2022年中考英语语法解析-介词用法

2022年中考九年级英语语法讲解
介词的用法
over的用法
1、在……上方（垂直）；在……上面
There's a bridge over the river. 河上有座桥.
Spread a cloth over the table. 给桌子上铺块布.
A lamp hung over us. 我们头上吊着一盏灯.
The magistrate looked at the merchant from head to foot, and a faint smile passed over his face.
那个官员把商人从头到脚看了一遍，一丝淡淡的微笑掠过他的脸上。
You can't wear a blue jacket over that shirt—it'll look terrible.
你不能把一件蓝夹克穿在那件衬衫的外面，太难看了。
2、（地位、职位、势力等）高于，在……之上；
He is over me in the office. 他职务比我高。
Their owners had complete power over them. 他们的主人对他们有绝对的控制权。
3、（数目、程度）在……以上，超过：（=more than）
He is over fifty. 他五十多岁。
He spoke (for) over an hour. 他讲了一个多小时。
The Great Wall has a history of over twenty centuries. 长城有两千多年的历史。
4、越过，从……边缘往下：
She looked over the fence to the distance.
她双眼越过篱笆向远处望去。
He jumped over the fence and disappeared in a moment.
他跳过篱笆，一会儿就不见了。
It winds its way from west to east , across desert, over mountains, through valleys till at last it reaches the sea.
长城自西向东蜿蜒迂回，过沙漠，越高山，跨峡谷，最后直达海边。
On the way home, I talked over the shoulder to David.
回家的路上，我回过头跟大卫说话。
The child fell over the balcony. 孩子从阳台边上掉了下去。
5、（时间）在……期间；直到……过完：
American English has changed over the centuries, too.
几个世纪以来，美国英语也起了变化。
In this way over several days the artist and his mouse became good friends.
就这样过了几天，画家和老鼠成了好朋友。
It was difficult for me to do any interesting “collecting” over the last few months.
过去的几个月里，我想做点有趣儿的“收集”都很难。
Can't you stay over Sunday 你不能等过了星期天再走吗？
-Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend –I believe not.
——你觉得这个周末会下雨吗？ ——不会吧。
Some of the rubbish, such as food, paper and iron, rots away over a long period of time.
一些垃圾，像食物、纸和铁，经过较长一段时间就腐烂了。
If we read bad news about well-known people, or get the frightful details of our neighbor's bad situation over a cup of coffee, our own problems begin to pale in comparison.
如果我们喝咖啡时看到了名人的不幸消息，或是了解到邻居所处的可怕窘境，那么，我们自己的问题相比之下好像就小多了。
6、在……方面，关于，由于：
It's no use crying over spilt milk. 【谚语】木已成舟，哭亦无用。
They wept over (for) their failure. 他们为失败而哭泣。
We had a good laugh over the cross-talk. 那段相声让我们笑得不轻。
They mourn over the old man's death. 他们哀悼老人的去世。
“Someone must be very unhappy over the loss,” she said. “My son, you must return this to the owner.”
“有人丢东西肯定非常地不高兴，”她说，“我儿，你得把这个还给它的主人。”
7、通过……的通讯途径：
He heard the exciting news over (on) the radio.
他从收音机上听到了那个令人兴奋的消息。
People at the shop will show you the thing you're interested in right over the phone.
商店里的人刚好可以通过电话让你看一看你感兴趣的东西。
across的用法
1. across 不能用作动词。如：
不能说：The river is too deep and we can’t across.
可改为：The river is too deep and we can’t cross. 河水太深，我们过不了。
2. 可以用作介词或副词，注意以下用法：
(1) 表示动态意义，意为“横过”、“到……的另一边”。如：
I cam swim across the river in 10 minutes. 我可以在十分钟之内游过河去。(介词用法)
Can you swim across 你能游过去吗 (副词用法)
(2) 表示静态意义，意为“在……的另一边”。如：
My house is just across the street. 我家就在街道对面。(介词用法)
We leave Dover at ten and we should be across in France by midnight. 我们十点钟离开多佛，午夜时应能抵达法国那边。(副词用法)
有可与介词 from 连用，表示“从……的另一边”。如：
He shouted to me from across the room. 他从房间的另一边向我喊。
(3) 表示“交叉”(介词用法) 或“从一边到另一边的宽度”(副词用法)。如：
He sat there with his arms across his chest. 他坐在那儿，两臂交叉放在胸前。(介词用法)
The river is half a mile across. 这条河半英里宽。(副词用法)
2. 用于 come across, 意为“偶然遇见”、“意外发现”(不用于被动式)。如：
Where did you come across her 你在那儿碰到她的
I’ve just come across a beautiful poem in this book. 我在这本书里偶然发现一首优美的诗。
1. 表示“在……期间”，是介词，不要将其误用作连词。如：
他在巴黎期间，与他的朋友住在一起。
误：During he was in Paris, he lived with his friends.
正：While he was in Paris, he lived with his friends.
正：During his stay in Paris, he lived with his friends.
during的用法
2. during 和 for 均可表示一段时间，但两者有差别。
(1) during 通常表示事件发生在何时（when），而for则表示事件持续了多长时间（how long）。如：
He was in hospital for six weeks during the summer. 他在夏天住了 6 个星期的医院。
(2) 两者之后均可接由 the whole 引起的时间短语，但通常不能接由 all 引起的时间短语。如：
他整个夏天都住在那儿。
正：He stayed there for the whole summer.
误：He stayed there for all the summer.
(3) 在“数词+时间名词”之前以及在some time, a long time之类表示泛指一段时间的词组之前，可用介词 for，但不用 during。如：
He lived here for ten years (for some time). 他在这儿住过 10 年（一段时间）。

3. during与in均可表示“时间点”，有时可互换。如：
I'll be on holiday in August. 我将在8月度假。
He woke up three times in the night. 夜里他醒了 3 次。
但在使用时还有以下几点要注意：
(1) 比较而言，during 更强调时间的延续，in 只是指一般性的某一时间。因此若表示状态或习惯性动作，多用during，否则以用in为常见。如：
Many people suffered hardship during the war. 许多人在战争期间受苦遭难。
He was injured in the war. 他在战争期间受了伤。
(2) 在stay, visit, meal等表示行为要持续一段时间的名词之前，只能用during 而不能用in。如：
The phone rang during the meal. 吃饭时电话铃响了。
I went to see my aunt during my stay in Beijing. 在北京逗留期间，我去看了我的姑妈。
(3) 与季节名词连用，in表泛指，during表特指。如：
In summer we often camp in the forest. 夏天我们常在森林里露营。（泛指）
During the summer we camped in the forest. 今年夏天我们在森林里露营。（特指）
with的用法
with是一个十分有用的介词，其用法也比较复杂，以下用法值得注意：
1. 表示方式、手段或工具等时（=以，用），注意不要受汉语意思的影响而用错搭配，如“用英语”习惯上用in English，而不是with English。
2. 与某些抽象名词连用时，其作用相当于一个副词。如：
with care=carefully 认真地
with kindness=kindly 亲切地
with joy=joyfully 高兴地
with anger=angrily 生气地
with sorrow=sorrowfully 悲伤地
with ease=easily 容易地
with delight=delightedly 高兴地
with great fluency =very fluently 很流利地
3. 表示条件时，根据情况可与虚拟语气连用。如：
With more money I would be able to buy it. 要是钱多一点，我就买得起了。
With better equipment, we could have finished the job even sooner. 要是设备好些，我们完成这项工作还要快些。
4. 比较with和as：两者均可表示“随着”，但前者是介词，后接名词或代词；后者是连词，用于引导一个句子。比较：
He will improve as he grows older. 随着年龄的增长，他会进步的。
People's ideas change with the change of the times. 时代变了，人们的观念也会变化。
5. 复合结构“with+宾语+宾语补足语”是一个很有用的结构，它在句中主要用作状语，表示伴随、原因、时间、条件、方式等；其中的宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、副词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式、介词短语等。如：
(1) with+宾语+形容词
He often sleeps with the windows open. 他常开着窗睡觉。
Don't speak with your mouth full. 不要满嘴巴食物说话。
(2) with+宾语+ 副词
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头 站在老师面前。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣 躺在床上。
(3) with +宾语+ 介词短语
She said good-bye with tears in her eyes. 她含着眼泪说了声再见。
The man was asleep with his head on his arms. 这个人头枕着胳膊睡着了。
(4) with+宾语+现在分词
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病, 我无法去度假。
(5) with +宾语+ 过去分词
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
(6) with +宾语+ 动词不定式
I can't go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服, 我无法出去了。
With such good cadres to carry out the Party's policy we feel safe. 有这样的好干部执行党的政策, 我们感到放心。
(7) with +宾语+ 名词
He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世时，女儿还是个小学生。
without的用法
一、基本用法
1. (表否定)没有，无，不需。如：
The letter was posted without a stamp. 那封信没贴邮票就寄出去了。
We got there without any trouble. 我们到了那儿，一路上没遇到任何麻烦。
You'll get wet if you go out in the rain without an umbrella. 雨天外出不带伞会淋湿的。
I suddenly realized I'd come out without any money. 我突然意识到，一点儿钱也没带就出来了。
2. (用在no, not, never等否定副词之后，强调肯定)没有……不，没有……则不能……，每……必定……。如：
You can't get rich without taking risks. 人不冒险不富。
The old man cannot walk without a stick. 那位老先生离开手杖就走不了路。
Don't go out without a coat: you'll catch your death. 别不穿外套出去，会得重感冒的。
I never see this picture without thinking of him. 每次看到这张照片，我都会想起他。
3. (与-ing形式连用)不，无，没。如：
She entered the room without knocking. 她没敲门就进了房间。
It goes without saying that health is above wealth. 健康胜于财富这个道理是无需多说的。
They had to stand for hours without changing position. 他们得一动不动地站几个小时。
It wasn't very polite of you to serve yourself without asking. 你也不问一声就自己吃起来是不太礼貌的。
4. (表条件)若无，若非。如：
I don't like to go to a country without knowing something of the language. 我要是不懂得一点那个国家的语言，就不想到那个国家去。
Without water, we cannot live. 没有水，我们就活不了。
Can you see without your glasses 你不戴眼镜能看得清东西吗？

二、作表语的用法
without引出的介词短语通常用作状语，但有时也可用作表语。如：
She is completely without shame. 她恬不知耻。
My investigations were without result. 我的调查毫无结果。
The houses in this village are without water. 这个村子里家家户户都没有自来水。
We were without electricity for three hours but it's on again now. 我们的电停了3小时，现在又有了。

三、后接复合宾语的用法
without后接复合宾语的常用结构如下：
1. without+宾语+副词
I'd be lost without you here. 没有你在这儿，我会一筹莫展。
I'm very near-sighted without my glasses on. 我要是不戴眼镜十分近视。
2. without+宾语+介词短语
We'd be better off without them as neighbors. 要是没有这些邻居，我们就过得更愉快了。
I don't like sweet coffee; I like it better without sugar in it. 我不喜欢加糖的咖啡，里边不加糖我更喜欢。
3. without+宾语+动名词
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 无人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。
They debated for hours without a decision being taken. 他们争论了几个小时，也没作出决定。
4. without+宾语+不定式
Without anyone to help, how can we go on 没有人帮忙，我们怎么能进行下去
It was boring to sit there without anything to do. 无所事事地坐在那里太无聊了。
5. without+宾语+过去分词
Without another word exchanged, they started off. 没有再交谈一句，他们就出发了。

四、用于虚拟语气
without有时可表示条件，引出虚拟语气，与but for大致同义。如：
Without appropriate software, a computer would be a mere box. 如果没有恰当的软件，电脑只是一个空盒子罢了。
Without you, our project wouldn't have succeeded. 如果没有你的话，我们的计划就无法成功了。
Life would be quieter without the telephone. 要是没有电话，生活就会清静一些了。
Without your advice I would have failed. 假若没有你的劝告，我想必已失败了。

五、without A and B与without A or B
两者基本同义，相当于without A and without B，即同时否定A、B两者。如：
We were cast away by the storm on an island without food or water. 我们被风暴丢弃在小岛上，没有食物，也没有淡水。
I found myself in a strange place without money or friends. 我发现自己身处在一个陌生的地方，既无钱财，又无朋友。
We cannot survive for long without food and water. 我们没有食物和水就活不了多久。
for的用法
用法1：(表目的)为了。如：
They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。
What did you do that for 你干吗这样做？
That's what we're here for. 这正是我们来的目的。
What's she gone for this time 她这次去干什么去了？
He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。
【用法说明】在通常情况下，英语不用 for doing sth 来表示目的。如：
他去那儿看他叔叔。
误：He went there for seeing his uncle.
正：He went there to see his uncle.
但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与 for 连用表目的。如：
He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化)
注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法)
用法2：(表利益)为，为了。如：
What can I do for you 你想要我什么？
We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。
Would you please carry this for me 请你替我提这个东西好吗？
Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。
【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如 buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通常用 for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如：
She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。
He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。
注意，类似下面这样的句子必须用 for：
He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。
(2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思，在一些及物动词后误加介词 for：
他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。
误：They decided to advertise for their new product on TV.
正：They decided to advertise their new product on TV.
注：advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词，但含义不同：advertise sth＝为卖出某物而打广告；advertise for sth＝为寻找某物而打广告。如：advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响，而此处误加了介词 for。类似地，汉语中的“为人民服务”，说成英语是 serve the people，而不是 serve for the people，“为某人的死报仇”，说成英语是 avenge sb's death，而不是 avenge for sb's death，等等。
用法3：(表用途)用于，用来。如：
Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。
This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。
It's a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。
The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 医生给了她一些感冒药。
用法4：为得到，为拿到，为取得。如：
He went home for his book. 他回家拿书。
He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友请教。
She often asked her parents for money. 她经常向父母要钱。
We all hope for success. 我们都盼望成功。
Are you coming in for some tea 你要不要进来喝点茶？
用法5：给(某人)，供(某人)用。如：
That's for you. 这是给你的。
Here is a letter for you. 这是你的信。
Have you room for me there 你那边能给我腾出点地方吗？
用法6：(表原因、理由)因为，由于。如：
I am sorry for it. 对不起。
Thank you for coming to see me. 谢谢你来看我。
You can't see the wood for the trees. 你只见树木，不见森林。
He is famous for his poems. 他因为他的诗出名。
He was sent to prison for robbery. 他因为抢劫而坐牢。
I couldn't speak for laughing. 我笑得说不出话来。
He couldn't sleep for joy. 他高兴得不能入睡。
For several reasons, I'd rather not meet her. 由于种种原因，我宁愿不见她。
【用法说明】有些表原因的特殊结构不宜用介词 for 来引出，而用其他介词。如：
他由于努力工作而加了工资。
误：For the result of his hard work, he got a pay rise.
正：As a result of his hard work, he got a pay rise.
注：as a result of 是习语，意为“由于……的结果”。
因为母亲不在家，她只好自己做饭。
误：For Mother (being) away, she had to cook the meal herself.
正：With Mother (being) away, she had to cook the meal herself.