2022届高考英语二轮复习：定语从句复习学案-
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语法复习学案
定语从句 （Attributive Clauses）
学习目标：1掌握关系代词和关系副词的用法及区别
2.灵活运用关系词
一. 基础知识梳理：
（一）.定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行 词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词:who, whom, whose, that, which，as
关系副词： when, where, why
Alec asked the policeman who he worked with to contact him whenever there was an accident.
先行词 关系词 定语从句
(二.)限制性和非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加 说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
（三）关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1.who（主语，指人）, whom（宾语，指人）, that（主语、宾语，指人和物）。作宾语时，关系词可省略
Is he the man who/that wants to see you （who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man （whom/ that） I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
The package（ that/不填) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (that在句中作宾语）
2.Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）,
例如They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.= Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
3.which 用来指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语。作宾语时，关系词可省略
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）
注意：which和that 的区别
1）不用that的情况
（1） 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
（2) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2） 只能用that的情况
（1) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
（2) 不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用 which。
（3) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
（4) 先行词前有序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。.
（5) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
Ex 1） All ___is needed is a supply of oil.
2） Finally, the thief handed everything____ he had stolen to the police.
3）This is the only problem _____we can’t work out.
4）This is the most interesting book ____ I have ever read.
5）Luxun and his works _____we are familiar with are considered great
3）用which的情况：
（1）介词+ which中只能用which
(2) which引导非限制性定语从句，既能修饰单个的词，还能修饰句子
4．as 的用法
1). as可引导非限制性从句，作主语，宾语。
Smoking is harmful to one's health ,as we know.
As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health.
2). the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构,
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
She wears the same shirt that she wore yesterday.
The teacher gave us such a difficult question as no one worked out.
The teacher gave us such a difficult question that no one worked it out.
注意：which和as的区别
Which在非限定性定语从句中作主语，从句放在主句后。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语和宾语，放在主句前或后
5 介词+关系代词 (from+where
1）介词+whom只能指人；介词+ which只能指物)
Look, there comes Tom, for whom I have waiting for an hour.
Last Saturday evening, I went to Wu Dong’s birthday party, in which I met a foreigner named Jim.
2）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系代词"结构可以同关系副词when ，where，why互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.（where）
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club （when）
I’d like you to explain the reason for which you were absent.( why)
3)名词/代词/数词+介词+ 关系代词。
He has three children, one of whom is studying abroad now.
It is reported that two schools , both of which are being built in my hometown, will open next year.
注意：1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）介词的确定：依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配；依据先行词的习惯搭配；依据所表达的意思；
3）from+where特殊：The boy climbed to the second floor, from where he could see the enemy in the distance.
（四）关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词(when, where, why)可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
（五）判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词要看从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后缺宾语，就要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
This is the mountain village which I visited last year.
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、宾、定、状)，再选择关系代词/关系副词。
I can never forget the day ___we worked together and the day __ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when
C. what; that D. on which; when
（六）定语从句的特殊情况：
1. 分隔式定语从句
所谓分隔式定语从句，指为了某种特殊的需要，与先行词分离的定语从句。
A 被介词短语分开
I have a picture by a famous painter which was sent to me for my birthday.
我有一幅出自名家手笔、送给我作为生日礼物的画。
B 被谓语分开
The professor entered the hall who had just presented several lectures.
刚刚做完几场报告的教授进了大厅。
2、混杂式定语从句
有时定语从句的关系词与其后的词之间会插入一个像I think, I believe, I guess, I expect, I am sure, they say等类似的句子，使定语从句更加复杂，我们称这种定语从句为混杂式定语从句。
James is the only one who we expect will win.
詹姆士是我们认为唯一能胜的人。
3、多重定语从句
两个或多个定语从句同时修饰一个先行词的， 我们称这样的定语从句为多重定语从句。
I find it hard to leave the land where I have lived for 30 years and where there are sweet memories of my childhood.
我发现很难离开这片土地，我在那里住了三十年，在那里有我甜美的童年记忆。
4、省略式定语从句
有些定语从句在不引起歧义的情况下，也可省略一些成分，变为“介词+关系代词+不定式”，从而使语句更加简洁。
I have saved a sum of money with which to buy a new computer for myself.
我已经攒了一笔钱，要用这些钱为自己买一台电脑。（本句的完整形式：I have saved a sum of money with which I’d like to buy a new computer for myself.）
（七）定语从句应注意的问题-----主谓一致：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语的单复数形式与先行词一致
1. 先行词是单数，从句中谓语用单数；先行词是复数，从句中谓语用复数。
Mr. Smith, who is now downstairs,is asking to see you./The Smiths, who are now downstairs, are asking to see you.
2. one of +复数名词+关系代词+复数谓语
the (only/very/right) one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数谓语
定语从句 （Attributive Clauses）
学习目标：1掌握关系代词和关系副词的用法及区别
2.灵活运用关系词
一. 基础知识梳理：
（一）.定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行 词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词:who, whom, whose, that, which，as
关系副词： when, where, why
Alec asked the policeman who he worked with to contact him whenever there was an accident.
先行词 关系词 定语从句
(二.)限制性和非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加 说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
（三）关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1.who（主语，指人）, whom（宾语，指人）, that（主语、宾语，指人和物）。作宾语时，关系词可省略
Is he the man who/that wants to see you （who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man （whom/ that） I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
The package（ that/不填) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (that在句中作宾语）
2.Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）,
例如They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.= Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
3.which 用来指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语。作宾语时，关系词可省略
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）
注意：which和that 的区别
1）不用that的情况
（1） 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
（2) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2） 只能用that的情况
（1) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
（2) 不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用 which。
（3) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
（4) 先行词前有序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。.
（5) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
Ex 1） All ___is needed is a supply of oil.
2） Finally, the thief handed everything____ he had stolen to the police.
3）This is the only problem _____we can’t work out.
4）This is the most interesting book ____ I have ever read.
5）Luxun and his works _____we are familiar with are considered great
3）用which的情况：
（1）介词+ which中只能用which
(2) which引导非限制性定语从句，既能修饰单个的词，还能修饰句子
4．as 的用法
1). as可引导非限制性从句，作主语，宾语。
Smoking is harmful to one's health ,as we know.
As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health.
2). the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构,
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
She wears the same shirt that she wore yesterday.
The teacher gave us such a difficult question as no one worked out.
The teacher gave us such a difficult question that no one worked it out.
注意：which和as的区别
Which在非限定性定语从句中作主语，从句放在主句后。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语和宾语，放在主句前或后
5 介词+关系代词 (from+where
1）介词+whom只能指人；介词+ which只能指物)
Look, there comes Tom, for whom I have waiting for an hour.
Last Saturday evening, I went to Wu Dong’s birthday party, in which I met a foreigner named Jim.
2）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系代词"结构可以同关系副词when ，where，why互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.（where）
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club （when）
I’d like you to explain the reason for which you were absent.( why)
3)名词/代词/数词+介词+ 关系代词。
He has three children, one of whom is studying abroad now.
It is reported that two schools , both of which are being built in my hometown, will open next year.
注意：1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）介词的确定：依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配；依据先行词的习惯搭配；依据所表达的意思；
3）from+where特殊：The boy climbed to the second floor, from where he could see the enemy in the distance.
（四）关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词(when, where, why)可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
（五）判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词要看从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后缺宾语，就要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
This is the mountain village which I visited last year.
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、宾、定、状)，再选择关系代词/关系副词。
I can never forget the day ___we worked together and the day __ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when
C. what; that D. on which; when
（六）定语从句的特殊情况：
1. 分隔式定语从句
所谓分隔式定语从句，指为了某种特殊的需要，与先行词分离的定语从句。
A 被介词短语分开
I have a picture by a famous painter which was sent to me for my birthday.
我有一幅出自名家手笔、送给我作为生日礼物的画。
B 被谓语分开
The professor entered the hall who had just presented several lectures.
刚刚做完几场报告的教授进了大厅。
2、混杂式定语从句
有时定语从句的关系词与其后的词之间会插入一个像I think, I believe, I guess, I expect, I am sure, they say等类似的句子，使定语从句更加复杂，我们称这种定语从句为混杂式定语从句。
James is the only one who we expect will win.
詹姆士是我们认为唯一能胜的人。
3、多重定语从句
两个或多个定语从句同时修饰一个先行词的， 我们称这样的定语从句为多重定语从句。
I find it hard to leave the land where I have lived for 30 years and where there are sweet memories of my childhood.
我发现很难离开这片土地，我在那里住了三十年，在那里有我甜美的童年记忆。
4、省略式定语从句
有些定语从句在不引起歧义的情况下，也可省略一些成分，变为“介词+关系代词+不定式”，从而使语句更加简洁。
I have saved a sum of money with which to buy a new computer for myself.
我已经攒了一笔钱，要用这些钱为自己买一台电脑。（本句的完整形式：I have saved a sum of money with which I’d like to buy a new computer for myself.）
（七）定语从句应注意的问题-----主谓一致：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语的单复数形式与先行词一致
1. 先行词是单数，从句中谓语用单数；先行词是复数，从句中谓语用复数。
Mr. Smith, who is now downstairs,is asking to see you./The Smiths, who are now downstairs, are asking to see you.
2. one of +复数名词+关系代词+复数谓语
the (only/very/right) one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数谓语