高考英语专项讲解 （定语从句讲义+练习第1-2讲）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
定语从句
第1讲
关系词的选择技巧
考点1：
A.主句、从句、关系词
例句:
This is the boy who won the first prize in the English Speech Competition.
主句:在含有定语从句的复合句中，除去定语从向后的部分、是句子的主句、(例句中、This is the boy是主句。)
定语从句:相当于形容词、修饰主句中的一个名词或代词(有时修饰整个主向、相当于主句的一个定语。)(例句中，who won the first prize in the English Speech Competition是定语从句，修饰the boy.)
先行词:先行词就是被定语从句修饰的名词等，它总是出现在定语从句的前面、(例句中，the boy是先行词。)
关系词:关系词指用来引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词和关系副词。(例句中，who是关系代词。)
关系词的三个作用
1.作定语从句的一个句子成分。
2.起着连接主句和从句的作用。
3.代指被修饰的先行词。(例句中，who作定语从句的主语，同时起着连接作用，在意思上，指代的是前面的先行词 the boy.)
B.关系代词
1.指人时可以用 who,也可用 that。
Do you know the boy who/that is my desk mate
The man who/that was killed in the accident is Tom's uncle.
2.指物时可以用which，也可用that。
I like visiting places which/that are not far away.
How do you like the film which/that was shown last Sunday
3. whose 可以指人也可以指物。
He was a painter whose pictures were not well-known in his life time.
The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year.
4.关系代词作宾语时可以省略。
I like the meal that/which/( )we had last night.
Do you know the boy who/whom/that/( )we talked about just now
注:()表示关系代词省略
C.关系副词
关系副词在从句中只能作状语。when指时间，where指地点、why指原因，how不能作关系词。
如:
1. We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.
2. He has reached the point where a change is needed.
3. That is no reason why you should leave.
4.This is the way (how) I did it.(how不能作关系词)
基础过关
1.用合适的关系词完成句子。
1. The man ______ /_____ was here yesterday is a painter.
2.The man______/_____/____I saw is called Smith.
3.A child ______ parents are dead is called an orphan.
4.I’d like a room _______window looks out over the sea.
5. A letter ______ /______ is written in pencil is hard to read.
6.The letter ____/______I received from him yesterday is very important.
7. That is the boy_____/_____/______you are looking for.
8. Do you know the reason _____he was late for the meeting
9.This is the school ________I used to study.
10.I still remember the day _______we met for the first time.
Key: 1.who/that 2.who/whom/that 3.whose 4.whose 5.which/that 6.which/that
7.who/whom/that 8.why 9.where 10.when
考点2
关系词的选择技巧
A.选用哪个关系词，关键是看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分含有定语从句的复合句可以分为两部分:主句和从句。关系词是定语从句的一个成分。
选用关系词，要看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分，而不是看先行词是什么词性。
1.He worked in the factory which produces TV sets.
2. He worked in the factory where his father had worked.
3.I like the school which is near to my home.
4. I like the school where my sister studies.
在句1和句2中、先行词前都有in.但关系词有用which也有用 where的:
在句3和句4中，先行词都是the school，但关系词有用 which 也有用 where 的。
因此，我们可以看出，对关系词起决定性作用的并不是先行词。
在句1和句3中，关系词在定语从句中都是作主语，因此用的都是关系代词which;
在句2和句4中，关系词在定语从句中都是作状语。因此都是用关系副词where.
我们可以看出:
用哪个关系词，主要看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分
B.选用关系词的方法:一找、二还、三替换
1.找:就是先把句子分为主句和从句两部分，再找出先行词和关系词 。
2.还:根据先行词提示的意思，大胆地把定语从句还原为定整的一句话。(可以添词)
3.替换:用关系词替换定语从句中还原后添加的部分，作主语和宾语用关系代词，作状语用关系副词
(时间状语用when:地点状语用where。原因状语用why)(同初中时做的“对画线部分提问”相似，用which时也可用that)
1. This is the school________I once studied.
2. This is the school__________ is the most famous in the city.
3.I am studying at the school _______my father teaches English.
还原：根据先行词的提示，这三句话的定语从句还原成完整的一句话后分别为:
I once studied at the school.
The school is the most famous in the city。
My father teaches English at the school.
粗体部分为根据先行词的意思把关系词还原后的部分。
替换:根据“对画线部分提问”的规则，①和③用 where②句定语从句恢复完整后是“那个学校在这个城市最出名”，对the school 提问应问"Which is the most famous in the city ”此时，which也可换为that，因此关系代词用 which/that
C.关系词一般要位于定语从句的句首
The house I grew up_____has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A.in it B.in C. in that D. in which
答案与分析:A没有关系词，不能连接两句话:C介词后不能用that;D关系词一般不位于句末;而B可以看作是关系代词作宾语、放在句首并且省略了，因此选B.
习题训练
练习:利用“一找、二还、三替换”的方法选择关系词
1.Is this the reason______he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work
A.that B.what C.how D.why
2. Is this the reason_______he was so careless in his work
A.that B.what C.how D.why
3.The reason_____he didn’t come was_______he was ill.
A.why; that B.that;why C. for that; that D.for which; what
4.He lives in a village_____is not far from the city.
A.which B.where C.what D.whose
5. He lives in the village______he was born.
A.which B.where C. what D.whose
6.In an hour, we travel to places______could have taken our ancestors days to reach.
A.where B.when C.which D.what
7.In an hour, we travel to places___we can relax and get refreshed.
A.where B.when C.which D.what
8.I'll never forget the days_____we spent together.
A.that B./ C.when D.A and B
9.I am looking forward to the day______my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
A.as B.why C.when D.where
10. If we want to have a bright future,we must learn to act in ways_____do not do harm to other living things.
in which B./ C.how D.that
11. Is this the factory___color TV sets are produced
A.when B. the one where C.that D.in which
12.Is this factory____color TV sets are produced
A.which B. the one where C. that D.in which
13. This is the factory_____produces color TV sets.
A.where B. the one where C. that D.in which
14.Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut ----You should try the barber's______I go. lt's only 15.
A.as B.which C. where D. that
15.I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend,_____we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
A.which B.where C.who D.that
16.She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students_______allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A.which B.where C.what D.who
17.By16:30,______ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
which B.when C.what D. that
18.Finally he reached a lonely island_____was completely cut off from the outside world.
A.when B.where C.which D.whom
Key:1.A 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.B 16.A 17.A 18.C
A、利用“一找、二还、三替换”的方法填关系词。
1.The box ________ he is carrying is heavy.
The box _______ he put his photos is gone.
2.The house ______ we're going to visit was built a century ago.
The house ________ he used to live was flooded.
3.The reason ______ he did it is not clear.
The reason _______ he gave to the teacher is unbelievable.
4.I will never forget the day ______I met you.
I will never forget the day ________we spent together.
KEY:1.which/where 2.which/where 3.why/which 4.when/which
B.用关系词填空。
1.Maybe you have a habit ______ is driving your family crazy.
2.The next day,my brother and I went to the beach _______we watched some people play volleyball.
3.People should not do things _______will disturb their neighbors unnecessarily.
4.The exact year _________Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
5.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
6.When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market________people from the town met regularly.
Key.1.which 2.where 3.which 4.which 5.which 6.where
第2讲：只能用that不能用which的情况
考点1.
先行词是anything,something, nothing, everything等不定代词时
1.He never reads anything______ is not worth reading.
A.which B.as C.who D.that
2.I refuse to accept the blame for something_______was someone else's fault.
A.who B.that C.as D.what
Key 1.D 2.B
考点2.
先行词是 all,much,little,none 或先行词被 all,much, little,no,any 修饰时
3. There is not much ______can be done.
A.that B.which C. what D.how
4.There is no difficulty______can't be overcome in the world.
A.that B.which C. who D. what
5.Please send us all the information______you have about the candidate for the position.
A.that B.which C.as D.what
6. You can take any seat_____is free.
A. that B./ C.which D. it
KEY: 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.A
考点3.先行词被最高级、序数词以及thefirst,the last,the very, the only, the same 修饰时
7.The most important thing____we should pay attention tots the first thing____I have said.
A.which; that B.that; which C.which;which D. that; that
8. My watch is not the only thing____is missing.
A.that B.it C.which who
9 This is the very film_____I've long wished to see.
A.which B.that C.who D.whom
10. This is the last time______I shall come here to help you.
A.that B.which C.when D.what
11. It's the third time______late this month.
A.that you arrived B. when you arrived
C.that you've arrived D.when you've arrived
KEY: 7.D 8.A 9.B 10.A 11.C
考点4.先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词用that
12. We're talking about the piano and the pianist _____were in the concert we attended last night.
A.which B.whom C.who D. that
13.He talked a lot about things and persons____they remembered in the school.
A.which B. that C.whom D.what
KEY: 12.D 13.B
考点5.关系代词在从句中作表语或there be结构中的实义主语时，that可指人或物，且通常省略.
(概括为:在从句中位于be后。此条仅作了解)
He still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.
他谈起话来仍像十年前一样。
The train is the fastest train(that) there has ever been.
这列火车是有史以来最快的火车。
14. She is no longer the sweet girl_____she used to be.
A.what B.who C.when D.that
KEY:14.D
考点6.当先行词前面有which，who等疑问代词时，为避免重复，用关系代词that同理，当先行词是that,those时，常用关系代词 which或who.如:
What's that which is under the desk
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most
15. Who is the person_____is standing at the gate of BeijingTourism Tower
A.who B.that C. which D.whom
16. Who_____has common sense will do such a thing
A.which B.who C. whom D.that
17. Those_____not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn B.who C.that learns D.who learn
KEY:15.B 16.D 17.D
考点7.注意:关系副词不受这些规则的影响
只是在选用关系代词时才使用这些规则。如:
18.Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet_____ life has developed gradually.
that B.where C.which D.whose
19.This is the same house_____ her grandfather was born.
A.that B.where C.which D.whose
KEY: 18.B 19.B
单句改错:
Is there anything which belongs to you
2. Both the girl and her dog which were crossing the street were hit by a coming car.
3. All the apples which fell down were eaten by the pigs.
KEY: 1.which---that 2.which--that 3.which---that
语法填空(每空至多填三词)
4.These people once had fame and fortune, now all _____is left to them is utter poverty.
5.I like the second football match______was held last week .
Key: 4.that 5.that
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