2022年中考英语二轮复习——定语从句小结

初中定语从句讲解及练习
一、定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
如：1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.
2) You must do everything that I do.
上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
* 引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格whom, 所有格whose)和关系副词where, when、why
* 关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
* 5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(4)Do you like the book whose color is yellow
=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow
* 具体使用时还要注意下列问题：
1、只能使用that,不用which 的情况：
* 1） 当先行词是：all , any , anything , everything , nothing或被它们修饰时。Is there anything that I can do for you 有什么可以为你做的吗？
All that can be done must be done . 凡是能做的都必须做。
* 2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如：
That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop .
那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。
The first thing that we should do is to get some food .
我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
* 3）当先行词有：the only , the very , the same , the last 等修饰时。例如：
My necklace is not the only thing that's missing .
我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西。
* 5）当先行词既有人又有物时，用that 。例如：
The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known .
你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。
2、只用which不用that的情况：
* 1) 关系代词前有介词时；
e.g. This is the room in which Lu Xun lived.
* 2)非限定性定语从句中；作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。
e.g. That necklace, which you gave me as a present, was lost yesterday.
He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.
* 3) 先行词本身是that时；
e.g. The clock is that which tells the time
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 。
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
（非限)
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you这里有人要和你说话(限制性)
* 4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。
He did very well in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
* 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.
= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.
* 像listen to, look at, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
* 1、when：当主句中的先行词(即主句中被后面定语从句修饰的词)是表示时间意义的名词时，它只能作定语从句的时间状语，放在定语从句句首。如果定语从句的引导词是作该定语从句的主语或宾语，则要改用关系代词that或which来引导。例如：
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.
The days when we used foreign oil are gone. 我们用洋油的日子一去不复返了。
I'll never forget the day when I was born. (=I'll never forget my birthday.) 我永远不会忘记我出生的日子。
It happened in November when the weather was wet and cold.
这事发生在天气又湿又冷的十一月。
The day (that) I always remember in all my life is my birthday. 我一生中最难忘的日子是我的生日。(that作定语从句"that I always remember in all my life"的宾语，that可以省略)
* 2、where：当主句中的先行词是表示地点意义的名词时，它只能作其所在的定语从句的地点状语，放在定语从句的句首。如果定语从句的引导词作该定语从句的主语或宾语时，也要改用关系代词that或which来引导。例如：
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city
This is the room where (＝in which) I lived last year. 这就是我去年住过的房间。
Is this the classroom where(=in which) the old worker is going to make/give us a report 这就是那位老工人要给我们做报告的教室吗？
Let's look for a place where we can swim. 咱们找一个可以游泳的地方吧。
The building that is being built over there will be a new hospital. 正在那边建的楼房将是一家新医院。(引导词that作定语从句"that is being built over there"的主语)
That is the factory (that) they visited last month. 那就是他们上个月参观过
的工厂。(引导词that作定语从句"(that) they visited last month"的宾语，that可以省略)
* 注意：不要以为在时间名词后就一定用关系副词when，在地点名词后就一定用关系副词 where，在表示原因的the reason后就一定用关系副词why。到底选用关系副词还是关系代词，关键是看它们在从句中是用作状语(用关系副词)还是用作主语或宾语(用关系代词)。
如：Don’t forget the time (that) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。(that用作told的宾语)
I’ll never forget the days when I worked with you. 我永远不会忘记我与你共事的日子。(when用作状语)
He works in a factory that /which makes radio parts. 他在一家制造无线电零件的工厂工作。(that/ which 在从句中用作主语，且不能省略)
He works in the factory where his father worked. 他在他父亲工作过的那家工厂工作。(where作状语)
That’s the reason (that /which ) he explained to us. 那就是他向我们解释的理由。(that或which在从句中用作explained的宾语)
That’s the reason why she left home. 那就是她离家出走的原因。(why在从句中作状语)
* 英语中的关系副词主要是 when, where, why三个，不要想当然地将how用作关系副词修饰the way。
如不说 This is the way how he spoke，
可改为 This is how he spoke(how引导的是表语从句)，
当然也可说成 This is the way (that/ in which) he spoke.(其中的that/ in which可省略)
* 另外，when和where可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，而why则只用于引导限制性定语从句，不用于引导非限制性定语从句。
Sunday is a holiday , when people do not go to work.
星期天是假日，（这天）人们不上班。
He took us into the classroom , where there were only a few students.
他把我们带进教室，那儿只有少数几个学生。
* 在定语从句的使用中，one of后面的名词是复数，这个复数名词制约后面的定语从句的谓语动词，用复数； 而在one of 前面有the或 the only时，后面引导的定语从句中的谓语动词则用单数形式。
He is the only one of the students who is elected
Jasper is one of those people who know about the accident .