中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
Module One 非限制性定语从句与难点分析
非限制性定语从句:
教材例句:
I walk through the doors into the waiting area,where there's a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension.
我穿过一道道门进入候诊区,这里充斥着常见的厌烦和紧张情绪。
非限定性定语从句:
根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度,定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。从形式上看,限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。从功能上看,限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰,限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整;而限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明的作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚,完整。
People who take physical exercise live longer.
进行体育锻炼的人 活得长一些。
(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
His daughter,who is in Boston now,is coming home next week.
他女儿现在在波士顿,下周回家。
(若把从句去掉句子意义仍然完整)
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句所修饰的先行词通常也有所不同;限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限制性定语从句的先行词则既可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限定性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句;as引导非限定性定语从句,可放在句首,句中,句末,指代整个主句的内容。
Peter drove too fast,which was dangerous.
(which指drive too fast)
He changed his mind,which made me very angry.
(which指整个句子)
Mr.Smith,who is our boss,will leave for Chengdu next week.(先行词为专有名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
Her father,who has a lot of money,wishes her to study abroad.(先行词为具有独一无二性的普通名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
非限制性定语从句的主要应用场合:
1.先行词指代明确时,如专有名词或第一无二的事物。
Zhong Nanshan,who was born in China,is a famous medical expert.
钟南山,出生于中国,是一位著名的医学专家。
2.先行词被不定冠词修饰,表示泛指时。
He is a good student,who has won several prizes in the past year.
他是个优秀生,在过去的一年中得了好几个奖项。
3.先行词被物主代词,指示代词等修饰时。
My father,who is a doctor,wants me to study medicine .
我做医生的父亲想让我学医。
4。关系代词作复杂介词的宾语时。
He had his ankle injured while playing football,because of which he couldn't attend school.
他在踢足球时把脚踝伤着了,因为这他不能去上学。
5.关系代词作of的宾语,且of 前有数词(分数,百分数)代词或名词时。
The tree,the branches of which are almost bare,is a very old one.
这是一棵非常古老的树,它的树枝几乎都秃了。
6.关系词指代整个主句的内容时。
Tom has the good qualities of kindness and honesty,which is what his employer admires.
汤姆拥有善良,诚实的优良品质,这正是他的雇主所欣赏的。
引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词
1.which指物,在定语从句中作主语,宾语或表语。
She is patient with the children,which her husband seldom is.
2.who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
I met Professor Xu,who told me the result of the election.
3.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。
The employer,whom all the employees respect,is concerned about his employees' working conditions.
4.whose既可指人也可指物,在定语从句中作定语。
The poet,whose poems are best loved,once lived in this district.
5.as既可以指人也可以指物,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。
To write some dull poems,as many so-called poets do,is unworthy of him.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词:
1.where在定语从句中作地点状语。
We went to Qingdao,where I ever swam in the sea.
2.when在定语从句中作时间状语。
We will put off the picnic until next month,when the weather may be better.
注意事项:
1.在Which,as引导的非限制性定语从句中,关系代词Which,as都可表示一个整体概念,所以当它们在定语从句中作主语且修饰整个句子时,其为谓语动词总是用单数形式。
The couple were invited to the state banquet,which was a great honour to them.
这对夫妇被邀请参加国宴,这对他们来说是一件很荣幸的事。
2.as引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词是整个主句。从句可位于主句前或主句后,也可位于主句中间。as引导的定语从句表示说话人的看法,态度或评论,as仍具有‘正如,像'等意思。
As was often the case,she forgot to bring her homework.
她忘带了她的家庭作业,这是常有的事。
3.which引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词既可以是一个词,也可以是整个主句或主句的部分内容。Which引导的定语从句只能位于主句的后面。which引导的定语从句对主句叙述的内容进行补充说明时,常译为’这一点,这件事‘等。
John passed the exam,which made his parents very happy.
约翰通过了考试,这使得他的父母很高兴。
4.whose引导非限定性定语从句表示’所属‘关系时,可以用’of which'替换。
I have a house,whose widows are red.=I have a house,the windows of which are red.=I have a house,of which the windows are red.
难点分析(1)倍数表达法:
教材例句:
...I spot a small girl whose ankle is twice its normal size.
我注意到一个小女孩,她的脚踝肿成了原来的两倍。
英语中常见的倍数表达法:
A is+倍数+B's+size/weight/height/length/width...
=A is+倍数+the size/weight/height/length/width...+of B(of 所有格)
A is+倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as B
A is+倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than B
A is+倍数+what从句
难点分析(2)强调句:
教材例句:
Although it's the doctors and nurses who will treat her injury,it's my job to make her feel better.
尽管为她治疗伤痛的是医生和护士,但让她的心情变好则是我的工作。
强调句型:基本结构:
It is /was+被强调部分+that+其他部分. 该句型可强调主语,宾语,状语等,但不能强调谓语。
对谓语进行强调可以借助助动词do/does/did+动词原形。
句式变化:
一般疑问句:Is/Was it+被强调部分+that+其他部分?
特殊疑问句:疑问词+is/was it that+其他部分?
注意:
1.构成强调句型的it不能用其他词代替。
2.被强调部分指人时,可以用who代替that,其他情况一律用that.
3.用is 还是was要根据原句的时态而定;属于现在或将来时间范畴的所有时态用is;属于过去时间范畴的所有时态用was.
4.强调句型的判断方法:去掉it is/was和that/who,适当调整语序,能还原成完整的句子,则为强调句型,否则就不是。
难点分析(3)make+宾语+宾补
教材例句:
Although it's the doctors and nurses who will treat her injury,it's my job to make her feel better.
尽管为她治疗伤痛的是医生和护士,但让她的心情变好则是我的工作。
该结构主要有以下几种形式:
1.make+名词/代词+形容词
2.make+名词/代词+不带to 的不定式
3.make+名词/代词+过去分词
4.make+名词/代词+名词
5.make+it+名词/形容词+to do/从句
注意:
’make+宾语+不带to的不定式‘用于被动语态时,to需还原。
He was made to stay after school.
其他常见的用于’动词+宾语+宾补‘的结构还有:
see/watch/hear/feel+宾语+宾补
find/leave/keep+宾语+宾补
难点分析(4)All you have to do is(to)do....
教材例句:
All you have to do is cross out the wrong words.
你只需要把错误的单词划掉就行。
All you have to do is(to) do ...
该句式中,(to) do 不定式作表语。
1.主语是’all+定语从句;
All she does is gossip about others.
2.主语被the only,the first,the best,the last,the next修饰,且后面又有定语从句修饰。
The only thing I could do was do it alone.
3.主语是what等引导的从句。
在以上三种情况中,如果(主语)从句或短语(作主语)中有实义动词do时,作表语的不定式前可省略to.
What we must do is reduce the use of energy and try to use natural energy.
All I did was only help him with some food.
4.介词but,except等前若有行为动词do,后常用省to的不定式作宾语;若没有,则带to.
I'm so tired that I want to do nothing but have a rest.
难点分析(5)There be+主语+非谓语动词
教材例句:
...if he wanted to go to the event he would have to stand,as there were no seats left in the theatre.
...如果他想去听演讲就只能站着了,因为剧院里没有多余的座位。
There be+主语+非谓语动词
该句式中,非谓语动词作后置定语,修饰前面的主语。具体形式:
1.There be+主语+to do(表动作尚未发生)
2.There be+主语+doing(表主动和进行)
3.There be+主语+done(表被动或完成)
当主语与其后的不定式是被动关系时,不定式用主动语态和被动语态均可,有些没有意义上的区别,有些则有区别。
There is no time to lose/to be lost.时间不容耽搁。
There is nothing to see.没有什么可看的。
There is nothing to be seen.看不见什么东西。
难点分析(6)现在进行时的被动语态
教材例句:
'Youmo'is still being used in this way today.
今天,‘幽默’一词仍在以这种方式被人们使用。
现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are+being+done
The bridge is being built across the river this month.
现在进行时的被动语态既可以表示此刻正在被进行的动作,句中常用now,at the moment等时间状语,也可以表示现阶段正被进行的动作,但此动作在此时此刻不一定正在发生。
Many clothes are being washed in that laundry room.
many interesting experiments are being carried out these days.
难点分析(7)the way+定语从句
教材例句:
...the funniest thing about Charlie Chaplin was the way walked when he was acting as the Tramp...
....查理.卓别林最滑稽的地方是他扮演流浪汉时走路的样子...
the way(in which/that) he walked 他走路的样子
the way+定语从句
the way意为’方式,方法‘,后面的定语从句缺少状语时,可使用that或in which引导从句,也可以省略。即:
1.the way+ that
2.the way+ in which(最为正式)
3.the way+从句(省略了that或in which,显得更自然,最为常用。
若the way在后面定语从句中作主语,宾语或表语,则用关系代词that或which 引导从句。
为了便于理解,the way有时候可根据上下文,转化成how 或as.
No one can imagine the way he misses her.=No one can imagine how he misses her.
Do it the way you are told to.=Do it as you are told to.
本单元重点词组
1.did a great job 做得很棒
2.in pain 痛苦
3.think on one's feet 头脑反应快;才思敏捷
4.do the trick 奏效;达到预期效果
5.crack a smile 笑了起来
6.put sb. on the spot (故意提出难以回答或尴尬的问题)使某人难堪
7.fall behind 不能按时完成(工作)
8.cheer up (使)高兴起来,(使)振作起来
9.work closely with 与....密切合作
10.hurry away 匆匆离开
11.long face 愁眉苦脸
12.practical joke 恶作剧
13.more often than not 通常;多半
14.throw light on阐明;照亮;使(问题等)较容易理解
15.roar with laughter 哄堂大笑
16.laughing stock 笑料;笑柄
17.brand of humour 某种类型的幽默
18.tell off 斥责;责骂
19.apologise for sth.因某事道歉
20.get lost 迷路
21.fall over 绊倒
22.look through 浏览;快速查看;透过...看
23.rush sb.to the hospital 快速把某人送往医院
24.due to 由于;因为
25.be intended to do sth.打算做某事
26.work out 计算出(答案,数量,价格等)
27.in turn 依此;轮流;相应的;转而
28.take off 脱下(衣服,鞋子),摘下(帽子,眼睛等)
29.after all 终究;毕竟
30.in need of 需要
31.on a weekly basis 每周;按每周一次的标准
32.refer to 参考;查阅;提到;涉及;谈到;关于;指的是
33.take away 带走;拿走;清除
34.make sense 有意义;有道理;是理智的
35.put up 举起;留宿;张贴;提高(价格)
36.play jokes on 戏弄
37.get it 知道;了解;明白
38.make comments 做出评论
39.give feedback on 对...进行反馈
40.in particular 尤其;特别
41.be regarded as 被认为是;被看作是
42.in one's opinion 在某人看来
43.keep up 继续;坚持;持续;跟上
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