service
People going shopping in America can expect to be treated with respect from the very beginning. When customers get to the store, they are treated as ___1___(honor) guests. Customers don’t usually find store clerks ___2___ (sit) around watching TV or playing cards. Instead, the clerks greet them warmly and offer to help them find what they want. Customers usually don’t have to ask 3 _______ _______ items cost, since prices are clearly marked. And ___4___ they are at a yard sale or flea market (跳蚤市场), they don’t bother trying to bargain.
When customers are ready to check out, they find the nearest and shortest checkout lane. But as Murphy’s Law would have it, ___5___ lane they get in, all the other lanes will move faster. Good stores open new checkout lanes when the lanes get too long. Some even offer express lanes for customers with 10 items or less. ___6___ they pay for their purchases, customers receive a smile and a warm “thank you” from the clerk.
In America, customer service continues long after the sale. Many products come with a money-back guarantee. So if there is a problem with the product, customers can take it back. The customer service representative will often allow them to exchange the item or return it ___7___ a full refund.
For many American customers, service is everything. If a person receives poor service from a store, he probably ___8___ (avoid) shopping there in the future. On the other hand, customers often remain loyal to a business that has excellent service 9 _______ _______ their prices are high. Customer service in America grows out of the belief that “the customer is always right.” That ___10___ not always be true. But, as someone has said, the customer is always the customer.
【Keys】 1.honored 2.sitting 3. how much 4. unless 5.whichever 6.After/When 7. for 8.will avoid 9. even if 10. may
十一选十：
A.belief B.discourage C.choices D.issues E.try F.characterize G.demonstrate H.ensure I.incomparable J.opposing K.responsible
The unique features of colleges and universities in the U.S. are hardly shared by their competitors in Europe or Asia. Many foreign students are attracted not only to the academic programs at a particular US college but also to the larger community, which affords the chance for them to absorb the surrounding culture. Clubs, sports teams, student publications and drama societies __1__ colorful and enjoyable American campus life. However, few foreign universities put much emphasis on this. "In people's minds, the campus and the American university are both admirable," says Brown University President Vartan Gregorian. In America, people have a strong __2__ that a student's daily life is as important as his learning experience."
Foreign students also come in search of __3__. America's menu of opinions -- research universities, state institutions, private liberal-arts schools, community colleges, religious institutions -- is __4__. No any single Europeans country can offer such variety. "In Europe," says history professor Jonathan Steinberg, who has taught at both Harvard and Cambridge, there is only one system, and that is it." From the beginning, students overseas usually are required to __5__ professional skills in a specific field, whether law or philosophy or Chemistry. Most American universities insist that students have a (n) __6__ on natural and social sciences, languages and literature before choosing a field of concentration.
Such __7__ philosophies grow out of different traditions and power structures. In Europe and Japan, universities are __8__ only to a ministry of education, which sets academic standards and provides money.
Centralization (集权化) is likely to __9__ that all students are equipped with roughly the same resources and perform at roughly the same level. On the other hand, it may also __10__ the testing of different ideas. "When they make mistakes, they make big ones," says Robert Rosenzweig, president of the Association of American universities. "They set a system in wrong directions, and it's like piloting a super ship."
【Keys】 1-10 FACIG EJKHB
完形填空：
It’s believed that intelligent people are better at learning languages. Most language learning skills, __1__, are habits, which can be formed through a bit of discipline and self-awareness. But, some of them are not good enough. Here are the three most common __2__ language learners make and how to correct them.
Not listening enough
There’s a school of language-teaching experts that believe language learning __3__ a “silent period”. Just as babies learn to produce language by hearing and parroting sounds, language learners need to practise listening in order to learn. This can develop learned vocabulary and structures, and help learners see patterns in language.
Listening is the communicative skill we use most in daily life, but it can be __4__ to practise unless you live in a foreign country or attend language classes. The solution Find music, podcasts, TV shows and movies in the __5__ language, and listen, listen, listen, as often as possible.
A single method
Some learners are most comfortable with the listen-and-repeat drills of a language lab. Some need a grammar textbook to __6__ a foreign tongue. Each of these approaches is fine, but it’s a mistake to rely on only one. Language learners who use __7__ methods get to practise different skills and see concepts explained in different ways. What’s more, the __8__ can keep them from working in a situation that never changes. When choosing a class, learners should seek a course that __9__ the four language skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking). For self-study, try a __10__ of textbooks, audio lessons, and language learning apps.
__11__
It doesn’t matter how well a person can write in foreign script, or finish a vocabulary test. To learn, improve, and truly use our language, we need to speak. This is the stage when language students should calm down, and feelings of __12__ or insecurity hinder (阻碍) all their hard work. In Eastern cultures where saving face is a strong social value, EFL teachers often complain that students, despite years of studying English, simply will not speak it. They’re too __13__ making mistakes of the grammar or mispronouncing words in a way that would __14__ them.
The key is that those mistakes help language learners by showing them the limits of language, and correcting errors __15__ they become deep-rooted. The more learners speak and practise, the more quickly they improve.
1. A. however B. moreover C. furthermore D. therefore
2. A. successes B. wonders C. mistakes D. contributions
3. A. picks up B. begins with C. takes up D. meets with
4. A. efficient B. difficult C. easy D. ideal
5. A. national B. official C. sign D. target
6. A. make sense of B. make use of C. make profit of D. make fun of
7. A. common B. educational C. permanent D. multiple
8. A. variety B. change C. improvement D. alternative
9. A. postpones B. lacks C. assesses D. practises
10. A. selection B. preference C. combination D. replacement
11. A. Complaints B. Fear C. Secure D. Diligence
12. A. humor B. shyness C. achievements D. laughter
13. A. confident in B. comfortable with C. keen on D. afraid of
14. A. amuse B. inform C. remind D. embarrass
15. A. if B. before C. in case D. so that
【Keys】 1-15 ACBBD ADADC BBDDB
阅读理解：
(A)
Does it feel right
This is an excerpt from Oprah Winfrey's 2008 Stanford Commencement (毕业典礼) Address:
A year after I left college, I was given the opportunity to co-anchor (共同主持) the 6 o'clock news in Baltimore... Yet, it didn't feel right. The first sign, as President Hennessy was saying, was when they tried to change my name. The news director said to me at the time: “Nobody's going to remember Oprah. So, we want to change your name. We've come up with a name we think that people will remember and people will like. It's a friendly name: Suzie.”... I grew up not loving the name, but once I was asked to change it, I thought, well, it is my name and do I look like a Suzie to you So, I thought, no, it doesn't feel right. I'm not going to change my name. And if people remember it or not, that's OK.
And then they said they didn't like the way I looked... So, they sent me to a salon where they gave me a perm (烫发), and after a few days all my hair fell out and I had to shave my head. And then they really didn't like the way I looked, because now I am black and bald and sitting on TV. Not a pretty picture.
But even worse than being bald, I really hated, hated, hated being sent to report on other people's tragedies as a part of my daily duty, knowing that I was just expected to observe, when everything in my instinct told me that I should be doing something, (and that) I should be lending a hand...
It felt right. And that's where everything that followed for me began. And after eight months, I lost that job. They said I was too emotional. I was too much. But since they didn't want to pay out the contract, they put me on a talk show in Baltimore. And the moment I sat down on that show, the moment I did, I felt like I'd come home. I realized that TV could be more than just a playground, but a platform for service, for helping other people's lives improve. And the moment I sat down, doing that talk show, it felt like breathing.
And I got that lesson. When you're doing the work you're meant to do, it feels right and every day is a bonus (意外收获), regardless of what you're getting paid.
1. Why did Oprah refuse to change her name to Suzie
A. She wanted to be herself. B. It would be inconvenient.
C. The name Suzie was too ordinary. D. She was fond of her own name.
2. What was the most important reason for why Oprah hated her job reporting the news
A. Reporting tragedies all day made her sad.
B. She didn't like just standing around and talking.
C. She hoped she could decide what to report.
D. She was asked to change her name and shave her hair off.
3. What does “that lesson” in the last paragraph refer to
A. Listening to your heart. B. A good beginning makes a good ending.
C. Don't hesitate to find a better job. D. Helping people improve.
4. Which of the following best describes Oprah
A. Understanding and optimistic. B. Careful and considerate.
C. Persuasive and emotional. D. Determined and sympathetic.
【Keys】1-4 ABAD
(B)
Detailed Guidance on Analytical Features
The definition of an analytical feature
Hard news is the kind of fast-paced news that usually appears in newspapers, magazines and some other mediums. Because each story in only relevant for a short time, writing must be concise and without excessive detail..Like a hard news story, an analytical feature also appears in newspapers; magazines or on the Web. However, an analytical feature covers a topic in some depth. It examines important issues or events in details, and provides more interpretation and background information for readers than hard news. Writing an analytical feature means looking for patterns, motives and outcomes that explain the event issue or problem.
An analytical feature should be based on an investigation of documents in the public domain-archives, libraries, scholarship, or local offices-and an interview with people with knowledge related to the topic.
Step-by-step guide to feature writing
1. Select a topic
2. Make a list of preliminary questions to establish what needs to be known about the topic. Here are some of the basic questions that a feature addresses.
●What is the problem
●What institutions and people are involved
●What is the standpoint
●What causes the problem
●What are the possible consequences
3. List your sources--people: institutions, documents, books, articles that are likely to provide information and answers to your questions.
4. Refine your questions decide what you are going to look for in the written documents and what you are going to ask your potential sources.
5. Arrange your appointments, interviews or are, archival searches in a logical order, following the plan for your basic questions.
6. Conduct interviews on what information you are trying to get from each source.
7. Write and outline that sets up the structure of the feature.
8. Go back to your notes, organize information, compare and contrast data, analyze material, identify missing information, expand the list of sources, and conduct new interviews.
9. Write the feature
Analytical feature structure
THE INTRO: The most important function of the introduction is to make the readers want to read on.
THE BODY OF THE FEATURE: The content of the feature will vary depending on the subject matter, style of publication, supposed interests of the readers and intentions of the journals. The following points are what you should include in the body of your feature.
●Facts -- include the main appropriate points throughout the text rather than in chunks.
●Quotes-can bring writing to life, inject authority and powerful expression into the piece.
Think carefully which bits of your research to quote and which bits to translate into your own words, as the simple facts of a story do not normally need to be told through direct quotes.
●Description -- Let the readers see what you are seeing, show rather than tell.
Analysis -- can be provided by experts who have conducted relevant research, but it may also be provided by ordinary people with direct knowledge and involvement. Your own analysis of the topic should be based on extensive research and supported by evidence. THL ENDING: Aim to provide a rounded ending of the text either in the form of a summary, a quote or a return to the scene of the introduction.
1. The guidance on analytical features is most probably taken from ________.
A. a book on news writing B. a movie script
C. a school admission brochure D. a book on interview preparation
2. Unlike a hard news story, an analytical feature ________.
A. only published in in-depth magazines, instead of in newspapers or on websites
B. investigates issues or events behind the news
C. interprets issues or events clearly and concisely without excessive detail
D. covers a couple of topics
3. Before you write analytical feature, you should do all the following EXCEPT________.
A. preparing the questions for your interviews
B. writing a short summary of the main points of the feature
C. sorting out and analyzing the information and data you collected
D. filming and recording the issue or event you want to investigate
4. When you write the body of an analytical feature, you should________.
A. summarize the main idea of the feature B. be in agreement with the opening paragraph
C. introduce the topic of the feature D. analyze the topic based on your research
【Keys】 1-4 ABDD
(C)
In 1851, Auguste Comte, the French philosopher and father of sociology, coined the new word altruism as part of a drive to create a non-religious religion based on scientific principles. He defined it as “intentional action for the welfare of others that involves at least the possibility of either no benefit or a loss to the actor”. At that time, studies of animal behavior and phrenology (颅相学) led him to locate egotistical (自我本位的) instincts at the back of the brain, altruistic ones at the front.
Today, we have a far more sophisticated knowledge of the neurological (神经学的) and biochemical factors that underpin kind behavior. And this science forms the bases of two books aimed at general readers -- but also at those who, despite the research, still doubt the existence of altruism.
However, the books may end up providing more information for those who are doubtful. Take The Altruistic Brain by neuroscientist Donald Pfaff. On solid scientific ground, he builds a five-step theory of how altruism occurs, which depends on an idea that is unconvincing and may achieve the opposite result. Pfaff argues that to act altruistically you should first visualize the receiver of your good will, then mentally transform their image into your own, “from angle to angle and curve to curve”. Does it really work
At the core of evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson’s Does Altruism Exist is another contentious(有争议的) idea: altruism has evolved as the result of group selection. But Wilson argues his corner masterfully, providing a clever reply to the belief that natural selection occurs only at the level of the selfish gene: “Selfishness beats altruism within groups. Altruistic groups beat selfish groups,” he says.
In other words, we cooperate when doing so gives our team the advantage. That doesn’t sound very selfless either.
Wilson acknowledges this, but argues that thoughts and feelings are less important than actions. According to evolutionary theory, pure altruists do exist, but it doesn’t matter why people choose to help others -- their reasons may be difficult even for themselves to understand. What matters is that humans can coordinate their activities in just the right way to achieve common goals. Other animals do this too, but we are masters. “Teamwork is the signature adaptation of our species,” he says.
Pfaff goes further, insisting that our brain biology “urges us to be kind”. He believes this knowledge alone will inspire individuals to be more altruistic. His desire to create a better world is admirable and some of his ideas are interesting, but Wilson’s analysis is clearer.
While it is in our nature to be altruistic, Wilson says, we also have a healthy regard for self-interest and a resistance to being pushed around. Which one comes to the fore depends on the environment in which we find ourselves. Ethics, he says, cannot be taught at individual level, but are “a property of the whole system”.
1. Which of the following can be considered an altruistic behaviour according to Comte’s definition
A. A person offers to donate his liver to another who needs one.
B. A clerk returns the umbrella to his colleague which he has kept for a long time.
C. A student volunteers to wok in the orphanage to collect data for his research.
D. A police officer spots a car parking in the no-parking area, finding a child in the trunk.
2. What does Donald Pfaff think people should do in order to behave altruistically
A. Draw a picture of the person they are going to help.
B. Transform the receiver into a kind person.
C. Visualize what they are going to do in mind first.
D. Imagine they themselves are to be helped.
3. Which of the following statements is David Sloan most likely to agree with in his book
A. Being kind is not something people are born with.
B. People in groups are less likely to be selfish.
C. People may well act selflessly because of where they are.
D. Most people know clearly why they are ready to help others.
4. What can be concluded from the passage
A. Figuring out what makes us behave selflessly is a tricky business.
B. Unlike Donald Pfaff’s book, David Sloan’s book aims at professional readers.
C. Comte’s definition of altruism proves to be impractical in modern times.
D. Both Donald Pfaff and David Sloan lay emphasis on team work.
【Keys】 1-4 ADCA
六选四：
This future may not be what you think. Robots can’t successfully imitate doctor’s motions in the operating room. Finally, several humans observed as the robotic arm made numerous motions. The nursing assistant for your next trip to the hospital will still be human beings. They will just allow us to decrease workload and achieve better performances in several tasks. His work indicates that humans and robots can effectively cooperate during high-task events such as surgeries.
Your next nurse could be a robot
Dr. De Momi, of the Politecnico di Milano(Italy), led an international team that trained a robot to imitate natural human actions. ___1___ Over time this should lead to improvements in safety during surgeries because unlike their human counterparts robots do not tire and can complete an endless series of precise movements. The goal is not to remove skill from the operating room, but to complete it with a robot’s particular skills and benefits.
“As a roboticist, I am convinced that robotic (co) workers and collaborators will definitely change the work market, but they won’t steal job opportunities. ___2___ De Momi explains.
To conduct their experiment, De Momi’s team photographed a human being conducting numerous reaching motions, in a way similar to handing instruments to a surgeon. These camera captures were input into the neural network of robotic arm, which is crucial to controlling movements. Next a human operator guided the robotic arm in imitating the reaching motions that the human subject had initially performed. Although there was not a perfect overlap between the robotic and human actions, they were broadly similar.
___3___These observers determined whether the actions of the robotic arms were “biologically inspired,” which would indicate that their neural networks had effectively
learned to imitate human behavior. About 70% of the time this is exactly what the human observers concluded.
These results are promising, although further research is necessary to confirm or refine De Momi’s conclusions. If robotic arms can indeed imitate human behavior, it would be necessary to build conditions in which humans and robots can operate effectively in high stress environments like operating rooms. ___4___ De Momi’s work is part of the growing field of health care robotics, which has potential to change the way we receive health care sooner rather than later.
【Keys】 1-4 FECA
概要写作：
Whether it’s joining a school club, going to a friend’s birthday party, or travelling by train, we can meet new people anywhere and anytime in our lives. However, many of us feel awkward when meeting people for the first time, especially when we aren’t quite sure what to say. The situation feels cold, even icy.
“Breaking the ice” is a term widely used in the English-speaking countries to describe a small talk skill that can help save a conversation from certain failure.
So where do you even begin Well, a good start is to accept that it is perfectly normal to feel a little nervous when talking to someone for the first time. They might look scary, but they could turn out to be the nicest person you’ve ever met.
You might think that breaking the ice is difficult. But sometimes just a simple “hello”, followed by a three-second smile, can make all the difference.
Complimenting (恭维) someone on their clothes or accessories (饰品) is also a great, easy way to break the ice. You might say, “I love your jacket. Where did you buy it from ”
Being in an uncomfortable or unpleasant situation with someone new might feel terrible, but it can actually be one of the best icebreakers. By focusing on the situation, you come together to fight the common enemy: the long bathroom queue, for example, or the overcrowded bus.
You can make observations too. “What kind of drink is that ” “That’s a lovely name. What does it mean ” “Do you study here too ” There are opportunities all around you to ask questions that don’t seem strange, as long as you have some follow-up questions in mind.
If you’re feeling extra bold (大胆的), make a joke. Jokes can be difficult to master but if you get them right, they show the lovely and smart side of your character. “What’s your name ” “Well, people usually call me Mike, but you can call me tonight.”
Summary
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【Keys】
Many of us feel embarrassed/awkward when first meeting people. (要点1) To break the ice, we may accept the nervousness as a perfectly normal thing and begin with a simple “hello” and a smile, followed by a hearty compliment. (要点2) In certain bad situations we can fight the common enemy together. (要点3) Mild questions based on continuous observations and even bold jokes will be of great help, too.(要点4)