中考英语总复习——定语从句 学案（无答案）

中考语法总复习——定语从句
定语从句
定义
定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。
而在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
如：1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.
2) You must do everything that I do.
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词之后。
定语从句结构：被修饰的名词/代词(先行词)+关系词+句子
定语从句合成方法
一找二删三替四放
This is the right book. You are looking for it.
找出共同点
删去作为从句使用的句子中的重复点
用关系词替代重复点
将关系词置于先行词后，组合句子
关系词
作用：（1）引导定语从句
代替先行词
（3）在定语从句中担当一个成分
类别：关系代词that, which, who(宾格whom), whose(所有格)
关系副词where, when, why
关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，关系副词在从句中作状语。
（表1）关系词作用详解
who 先行词：人 主语/宾语 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. (3) Do you know the man (who) they are looking for
whom 先行词：人 宾语 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.
that 先行词：人/物 主语/宾语 (1) The people that come to visit the city are all here. (2) Where is the man (that) I saw this morning
which 先行词：物 主语/宾语 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
whose 先行词：人/物 所有格/定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
when 先行词：时间 时间状语 I know the date when the baby was born. =I know the date on which the baby was born. =I know the date which/that the baby was born on.
where 先行词：地点 地点状语 He misses the place where he used to live. =He misses the place in which he used to live. =He misses the place which/that he used to live in.
why 先行词：reason 原因状语 That’s the reason why he was late. =That’s the reason for which he was late. =That’s the reason which/that he was late for.
注意：做宾语但不能省略关系代词的情况
(1)关系代词 that 在从句中作介词的宾语时，不能省略，而且介词不能放在 that 前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。
The woman that she talks with is her teacher.
(2)关系代词 which/whom 在从句中作介词的宾语时，不能省略。介词可以放在 which/whom之前，也可以放在从句中有关动词的后面。
I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the club.
其他“介词+which/whom”的使用
关系词为whose时，常用以下结构“the+名词+of which/whom”或“of which/whom+the+名词”来代替
(1)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom ___________________is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom ___________________is broken will soon be repaired.
(3)Do you like the book whose cover is yellow
Do you like the book ___________________is yellow
Do you like the book ___________________is yellow
(3)Linda is a poor girl whose parents died in a car accident.
Linda is a poor girl _______________________died in a car accident.
Linda is a poor girl _______________________died in a car accident.
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句可由“介词+which/whom”引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
The school________________he once studied is very famous.
(2)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine ________________you asked.
(3)We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
We’ll go to hear the famous singer ________________we have often talked.
注意：含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等。
This is the watch which/that I am looking for.
“介词+which/whom”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
the way在从句中做状语时，关系词可以用in which/ that/ 省略
Actually, I didn’t know the way in which/ that/ 省略 he solved the problem.
EXERCISE 1：
1. I can never forget the day ________ we worked together
2. I can never forget the day________ we spent together.
3.We went to the city ________we lived last year.
4.We went to the city ________we visited last year
5.This is the reason ______ he left home.
6.This was the reason _________ he gave me.
7.The pencil __________ he wrote was broken.
8.He built a telescope __________ he could study the sky.
9.I have many friends __________ some are businessmen.
10.Gun control is a subject _____Americans have argued for a long time.
A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which
11.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. which B. where C. what D. in which
12.Finally they arrived at a place, _____ sold cigarettes and other small articles.
A.where B. which C. in which D. what
（表2）关系代词总结
指代对象在从句中的作用 指代人 指代物
主语 who / that which / that
宾语(做动词宾语可省略关系代词) whom/who/ that which / that
所有格 whose / of whom whose / of which
（表3）关系副词总结
指代对象在从句中的作用 先行词 关系副词或介词+which结构
时间状语 day, time, date, year, holiday... when / 时间介词+which
地点状语 the place, the city, Beijing...(具体地点) case, situation, point, stage, job, position, race...(抽象地点) where/ 地点介词+which
原因状语 the reason why/ for which
主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式与先行词应一致。
先行词是单数，从句的谓语动词用单数；先行词是复数，从句的谓语动词用复数。
Mr. Smith, who______________(be)now downstairs, is asking to see you.
The Smiths, who______________(be)now downstairs, are asking to see you.
“one of + 复数名词” 是先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；
“the (only) one of + 复数名词” 或者“ the very / right one of + 复数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。
Jeff is one of the students who______________(be)awarded.
Jeff is the only one of the students who______________(be)awarded.
只能用that的情况VS只能用which的情况
前提条件，先行词为物时
只用 that ①先行词是all, everything, nothing, no one, little, few, much, some, none等不定代词或被其修饰时。 例如∶All that can be done has been done.所有能做的已经做了。
②先行词被the only, the very, the just, the right, the last等修饰时。 例如：This is the very book that I am looking for.这正是我要找的那本书。
③先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级所修饰时。 例如∶ This is the best film that I have seen.这是我所看过的最好的电影。
④主句是which 引导的特殊疑问句时。 例如∶ Which is the dress that you want most 你最想要的裙子是哪条？
⑤先行词中又有人又有物时。 例如：Lots of people and desks that are needed in the event haven’t been ready.
只用 which ①当关系代词前有介词时。 例如: This is the house of which the windows face south.这就是窗户朝南的那座房子。
②在非限制性定语从句中，当关系词表示事物时，只能用 which。 例如∶ The plane landed safely, which made us very happy.飞机安全降落，这使我们很高兴。
③先行词本身是that时 例如：The clock is that which I bought yesterday .
限制性定语从句VS非限制性定语从句
◎ She can’t find her bike.
She can’t find her bike that she bought last week.
在上面的示例中，定语从句起到了限制名词的作用（即缩小了名词的表示范围）
我们称这类定语从句为限制性定语从句
可是在有些场景下，先行词的指向已经是唯一的了，此时就无法再缩小这个词的表示范围了。
◎ Last Sunday they reached Dalian, where a meeting was to be held .
◎ She has two brothers, who are both doctors .
此时我们就需要用到非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句：起到限制先行词范围的作用，是句中不可缺少的组成部分，没有从句，先行词意思不明确，主句也不完整，从句主句不用逗号分开。
非限制性定语从句：是主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整，这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开，在非限制性定语从句中，一般不用that和why，不能省略关系词。
as引导的定语从句
as引导的限制性定语从句 as引导的非限制性定语从句
(1)先行词有so, such, as, the same修饰时 ◎ You can take as many books as you need. ◎ I don’t have so much money as you think. (2)such为代词作先行词时 ◎ This book is not such as I expected. 位置可以在句前，句后，句中 常用于下列习惯用语 as we all know // as is known to all // as it is // as is said above // as is always mentioned above // as is usual // as is often the case // as is reported in the newspaper
定语从句与名词性从句的转化
定语从句缺少的成分 指人 指物
主语 who=先行词 + who/ that what=先行词+ which/ that
宾语 whom=先行词 + who/ whom/that
定语 whose=先行词+whose
状语 when/where/why = 先行词+when /where/ why how=the way+in which/that/省略
注意：有些定语从句语法上来说虽然可以转化名词性从句，但转化之后意思明显不通顺，此时还是用定语从句较好。
EXERCISE 2：转化成名词性从句
1.The clock is that which I bought yesterday.
______________________________________________________
2.The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
______________________________________________________
3.I bought the house whose garden is the most beautiful.
______________________________________________________
4.He misses the place where he used to live.
______________________________________________________
5.I know the date when the baby was born.
______________________________________________________
6.That’s the reason why he was late.
______________________________________________________
7.Do you know the way in which he solve the maths problem
______________________________________________________
定语从句与其他后置定语的转化
定语从句在句中作定语，在使用时，相当于现在分词短语(doing短语)，过去分词短语(done短语)，动词不定式短语(to do短语)，介词短语作后置定语的句子。
EXERCISE 3：转化成后置定语
1.I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun .
________________________________________________
2.Tell the children who are playing basketball not to do that .
________________________________________________
3.The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987 .
________________________________________________
4.We have nothing that we should fear .
________________________________________________
5.The book that is on the table is expensive .
________________________________________________
定语从句专项练习
一、单选题
1. Sorry, we don’t have the coat ______ you need.
A. what B. who C. whom D. which
2. This is the novel ______ is written by Guo Jingming.
A. who B. what C. that D. /
3. Disney is an amusement park _______ you can find all the normal attractions and Disney movies and characters.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
4.—The village______ I visited last year has changed a lot. —Really I hope to go there one day.
A. that B. who C. in which D.where
5.—Do you know the man ______came here yesterday
—Yes, he brought me the most interesting book ________I had wanted to buy.
A. who; which B. who; that C. whom; which D. what; that
6.Is that man_______ helped us a lot after the earthquake
A. whose B. which C. when D. who
7.I still remember the park ________ we first met.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
8.Jamie is a young cook ______ wants to improve school dinners.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
9.The whole world is fighting against the H1N1, a disease _______ has caused many deaths.
A. who B. which C. whom D. what
10. —Linda, can you tell me something about Mo Yan
—Sure. He is the writer_______ won the Nobel( 诺贝尔 ) Literature Prize.
A. which B. whose C. who D. whom
11.The movie_______ we saw last night was fantastic.
A that B. what C. whose D. who
12.Liu Yang is the first Chinese woman astronaut _______ has ever travelled in space.
A .whom B which C. that D. whose
13.I'll never forget the lesson_______ last year.
A. that I learn B. that I learned C. what I learn D. what I learned
14.—Do you know of Guo Mingyi
—Yes. He is an ordinary( 普通的 ) worker _______ helps many poor children in China. We should follow his example.
A. that B. which C. whom D.what
15.—What are you looking for —I'm looking for the watch _______ I bought yesterday.
A which B. who C. whose D.what
16.Most of my classmates prefer loud music _______ they can dance to.
A that B. who C. whose D. where
17.A Wechat(微信) is an invention _______ can help people talk to friends, share photos, ideas and feelings freely.
A. which B. who C. whose D. /
18.The young lady _______ is interviewing Lin Zhixuan about the programme I am a singer is from 21st Century Talent Net.
A who B. whom C. which D. whose
19.The H7N9 bird flu is a disease _______ can be very dangerous.
A. / B. who C. what D. which
20.A friend is someone _______ says, 'What! You too I thought I was the only one!'
A. who B. which C. what D. whose
21.The Palace Museum is the best place _______ I've ever visited.
A. that B. which C. where D. what
22.Yesterday Li Ming went to the village _______ his family lived ten years ago.
A.when B. which C. where D. that
23.Being blind is something _______ most people can't imagine.
A. who B. what C. that D. which
24.Lily doesn't know _______ she and her friends can do to help the little boy _______parents have left their hometown for making money.
A. that; whose B. how ; who C. what; who D. what; whose
25.A graduation ceremony is a custom _______ takes place _______ students graduate from a school.
A which; when B. that: who C. which; whose D. that; which
26. The house _______ Lu Xun used to live is now a museum.
A. which B. that C. in which D. there
27.The books on the desk,_______covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
A.which B.what C.whose D.that
28.The exact year_______Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
A.when B.where C.why D.which
29.By 16:30, _______was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A.which B.when C.what D.that
30.In our class there are 46 students, _______ half wear glasses.
A.in whom B.in them C.of whom D.of them
31.Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _______, of course, made all the others upset.
A.who B.which C.what D.that
32.The famous writer is going to talk about the European countries and people_______he has visited in the past two months.
A.who B.whom C.that D.which
33.He showed us a magazine_______an article about him was printed along with his photograph.
A.when B.in whom C.in which D.which
34.We are living in an age_______we treasure very much, because it sees man's rapid development.
A.which B.when C.where D.what
35.Nowadays some people tend to take pride in doing things_______they should feel ashamed.
A.by which B.of which C.in which D.from which
36.We are now living in a great time, one _______we are faced with numerous possibilities as well as challenges.
A.why B.when C.where D.which
37.Tom hid himself behind the door, _______he could hear the steps of his mother clearly.
A.from which B.from where C.where D.which
38.We stayed in a quiet hotel,_______.
A.next to it was a thick forest B.next to which was a thick forest
C.next to it there was a thick forest D.next to which a thick forest was
二、用适当的关系词填空
1.If a shop has chairs____________women can park their husbands,women will spend more time in the shop.
2.The singing group was so well received that the size of audience, ____________we had expected, was well over one thousand.
3.Car racing is an adventurous sport, popular with young men, ____________quick mind and skill matters much more than anything else.
4.The archaeologists found gold coins and pottery in the lowest level of the site____________they reached three months ago.
5.The middle-aged man over there, for ____________life was once very hard, is now quite a successful businessman.
6.He talked about the persons and books ____________interested him greatly in the school.
7.My dog made a mess in the living room, ____________really annoyed me.
8.The number of smokers,____________is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
9.Indeed, the way____________humans think and act is determined by many factors.
10.Who is the student____________was late for school today
11.Do you know the reason____________he explained to his teacher for his mistakes
12.Bad luck!Our car was badly damaged in an accident, in ____________case I have to walk to work for at least a week.
13.These activities can offer you a platform____________you can meet new friends from all over the world.
14.My eldest son,____________work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
15.Many young people, most of____________were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
16.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon____________school education depends.
17.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,____________the weather may be better.
18.She has been absent again,____________is expected.
19.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ____________his employees enjoy their work.
20.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Program, one of____________purposes is to relieve world-wide starvation.
三、语篇型综合训练
(一)用适当的连词填空。
There was a time 1.__________I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English. And this was the reason 2.________ my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school. When I first came to the club, 3.__________I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted to go home. Fortunately, my guide, 4.__________teacher was Yu Minhong, communicated with me face to face, from 5.__________I gained some useful instructions. He also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other. Gradually I adapted to the life there. Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.__________we did. I should be grateful to my father and the guide,7.__________encouraged me to fall in love with English. Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into 8.__________I put my entire energy. Every day I read my words and passages aloud. In class I join in English discussions. Before I go to sleep, I recall the passages, through 9.__________I can memorize a large number of new words. 10.__________our English teacher says, “As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, you will conquer English sooner or later.
(二)综合填空。
Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese dishes 1.____________(see)as especially troublesome. Many westerners 2.____________come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap 3.____________ can be to eat out. I still remember 4.____________(visit)a friend who'd lived here for five years and I 5.____________ (shock)when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
While regularly eating out seems to 6.____________(become)common for many young people in recent years, it's not without a cost. The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be 7.____________(afford)but doing this most days adds up. There could be an even 8.____________(high)cost on your health. Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in 9.____________(weigh)problems.
If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest 10.____________the next time you go to your mum's home for dinner, get a few cooking tips from her. Cooking food can be fun. You might also begin to notice the effects not only on your health but in your pocket.