【2022高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题十 定语从句（原卷板）
黑龙江 哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
【考纲解读】
近些年的高考试卷中，对定语从句的考查处考查其语法结构外，常把定语从句融入到的语境中进行考查，其目的是考查学生实际运用语言的能力。因此，考生必须掌握定语从句的用法。
主要考查热点：
1.关系代词引导的定语从句；
2.关系副词引导的定语从句；
3.as引导的定语从句；
4.介词（或介词词组）+关系代词；
5.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
【考点剖析】
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
例1：(2021年高考 浙江1月卷））BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ____29___ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
【答案】that /which
例2：(2020年高考 新课标Ⅲ卷）In ancient China lived an artist ___61___ paintings were almost lifelike.
【答案】whose
例3：(2019年高考 北京卷）The students benefitting most from college are those ___9___ are totally engaged (参与) in academic life.
【答案】who / that
例4：(2018年高考 新课标I卷）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 __66__ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause).
【答案】that / which
【解题技巧】
分析定语从句首先要找准先行词；然后看先行词在从句中所作的成分。关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as，who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语。再根据句意判断应该正确使用地关系词。
二、关系副词关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句
例1：(2021年高考 天津卷））At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands ________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
A. where B. which C. that D. when
【答案】A
例2：(2019年高考 江苏卷）We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
A. which B. what C. when D. that
【答案】C
例 3：(2019年高考 天津卷）Their child is at the stage__________ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
A. why B. where C. which D. what
【答案】B
例4：(2018年高考 江苏卷）Self-driving is an area ____ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
【答案】B
【解题技巧】
where, why, when在句中做地点、原因、时间状语。首先要分析定语从句的成分，根据所缺少的成分就选用相应的关系词。
三、as引导的定语从句
例1：(2020年高考 哈工大专项测试卷）The living standard of the people in China, ________ is shown in the report, has improved over the past decades.
A. what B. as C. it D. that
【答案】B
例2：(2020年高考 哈工大专项测试卷）Too much fat, ________ well known, is harmful to health.
A.as is B. which is C. that is D. what is
【答案】A
例3：(2018年高考 天津一中月考卷）A lot of language learning, ________ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A. as B. it C. which D. this
【答案】A
【解题技巧】
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末，指代的是整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话。as有“正如……”的意思，which没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有as is known / expected /planned / mentioned /said等。
四、介词（或介词词组）+关系代词
例1：(2021年高考 天津卷）William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
from which B. in which C. with whom D. for whom
【答案】A
例2：(2019年高考 新课标III卷）They were well trained by their masters ___64___ had great experience with caring for these animals.
【答案】who
例3：(2018年高考 天津一中月考卷）A good advertisement, ________ people attach positive meanings， can contribute to the sales of a product.
A. for which B. of which C. to which D. on which
【答案】C
例4：(2020年高考 哈工大附中专项测试卷）You were rude to our classmate, ______ you should make an apology.
A.whom B. for which C. for whom D. which
【答案】B
【解题技巧】
做此类试题注意：如果是代词+ of+关系代词，先行词是人用whom，先行词是物用which。
五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
例1：(2020年高考 天津卷）Dr. Rowan, __________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
A. whose B. of whom C. of which D. which
【答案】A
例2：(2020年高考 江苏卷）Many lessons are now available online, from _______ students can choose for free.
A. whose B. which C. when D. whom
【答案】B
例3：(2018年高考 北京卷）She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.
A. which B. who C. as D. that
【答案】A
例4：(2018年高考 天津卷） Kae, _______sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
A. whom B. that C. whose D. her
【答案】C
【相关知识点连接】
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1．关系代词that和 which用法上的区别
1）关系代词that 和which都指事物时，一般可以通用。例如：
The noodles that/which I cooked were delicious.我做的那面条好极了。
2）that指人或指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语，还可以作表语。作宾语或表语时，可以省略。例如：
Who is the man that is reading the book over there.在那边读书的那个人是谁？
I'm not the fool you thought me.我不是你想象的那种傻瓜。（作宾语）
She is no longer the girls she was before she went to university.她已不是上大学的她了。（作表语）
在定语从句中，作介词的宾语时，介词不能前置。试比较：
The village that she lives in is twenty kilometers away.
The village in which she lives is twenty kilometers away.她住的那村庄离这有二十公里远。
2．that指物时，一般都可以和which互换使用。但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。
1）先行词为all，something，anything，everything等不定代词时，一般用that。例如：
You should tell me all （that） you have know about.你应该把你所知道的情况都告诉我。
Here is something that my father needs.这正是我父亲需要的东西。
2）先行词被all, every, no, some, any， little, much修饰时，用that而不用which。例如：
It only remains for me to pass all the money that she had to the right person.我所要做的是只是把她所有的钱交给合法的继承人。
They go to the newspaper's own library to look up any information that they need.他们到报社自己的图书馆去查阅他们需要的资料。
There isn't much water (that is) left in the cup.茶杯里剩下太多的水。
Tom tried every means that he could to finish the job on time, but he failed.为了按时完成工作，汤姆
想尽了一切办法，但他还是失败了。
3）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，一般用that，而不用which。例如：
This is the second letter that I received from my younger sister this month.这是我这个月收到的我妹妹的第二封信。
Gone with the Wind is one of the best films that I have ever seen.《乱世佳人》是我所看过的最好的影片之一。
4）先行词被修饰only, very, same, last时用that，而不用which。例如：
This is the only note that I can find in my pocket.这是我口袋里所能找到的唯一一张票子了。
That is the very magazine that he is looking for.那正是他要找的那本杂志。
5）如果先行词是人时，引导定语从句的关系代词用who(m)或that都可以。例如：
The first person whom(=that) I visited there was Mr. Smith.我拜访的第一个人是史密斯先生。
Anyone who(=that) breaks the law will be punished违反法律的人将会受到惩罚。
6）当有两或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that，而不用引导whom, who, which。例如：
He talked about the teachers and school that he had visited.他谈论他所拜访的老师和参观的学校。
7）当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that，而不用who, whom或which。例如：
Who is the person that is standing at the gate 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which of us that know something about physics not know this 我们当中了解物理知识的人谁不知道这件事情。
3．在下列情况下只宜用which，而不用that。
1）在非限定性定语从句中。例如：
The earth, which goes round the sun, is called a planet.地球围绕着太阳运转，被称为行星。
2）当关系代词前面有介词时。例如：
This is the room in which we lived last year.这就是我们去年住过的房间。
which指物，在定语从句中可作宾语或主语。作宾语时可以被省略。例如：
This is the book which I bought yesterday.这就是我昨天买的那本书。
注：关系代词which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放在关系代词之前，也有时放在定语从句后面。例如：
Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.(=which(that) they had come to the island in.)附近有两只独木舟，靠着独木舟他们来到这个岛。
但which如果在定语从句中，作含有介词的短语的宾语时，介词不能前置，须放在动词之后，尽量靠近动词本身。例如：
This is the key which you are looking for.这就是你在找的那钥匙。
在定语从句中，作介词宾语的关系代词which， 在被省略的情况下，介词不能前置。例如：
I have the book you are talking about我有你们正在谈论的那本书。
4．关系代词指人时宜用who，不用that的情况
1）先行词为those，one，ones，anyone，people， all 时 。例如：
Those who are for the plan, raise your hands.赞成我们计划的人请举手。
2）当先行词后有较长的后置定语时或在被分隔的定语从句中时。例如：
A new teacher will come soon who will teach us German in the next two years.在以后两年里将教我们德语的新老师不久就到。
3）在先行词是用 -body或 -one构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词多用who。例如：
Is there anybody else who should be invited 还要请了什么人吗？
4）先行词既有人又有物时，宜用that, 不用who或which 例如：
The Minister spoke high of the actor and his performance that he saw at the theatre.部长高度赞扬了他在剧院里看见的演员和节目。
5）当先行词是一个指人的集合名词时，如果着眼于整体用that/ which；如果着眼于各个成员时则用who。例如：
The football team, which is playing very well, will most probably place first in the league matches.踢得好的足球队将有可能位居联队的第一名。
The football team, who are having baths, will be back here for tea正在洗澡的足球队员们将回来喝茶。
关系代词引导的定语从句一览表
关系代词 例 句
在从句中作主语或宾语作宾语时可省略 指物 1.A plane is a machine that can fly. (作主语)2.The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. (作宾语)
指人 1.Who is the man that is reading the book over there (作主语)2.The girl (that) we say yesterday was Jim’s sister. (作宾语)
which在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略) 指物 1.The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well. (作主语)2.The songs （which) Liu Dehua sang were very popular. (作宾语)
who, whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语；如介词在从句后，whom可以省略 指人 1.The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. (作主语)2.The boy who break the window is called Roy. (作主语)3.The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li. (作宾语)4.Mrs White is the person to whom you should write. (作宾语)
whose 在从句中作定语 所有格 I like the girl whose hair is long. (作定语)The chair whose leg was broken. (作定语)
【温馨提示】
首先找准先行词；看先行词在从句中所作的成分，关系代词that，which，whose，whom，as，who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语。抓住这两点，再根据句意，从而能够判断出正确的关系词。
二、关系副词关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句
1. 关系副词引导的定语从句的，它和关系代词一样，具有数种作用；在从句中作状语。关系副词有三种:
1）where 在从句中作地点状语,指代地点。如place, area, house等。例如：
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
2）when 从句中作时间状语,指代时间。如day, year, the time等。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
3）why 在从句中作原因状语,指代原因。如名词reason。例如：
I don't know the reason why Mary was later for class this morning.我不知道玛丽今天早晨迟到的原因。
2．关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
【注意】在定语从句中，when或 where常代替“介词+ which”结构。
I still remember the day when I joined the army.
I still remember the day on which I joined the army.我仍然记得我参军的那一天。
但是在下面两个句子中，应用关系代词which(that)，这是因为关系代词which(that)分别visit和forget的宾语。例如：
This is the house which (that) I visited two years ago.这是两年前我曾经参观过的房子。
October 15 is the day which I'll never forget.10月15日是我永远也不会忘记的一天。
3．但并非所有的“介词+which”都可以被when或where代替。例如：
1）当since， until， after， before + which 时，不能被when代替。例如：
I met Jack in 1980, since which I have never seen him.在1980年我见到杰克，从那时起我再没见过他。
He came back at ten, until which we worked.我们一直工作到十点钟他回来。
He went to school at 8, before which he read English.他八点钟到学校去，在此之前他读英语。
2）当 on， behind， in front of， through， from， beside， around + which 时，不能被where代替。例如：
I saw a desk on which was a book.我看见桌子上有一本书。
The house, in front of which there is a tree, is my home.前面有树的房子是我的家。
This is the window through which the thief came in.这是小偷进来的那扇窗户。
【温馨提示】where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。
三、as与关系代词引导定语从句的异同
1. 两者都可引导非限制性定语从句，用来修饰或限制整个主句的内容，有时可以互换使用。
Then, as with young birds, the time comes for the young to leave.
然后，正像小鸟儿常有的情况那样，年轻人离家的时候到来了。
He was a foreigner, as/which I knew from his accent.
我从他的口音就知道，他是个外国人。
关系代词引导的定语从句放在主句之前时，只能用as。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as；反之用 which。
She has married again, as was expected.
她又结婚了，这在意料之中。（语义一致）
She has married again, which was unexpected.
她又结婚了，这在意料之外。（语义不一致）
4. as在从句中作主语的情况
当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态。如：be known ,be said, be reported 等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般多用which作主语。
She has been late again, as was expected. 她又迟到了，这在意料之中。
Tom has made great progress, which delighted us.
汤姆取得了很大进步，这使我们很高兴。
5. as常用在下列情况
as 常用在as (it) seems likely，as (it) often happened，as (it) was pointed out，as (it) was said earlier，as I remember (it)，as I understand(it)，as (it) appears，as has been before，as is well known，as we all can see等结构中。
6. 当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，只能用which
Anna always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.
安娜总是说谎，她的父母亲发现奇怪。
7. 当非限制性定语从句为否定句时，常用which引导
Mr. Li usually praises his student Mary in public, which she doesn't like at all.
李先生通常当众赞扬他的学生玛丽，但她一点儿也不喜欢。
8. 先行词是专有名词或表唯一性名词、代词时，只用which非限制性定语从句
Three of the man -made projects in the world are the Great wall of China, the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam ,which is also in Egypt .
世界上三个人造工种是中国的长城，埃及的金字塔及阿斯旺大坝，这座大坝也在埃及。
9. as用于the same … as，such … as，as … as … ，so … as等结构中
as引导的定语从句采取省略形式。
He is of about the same age as you．他与你年龄大致相同。
same是形容词，修饰名词age，age是这个定语从句as you的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词age在定语从句中作宾语，定语从句相当于You are of about the age。
I have never seen such a lazy man as you．我从来没见过像你这么懒的人。
such是形容词，修饰名词词组a lazy man，整个名词词组a lazy man是这个定浯从句as you的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词a lazy man在定语从句中作表语，定语从句相当于You are a lazy man。
Take as many (books) as you want．想拿多少书就拿多少。
注释：第一个as是副词，修饰形容词many，形容词many修饰名词books。整个名词词组many (books) 是这个定语从句as you want的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词as many (books) 在定语从句中作宾语，定语从句相当于You want many (books)。
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift．这儿有一个没人能搬动的石头。
注释：so是副词，修饰形容词big，形容词big修饰名词a stone。名词词组a stone是这个定语从句as no man can lift的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词a stone在定语从句中作宾语，定语从句相当于No man can lift the stone。
注意区别以下例句：
I feel just the same as you do．我和你的感觉是一样的．
注释：same是代词，也是先行词，as引导的定语从句修饰先行词the same。
I shall do it in the same way as you did．我做这件事和你的方法一样。
注释：same是形容词，修饰名词way整个名词词组the same way是这个定语从句as you did的先行词，关系副词as代替先行词在定语从句中作状语，定
语从句相当于you did it in the some way。)
The result is not such as I expected．这结果不像我所希望的那样。
注释：such是代词，也是先行词，as引导的定语从句直接修饰先行词such，关系代词as代替先行词such在定语从旬中作宾语，相当于I expected such。
注意：
（1）as从句和that从句都属于定语从句，但是as引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句的内容“相似”，即指同类的事物；that引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一的”，即同一事物。
This is the same(kind of)bag as I lost yesterday．这个包与我昨天丢的是同样的。
This is the same bag(=the very bag)that I lost yesterday．这正是我昨天丢的那个包。
（2）as代替主句，引导非限定性定语从句，在这一用法中，从句位置较灵活，可以置于句首，句中或句尾，常常译成“正像…那样”。
As we all know．he studies very hard。
正如我们大家所熟知的，他学习非常努力。
As you know，water is a liquid．正如你所知道的，水是一种液体。
which也可以代替全句，但只能置于主句后，而且不含有“正如／像……那样”的意思。
As everyone liked，she painted the walls white．
= She painted the walls white，as everyone liked．
正如大家喜欢的那样，她把墙刷成白色。
She painted the walls white，which satisfied everyone．
她把墙刷成白色，这使大家都很满意。
（3）as常构成下列词组
as you say 正如你说的那样
as she told of 正如她谈及的那样
as we (all) know 正如我们都知道的那样
as is known to all 正如大家所知的那样
as is said above 正如上面所说的那样
as already mentioned above正如上面所提到的那样
as is reported 正如所报导的那样
【温馨提示】
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末，指代的是整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话，但前者有“正如……”的意思，后者则没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有as is known/expected/planned/mentioned/said等。
四、介词（或介词词组）+关系代词的用法
1．“介词（或介词词组）+关系代词”结构
在“介词（或介词词组）+关系代词”结构中，关系代词指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which。
注意：关系代词that和关系副词 when、where等都不能作介词的宾语。
Many young people end up in a job to which they are not suited.
许多年轻人最终还是干了不适合他们做的工作。
This is the piano for which I paid 5,000 yuan last month.
这就是我上个月花了五千块钱买下的钢琴。
A thermometer is an instrument with which we measure temperature.
温度计是我们用来测量温度的一种仪器。
2. 指物的先行词在定语从句中作定语时，还可用“the+名词.+of +which”结构
They live in a house, the door of which opens to the north.
他们所住房屋的门是朝北开的。
The building had been repaired, the roof of which was destroyed in the fire.
那座大楼曾经修复过，但在大火中，楼顶又被烧毁了。
3．先行词在定语从句中作状语
先行词在定语从句中作状语时还可根据不同类型的状语，用不同的介词关系代词；作时间状语用on，in，by等表示时间的介词；作地点状语用on ，in，at等表示地点的介词；作原因状语用for；作方式状语用in，by或with等。
4．介词的选择
在“介词+关系代词”中，介词的选择受到以下三中限制：
1）以从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配；
2）以先行词与从句中的动词关系及所表达的含义而定；
3）以先行词在定语从句中的作用和含义而定。
五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句用法的区别
非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
We’ll reach the sales targets in a month which we set at the beginning of the year.再有一个月就能完成年初制订的销售目标。
It is a truly delightful place, which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
这是一个真正令人愉快的地方，蜿蜒街道和漂亮的小屋看起来和100年前的一样。
Opposite is St.Paul's Church, where you can hear some lovely music.
对面是圣保罗教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。
注释：先行词是St. Paul’s Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出引导词在从句中作的是地点状语。
The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their work.
公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，其员工喜欢他们的工作。句中先行词为atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。
六、表示“部分的词语 + of + 关系代词”的用法
此时指人的关系代词用whom，指物的用which，表示部分的词语常见的 有：“数词、不定代词（all，both，none，neither） most， many， some等，以及the+最高级。”
China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
中国有上千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
There are around 100 teachers in our school, most of whom are women.
我们学校大约有100名教师，他们中大多数是女教师。
It was carved in the rock and had on the outside four large stone figures, each of which was 20 meters high.
这座寺庙凿雕在岩石中，外边有四尊大型石雕像，每个高20米。
By the end of the year, the total money collected had come to over 92 million dollars, all of which were sent to Africa.
到年底为止，筹集到的全部款项达到9200多万美元，所有这些钱全都送往非洲了。
【强化训练】
I. 改错（题1-4）或填空（题5-8）
1. (2019年高考 新课标I卷 改错）One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
2. (2019年高考 新课标III卷 改错） In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.
3. (2018年高考 新课标II卷 改错） The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government _started_(start) a soil-testing program ___69___ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
4. (2018年高考 新课标I卷 改错）They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.
5. (2019年高考 新课标II卷）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ___62___ she opened with her late husband Les.
6. (2019年高考 北京卷）What students do at college seems to matter much more than ___8___ they go.
7. (2019年高考 浙江卷）On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ___58___ gives off light in the dark.
8. (2018年高考 新课标II卷）Many westerners ___57___ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
II. 单项选择
9. (2020年高考 哈工大附中专题测试卷）The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that B. as C. where D. when
10. (2020年高考 哈工大附中专题测试卷）My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
A. that B. whose C. his D. who
11. (2020年高考 哈工大专项测试卷）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. it’s C. whose D. whom
12. (2020年高考 南京高三学情调研卷）The company needs to develop a culture ________ people see that’s OK to take time off.
A．that B. when C. which D. where
13. (2018年高考 徐州市考前模拟卷）Your notes provide the raw material on _______ your mind has to work in relation to your essay topic.
A. where B. when C. what D. which
14. (2018年高考 天津模拟卷）WeChat has greatly changed the way _______ people use mobile phones.
A./ B. which C. why D. where
15. (2018年高考 江苏质检卷) My uncle retired in 1998, ________ he has been devoting his time to helping poor children.
A. at which B. since when C. when D. after that
16. (2018年春季高考 天津模拟卷）here was a long wait at the reception desk, ________ everyone was checking in.
A.why B. which C. whom D. where
17. (2018年高考 北京市精华学校考前测试卷）They overcame some difficulties and completed the work ahead of time, ________ was something we had not expected.
A. that B. which C. it D. what
18. (2018年高考 北京中国人大学附中考前热身卷）Tourists love Beijing， offers an infinite collection of delights ranging from 6 UNESCO World Heritage Sites to food from every corner of China and beyond.
A. that B. where C. which D. who
19. (2018年高考 江苏高考压轴卷) I don’t know where my glasses are, ________ I can’t read anything.
A. with which B. by which C. without which D. in which
20.（2018年高考 南通调研卷）)More and more people go jogging in the morning， ________ benefits for health arise from the air rich in oxygen.
A. which B. that C. whose D. who
III. 综合练习
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
This is the year 2070. Today is my 1______( fifty) birthday, but I look like a person of eighty-five. I have serious kidney(肾脏) problems because I don’t have enough water 2______( drink). I’m afraid I don’t have much time left to live. I’m already one of the oldest people in this society.
I remember when I 3______( be) five years old, everything was very different. There were lots of trees in the parks. I could enjoy a shower for half 4______ hour. At that time, 5______（woman） all had beautiful hair. Now, we have to shave(剃光）our heads to keep them clean without the use of water.
I remember there were “Saving Water” warnings in many public places, but nobody 6______(pay) attention. We believed water would last forever. Now, all the rivers and lakes are either dry or polluted. Water is much 7______(expensive) than gold and diamonds.
In the past, doctors suggested adults drink eight glasses of water a day. Nowadays, I am allowed half a glass only. Most people are weak and sick.
When my son asks me about my childhood, I tell him about how pleasant it was to fish in the rivers 8______ how healthy people were. When he asks, “Why is there no clean water now ” I feel guilt(有罪的). I belong 9______ those people who simply turned a blind eye to all the warnings.
I hope the people living in the 2020s 10______ (true) understand the importance of saving water.
19【2022高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题十 定语从句（解析卷）
黑龙江 哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
【考纲解读】
近些年的高考试卷中，对定语从句的考查处考查其语法结构外，常把定语从句融入到的语境中进行考查，其目的是考查学生实际运用语言的能力。因此，考生必须掌握定语从句的用法。
主要考查热点：
1.关系代词引导的定语从句；
2.关系副词引导的定语从句；
3.as引导的定语从句；
4.介词（或介词词组）+关系代词；
5.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
【考点剖析】
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
例1：(2021年高考 浙江1月卷））BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ____29___ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
【答案】that /which
【解析】句意：BMI是一种国际公认的测量工具，它可以显示一个人的体重是否健康。考查定语从句关系代词。分析句子结构可知，tool是先行词，在从句中做主语。所以，填that/which。
例2：(2020年高考 新课标Ⅲ卷）In ancient China lived an artist ___61___ paintings were almost lifelike.
【答案】whose
【解析】句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。考查定语从句。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，先行词在从句中作定语，应用关系代词whose。所以，填whose。
例3：(2019年高考 北京卷）The students benefitting most from college are those ___9___ are totally engaged (参与) in academic life.
【答案】who / that
【解析】句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。考查定语从句。___9___ are totally engaged (参与) in academic life 是定语从句，修饰先行词 those，空格处在句中作主语，指人，应该填who或that。
例4：(2018年高考 新课标I卷）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 __66__ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause).
【答案】that / which
【解析】句意：该评论的两位作者还在 2014 年发表了一项研究，该研究表明，每天只跑步 5 到 10 分钟就可以降低患心脏病和各种原因导致的过早死亡的风险。考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，应该填that或which。
【解题技巧】
分析定语从句首先要找准先行词；然后看先行词在从句中所作的成分。关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as，who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语。再根据句意判断应该正确使用地关系词。
二、关系副词关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句
例1：(2021年高考 天津卷））At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands ________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
A. where B. which C. that D. when
【答案】A
【解析】句意：在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。考查定语从句。分析句子成分可知：stands 作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands，从句中不缺主宾表，所以选择关系副词，先行词stands 在从句中作地点状语，所以应用where。因此选A。
例2：(2019年高考 江苏卷）We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
A. which B. what C. when D. that
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我们已经进入到了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。考查定语从句。句中先行词为an age（一个时代），在从句中做时间状语，所以关系词用when。 所以选C。
例 3：(2019年高考 天津卷）Their child is at the stage__________ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
A. why B. where C. which D. what
【答案】B
【解析】句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。考查定语从句。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences 是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where，所以选B。
例4：(2018年高考 江苏卷）Self-driving is an area ____ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
【答案】B
【解析】句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。考查定语从句。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where，相当于in which。所以选B。
【解题技巧】
where, why, when在句中做地点、原因、时间状语。首先要分析定语从句的成分，根据所缺少的成分就选用相应的关系词。
三、as引导的定语从句
例1：(2020年高考 哈工大专项测试卷）The living standard of the people in China, ________ is shown in the report, has improved over the past decades.
A. what B. as C. it D. that
【答案】B
【解析】句意：正如报告所显示的，中国人民的生活水平在过去的几十年里已经得到了改善。 考查定语从句。此处用as引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词as指代主句的内容并在从句中作主语。所以，选择B。
例2：(2020年高考 哈工大专项测试卷）Too much fat, ________ well known, is harmful to health.
A.as is B. which is C. that is D. what is
【答案】A
【解析】句意：众所周知，过多的脂肪对健康有害。考查定语从句。as is well known为固定结构，as为关系代词，引导定语从句，指代整个主句Too much fat is harmful to health的内容；意思为“正如，正像”之意。所以，选A。
【答案】A
【解析】句意：
例3：(2018年高考 天津一中月考卷）A lot of language learning, ________ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A. as B. it C. which D. this
【答案】A
【解析】句意：正如人们发现的，大量的语言学习是发生在人出生后的第一年，所以家长们应该在这段时期要多和孩子讲话。考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。从结构判断此处是非限制性定语从句，排除B、D选项；as引导定语从句为“正如，就像”的意思，而which 翻译为“这一点”，所以选择答案A。
【解题技巧】
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末，指代的是整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话。as有“正如……”的意思，which没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有as is known / expected /planned / mentioned /said等。
四、介词（或介词词组）+关系代词
例1：(2021年高考 天津卷）William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
from which B. in which C. with whom D. for whom
【答案】A
【解析】句意：威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。考查定语从句。分析句子可知：past mistakes为现行词，_____ we can learn without repeating them 为定语从句，根据从句中谓语动词can learn可知：要从过去的错误中学习，learn from“从……中学习”应用from which引导定语从句。所以选A。
例2：(2019年高考 新课标III卷）They were well trained by their masters ___64___ had great experience with caring for these animals.
【答案】who
【解析】句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。考查定语从句。先行词为masters（主人），从句缺少主语，关系词需要用表示主语的who。所以，填who。
例3：(2018年高考 天津一中月考卷）A good advertisement, ________ people attach positive meanings， can contribute to the sales of a product.
A. for which B. of which C. to which D. on which
【答案】C
【解析】句意：一个好的广告会让人们赋予它积极的意义，从而促进产品的销售。考查定语从句。定语从句中的核心结构为 attach...to... 把……与……联系起来，因此用“to+which”引导该非限制性定语从句。所以，选择C。
例4：(2020年高考 哈工大附中专项测试卷）You were rude to our classmate, ______ you should make an apology.
A.whom B. for which C. for whom D. which
【答案】B
【解析】句意：你对我们的同学太无礼了，为此你应该道歉。考查定语从句。make an apology to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人道歉，排除C选项。which指代前面说的“对我们的同学无礼”这件事，应该与 for 连用构成“介词+which”结构引导非限制性定语从句。所以，选择B。
【解题技巧】
做此类试题注意：如果是代词+ of+关系代词，先行词是人用whom，先行词是物用which。
五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
例1：(2020年高考 天津卷）Dr. Rowan, __________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
A. whose B. of whom C. of which D. which
【答案】A
【解析】句意：罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。考查定语从句。______ secretary resigned two weeks ago为非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，“Dr. Rowan’s”表示“……的”，用关系代词whose引导。所以选A。
例2：(2020年高考 江苏卷）Many lessons are now available online, from _______ students can choose for free.
A. whose B. which C. when D. whom
【答案】B
【解析】句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。考查定语从句。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，使用关系代词which引导。所以选B。
例3：(2018年高考 北京卷）She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.
A. which B. who C. as D. that
【答案】A
【解析】句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。考查非限制性定语从句。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，所以，从句应用关系代词which引导，选A。
例4：(2018年高考 天津卷） Kae, _______sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
A. whom B. that C. whose D. her
【答案】C
【解析】句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。考查定语从句关系词。句中先行词为Kate，在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用关系代词whose。所以选C。
【相关知识点连接】
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1．关系代词that和 which用法上的区别
1）关系代词that 和which都指事物时，一般可以通用。例如：
The noodles that/which I cooked were delicious.我做的那面条好极了。
2）that指人或指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语，还可以作表语。作宾语或表语时，可以省略。例如：
Who is the man that is reading the book over there.在那边读书的那个人是谁？
I'm not the fool you thought me.我不是你想象的那种傻瓜。（作宾语）
She is no longer the girls she was before she went to university.她已不是上大学的她了。（作表语）
在定语从句中，作介词的宾语时，介词不能前置。试比较：
The village that she lives in is twenty kilometers away.
The village in which she lives is twenty kilometers away.她住的那村庄离这有二十公里远。
2．that指物时，一般都可以和which互换使用。但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。
1）先行词为all，something，anything，everything等不定代词时，一般用that。例如：
You should tell me all （that） you have know about.你应该把你所知道的情况都告诉我。
Here is something that my father needs.这正是我父亲需要的东西。
2）先行词被all, every, no, some, any， little, much修饰时，用that而不用which。例如：
It only remains for me to pass all the money that she had to the right person.我所要做的是只是把她所有的钱交给合法的继承人。
They go to the newspaper's own library to look up any information that they need.他们到报社自己的图书馆去查阅他们需要的资料。
There isn't much water (that is) left in the cup.茶杯里剩下太多的水。
Tom tried every means that he could to finish the job on time, but he failed.为了按时完成工作，汤姆
想尽了一切办法，但他还是失败了。
3）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，一般用that，而不用which。例如：
This is the second letter that I received from my younger sister this month.这是我这个月收到的我妹妹的第二封信。
Gone with the Wind is one of the best films that I have ever seen.《乱世佳人》是我所看过的最好的影片之一。
4）先行词被修饰only, very, same, last时用that，而不用which。例如：
This is the only note that I can find in my pocket.这是我口袋里所能找到的唯一一张票子了。
That is the very magazine that he is looking for.那正是他要找的那本杂志。
5）如果先行词是人时，引导定语从句的关系代词用who(m)或that都可以。例如：
The first person whom(=that) I visited there was Mr. Smith.我拜访的第一个人是史密斯先生。
Anyone who(=that) breaks the law will be punished违反法律的人将会受到惩罚。
6）当有两或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that，而不用引导whom, who, which。例如：
He talked about the teachers and school that he had visited.他谈论他所拜访的老师和参观的学校。
7）当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that，而不用who, whom或which。例如：
Who is the person that is standing at the gate 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which of us that know something about physics not know this 我们当中了解物理知识的人谁不知道这件事情。
3．在下列情况下只宜用which，而不用that。
1）在非限定性定语从句中。例如：
The earth, which goes round the sun, is called a planet.地球围绕着太阳运转，被称为行星。
2）当关系代词前面有介词时。例如：
This is the room in which we lived last year.这就是我们去年住过的房间。
which指物，在定语从句中可作宾语或主语。作宾语时可以被省略。例如：
This is the book which I bought yesterday.这就是我昨天买的那本书。
注：关系代词which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放在关系代词之前，也有时放在定语从句后面。例如：
Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.(=which(that) they had come to the island in.)附近有两只独木舟，靠着独木舟他们来到这个岛。
但which如果在定语从句中，作含有介词的短语的宾语时，介词不能前置，须放在动词之后，尽量靠近动词本身。例如：
This is the key which you are looking for.这就是你在找的那钥匙。
在定语从句中，作介词宾语的关系代词which， 在被省略的情况下，介词不能前置。例如：
I have the book you are talking about我有你们正在谈论的那本书。
4．关系代词指人时宜用who，不用that的情况
1）先行词为those，one，ones，anyone，people， all 时 。例如：
Those who are for the plan, raise your hands.赞成我们计划的人请举手。
2）当先行词后有较长的后置定语时或在被分隔的定语从句中时。例如：
A new teacher will come soon who will teach us German in the next two years.在以后两年里将教我们德语的新老师不久就到。
3）在先行词是用 -body或 -one构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词多用who。例如：
Is there anybody else who should be invited 还要请了什么人吗？
4）先行词既有人又有物时，宜用that, 不用who或which 例如：
The Minister spoke high of the actor and his performance that he saw at the theatre.部长高度赞扬了他在剧院里看见的演员和节目。
5）当先行词是一个指人的集合名词时，如果着眼于整体用that/ which；如果着眼于各个成员时则用who。例如：
The football team, which is playing very well, will most probably place first in the league matches.踢得好的足球队将有可能位居联队的第一名。
The football team, who are having baths, will be back here for tea正在洗澡的足球队员们将回来喝茶。
关系代词引导的定语从句一览表
关系代词 例 句
在从句中作主语或宾语作宾语时可省略 指物 1.A plane is a machine that can fly. (作主语)2.The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. (作宾语)
指人 1.Who is the man that is reading the book over there (作主语)2.The girl (that) we say yesterday was Jim’s sister. (作宾语)
which在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略) 指物 1.The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well. (作主语)2.The songs （which) Liu Dehua sang were very popular. (作宾语)
who, whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语；如介词在从句后，whom可以省略 指人 1.The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. (作主语)2.The boy who break the window is called Roy. (作主语)3.The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li. (作宾语)4.Mrs White is the person to whom you should write. (作宾语)
whose 在从句中作定语 所有格 I like the girl whose hair is long. (作定语)The chair whose leg was broken. (作定语)
【温馨提示】
首先找准先行词；看先行词在从句中所作的成分，关系代词that，which，whose，whom，as，who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语。抓住这两点，再根据句意，从而能够判断出正确的关系词。
二、关系副词关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句
1. 关系副词引导的定语从句的，它和关系代词一样，具有数种作用；在从句中作状语。关系副词有三种:
1）where 在从句中作地点状语,指代地点。如place, area, house等。例如：
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
2）when 从句中作时间状语,指代时间。如day, year, the time等。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
3）why 在从句中作原因状语,指代原因。如名词reason。例如：
I don't know the reason why Mary was later for class this morning.我不知道玛丽今天早晨迟到的原因。
2．关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
【注意】在定语从句中，when或 where常代替“介词+ which”结构。
I still remember the day when I joined the army.
I still remember the day on which I joined the army.我仍然记得我参军的那一天。
但是在下面两个句子中，应用关系代词which(that)，这是因为关系代词which(that)分别visit和forget的宾语。例如：
This is the house which (that) I visited two years ago.这是两年前我曾经参观过的房子。
October 15 is the day which I'll never forget.10月15日是我永远也不会忘记的一天。
3．但并非所有的“介词+which”都可以被when或where代替。例如：
1）当since， until， after， before + which 时，不能被when代替。例如：
I met Jack in 1980, since which I have never seen him.在1980年我见到杰克，从那时起我再没见过他。
He came back at ten, until which we worked.我们一直工作到十点钟他回来。
He went to school at 8, before which he read English.他八点钟到学校去，在此之前他读英语。
2）当 on， behind， in front of， through， from， beside， around + which 时，不能被where代替。例如：
I saw a desk on which was a book.我看见桌子上有一本书。
The house, in front of which there is a tree, is my home.前面有树的房子是我的家。
This is the window through which the thief came in.这是小偷进来的那扇窗户。
【温馨提示】where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。
三、as与关系代词引导定语从句的异同
1. 两者都可引导非限制性定语从句，用来修饰或限制整个主句的内容，有时可以互换使用。
Then, as with young birds, the time comes for the young to leave.
然后，正像小鸟儿常有的情况那样，年轻人离家的时候到来了。
He was a foreigner, as/which I knew from his accent.
我从他的口音就知道，他是个外国人。
关系代词引导的定语从句放在主句之前时，只能用as。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as；反之用 which。
She has married again, as was expected.
她又结婚了，这在意料之中。（语义一致）
She has married again, which was unexpected.
她又结婚了，这在意料之外。（语义不一致）
4. as在从句中作主语的情况
当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态。如：be known ,be said, be reported 等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般多用which作主语。
She has been late again, as was expected. 她又迟到了，这在意料之中。
Tom has made great progress, which delighted us.
汤姆取得了很大进步，这使我们很高兴。
5. as常用在下列情况
as 常用在as (it) seems likely，as (it) often happened，as (it) was pointed out，as (it) was said earlier，as I remember (it)，as I understand(it)，as (it) appears，as has been before，as is well known，as we all can see等结构中。
6. 当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，只能用which
Anna always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.
安娜总是说谎，她的父母亲发现奇怪。
7. 当非限制性定语从句为否定句时，常用which引导
Mr. Li usually praises his student Mary in public, which she doesn't like at all.
李先生通常当众赞扬他的学生玛丽，但她一点儿也不喜欢。
8. 先行词是专有名词或表唯一性名词、代词时，只用which非限制性定语从句
Three of the man -made projects in the world are the Great wall of China, the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam ,which is also in Egypt .
世界上三个人造工种是中国的长城，埃及的金字塔及阿斯旺大坝，这座大坝也在埃及。
9. as用于the same … as，such … as，as … as … ，so … as等结构中
as引导的定语从句采取省略形式。
He is of about the same age as you．他与你年龄大致相同。
same是形容词，修饰名词age，age是这个定语从句as you的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词age在定语从句中作宾语，定语从句相当于You are of about the age。
I have never seen such a lazy man as you．我从来没见过像你这么懒的人。
such是形容词，修饰名词词组a lazy man，整个名词词组a lazy man是这个定浯从句as you的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词a lazy man在定语从句中作表语，定语从句相当于You are a lazy man。
Take as many (books) as you want．想拿多少书就拿多少。
注释：第一个as是副词，修饰形容词many，形容词many修饰名词books。整个名词词组many (books) 是这个定语从句as you want的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词as many (books) 在定语从句中作宾语，定语从句相当于You want many (books)。
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift．这儿有一个没人能搬动的石头。
注释：so是副词，修饰形容词big，形容词big修饰名词a stone。名词词组a stone是这个定语从句as no man can lift的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词a stone在定语从句中作宾语，定语从句相当于No man can lift the stone。
注意区别以下例句：
I feel just the same as you do．我和你的感觉是一样的．
注释：same是代词，也是先行词，as引导的定语从句修饰先行词the same。
I shall do it in the same way as you did．我做这件事和你的方法一样。
注释：same是形容词，修饰名词way整个名词词组the same way是这个定语从句as you did的先行词，关系副词as代替先行词在定语从句中作状语，定
语从句相当于you did it in the some way。)
The result is not such as I expected．这结果不像我所希望的那样。
注释：such是代词，也是先行词，as引导的定语从句直接修饰先行词such，关系代词as代替先行词such在定语从旬中作宾语，相当于I expected such。
注意：
（1）as从句和that从句都属于定语从句，但是as引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句的内容“相似”，即指同类的事物；that引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一的”，即同一事物。
This is the same(kind of)bag as I lost yesterday．这个包与我昨天丢的是同样的。
This is the same bag(=the very bag)that I lost yesterday．这正是我昨天丢的那个包。
（2）as代替主句，引导非限定性定语从句，在这一用法中，从句位置较灵活，可以置于句首，句中或句尾，常常译成“正像…那样”。
As we all know．he studies very hard。
正如我们大家所熟知的，他学习非常努力。
As you know，water is a liquid．正如你所知道的，水是一种液体。
which也可以代替全句，但只能置于主句后，而且不含有“正如／像……那样”的意思。
As everyone liked，she painted the walls white．
= She painted the walls white，as everyone liked．
正如大家喜欢的那样，她把墙刷成白色。
She painted the walls white，which satisfied everyone．
她把墙刷成白色，这使大家都很满意。
（3）as常构成下列词组
as you say 正如你说的那样
as she told of 正如她谈及的那样
as we (all) know 正如我们都知道的那样
as is known to all 正如大家所知的那样
as is said above 正如上面所说的那样
as already mentioned above正如上面所提到的那样
as is reported 正如所报导的那样
【温馨提示】
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末，指代的是整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话，但前者有“正如……”的意思，后者则没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有as is known/expected/planned/mentioned/said等。
四、介词（或介词词组）+关系代词的用法
1．“介词（或介词词组）+关系代词”结构
在“介词（或介词词组）+关系代词”结构中，关系代词指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which。
注意：关系代词that和关系副词 when、where等都不能作介词的宾语。
Many young people end up in a job to which they are not suited.
许多年轻人最终还是干了不适合他们做的工作。
This is the piano for which I paid 5,000 yuan last month.
这就是我上个月花了五千块钱买下的钢琴。
A thermometer is an instrument with which we measure temperature.
温度计是我们用来测量温度的一种仪器。
2. 指物的先行词在定语从句中作定语时，还可用“the+名词.+of +which”结构
They live in a house, the door of which opens to the north.
他们所住房屋的门是朝北开的。
The building had been repaired, the roof of which was destroyed in the fire.
那座大楼曾经修复过，但在大火中，楼顶又被烧毁了。
3．先行词在定语从句中作状语
先行词在定语从句中作状语时还可根据不同类型的状语，用不同的介词关系代词；作时间状语用on，in，by等表示时间的介词；作地点状语用on ，in，at等表示地点的介词；作原因状语用for；作方式状语用in，by或with等。
4．介词的选择
在“介词+关系代词”中，介词的选择受到以下三中限制：
1）以从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配；
2）以先行词与从句中的动词关系及所表达的含义而定；
3）以先行词在定语从句中的作用和含义而定。
五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句用法的区别
非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
We’ll reach the sales targets in a month which we set at the beginning of the year.再有一个月就能完成年初制订的销售目标。
It is a truly delightful place, which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
这是一个真正令人愉快的地方，蜿蜒街道和漂亮的小屋看起来和100年前的一样。
Opposite is St.Paul's Church, where you can hear some lovely music.
对面是圣保罗教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。
注释：先行词是St. Paul’s Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出引导词在从句中作的是地点状语。
The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their work.
公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，其员工喜欢他们的工作。句中先行词为atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。
六、表示“部分的词语 + of + 关系代词”的用法
此时指人的关系代词用whom，指物的用which，表示部分的词语常见的 有：“数词、不定代词（all，both，none，neither） most， many， some等，以及the+最高级。”
China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
中国有上千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
There are around 100 teachers in our school, most of whom are women.
我们学校大约有100名教师，他们中大多数是女教师。
It was carved in the rock and had on the outside four large stone figures, each of which was 20 meters high.
这座寺庙凿雕在岩石中，外边有四尊大型石雕像，每个高20米。
By the end of the year, the total money collected had come to over 92 million dollars, all of which were sent to Africa.
到年底为止，筹集到的全部款项达到9200多万美元，所有这些钱全都送往非洲了。
【强化训练】
I. 改错（题1-4）或填空（题5-8）
1. (2019年高考 新课标I卷 改错）One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.
【答案】where改为when
【解析】句意：我上小学的时候，在一天下午，我去过这个学校的操场。考查定语从句。先行词one afternoon表示时间在定语从句中作状语。所以，关系词用when。因此，将where改为when。
2. (2019年高考 新课标III卷 改错） In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.
【答案】what改为that/which
【解析】句意：在咖啡馆里，顾客会在为他们创造的具有历史的环境中尽情享受。
考查定语从句。先行词environment 在从句中做主语，指物，关系代词用that / which。所以，要把what改为that/which。
3. (2018年高考 新课标II卷 改错） The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government _started_(start) a soil-testing program ___69___ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【答案】that或which
【解析】句意：中国农业部发现，从2005年政府开始土壤测试项目，向农民提供具体的肥料建议到2011年，化肥使用量下降了770万吨。考查定语从句的关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，所以填that或者which。
4. (2018年高考 新课标I卷 改错）They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.
【答案】 which改成in which或where
【解析】句意：他们还有一个小池塘用来养鱼。我爷爷说去年夏天他们卖鱼赚了很多钱。考查定语从句的关系词。此处a small pond是先行词，其后的定语从句的引导词在句子中作地点状语，所以用in which或where。
5. (2019年高考 新课标II卷）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ___62___ she opened with her late husband Les.
【答案】where
【解析】句意：现在，艾琳·阿斯特伯里每天早上9点到下午5点在麦克斯菲尔德的宠物店工作，她和已故的丈夫莱斯在那里开了个店。考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，所以，填which。
6. (2019年高考 北京卷）What students do at college seems to matter much more than ___8___ they go.
【答案】where
【解析】句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里（哪所大学）更重要。这里表达去哪所大学，表示地点，作状语。所以用where。
7. (2019年高考 浙江卷）On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ___58___ gives off light in the dark.
【答案】that/which
【解析】句意：在夹克的边缘处有一块布料在黑暗中放光。考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，用that或which引导。所以，填that/which。
8. (2018年高考 新课标II卷）Many westerners ___57___ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
【答案】that或who
【解析】句意：许多来中国的西方人一旦意识到在外面吃饭是多么便宜，就会比在自己国家做饭少很多。考查定语从句的关系词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词who/that引导，所以，填who/that
II. 单项选择
9. (2020年高考 哈工大附中专题测试卷）The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that B. as C. where D. when
【答案】A
【解析】句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。空格处+ we meet in our daily lives是定语从句，从句中缺少宾语，先行词是problems，所以用that。
【答案】B
10. (2020年高考 哈工大附中专题测试卷）My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
A. that B. whose C. his D. who
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我的大儿子现在在纽约，他的工作使他走遍了全世界该句是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是My eldest son。根据句意和空后名词可知：引导词在从句中作定语，选项中只有whose修饰名词作定语。所以，选B。
11. (2020年高考 哈工大专项测试卷）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. it’s C. whose D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意：1963年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。考查定语从句。先行词是“the World Food Programme”，“世界粮食项目”的目的之一是……。whose在定语从句中作定语限定purposes，所以选C。
12. (2020年高考 南京高三学情调研卷）The company needs to develop a culture ________ people see that’s OK to take time off.
A．that B. when C. which D. where
【答案】D
【解析】句意：这个公司需要创造一种文 化，在这种文化中，人们认为忙里偷闲也是可以的。考查定语从句。根据选项内容可初步判断为定语从句。从句中不缺成分，排除A与C。先行词culture是表示抽象的地点名词，需要用where。因此，选择D。
13. (2018年高考 徐州市考前模拟卷）Your notes provide the raw material on _______ your mind has to work in relation to your essay topic.
A. where B. when C. what D. which
【答案】D
【解析】句意：你的笔记提供了与你的论文主题相关的原始材料。考查定语从句。Your notes provide the raw material为主句，the raw material为先行词；your mind has to work on the raw material，which代替on the raw material。所以，选择D。
14. (2018年高考 天津模拟卷）WeChat has greatly changed the way _______ people use mobile phones.
A./ B. which C. why D. where
【答案】A
【解析】句意：微信极大地改变了人们使用手机的方式。考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词是表示“方式、方法”的词（way），关系词在定语从句中作方式状语，需用in which (= in the way)，或者用关系词that、或者什么也不填。所以，选择A。
15. (2018年高考 江苏质检卷) My uncle retired in 1998, ________ he has been devoting his time to helping poor children.
A. at which B. since when C. when D. after that
【答案】B
【解析】 句意：自从1998年叔叔退休后，他一直在帮助我的孩子们。考查定语从句。空格后的句中用的是现在完成进行时，因此，引导词前加since，when 在此处指某一个“时间点”。所以，选择B。
16. (2018年春季高考 天津模拟卷）here was a long wait at the reception desk, ________ everyone was checking in.
A.why B. which C. whom D. where
【答案】D
【解析】句意：接待处排起了长队，大家都正在这里办理登记手续。考查定语从句。先行词为the reception desk，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以，选择关系副词where。
17. (2018年高考 北京市精华学校考前测试卷）They overcame some difficulties and completed the work ahead of time, ________ was something we had not expected.
A. that B. which C. it D. what
【答案】B
【解析】句意：他们克服了一些困难，提前完成了工作，这是我们没有预料到的。考查定语从句。此句的先行词为前面的整个句子，指“他们克服了一些困难，提前完成了工作”这件事，从句缺少主语，指物，应该用which。所以，选B。
18. (2018年高考 北京中国人大学附中考前热身卷）Tourists love Beijing， offers an infinite collection of delights ranging from 6 UNESCO World Heritage Sites to food from every corner of China and beyond.
A. that B. where C. which D. who
【答案】C
【解析】句意：旅游者爱北京，它提供了无穷无尽的乐趣，从联合国教科文组织的6项世界遗产到中国各地和其他地方的食物。考查非限制性定语从句。Beijing是先行词，指物，后面的非限制性定语从句缺少引导词，少主语。所以，选C。
19. (2018年高考 江苏高考压轴卷) I don’t know where my glasses are, ________ I can’t read anything.
A. with which B. by which C. without which D. in which
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我不知道我的眼镜在哪儿，我没有眼睛，什么都看不清。考查定语从句。先行词为glasses，without没有， which在从句中作without的宾语。 所以，选择C。
20.（2018年高考 南通调研卷）)More and more people go jogging in the morning， ________ benefits for health arise from the air rich in oxygen.
A. which B. that C. whose D. who
【答案】C
【解析】句意：越来越多的人早上去慢跑， 早晨对健康的好处来自富含氧气的空气。 考查定语从句。先行词是morning， 定语从句中缺少benefits的定语。 在定语从句中只要缺少定语就要用whose， 因为它可指人也可指物。因此选C。
III. 综合练习
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
This is the year 2070. Today is my 1______( fifty) birthday, but I look like a person of eighty-five. I have serious kidney(肾脏) problems because I don’t have enough water 2______( drink). I’m afraid I don’t have much time left to live. I’m already one of the oldest people in this society.
I remember when I 3______( be) five years old, everything was very different. There were lots of trees in the parks. I could enjoy a shower for half 4______ hour. At that time, 5______（woman） all had beautiful hair. Now, we have to shave(剃光）our heads to keep them clean without the use of water.
I remember there were “Saving Water” warnings in many public places, but nobody 6______(pay) attention. We believed water would last forever. Now, all the rivers and lakes are either dry or polluted. Water is much 7______(expensive) than gold and diamonds.
In the past, doctors suggested adults drink eight glasses of water a day. Nowadays, I am allowed half a glass only. Most people are weak and sick.
When my son asks me about my childhood, I tell him about how pleasant it was to fish in the rivers 8______ how healthy people were. When he asks, “Why is there no clean water now ” I feel guilt(有罪的). I belong 9______ those people who simply turned a blind eye to all the warnings.
I hope the people living in the 2020s 10______ (true) understand the importance of saving water.
【答案与解析】
1．fiftieth 句意：今天是我的五十岁生日。表示：第五十岁生日，用序数词表顺序，fifty是基数词，其序数词是fiftieth，故填fiftieth。
2．to drink 句意：我有严重的肾脏问题，因为我没有足够的水喝。此空作名词water的定语，用动词不定式作后置定语，故填to drink。
3．was 句意：我记得我五岁的时候，一切都很不一样。根据“was”可知，此句用一般过去时，主语I是第一人称，be动词用was，故填was。
4．an 句意：我可以洗半个小时的澡。固定搭配：half an hour半个小时，故填an。
5．women 句意：那时候，女人都有漂亮的头发。根据提示，此空应填复数名词women女人们，在句中作主语，故填women。
6．paid 句意：我记得很多公共场所都有“节约用水”的警告，但没人注意。根据were可知，此句用一般过去时，故填paid。
7．more expensive 句意：水比黄金和钻石贵得多。is后接形容词作表语，根据much和than可知，此空应填形容词比较级，故填more expensive。
8．And 句意：当我儿子问起我的童年，我告诉他在河里钓鱼是多么愉快，人们是多么健康。how pleasant it was to fish in the rivers与how healthy people were是并列关系，用连词and连接，故填and。
9．To 句意：我属于那些对所有警告视而不见的人。固定搭配：belong to属于，故填to。
10．truly 句意：我希望生活在21世纪20年代的人们真正明白节约用水的重要性。此空修饰动词understand，要用副词，故填truly。
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