2022年中考英语二轮复习：专题十四 构词法（共有28张PPT）

(共28张PPT)
专题十四　构词法
● 基本知识：英语中通过派生法、转化法和合成法等既扩充了英语词汇，又丰富了语言的表现力，是英语语法学习的重要组成部分。
知识点1　派生法
● 基本知识：派生法是通过在词根上加后缀或前缀构成新词。它不仅扩充了英语词汇，而且丰富了语言的表现力。初中常用的方法归纳如下：
后缀(变词性改变词义) 例子
1.动词 ＋ er →名词 write v．写→writer n．作者，visit v．参观→ visitor n．参观者
2.动词 ＋ (t)ion/sion →名词 invent v．发明→invention n．发明，decide v．决定→ decision n．决定
3.动词 ＋ ing/ed →形容词 interest v．使感兴趣→interesting/interested adj.有趣的
4.名词 ＋ ful →形容词 help n．帮助→helpful adj.有助的，use n．使用→ useful adj.有用的
5.动词 ＋ able →形容词 comfort v．舒适→comfortable adj.舒适的
6.名词 ＋ en →形容词 wool n．羊毛→woolen adj.羊毛的
7.名词 ＋ y →形容词 sun n．太阳→sunny adj.灿烂的，luck n．运气→ lucky adj.运气好的
8.名词 ＋ less/ful →形容词 care ＋ less →careless adj.粗心的，help ＋ less →helpless adj.无助的
9.名词 ＋ ly →形容词 friend n．朋友→friendly adj.友好的，love n．爱→lovely adj.可爱的
10.名词 ＋ ish →形容词 fool n．愚人，傻瓜→foolish adj.愚蠢的
11.名词 ＋ ous →形容词 danger n．危险→dangerous adj.危险的
12.名词 ＋ al →形容词 tradition n．传统→traditional adj.传统的
13.名词 ＋ ist →名词 science n．科学→scientist n．科学家
10.形容词 ＋ ly →副词 happy adj. 高兴的→happily adv.高兴地
11.形容词 ＋ ness →名词 happy adj.开心的→happiness n．开心
15.形容词 ＋ ity →名词 real adj.真的，真实的→reality n．现实
18.形容词 ＋ ize →动词 real adj.真的，真实的→realize v．了解，实现
19.动词 ＋ tive →形容词 act v．行为，行动 →active adj.积极的
20.动词 ＋ ess →名词 act v．行动，扮演→actress n．女演员
21.动词 ＋ ment →名词 develop v．发展→development n．发展
前缀(一般只变词义不变词性) 例子
1.un (不/非，表示否定，形容词前缀) happy→unhappy，like→unlike
2.im (不/无，表示否定，形容词前缀) possible→impossible，polite→impolite
3.dis (不/非，表示否定，动词/形容词) honest→dishonest，agree→disagree
(续表)
前缀(一般只变词义不变词性) 例子
4.mis (表示错误) understand→misunderstand
5.re (再，重复) tell→retell，build→rebuild
6.tele (远) telephone→television
7.kilo (千) meter→kilometer
知识点2　转化法
● 基本知识：无须借助词缀，就实现词类的转化。
词性转化 例子
1.名词→动词 rain n．雨→rain v．下雨，shop n．商店→shop v．购物
2.形容词→动词 last adj.最后的→last v．持续，tidy adj.整洁的→tidy v．使整洁
3.形容词→名词 light adj.明亮的→light n．灯
4.动词→名词 stop v．停止→stop n．车站
5.词形改变的转化 live v．生活→life n．生活，save v．救→safe adj.安全的
知识点3　合成法
● 基本知识：通过词汇与词汇的合成构成新词。
词汇合成 例子
1.名词 ＋ 名词→名词 bookshop书店→book(书)＋ shop(商店)
2.形容词 ＋ 名词→名词 blackboard黑板→black(黑色的)＋ board(木板)
3.介词 ＋ 名词→名词/形容词 underground地下的→under(在下面)＋ ground(地面)
4.名词 ＋ 过去分词→形容词 man made人造的→man(人)＋ made(做)
5.副词 ＋ 名词→介词 downstairs在楼下→down(在下)＋ stairs(楼梯)
6.从两个词中各取一部分组成新词 smog烟雾→smoke(烟)＋fog(雾)
一、实战演练
( )1.That man was ________ enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A．care　 B．careful　 C．careless　 D．carelessness
B
( )2.His failure made his father think him a ________ boy.
A．disappoint　 B．disappointed　
C．disappointing　 D．disappointment
( )3.When the teacher praised him in front of the whole class，Jack looked ________ about at his classmates.
A．proud　 B．proudly　 C．pride　 D．pridely
C
B
( )4.To my ________，I passed the exam easily.
A．joy　 B．joyful　 C．joyless　 D．joyness
( )5.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It's of great ________.
A．valuable　B．value　 C．valueless　 D．invaluable
A
B
( )6.The child looked at me ________.
A．stranger　 B．strangely　 C．strange　 D．strangeless
( )7.The soft music sounds ________. We are all listening ________.
A．happily; careful B．beautiful; carefully　
C．moving; careful　 D．beautifully; carefully
B
B
( )8.What you said sounded ________ but in fact it was untrue.
A．reasonable　 B．reasonful　
C．reasonless　 D．unreasonable
( )9.The children live in a village ________. They come here almost every day.
A．nearby　 B．near　 C．nearly　 D．near by
A
A
( )10.You'd better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A．health　 B．healthy　 C．healthily　 D．healthier
B
二、能力提升
Task 1依据构词法，用所给单词的适当形式完成句子，使句子通顺、正确
1．I'll do my homework more __________ next time.(care)
2．Everyone knows these books are ___________ to children.They shouldn't be sold at any bookstore.(harm)
carefully
harmful
3．He seemed very ____________ ．He got a D in the English test.(happy)
4．Peter is very __________ ．I'm sure he will come to take care of your baby when he's asked to.(help)
5．Oliver Twist ate the cake _________ ．(hungry)
6．This cartoon film is __________ than the one I saw last Saturday.(fun)
unhappy
helpful
hungrily
funnier
7．The twin sisters used to be _________ in Hollywood.(act)
8．Your pet dog is so ________ that all of us like to play with it.(love)
9．It has been snowing __________ for a whole day.(heavy)
10．We have been told the ________ of the case.(true)
11．Have you made your ____________ yet (decide)
active
lovely
heavily
truth
decision
12．The weather in April is ___________ ，so you'd better take more clothes with you.(change)
13．You cannot eat so much fast food，because it is ______________ ．(health)
14．Be sure to let me know whenever you are in __________．( danger)
15．What a _________ day it is today! Shall we go to have a picnic in the countryside (sun)
changeable
unhealthy
danger
sunny
16．The passenger plane landed _________ at last after flying in the storm for about one hour.(safe)
17．Many people became __________ after the fire.(home)
18．If you did so，you would lose the __________ of your legs.(move)
19．__________ ，we won the basketball match without difficulty.(luck)
safely
homeless
movement
Luckily
20．I helped the old man to show my __________ ．(kind)
21．Nothing is ___________if you set your mind to it.(possible)
22．My mother is very ______________ though she is only forty.(forget)
23．No one else can dance more ___________ than the girl in red.(beautiful)
kindness
impossible
forgettable
beautifully
24．The music sounded quite ___________ while the dance was not beautiful.(wonder)
25．The song was so ___________ that she didn't notice the telephone ring.(enjoy)
26．With the _______________ of e book technology，probably an e book library will appear.(develop)
wonderful
enjoyable
development
27．That’s ____________ for the girl to be late today.She is always the first to get to school.(usually)
28．Many __________ come to Disneyland every day.(visit)
29．I can't find my wallet.It has _____________ (appear)
30．Nobody will believe you since you are so ______________ ．(honest)
unusual
visitors
disappeared!
dishonest
Task 2根据句意，用所给单词的适当形式完成句子，使句子通顺、正确
1．Our teacher told us the _________ story I had ever heard at yesterday's class meeting.(sad)
2．The ___________ lesson is very difficult but very important.You must learn it by heart.(twelve)
3．Help __________ to the fish，children.(you)
saddest
twelfth
yourselves
4．What we have had is just part of the truth. We should try to get ______________ information about it.(far)
5．This book belongs to you. Where is_________ (me)
6．I was ___________ to meet Jane in a foreign country.(surprise)
7．The little boy can run a marathon in ________ than three hours.(little)
further
mine
surprised
less
8．Even _____________ ，he lost his job.(bad)
9．My family have been to Beijing ________ to climb the Great Wall.(two)
10．In the ____________ century，science is developing very fast.(twenty one)
11．George Stephenson became famous in his ___________ ．(twenty)
worse
twice
twenty first
twenties
12．We all found the film very _______________ ．(interest)
13．Although he worked hardest，he got the ________ money of all.(little)
14．Who can tell me the ________ of the Himalaya (high)
15．His grandparents have been _______ for over ten years.(die)
16．There is no short cut to _________ ．(succeed)
interesting
least
height
dead
success
17．She has gained much __________ because she keeps eating but never exercises.(weigh)
18．Of all the boys，Li Ming studies _________ ．(hard)
19．The Atlantic is the second _________ ocean in the world.(big)
20．Mr Black is a singer ________ thirty.(age)

weight
hardest
biggest
aged