Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm，Germany in 1879.When he was a boy，he liked to ask questions.By the time he was fourteen years old，he had learned advanced① mathematics all by himself.He wanted to be a physicist② and devote himself to③ abstract (抽象的) research.
However, his family could not pay for the advanced education that young Albert needed.But his parents did manage to④ send him to a technical school.After graduation⑤，he went to work.With the pay that he received，he was later able to go on with his education at the University of Zurich，where he received a doctor's degree in 1905.This was the period when he first began the research and studies which led to his famous “Theory of Relativity⑥”．
Einstein cared little for money.He once refused⑦ to speak on the radio for $1，000 a minute.Another time he was seen using a check for $1，500 as a bookmark.Then he lost the book!
Besides his work in physics，he spent much time working for human rights and progress.
[理解] (True or False)
1．Albert Einstein learned advanced mathematics with the help of others.(F)
2．Albert Einstein would like to be a physicist when young.(T)
3．Albert Einstein spent much time making money.(F)
[积累]
①advanced adj. 先进的；高级的
②physicist n. 物理学家
③devote oneself to 全身心投入于
④manage to 达成；设法
⑤graduation n. 毕业(典礼)
⑥Theory of Relativity 相对论
⑦refuse v. 拒绝；回绝
Section ⅠReading and Thinking
①cholera n．霍乱
②used to 过去常常
③severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
④diarrhoea n．腹泻
⑤dehydration n．脱水
⑥outbreak n．爆发
⑦frustrated adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的
⑧attend to照顾
⑨once and for all 最终地；彻底地
⑩in general一般来说
contradictory adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
infection n．感染；传染
infect vt.使感染；传染
germ n．微生物；细菌；病菌
subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
subscribe to同意；赞同
proof n．证据；证明；检验
consequently adv.因此；所以
investigate v．调查
multiple adj.数量多的；多种多样的
pump n．泵；抽水机；打气筒
water pump 水泵
household n．一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人
suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任
n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责
n．责备；指责
deliver vt.运送；传递
as a result of由于……；因为……
accordingly adv.相应地
handle n．把手；拉手；柄
vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
remove v．移走
intervention n．介入；出面；干涉
track n．轨道；足迹
link n．联系；纽带
vt.把……连接起来；相关联
case n．病例
raw adj.未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的
pure adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的
tireless efforts不懈的努力
substantial adj.大量的；价值巨大的；重大的
decrease n．减少；降低；减少量
vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
thanks to幸亏；由于
statistic n．[pl.]统计数字；统计资料；统计学
transform vt.使改观；使改变形态
vi.改变；转变
epidemiology n．流行病学
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA①”
Cholera used to② be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome.[1] This illness causes severe③ diarrhoea④， dehydration⑤， and even death.In the early 19th century, when an outbreak⑥ of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated⑦ because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.[2] In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to⑧ Queen Victoria when she gave birth[3].However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all⑨.
[1]这是一个主从复合句。until在句中引导时间状语从句；how引导的从句作动词showed的宾语；过去分词feared作定语修饰名词diseases；John Snow是a British doctor的同位语。
[2]这是一个主从复合句。because引导原因状语从句；“疑问词how＋不定式短语”作动词knew的宾语。
[3]when引导时间状语从句。
In general⑩， doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread.One theory was that bad air caused the disease.[4] The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. [5] Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct, but he still needed proof .Consequently ， when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate .He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.[6] He was determined to find out why.
[4][5]两句中that在句中引导表语从句，that不作任何成分，只起连接作用，且不可省略。
[6]第一个that引导的从句作动词discovered的宾语；在该从句中含有一个so ...that ...句型结构，该结构中that引导结果状语从句。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.[7] There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40).However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.[8] What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.[9] As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.Accordingly， he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used[10].Through this intervention， the disease was stopped in its tracks.
[7] 该句中的介词短语by marking on a map作方式状语修饰动词began；where和who引导定语从句，分别修饰先行词places和those。
[8]that引导的从句作动词suspected的宾语；be to blame意为“该受责备”，常用主动形式表示被动意义。
[9]句型It seemed that ...意为“好像……”；so ...that ...句型结构中that引导结果状语从句；had it delivered是“have＋宾语＋过去分词”结构，过去分词作宾语补足语，表示“主语让别人做某事”。
[10]so that在句中引导目的状语从句。
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste[11].Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste[12].The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water[13].
[11]连接词that在句中引导表语从句。
[12]关系代词that在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词the River Thames。
[13]句子主干使用了一个比较级结构；句中两个关系代词who都引导定语从句，分别修饰先行词people和those; be likely to do sth”意为“有可能做某事”。
Through Snow's tireless efforts， water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease [14].However, cholera is still a problem.Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics， Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases[15].For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
[14]该句谓语动词是saw，使用了拟人的修辞手法，意为“见证；目睹”。
[15]这是一个定语从句，修饰先行词the way，此处省略了that或in which。
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医，甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。
事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。
经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。
Step One：Pre reading
According to the following pictures, can you tell how scientists affect the world
Answers may vary.
Step Two：While reading
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea
1．What's the main idea of the passage
A．King Cholera.
B．The life of John Snow.
C．John Snow's defeat of “King Cholera”．
D．The use of John Snow's map in his research.
答案：C
2．Match the main idea with each paragraph.
Para.1 A．Snow's investigation
Para.2 B．the comment on Snow
Para.3 C．the introduction of cholera in the past
Para.4 D．the two theories of cholera's spreading
Para.5 E．Snow's conclusion
答案：Paras.1～5 CDAEB
Ⅱ.Read for details
阅读文章第一段，完成第1题。
1．Why was the disease called “King Cholera”？
Because cholera was the most deadly disease of its day.
阅读文章第二至四段，完成第2至5题。
2．判断正(T)误(F)。
Other doctors found out how Cholera spread.(F)
选择最佳选项
3．How did John Snow do the research
A．By using maps and statistics.
B．By drinking the water himself.
C．By questioning the patients.
D．By experimenting with himself.
答案：A
4．How did John Snow stop the people from using the water from the pump
A.By telling people that the water was polluted.
B．By asking water companies to sell pure water.
C．By removing the handle of the water pump.
D．By drinking more free beer.
答案：C
回答下面问题
5．What caused cholera's outbreak in the Broad Street
The infected water from the Broad Street pump.
阅读文章第五段，完成第6题。
6．Why is Snow considered the father of modern epidemiology
A．Because he changed the way to study diseases.
B．Because he knew how to prevent and treat cholera.
C．Because he made cholera disappear in the world.
D．Because he announced the pump water carried cholera germs.
答案：A
Ⅲ.Read for the structure
Read the passage again and fill in the blanks.
Step Three：Post reading
Ⅰ.课文语法填空
John Snow was a well known doctor in London in the 19th century.He wanted 1.to find (find) the cause of cholera in order to help people 2.infected (infect) with it.In 1854 when a cholera 3.hit (hit) London, he began to gather information 4.immediately (immediate).He marked on a map 5.where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who 6.had drunk (drink) the dirty water 7.from the pump died.So he announced that the pump water 8.carried (carry) cholera germs.He suggested that the source of all water supplies 9.(should) be examined (examine) and new methods of 10.dealing (deal) with polluted water be found.Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.
Ⅱ.讨论
1．According to your own experience, list several national great scientists of our country.
Zhong Nanshan, Tu Youyou, Huang Wenxiu, Qian Xuesen，etc.
2．What do you think a senior high school student should do when facing a disease like cholera (Answers may vary.)
A high school student should be brave enough to face the disease while obeying the measures taken by the government to control epidemic diseases, such as wearing masks, washing hands more often, and etc.
Ⅲ.长难句分析
1．Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
[句式分析] 本句是一个复合句。主句为 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places。where引导定语从句，修饰先行词the exact places；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词those。
[自主翻译] 斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。
2．It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
[句式分析] 本句中so ... that ...意为“如此……以至于……”引导结果状语从句。had it delivered为“have sth done”结构，意为“让某事被做”。
[自主翻译] 该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．two contradictory theories 两个相互矛盾的理论
2．an infection from germs in food or water
由食物或水中的细菌引起的感染
3．need proof 需要证据
4．multiple deaths near the water pump
水泵附近的很多死亡病例
5．some households having no deaths
没有死亡病例的一些家庭
6．suspect the evidence 怀疑这个证据
7．blame him for his coming late again
责备他又一次迟到
8．remove the handle of the pump
拆掉水泵的手柄
9．through this intervention 通过这一干预
10．show a link between other cases
证明其他病例之间的联系
11．a substantial decrease 大幅度减少
12．the use of maps and statistics
地图标注和统计数据的使用
13．the father of modern epidemiology
现代流行病学之父
[掌握规律 巧记单词]
1．合成词
household n. 一家人
overcome v. 克服
outbreak n. 爆发
2．后缀 ly的副词
consequent adj.随之发生的→ consequently adv.因此；所以
fortunate adj.幸运的→ fortunately adv.幸运地
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．Thick fog and irresponsible driving were to blame (应受责备) for the serious accident.
2．In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to (照顾) Queen Victoria when she gave birth.
3．However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all (最终地；彻底地).
4．Snow subscribed to (赞同；同意) the second theory.
5．As a result of (由于……) this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.
6．Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to (幸亏) the work of John Snow.
Ⅲ.典型句式
1．[教材原句] He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。
[句式分析] so ... that ...如此……以至于……。
[佳句仿写] 起初，学英语看上去那么难以至于我甚至还没尝试就想放弃。
At the beginning, learning English seemed so difficult that I wanted to give up without even trying.
2．[教材原句] It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。
[句式分析] It seemed that ...好像……；似乎……。
[佳句仿写] 似乎这位女子拥有的一切都在这里面。
It seemed that everything the woman owned was in them.
3．[教材原句] Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。
[句式分析] 在“have＋宾语＋过去分词(短语)”结构中，过去分词(短语)作宾语补足语。
[佳句仿写] 在飞机起飞一小时前，克莱尔让她的行李进行了安检。
Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane took off.
4．[教材原句] Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。
[句式分析] see在此处的主语为物，意为“见证；目睹”，是一种拟人的用法。
[佳句仿写] 这座古庙见证了过去二百年里这个村庄的巨大变迁。
The old temple has seen great changes of the village in the past two hundred years.
1．infection n．感染；传染
(教材p.2) The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.
另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。
(1)prevent infection 防止感染
skin infection 皮肤感染
(2)infect vt. 使感染；传染
(3)infected adj. 感染的
be infected with/by 被感染
(4)infectious adj. 传染性的
[佳句]
Surgeons wear masks to prevent the spread of infection.
外科医生戴着口罩以防止传染(病)的传播。
[练透] 单句语法填空/补全句子
①There is a virus that infects (infect) word processing documents recently.
②Her cheerful spirits and laughter infected (infect) the whole class yesterday.
③Measles is a highly infectious disease that causes deaths, but is fully preventable by vaccination.
麻疹是一种传染性很强的疾病，会造成死亡，但通过接种疫苗是完全可以预防的。
[写美] 句型转换(把句②改为强调句)
④It was her cheerful spirits and laughter that infected the whole class yesterday.
2．subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
(教材p.2)Snow subscribed to the second theory.
斯诺赞同第二种看法。
(1)subscribe to 同意；赞同
subscribe for 认购(股份)
subscribe ... to ... 把……捐赠给……；把……签署在……上
(2)subscriber n. 订阅者
[佳句]
I have never subscribed to the view that schooldays are the happiest days of your life.
我从来没有同意过这样的观点：学生时代是你一生中最快乐的日子。
[练透] 单句语法填空
①Most scientists subscribe to the view that the earth is becoming warmer because of human activities.
[写美] 补全句子
②Each employee may subscribe for up to $2，000 worth of shares.
每个雇员可以认购价值不超过2，000美元的股票。
3．suspect vt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
(教材p.2)Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。
suspect sb of doing/having done sth
怀疑某人做过某事
suspect sb/sth to be ... 怀疑某人/某物是……
[佳句]
If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light.
如果你怀疑煤气泄漏，不要划火柴，甚至不要打开电灯。
[练透] 单句语法填空
①What made you suspect her of having taken the money
[写美] 补全句子
②Judging from his abnormal behaviour，I suspected him to be a thief．
从他不正常的行为来判断，我怀疑他是个小偷。
③Suspecting nothing, he walked right into the trap.
什么也没怀疑，他径直走进了陷阱。
4．blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n.责备；指责
(1)be to blame (for sth) 该(为……)受责备；应该(为……)负责
blame sth on sb 把某事归咎于某人
blame sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事责备某人
be blamed for 因……受谴责/责备
(2)accept/bear/take the blame for sth
对某事负责任
put the blame on 把责任归咎于……
[佳句]
— What a mess！You are always so lazy!
— I'm not to blame，Mum.I am what you have made me.
——真是一团糟！你总是那么懒！
——我不该受责备，妈妈。我是你培养的。
[练透] 单句语法填空/句型转换
①Many children were blamed for making mistakes in the exam.
②Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and put the blame on the alarm clock.
③She blamed her husband for the failure of their marriage.
→She blamed the failure of their marriage on her husband.
[写美] 补全句子
④Joe is proud and stubborn, never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame．
乔既骄傲又固执，从不承认自己错了，总是找别人来责怪。
[点津] be to blame意为“该受谴责，该受责备”，用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
5．handle n．把手；拉手；柄 vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
(教材p.2)Accordingly，he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。
(1)handle a machine 操纵机器
handle a problem 处理问题
handle the paperwork 处理文书工作
handle the data 处理数据
(2)the handle of the door 门把手
get a handle on sth 开始了解/掌握某事
[佳句]
He turned the handle and opened the door.
他转动把手，打开了门。
[练透] 单句语法填空/熟词生义
①As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine，we must send for an engineer to handle (handle) the problem.
②We all have to learn to handle pressure.调节
[写美] 补全句子
③Then，handle the most important tasks first and you'll feel a real sense of achievement.
然后，先处理最重要的任务，这样你会感到真正的成就感。
6．link n．联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联
(教材p.3)Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.
此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。
link ... to ... 将……和……联系或连接起来
link up with 与……联合；使与……衔接
[佳句]
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link.
(谚语)一环薄弱，全链易断。
[练透] 单句语法填空
①Your innovations should be linked to our school life and be able to make our life better and more convenient.
②They went on to the next town, where they linked up with the other party.
7．decrease n．减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
(教材p.3)Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。
(1)decrease to ... 减少到……
decrease by ... 减少了……
decrease from ... to ... 从……减少到……
(2)on the decrease 正在减少
[佳句]
The number of people aged 50 and under will decrease by more than 30% during the time.
在此期间，五十岁和五十岁以下的人口将减少30%多。
[练透] 单句语法填空
①The traffic accidents in the city decreased by 40% last year.
②The number of new students in this school decreased from 2，100 to 1，600 this year.
[写美] 补全句子
③Because of human activities, the number of some rare animals is on the decrease/is decreasing．
由于人类活动，一些稀有动物的数目正在减少。
[点津] decrease的反义词为increase，其搭配有：increase to ... 增加(长)到……；increase by ... 增加(长)了……；on the increase 正在增加。
8．thanks to幸亏；由于
(教材p.3)Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow.
幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。
[佳句]
Thanks to our joint efforts, new advances have been made in the cooperation of BRICS this year.
今年由于我们的共同努力，金砖经济合作迈出了新步伐。
[练透] 补全句子
①It was all a great success — thanks to a lot of hard work．
由于许多艰辛工作，这才大获成功。
[写美] 翻译句子
②多亏了你及时的帮助，我按时完成了工作。
Thanks to your timely help, I managed to finish the work on time.
[点津] 表示“因为；由于”的短语还有：owing to, due to, because of, as a result of, on account of等。
9．transform vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变
(教材p.3)．.. Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.
……斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
(1)transform ... into ... 把……变成……
transform into 转变成；转化成；改造为
be transformed from ... into ... 由……变成……
(2)transformation n. 改变；转换；改观
[佳句]
It was an event that would transform my life.
那是能够改变我生活的一件事。
[练透] 单句语法填空
①She was transformed from a common looking adolescent into a pretty young woman.
②The way in which we work has undergone a complete transformation (transform) in the past decade.
[写美] 补全句子
③It is a surprise that the city has been transformed from a small town into a modern industrial center in recent ten years.
真令人惊奇，在近十年中，这个城市由一个小乡镇转变成了一个现代化的工业中心。
1．[句型公式] so ...that ...如此……以至于……
(教材p.2)He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。
so ... that ...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句，在此结构中so为副词，后面跟形容词或副词。具体用法如下：
so＋
[练透] 选词填空(so/such)/句型转换
①Usually, it's so crowded on the bus that I can't find anywhere to sit.
②There was so much work to do that everybody got bored.
③He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.
④This is such an interesting book that we all enjoy reading it.
→This is so interesting a book that we all enjoy reading it. (so ...that ...)
[点津] such ... that ...与so ... that ...意思相同，但用法不同，“such ... that ...”句型结构可分为以下三种：
such＋
2．[句型公式] “have＋宾语＋过去分词(短语)”结构中，过去分词(短语)作宾语补足语
(教材p.2)Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。
在该句型中宾语补足语和宾语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，有两种常见用法：
(1)使某事被做(可能是主语自己做，也可能是让别人做)；
(2)遭遇或经历某种不幸的事情。
[练透] 单句语法填空/句型转换
①The boss had me set (set) down what people present at the meeting said.
②He was very funny and had us laughing (laugh) all the way.
③I must finish my homework before going to bed.
→I must have my homework finished before going to bed.
④His right leg was injured during the training.
→He had his right leg injured during the training.
[点津] have sb do ... 让某人做……
have sb/sth doing 让某人/某物一直做……
have sth to do 有某事要做
PAGE
20Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
Grammar —— 表语从句
1．As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.
2．One theory was that bad air caused the disease.
3．The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.
4．The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste.
5．That's why we've given you the letter.
6．It looks as if it is going to rain.
[我的发现]
(1)句1中系动词became后接形容词作表语；句2、3、4、5、6中作表语的是从句。
(2)句2、3、4中的连接词that 在句中只起连接作用，没有含义，且不可省略。
(3)句5和句6中引导表语从句的连词有一定的含义，分别意为“为什么”和“好像”。
一、概念
在主从复合句中充当表语的从句，叫作表语从句。它常位于系动词之后，用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。
二、连接词的用法
1．that引导表语从句时的用法：(1)无意义；(2)不充当成分；(3)不可省略。
The trouble is that she has lost his address.
问题是她弄丢了他的地址。
My suggestion is that we should tell him the secret.
我的建议是我们应该告诉他这个秘密。
2．whether引导的表语从句
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.
问题是他们能否帮助我们。
[点津] if不能引导表语从句。
3．连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句
The problem is how we can find him.
问题是我们如何找到他。
He is no longer what he was.
他已经不再是以前的他了。
That's where you are wrong.
那就是你不对的地方。
4．because, as if/as though引导的表语从句
It sounds as if/as though someone is knocking at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
That's because you can't appreciate music.
那是因为你不能欣赏音乐。
三、注意事项
1．why和because引导的表语从句的区别
That's why ... 意为“那是……的原因”，强调结果
That's because ... 意为“那是因为……”，强调原因
I didn't phone her, and that's why she got angry with me.(强调“她对我生气”这一结果)
我没有给她打电话，那就是她对我生气的原因。
I didn't phone her, and that's because I got angry with her.(强调“生气”这一原因)
我没有给她打电话，那是因为我生她的气了。
2．表语从句中的虚拟语气
在表语从句中，当主句中的主语是：advice, suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea等时，从句谓语形式是“should＋动词原形(should可以省略)”。
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
补全句子
①The fact was that he didn't really work hard．
事实是他没有真正努力工作。
②The question is whether the film is worth seeing．
问题是这部电影是否值得看。
③Now it seems as though/as if she has known Millie for years.
现在看起来好像她认识米莉已经许多年了。
④My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.
我的建议是你应该尽可能地经常练习说英语。
⑤That's where I first met her．
那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。
⑥The problem is who is really fit for the hard job．
问题是谁真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。
PAGE
3Part Ⅰ Talk about scientific experiences
[听说课前清障]
1．cast vt. 投射；向……投以(视线、笑容等)；投掷
2．shadow n. 阴影；影子；背光处
3．rainbow n. 彩虹
4．pour vt. 倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)
5．concrete n. 混凝土
adj. 混凝土制的；确实的；具体的
6．plasma n. 血浆
7．be related to 与……有联系
8．instead of 代替；而不是
9．at times 有时
10．put pressure on 给……施加压力
11．in fact 实际上
12．in the form of 以……的形式
13．Then，as soon as you take the pressure off，it becomes a liquid again.
然后，一旦你把压力释放，它又变成了液体。
14．This shows that it is possible that something can exist as a liquid and a solid at the same time.
这表明，某些东西可以同时以液体和固体的形式存在是可能的。
[话题听力提能]
听下面4段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第1段材料，回答第1、2题。
1．What does the woman regret
A．Giving up her research.
B．Dropping out of college.
C．Changing her major.
2．What is the woman interested in studying now
A．Ecology.
B．Education.
C．Chemistry.
听第2段材料，回答第3至5题。
3．Why does the woman meet the man
A．To look at an apartment.
B．To deliver some furniture.
C．To have a meal together.
4．What does the woman like about the carpet
A．Its color.
B．Its design.
C．Its quality.
5．What does the man say about the kitchen
A．It's a good size.
B．It's newly painted.
C．It's adequately equipped.
听第3段材料，回答第6至8题。
6．What is the man doing
A．Making a reply.
B．Getting some advice.
C．Asking for information.
7．What sport is the most popular at the camping center
A．Horse riding.
B．Sailing.
C．Boating.
8．When do groups always arrive at the camping center
A．On Friday.
B．On Saturday.
C．On Sunday.
听第4段材料，回答第9至12题。
9．Who is the speaker
A．A guide.
B．A teacher.
C．A coach.
10．When will the students leave for the museum
A．At 6：30. B．At 7：45. C．At 8：00.
11．What will the students do at 1：15
A．See a film.
B．Meet at a café.
C．Visit a gallery.
12．Where can the students find more information
A．From teachers.
B．From a website.
C．From a book.
答案：1～5 BAAAC 6～10 CABBC 11～12 AB
听力材料：
(Text 1)
W：The biggest mistake I made, uh ... was leaving college in my last year and not completing my education.So, I'm thinking of going back to school.
M：School To study what
W：Ecology.I'm interested in the relationship between humans and nature.
M：Cool.Is it what you studied years ago
M：No, I majored in chemistry then.
(Text 2)
W：Hi, I've only just arrived.
M：Oh, good.Now, here are the keys.Let's go in.There are two apartments.The one for rent is on the right.Do come in.
W：Thank you.I like the carpet.The color is nice, isn't it
M：Yes, and this apartment is in good condition.Here is your lounge.
W：Where would we eat
M：There is this corner here, or you can use your kitchen.Come and see.
W：The kitchen is quite small.
M：Yes, but it has everything — cooker, fridge, even a dishwasher.
W：And there are lots of cupboards.
M：Let me show you the bedrooms.This is the smaller one.
W：It's a good size, though.
M：Now come into the other bedroom.You can see the bathroom, too.
W：Yes.It is very nice, but I will have to ask my friend first.And we will come together.I understand it is $800 a month.
M：Yes, but a few blocks downtown would be much more expensive.
W：Well, thank you.I will be in touch.
(Text 3)
W：Good morning.Lake camping centre, can I help you
M：Oh, yes.I'm interested in bringing a group of schoolchildren to your center this summer and I'd like some information.Could you tell me something about your center
W：Certainly, sir.We're a place where you can come and enjoy great fun.Whatever your goal is, our workers are on hand to help you.
M：I think we'd like to have an educational visit and some fun at the same time.I was thinking of some of our children who have failed exams and need to retake them next year.
W：I see.Well, we have teachers in different subjects at most levels and we offer sailing, volleyball, boating, and quite a few other sports.Most children have never tried horse riding, so we offer courses in that too.It's the most popular with children.
M：That sounds good.I'll see if there is any interest and how many days could the children stay at your camping centre
W：For one week.Groups always arrive on a Saturday evening and leave the following Sunday morning.
M：That would be fun.Now, about prices
W：The cost would be 425 pounds per child and 480 pounds per adult.
M：Oh, okay.I'll speak to my master and get back to you as soon as possible.
W：Good, I look forward to hearing from you.
(Text 4)
M：Good morning, everybody.Before we start the class today, I need to give you some information about our field trip on the 27th of May.As you know, we're spending the day at The Science Museum in London.A coach will pick us up in the school car park.We'll leave at 8 o'clock, so plan to be there at least fifteen minutes before that，7：45 at the latest.You'd better set your alarms for 6：30, okay If you've visited The Science Museum before, you'll know that it's enormous, and we can't possibly see everything in one day.The Welcome Wing has three galleries which deal only with contemporary science.We're going to have a guided tour of one of them.We've ordered lunch at the café， so we'll all meet up there at 12：30.And don't be late.We have to go to the cinema at 1：15.I think that's all for now.Oh, one last thing.Check out The Science Museum website before we go.The more you read about it, the more interesting the visit will be.
[话题表达锤炼]
Scene One
两个人就社交机器人的功能展开讨论。
阅读下面的对话，根据语境选择最佳选项填空。
W：Jim, whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years.
M：That's it.Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way. 1
W：I couldn't agree more.While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools.For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. 2
M：Just like the Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. 3 If necessary, you can even make requests for it to perform different tasks.
W：Hmm.Can it remind my grandpa to take medicine
M：Of course.Just a piece of cake. 4
W：Nice. 5
M：Yes.It can learn from communicating with others.That means, the more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns.
A．Can it speak different languages
B．It is even able to lead his way home.
C．You can talk to the robot or ask it questions.
D．There are more possibilities for our life with them.
E．This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.
答案：1～5 DECBA
Scene Two
男士要采购相机，女士给出建议。
阅读下面的对话，根据提示完成对话。
W：Sir，can I help you
M：1.I'd like to buy a camera (我想买个相机).
W：Oh, which do you want to buy, ordinary cameras, movie cameras or video cameras
M：Well, I am thinking of a video camera.
W：Hmm.2.How much do you want to spend (你打算花多少钱)
M：I'm not really sure.Could you give some advice
W：Well, that depends on the model and anything else you want to have with it.
M：I see.
W：How about this one It has one of the new memory sticks, and a protective case for filming underwater so you can take it 3.when you go diving(你去跳水的时候)．
M：Does it have autofocus
W：No, it doesn't.
M：That's Okay.4.The underwater filming is important for me (水下摄影对我来说很重要), actually.How much is this
W：It costs 650 euros.
M：Oh, 5.that's a bit expensive for me(那对我来说有点贵了).Have you got anything similar but less expensive
W：Well, here is the sale of the week.It's excellent for the price, only 470 euros, and it includes ...
[听力技巧点拨]
如何解事实细节类听力题
事实细节类听力题主要考察与话题中心相关的具体信息，如时间、地点、人物、价钱、数量、目的、原因、结果等。因此，在听材料之前，先通过题目进行内容预测，判断重点听哪些方面的细节信息，同时，还要求我们对所听到的信息进行简单的处理，比如数字运算、时间顺序、比较筛选、同义转换、因果关系等。理解具体信息有助于把握话题内容，这是听力考查的重点内容。常见的提问方式有：
Where is the woman going
How does the man pay for the tickets
What's wrong with the girl
When does the woman plan to arrive
What's the man's house number
How many hours does Tom sleep a day
Why does the man thank the woman
[典例] What did the woman do yesterday
A．She had science class.
B．She made a video.
C．She worked in the lab.
[听力原文]
M：Did you go to the video of the Science Museum yesterday
W：No, I couldn't make it.I was stuck in the lab.
M：You missed a really good chance.It was made very well.
[分析] 男士问女士昨天看科技馆的视频没有，女生回答自己没看成，被困在实验室了。故此题答案是C。
Part Ⅱ Write about what makes a great scientist
[学范文·背佳句]——它山之石，可以攻玉
范文诠释
[教材原文]
THE FATHER OF CHINA'S AEROSPACE
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with “great scientific thought and scientific spirit” who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well respected man.
Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering.However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.
Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies.Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology.As a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, now one of NASA's leading space exploration centres.
After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US, Qian returned to China in 1955.He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme.At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped.No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China.Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him from taking on the challenge.When asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles？”， his reply was a determined “Why not We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make.”
Under Qian's leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long March rockets.In 1970, China successfully launched its first man made satellite, Dong Fang Hong Ⅰ， from a Long March rocket.Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also be traced back to Qian's research, Qian earned the name of “the father of China's aerospace”．
Qian read a lot and was extremely knowledgeable, especially in the area of frontier science research.However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing.His deep appreciation for art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research.
On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened by Qian's death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways.
[名师论道]
[学语言]
首段第二句使用了过去分词短语作状语(Described by ...)和定语从句(who was patriotic ...)，整体介绍钱学森的科研地位。
第二段使用了however, because和动词不定式使句子衔接自然。
第三段使用了四个时间短语，行文脉络清晰。
第四段使用了not only ... but also ...，省略句等，丰富句式表达形式。
第五段使用了because，使句子间更加紧凑。
第六段使用了what引导的主语从句。
第七段使用and连接动作，彰显作者语言功底。
[学结构]
首段总起，点明钱学森的地位、身上的科学品质。
第二段写钱学森出生、求学概况。
第三段写钱学森前往美国读研究生后的成就。
第四段写钱学森看到国家需要，回到国内接受挑战。
第五段写在钱学森引领下，中国航空航天事业取得的一系列成就。
第六段写钱学森科研之外的兴趣爱好。
第七段写钱学森逝世时间等。
范文诠释
A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics.Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair, unable to move and using a computer to talk.Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles, his world became one of abstract thought.
Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964.In general, there were two main theories on the origin of the universe.The first was the steady state theory, which holds that the universe has no beginning or end.The other was the big bang theory, which holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space.The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor at Cambridge.During the question and answer period after one of Hoyle's lectures, Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths.Once the maths was corrected, it showed that the big bang theory — and not the steady state theory — was true.Hawking's own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes.A star was born.
So, what made Stephen Hawking a genius Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did.He was willing to say what others were afraid to say, and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about.Furthermore, he was quite determined.This had helped him as a scientist, and had helped him even more in his fight against his disease.Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults.This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries.
[学语言]
首段使用了famous，gifted，abstract等形容词，栩栩如生地交代了人物概况。
第二段通过in general，the first等短语使描述层次分明，使用 which引导的定语从句，补充说明细节，彰显语言功底。
第三段使用了be willing to, be afraid to, be quite determined等词组，把霍金的内心感受跃然纸上。
[学结构]
首段总起，点明霍金的科学地位，人们对霍金的了解。
第二段写霍金求学、成名概况。
第三段写霍金身上凸显的科学精神。
佳句背诵
开头句：
1.They hold the belief that the stories of scientists are attractive and easy to understand.
2.I'd love to share Qian Xuesen's story with you.
过渡句：
1.As far as I am concerned，I like Qian Xuesen，because his experience told me the truth and encouraged me to learn more.
2.What matters is to hold your own dreams.
结尾句：
1.However，every coin has two sides.
2.After all，not everyone dares to face reality bravely.
[仿佳作·找差距]——巧借外力，事半功倍
[题目要求]
根据以下材料，写一篇介绍我国明代(Ming Dynasty)医学家(medical scientist)李时珍的文章。
姓名：李时珍
出生年份：1518年
著作：《本草纲目》
内容：中草药(Chinese herbs)总集，包含近2，000种中草药，数百万字(characters)
写作经历：访民间，走群山，尝百草，亲身做实验
成书时间：1578年，历时37年
评价：对我国医学发展做出了重大贡献。
[仿写步骤]
Step 1 一仿结构布局合理
第一段：人物概况；
第二段：事迹，生平；
第三段：评价。
Step 2 二仿语言规范美观
1．使用核心词汇，丰富语料
be known as 被誉为
visit mountains 走群山
call on ordinary people 访民间
do experiments 做实验
be considered as/to be ... 被认为是……
a great contribution to 对……的巨大贡献
the development of Traditional Chinese Medicine
中医药的发展
2．根据提示，介绍李时珍
(1)李时珍是中国明朝时期的一位著名医学家。
Li Shizhen was known as a famous Chinese medical scientist in Ming Dynasty.
(2)他出生于1518年。
He was born in 1518.
(3)他写了一本名为《本草纲目》的书。
He wrote a book which is called Ben Cao Gang Mu.
(4)《本草纲目》是一本中国中草药总集，其中包含了2，000多种中草药，数百万字。
Ben Cao Gang Mu is a collection of Chinese herbs which includes over 2，000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters.
(5)他花了37年的时间完成了这部著作。
He spent 37 years finishing the work.
Step 3 三仿句间过渡自然
1．用过去分词短语作状语合并句(1)、句(2)。
Known as a famous Chinese medical scientist in Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen was born in 1518.
2．用定语从句、非谓语动词和介词短语合并句(3)、句(4)。
He wrote a book called Ben Cao Gang Mu，which is a collection of Chinese herbs including over 2，000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters.
3．用it作形式主语改写句(5)。
It took him 37 years to finish the work.
Step 4 誊写
Known as a famous Chinese medical scientist in Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen was born in 1518.He wrote a book called Ben Cao Gang Mu, which is a collection of Chinese herbs including over 2，000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters.In order to finish the work, he visited mountains, called on ordinary people, tasted different kinds of herbs and even did experiments by himself.It took him 37 years to finish the work, and his book is considered to be a great contribution to the development of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
[自我评价]
Evaluation A B C D
1.(final copy) Be well organized.
2.(every sentence) Have correct tense and voice.
3.(final copy) Use what we have learned in the reading beautifully.
4.(writing) Be neat and beautiful.
5.(passage) Use proper conjunctions (连接词).
6.(passage) Use transitional sentences (过渡句).
7.(spelling, punctuation and capitalization) Be correct.
8.(final copy) Be worthy of being shared.
1．break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
(教材p.7)However，after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932，Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.
然而，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。
break down 出故障；失败；垮掉；分解
break in 破门而入；打断(谈话等)
break into 强行闯入
break away from 脱离；挣脱
break up 打碎；分裂；解体
break through 突破
[佳句]
They had escaped to America shortly before war broke out in 1939.
1939年战争爆发前他们逃到了美国。
[练透] 单句语法填空
①They were discussing something important when a man broke in．
②Scientists hope to break through soon in their fight against heart disease.
③A terrible fire broke out in the building last night.
[写美] 补全句子
④Close the door and windows carefully to prevent some strangers (from) breaking into your house．
仔细关好门窗以防陌生人闯进你的房子。
[点津] break in和break into都有“闯入”的意思。break in为不及物动词短语，后不跟宾语；break into为及物动词短语，后跟宾语。
2．defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解
(1)defend ... from/against 保护……免受……
defend oneself 为自己辩护；自卫
(2)defence n. 防御；保卫
in defence of 为了保卫；为……辩护
[佳句]
The union said that they would take action to defend their member's jobs.
工会说他们将采取行动维护会员的工作(权益)。
[练透] 单句语法填空
①The killer insisted that he was just defending (defend) himself when attacked.
②They were determined to defend themselves from/against misusage.
[写美] 补全句子
③Students should be trained to defend themselves against/from some attacks．
应该训练学生保护自己免遭某些攻击。
3．in charge of 主管；掌管
(教材p.8)He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme.
他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。
(1)take charge of 掌管/负责……
in the charge of 受……的管理；由……负责
(2)free of charge＝for free 免费
(3)charge v. 收费；要价；控告；充电
charge sb for sth 为某物向某人收取费用
charge sb with (doing) sth
控告某人(做)某事
[佳句]
Officials in charge of the camps say the system is now running extremely smoothly.
负责这些营地的官员们说现在这一体系运转得非常顺利。
[练透] 单句语法填空/句型转换
①The police charged the thief with stealing the jewels.
②How much did he charge you for repairing this pair of shoes
③Mr Bell has been in charge of the house for more than a year.
→The house has been in the charge of Mr Bell for more than a year．
[写美] 补全句子
④A series of activities related to study and sports are in the charge of the students in the English department．
一系列关于学习和体育的活动是由英语系学生负责的。
[点津] in charge of多以人作主语，指“某人负责/主管某事”；in the charge of 多以物作主语，指“某物由某人掌管”。类似的还有：in possession of，in the possession of；in control of，in the control of。
4．come down患(病)；染上(小病)
(教材p.8)Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles，his world became one of abstract thought.
他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界。
come across 偶然遇到
come about 发生
come to 恢复常态；共计；达到(某种状况)
come up with 提出(主语是人)
come up 提出(主语是建议等)
[佳句]
Thomas came down with chickenpox at the weekend.
托马斯在周末染上了水痘。
[练透] 单句语法填空
①I came across my former English teacher in the street yesterday.
②The headmaster wants to know how the accident came about．
[写美] 补全句子
③He must have come down with a bad cold，for he has got a sore throat.
他一定是感冒了，因为他嗓子痛。
④The scientists are beating their brains trying to come up with a solution to the problem．
科学家们绞尽脑汁试图提出解决这个问题的办法。
5．above all最重要的是；尤其是
(教材p.9)Above all，Hawking was willing to admit his faults.
最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。
after all 毕竟；终究；别忘了
all in all 整体说来；总而言之
in all 全部；合计
at all (否定句)一点也不；(疑问句)到底；究竟
[佳句]
He is hard working，cheerful，and above all honest.
他勤奋、乐观，最重要的是诚实。
[练透] 选词填空(at all/in all/above all/after all)
①And, above all, don't go around looking at the house if you are not invited.
②I was very upset to find out that he didn't like my gift at all．
③Don't believe the advertisement. After all, it is the customers who pay for whatever you are given.
④How many students are there in your school in all
[写美] 补全句子
⑤Old Mr Smith was beloved by all，and above all by the children．
史密斯老先生为众人所爱戴，尤其是受到孩子们的爱戴。
6．fault n．弱点；过错
find fault with ... 对……不满；挑剔
be at fault 有过错；有责任
[佳句]
“I wondered whom you could mean. I should never dare to find fault with her.” said Daiyu coldly.
“我想知道你所指何人，我可再也不敢挑她毛病了。”黛玉冷冷地说道。
[练透] 单句语法填空
①He could always find fault with something, either in my writing or in my personality.
②The driver who didn't stop at the red light was at fault in the accident.
1．[句型公式] “否定词＋比较级”表示最高级
(教材p.7)Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.
也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
表示最高级意义的其他常见结构：
(1)否定词＋比较级
never＋比较级
nothing/no＋so＋原级＋as ...
nothing/no＋比较级＋than ...
(2)比较级＋than＋
[佳句]
Unfortunately，the technology of climate change is no simpler than anything else.
不幸的是，改变气候的科技比其他任何事情都要复杂。
[练透] 补全句子
①I have never spent a more worrying day than this.
我从来没有经历过比这更令人担忧的一天了。
②Tom is more intelligent/cleverer than any other student in his class.
汤姆是他班上最聪明的学生。
[写美] 句型转换(用any of the other ...结构改写句②)
③Tom is more intelligent/cleverer than any of the other students in his class.
2．[句型公式] 状语从句的省略
(教材p.8)When asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles？”，his reply was a determined “Why not ...”
当被问到“我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗？” 他的回答十分坚定“为什么不能？……”
(1)状语从句省略的条件：①when, while, though, even if, unless, if, as if等引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致或从句主语为it；②状语从句谓语中含有be动词。
(2)省略句的形式：省略从句中的主语和be动词。
[佳句]
When asked about her future after the race，guess how Cathy replied
当比赛后被问及自己的未来时，你猜卡西是如何回答的？
[练透] 单句语法填空
①She gave me a comforting smile, and nodded while listening (listen) patiently.
②If accepted (accept) for the job, you'll be informed soon.
[写美] 补全句子
③If (it is) necessary, you'd better not refer to the dictionary.
除非有必要，否则你最好不要查词典。
④Work hard when (you are) young，or you'll regret.
少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
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