2022届高考英语二轮复习：简明语法系列---定语从句讲义

定语从句
用作定语修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句(Attributive Clause)。定语从句置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。被修饰的名词或代词称作先行词。定语从句由一定的连接词引导，称为关系代词，如which，that, who(m), whose，或关系副词，如when，why,where。
例如：
The flowers which I grew in the garden last month will bloom soon. (which为关系代词)
我上个月在花园里种的花就要开花了。
That is the house where he was born and brought up. (where是关系副词)那是他诞生和长大的屋子。
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句(Restrictive Attributive Clause)对先行词具有限制和确定作用，如果去掉，主句的意义就会变得不明确。书面上，限制性定语从句前后没有逗号。
例如：
This is a shop that sells personal computers.这是一家出售个人电脑的商店。
The watch that I bought yesterday works well.
我昨天买的手表走得很好。
非限制性定语从句(Non-restrictive Attributive Clause)与先行词之间只有松散的关系，对先行词起说明、描绘的作用。如果去掉，不影响主句的意义。书面上，非限制性定语从句前后通常用逗号与主句分开。例如：
Shakespeare,whose plays are popular,was a great writer.莎士比亚是伟大的作家，他的剧作很受欢迎。
Your paintings, which everyone admires, are really beautiful.你的画人人赞赏，实在太美了。
关系代词的选择
1.充当主语的关系代词
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作主语who用于指人，which用于指物，that既可以指人也可以指物。
例如：
An architect is a person who/that designs houses and buildings.建筑师是个设计房屋和高楼的人。
The bank which/that was opened last week is a very modern one.上周开张的银行很现代化。
关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作主语，只能用who指人，which指物，不能用that。
例如：
The island, which is at the mouth of the river, is being developed as a scenic spot.
这个岛位于河口，正被发展为风景点。
My son, who is a surgeon, is now in Sweden as a visiting scholar.我的儿子是个外科医生，正在瑞典做访问学者。
2.充当宾语的关系代词
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作谓语动词宾语，who(m)用于指人，which用于指物，that既可以指人也可以指物，在非正式文体中可以省略关系代词。
例如：
The suit (which/that) the tailor made for me doesn't fit me.裁缝为我做的那套西服不合我身。
The player (whom/that) I beat in the table tennis game was the number one seed.
我在乒乓球赛中击败的那位球员是1号种子选手。
在非限制性定语从句中，who(m)用于指人，which用于指物，不能用that，也不能省略。
例如：The town, which thousands of tourists visit every year,is known for its stone bridges and streams.这个城镇以小桥流水著称，每年有数千名旅游者前来参观。
Mr. Baker, who(m) the teachers and students respect, has completed forty years of teaching.
贝克先生深受师生尊敬，已有40年教龄。
3. 作介词宾语的关系代词
在限制和非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作介词宾语，即介词+关系代词，whom用于指人，which用于指物，不能用that。
例如：
The man with whom you shook hands just now is head of our department.刚才你与之握手的那个人是我们的系主任。
Mrs. Nye, with whom you shook hands just now, is head of our department.
奈太太是我们的系主任，刚才你和她握了手。
The room in which my family live used to be a garage.我家住的房间以前是个汽车间。
The house, in which my family live now, was left by my grandfather. 这幢房子是我祖父留下的，现在我家住着。
注意根据句子意思选择结构上需要、意义正确的介词。
例如：
Last night I had a dream in which I became a Nobel Prizewinner.
昨晚我做了个梦，梦中我成了诺贝尔奖获得者。
My sister, with whom I went to the concert last night, will leave soon.
我姐姐就要走了，昨晚我和她一起听了场音乐会。
The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.我经常参观的宫殿建于17世纪。
The students, most of whom are from the north,are not used to the winter in Shanghai.
学生中多数来自北方，不习惯上海的冬天。
The wood, of which the furniture is made, is very hard.这种木材很硬。这些家具是用这种木材做的。
The incident, on which the film is based, is of historic importance.这一事件有历史意义，这部电影是以这一事件为基础拍摄的。
在限制性定语从句中如果介词置于句末，关系代词仍可以用who(m)，which或that，也可以省略。
例如：
This is the book (which/that) I referred to in my talk.这是我在讲话中提到的那本书。
He is a teacher (who(m)/that) we all have high respect for.他是一个我们十分尊敬的老师。
如果定语从句谓语动词为介词动词，那么介词必须后置，不能与动词拆开置于关系代词前面。
例如：It is not necessary to look up in a dictionary every word we come across in our reading.
没有必要查阅我们阅读中遇到的每个单词。
4.常用that作关系代词的几种情况
(1)先行词前含形容词最高级、序数词或only作修饰语。
例如：
This is the best film that has ever been made.这是迄今为止制作过的最好的电影。
The first place (that) we visited was the Great Wall.我们参观的第一个地方是长城。
The only furniture (that) he had in the room was a bed and a small desk.他房间里唯一的家具是一张床和一张小书桌。
(2)先行词为不定代词如all(指物)，anything，nothing，little，much等。例如：
That is all (that) I want to say.
那是我想要说的话。
Is there anything (that) I can do for you
我能为你做些什么？
先行词为人和物的名词词组。
例如：
They talked of persons and things that they remembered in the school.他们谈起了他们记忆中学校里的人和事。
5.充当名词修饰语的关系代词
在限制和非限制定语从句中whose+名词作主语或宾语，在这个结构中whose对名词起限定特指作用。
例如：
The hero whose left leg was lost in the war is well looked after.在战争中失去左腿的英雄受到很好的照顾。
Granny Wang, whose eldest son died in the earthquake,lives next to my house.
王奶奶住在我隔壁，她大儿子死于地震。
whose+名词的先行词也可以是物或抽象名词，此时可以和ofwhich结构互换。
例如：
On the hill were maple trees the leaves of which/whose leaves/of which the leaves had turned red.
山上长满枫树，树叶都红了。
在非限制性定语从句中，of which/whom常用于基数词或some，most,all, none,neither,either等词之后，而不用whose
例如：
These books, two of which I have read, are interesting.这些书很有趣，我读过其中两本。
The teacher speak highly of the set of books, all of which have come out.老师对这套书评价很高，书的各册都已出版。
The audience, all of whom were college students, enjoyed the concert.听众都是大学生，很喜欢这场音乐会。
6. 修饰整个句子的关系代词which与as
非限制性定语从句中，关系代词which可以修饰前面整个句子。
例如：
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light (= and this makes it very light).
竹子中间是空的，这使它变得很轻。
They did rather badly in the maths exam, which was not what I had expected.
他们的数学考得很差，这是我意想不到的。
注意as也可以作关系代词，用于非限制性定语从句作主语或宾语，修饰前面整个主句，多用于as we know, as you can see, as is often the case, as we expect, as is known to all, as is reported, as might be expected,as is announced等惯用结构中。
例如：As we know, water resources are very limited on the earth.众所周知，在地球上水资源很有限。
As was expected,he did it successfully.
正如所预料的，他干得很成功。
As is natural, she married an American businessman.她嫁给美国商人是很自然的。
as和which在下列情况下可以互换。
例如：
He is a teacher, as/which is clear from his manner.他是个老师，这点从他的举止中看得很清楚。(SVC结构，as和which作主语。)
The ships are frozen in the sea, as/which often happens in winter. 船被冰冻在海里，这在冬天常发生。(SV结构，as和which作主语。)
She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.她很恐惧，我从她眼神中可以看出。(SVO结构，as和which作宾语。)
但关系代词在SVO结构定语从句中作主语通常用which，一般不用as。
例如：
The boxer took the championship in the final, which excited all of us.(不用as)拳击手在决赛中夺得冠军，使我们都很激动。as作关系代词引导的定语从句在意义上一般不与主句相悖，且多为肯定句，表示“正如”，辅助说明主句意义。
例如：
The defending champion won the gold medal, as/ which was expected. 正如预料的，卫冕冠军赢得了金牌。
The defending champion didn't win any medal, which was unexpected. (一般不用as)
卫冕冠军没有获得任何奖牌，这是预料不到的。
The teacher of Chinese inspires us to love literature, as/which we realize. 正如我们认识到的，语文老师激发我们对文学的爱好。
The teacher of Chinese is always finding fault with my compositions, which I can't stand. (一般不用as)
语文老师对我的作文总是吹毛求疵，这我受不了。
注意as引导的定语从句可以置于句首，但此时不能用which。
7.关系代词as与than
(1) as作关系代词通常用于结构“the same/such+名词+as···”，as在定语从句中作主语或宾语，意为“像··一样”或“像···同样一类的”。
例如：
Students should eat such foods as are good for their health.(= Students should eat the kinds of food that are good for them.)
学生应该吃对他们健康有益的一类食品。
He used such expressions as he could find in the texts.他使用在课文中可以找到的那些词语。
They stayed for the night in the same room as/ that they had once rented.他们在他们曾租用过的同一房间过夜。
We'll have the same Australian as/that they'll have as our English teacher. 我们和他们将由同一个澳大利亚人做英语教师。
(2)than在含比较结构的定语从句中可用作关系代词，作主语或宾语。例如：
The boy ate more vitamin pills than was required.(=The boy ate more vitamin pills than what was required. what = the amount of vitamin that)这孩子吃维生素片，超过了规定的量。
He often asks for more money than is needed.
他要钱常常超过实际需要。
Our physics teacher often assigns us more homework than we can do.我们的物理老师常布置我们很多作业，我们做不了。
关系副词when，where,why的用法
when和where可以用于限制和非限制性定语从句，why只能用于限制性定语从句。它们在从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语，其结构相当于介词+关系代词。
例如：
I still remember the day when/on which we first met.我还记得我们初次见面的一天。
The year 1969, when/in which the American astronauts first landed on the moon, was important in history.1969年在历史上是很重要的，这一年美国宇航员首先登上月球。
The city where/in which I was born is on the new railway line.我诞生的那个城市在新铁路沿线。
The city of Pisa, where/in which Galileo made his famous experiment of falling objects, is now a tourist city.
比萨城现在是个旅游城市，伽利略就在那里做了他那个著名的落体实验。
This is the reason why/for which he left the company.这是他为什么离开公司的理由。
where引导的定语从句的先行词可以是具有地点意义的抽象名词，如point,situation，case等。
例如：
He found himself in a situation where he was likely to lose control of the plane.
他发现自己已处于可能失去对飞机控制的情况。
The doctors met to study the cases where the children got poisoned by lead.医生碰头研究儿童受铅中毒的病例。
The country's economy has reached the point where some adjustment is needed.
这个国家的经济已到需要调整的地步。
注意是否选用关系副词不能光看先行词是否是表示时间、地点和原因的名词，而必须分析从句谓语动词与先行词之间的语法关系。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，则仍须用关系代词which或that。试比较下面各例：
I like to take my vacation in the mountain, which is quiet and beautiful
where there are many plants
那儿宁静而美丽
我喜欢在山里度假，
那儿生长着许多植物
We will never forget the daywhich we spent together. when we worked
我们永远忘不了我们一起 度过
工作过的一天。
which he gave us for his action
That is the reason
why he did that thing
那是地提出的采取行动的里由。
做那件事的
嵌入式定语从句
有一种定语从句，它既修饰先行词，同时又作为另一分句结构的宾语。这样，定语从句嵌入另一结构中，称为嵌入式定语从句。
例如：
She is a top student, who they say has won five prizes in the maths contest.
她是个优等生，大家说她已在数学竞赛中获了五次奖。
句中who they say has won five prizes in the maths contest作为定语从句修饰top student, who has won five prizes in the maths contest又可视作they say的宾语。they say类似插入语，如果去掉，并不影响句子的完整。
请看下面的例子：
I have an idea which I'm sure will interest you.我有个主意，我相信你们肯定会感兴趣。
We will have a new science teacher,who I know has just returned from Britain.
我们将有个新的自然常识老师，我知道他刚从英国回来。
We were happy to see the singer who she said was well-known in the western countries.
我们很高兴地见到那位歌星，她说他在西方国家很出名。
There are some diseases which I think are caused by pollution.有些疾病我认为是由污染引起的。
He read a poem which we thought was written by a poet in the Qin Dynasty.
他念了首诗，我们认为是一位清朝诗人写的。
I was introduced to a writer whom they said many high school students admired.
我被介绍认识了一位作家，他们说许多中学生很崇拜他。