2022届高考英语二轮复习：动词语态精讲学案（含答案）

动词语态精讲
Ⅰ. 动词语态的概念：
英语的语态有主动语态和被动语态。主动语态中主语是动作的______。
被动语态(passive voice)是动词的一种形式。被动语态中主语是动作的________ 。
一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。
汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等被动词来表示被动意义 。
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者一般由介词 by 引起。
例：They always help you. 他们总是帮助你。（主动）
You are always helped by them 你总是被他们帮助。（被动）
【keys】执行者;承受者;
Ⅱ. 语态考点
（Ⅰ）各种时态的被动语态
一般现在时的被动语态，is(am, are)+动词过去分词。
Many courses are designed to meet the students’ needs.
很多课程都是为了满足学生的需要而设计的。
一般过去时的被动语态，was(were)+动词过去分词。
The escaped prisoner was caught and put into prison again.
那个逃犯被抓住了，再次投到监狱里。
一般将来时的被动语态，will be +动词过去分词。
The spacecraft will be launched tomorrow.
太空飞船将于明天发射。
现在进行时的被动语态，is(am, are )being+动词过去分词。
I'm being troubled by his bad behavior.
我为他的坏行为而苦恼。
过去进行时的被动语态，was(were) being+动词过去分词。
Two of the glasses were broken when they were being washed.
在清洗时，有两只玻璃杯被打碎了。
现在完成时的被动语态，has(have) been+动词过去分词。
The tickets you want have been sold out.
你想要的票已经卖完了。
过去完成时的被动语态，had been +动词过去分词。
The workers woke up to find that work had been done overnight.
工人醒来后发现工作已经被连夜干完。
将来完成时的被动语态，will have been+动词过去分词。
By the end of next year, many more high-rises will have been built around there.
到明年年底的时候，这里会建立起更多的高楼。
过去将来时的被动，would be +动词过去分词。
We were told that their wedding would be held in the church.
我们被告知他们的婚礼将在教堂举行。
练：（用单词适当形式填空）
① The horizon of life_______ chiefly by the enlargement of the heart.　( broad )
② The city ________　by Huns.（destory）
【keys】① is broadened ②was destroyed
（Ⅱ）一些特殊的被动结构
非限定动词的被动形式
非限定动词指的是动词不定式，动名词和分词。它们的被动式由：“助动词be的非限定形式+v-ed” 构成
不定式的被动形式：(to be done)
I didn't expect to be invited.
动名词的被动形式　(being done)
He doesn't like being treated this way.
分词的被动形式　　(being done)）　
He asked who the man was being operated on.
练：(选词并用正确形式填空)
influence B. keep C.do
①They want to______ in touch with our school.
②They admitted to__________ by his idea.
③_______ in a hurry, the exercises were full of mistakes.
【keys】①be kept; ②having been influenced; ③being done;
get＋过去分词
get + 过去分词结构有多种时态形式，常与动作或过程动词连用，不与状态动词连用。可与get连用的过去分词有：
arrested, bored, broken, burned, caught, changed, drunk, engaged, excited, fired, hanged, hurt, invited, killed, lost, married, punished, repaired, tired, translated, wounded
表示“经历”概念：
The daughter of a friend of mine got married the other day.
He got changed and went out to the football pitch.
表示“受害“概念：
He got wounded in the battle.
Don’t got caught in the storm.
表示“情感或身体变化“概念：
I got excited.
She got very tired.
He got drunk.
练习：（用所给词的适当形式填空）
①The patient ________(treat) once a week.
②He fell off the building and ________(kill).
【答案】①gets treated/is treated　②got killed/was killed
带宾语补足语的句子改为被动语态
将带复合宾语的句子改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。
　例：
We always keep the classroom clean.　变为：The classroom is always kept clean.
带双宾语的句子改为被动语态的两个句型
有些动词，如：give，sell,　send 等要求接一个直接宾语（指动作的对象，承受着或后果）和一个间接宾语（指动作是向某人或者为某人做的）。其主动与太本身就有两个句型，因此改为被动也有两个句型：
如：
We awarded him a medal.
We awarded a medal to him.
句型1：讲间接宾语改成主语，而直接宾语保留下来。
句型2：把直接宾语改成置于，把间接宾语改为由to引导的短语。
如：
He was awarded a medal.
A medal was awarded to him.
带宾语从句的句子改成被动语态的两个句型
　句型１：宾语从句的主语＋be＋主句谓语的过去分词＋宾语从句谓语动词的不定式恰当形式
句型２：It+be +主句谓语的过去分词+that+原宾语从句
　　例：
　　　主动：People say she knows five languages.
　　　被动：（１）She is said to know five languages.
（２）It is said that she knows five languages.
说明：
过去分词believed,confirmed,considered,estimated,feared,hoped,known,mentioned,reported,said,thought常可用于这种表达方式。
It is believed that... It is considered that...
It is feared that... It is confirmed that...
It is estimated that... It is reported that...
练习1:
①The bank is reported in the local newspaper ________ in broad daylight yesterday.
A. being robbed B. having been robbed
C. to have been robbed D. robbed
②Wang Ming is said ________ abroad, but I am not sure which country it was.
A. to study B. to have studied
C. to be studying D. to have been studying
③Linda is thought ________ in Africa, but I really don't know what country she's working in.
A. to have worked B. to work
C. to be working D. working
【keys】①C　②B　③C
练习2：
(将下列句子转化为另一句型的被动语态)
①He is said to be coming tomorrow.
______________________________________
②The book is believed to have been translated into English.
_________________________________________
【keys】
① It is said that he will come tomorrow.
② It is believed to have been translated into English.
（Ⅲ）主动形式表示被动意义
动词want, need, require, deserve等表示“需要，指的”的动词后用动名词的主动形式，这时，动名词同句中主语有动宾关系。
例：The children need looking after.
在主语是物的句子中，由及物动词转化来的不及物动词的主动形式常可表被动形式，并常与副词 easily，well, smoothly等连用，此类动词有：
act, clean, cut, cook, burn, draw, keep, lock, move, pick, play, read, sell, shut, start, tear(撕破)，wash, wear, write等。
例：The poem reads smoothly.
英语中有些动词既可以当及物动词，又可当不及物动词使用，且将作及物动词使用时句子中的宾语改为主语时，仍可用主动与太表示被动（做不及物动词使用）。这类动词有：
begin, bend, break, burst, change, close, cook, continue, crack, crash, decrease, drive, drop, finish, fly, grow, improve, increase, melt, open, rot, run, sail, sell out, shrink, shut slow, split, spread, start, stick, stop, stretch, tear, widen等。
例：
He has improved his pronunciation.
His pronunciation has improved.
They changed their work pattern.
Their work pattern changed.
We finished the party with a song.
The party finished with a song.
系动词feel，look，smell，taste，sound，prove，remain，stay等后面接形容词时；
例：The door won’t shut.
形容词worth后接动名词主动形式表示被动意义
例：The book is worth reading.
某些做表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。这类形容词有：nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting
例：This fish is not fit to eat.
不定式作表语，可用主动形式表示被动意义。
例：
She is to blame.她应该受到责备。
A great deal is yet to do.还有许多事要做。
Something is still to find out.有些东西还有待查明。
某些感官动词与形容词连用时,这类动词有：feel, look, prove, smell, sound, taste, wear等。
例：This dish tastes delicious.
练习1：（选择）
①The water ________ cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.
A. was felt B. was to feel C. felt D. was to be felt
②I feel it is your husband who ________ for the spoiled child.
A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame
③Their paddock ________24 metres square.
A. had been measured B. were measured C. measures D.is measuring
④His children's books are classics that deserve __________.
A. knowing B. to be known C. known D. were known
⑤He's decided to get a look at the house and see if it might be worth_______.
A. buy B. bought C. was bought D. buying
⑥I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ________ the cloth ________ well.
A. have told; washes B. have been told; washes
C. was told; was washed D. have been told; is washed
【keys】①C　②A　③C　④A　⑤D　⑥B
练习1：（翻译句子）
①他决定去瞧瞧那座房子，看是否值得买下。(worth)
②但是随着调查的继续深入，情况开始变得复杂起来。(continue)
③他们听见一声爆炸般的巨响。(sound)
【keys】
①He's decided to get a look at the house and see if it might be worth buying. 　
②But as the investigation continued, the plot began to thicken.
③They heard what sounded like a huge explosion.
（Ⅳ）某些动词不能构成被动结构
动词leave, enter, reach等的宾语是表示处所，地点（国家，团体，组织，军队）等时。
表示状态的动词：become, benefit, cost, contain, equal, exist, fit, fail, have, lack, last, mean, seem, resemble, suit, look like 等
下列不及物动词及短语动词
appear, die, disappear, happen, lie, occur, rise, agree with, belong to, break out, consist of, have on, keep up with, keep words, lose heart, take place.
练习：（翻译句子）
①双方都从谈判中获益。（benefit）
②事故发生在玛莎葡萄园附近。(happen)
③我弟弟两年前参军。（join）
（不能写成 The army was joined by my brother two years ago. ）
【keys】
Both sides have benefited from the talks.
The accident happened close to Martha's Vineyard.
My brother joined the army two years ago.
综合练习
1.--Did you enjoy the party --Yes, we _______ by our hosts.
A. were treated B. would be treated C. treated D. had treated
2.in the last few years, China _______ great achievements in environmental protection.
A. has made B. had made C. was making D.is making
3.--Did you have difficulty finding Ann' house
--Not really. She _______ us clear directions and we were able to find it easily
A. was to give B. had given C. was giving D. would give
4. -- Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment. -- All right. I _______ him later.
A. will call B. have called C. call D will be calling
5. -- Is Peter coming --No, he _______ his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
A. changes B. changed C. was changing D. had changed
6. In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat _______ cut.
A. will have been B. will be C. was D. has been
7. Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he _______ a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
A. has been B. had been C. was going to be D. was
8. Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement _______ so far by the two sides.
A. has been reached B. was reached C. will reach D. will have reached
9. Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she _______ a class at that time.
A. will teach B. would teach C. has taught D. will be teaching
10. More expressways _______ in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.
A. are being built B. will be built C. have been built D. had been built
11. At college, Barack Obama didn’t know that he _______ the first black president of the United States of America.
A. was to become B. becomes C. is to become D. became
12. Mary _______ really hard on his book and thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.
A. worked B. has been working C. had worked D. has worked
13. --Where is Peter I can't find him anywhere.
-- He went to the library after breakfast and _______ his essay there ever since.
A. wrote B. had written C. has been writing D. is writing
14. To my delight, I _______ from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
A. was chosen B. was being chosen C. would choose D. had chosen
15. The real reason why prices _______, and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
A. were B. will be C. have been D. had been
16. It is reported that a space station _______ on the moon in years to come.
A. will be building B. will be built C. has been building D. has been built
17. Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I _______ my bank in the cafe.
A. have left B. had left C. would leave D. was leaving
18. He must have sensed that I _______ him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, "Why are you staring at me like that "
A. would look at B. looked at C. was looking at D. am looking at
19. I wasn't able to hide my eagerness when I _______, "What do you wish me to do now "
A. ask B. have asked C. am asking D. asked
20. As you go through this book, you _______ that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience.
A. will find B. found C. had found D. have found
21. That's why I help brighten people's days. If you _______, who's to say that another person will
A. didn't B. don't C. weren't D. haven't
22. I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but _______ thankfully by the shop window.
A. am held back B. held back C. hold back D. was held back
【keys】1-10 AABAB DCADB 11-22 ABCAB BBCDA BD