中考英语语法课件：名词概念及应用

(共22张PPT)
英语名词概念及应用
初中英语名词掌握必知要点
第一名词的概念
第二名词复数变化形式表格
第三名词所有格的变化形式表格
第四 常用名词修饰语的分类和应用
第五考试中名词出现的题型分析
英语名词的概念
名词是表示人或事物名称的词。
学习者，面对不论是语言能力方面的提高，还是应试教育学习，大多数情况下，只要认识即可，在听说读方面即可轻松交流，而要在各种题型书写句子和翻译方面掌握精准，则需要把名词变复数以及名词可能涉及到的题型命题规律掌握好。
名词复数规则表格
规 则 规 律 例 子
1 一般情况下在名词后面直接加s. book—books dog—dogs
2 以s、x、z、ch、sh结尾的单词加es. bus-buses class-classes box-boxes brush-brushes watch-watches
3 以o结尾的词有的加s有的加es口诀：黑人请英雄吃土豆，西红柿和芒果。 Negro-Negroes（黑人）hero-heroes（英雄） potato-potatoes（土豆）tomato-tomatoes （西红柿）mango-mangoes （芒果） echoes(回声) photo-photos （相片）piano-pianos（钢琴） radio-radios（收音机） zoo-zoos （动物园）
4 以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v+es， 口诀：妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌，躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。 wife-wives(妻子) knife-knives（小刀） wolf-wolves（狼）thief-thieves（小偷）shelf-shelves (架子) life-lives（生命、生活）leaf-leaves（树叶）
5 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，把y 改为i，再加-es。 story-stories city-cities family - families baby - babies party-parties
6 有些名词有不规则的复数形式 man-men（男人） woman-women（妇女） tooth-teeth（牙齿） foot-feet（脚） policeman-policemen（警察） mouse—mice （老鼠） child—children（孩子） ox—oxen （公牛）
7 有些名词的单复数形式相同 deer- deer 鹿 sheep -sheep绵羊fish-fish 鱼 Japanese-Japanese日本人 Chinese-Chinese中国人
名词所有格1
名词所有格表示所属关系, (相当于汉语“的”),在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加's。如：
Children's Day(儿童节), my sister's book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加“ ' ”即可。如：Teachers' Day; his parents' room
(3)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现其它所修饰的词
如：the barber's 理发店 the doctor's （候诊室）
(4)如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 's，则表示“分别有”；只有一个 's，则表示“共有”。如：
John's and Mary's room（两间）John and Mary's room（一间）
名词所有格2
(5)复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。如：a month or two's vacation
(6双重所有格：①of +名词性物主代词 ②of+名词's 如：
a friend of mine (我的一位朋友) , a friend of my father's (我父亲的一位朋友)
(7)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所属关系。如：
a good daughter of the Party(党的好女儿); the title of the song(歌名);the cover of the book(书的封面)。
(8)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加's. 如：
today's newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes' walk(十分钟的路程), China's population(中国的人口).
名词修饰语1
1、只修饰可数名词的修饰语
few很少，几乎没有 a few几个 several几个
many很多 many a很多 a great/good many很多
a number of若干 a couple of两个，几个quite a few相当多的
2、只修是不可数名
little 很少，几乎没有 a little有一点 a bit of 有一点
much 许多 a great deal of 很多 a large amount of大量的
3、既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词
some 一些 a lot of很多 lots of很多 plenty of充足的
enough 足够的 most大多数的 all所有的
no 没有 masses/a mass of许多
quantities/a quantity of许多
名词修饰语2
4、名词的其他修饰语
名词作定语修饰名词时常置于名词前
a stone table a girl student
形容词作定语修饰名词时常置于名词前
a pretty girl a nice day
副词作定语修饰名词时常置于名词
the picture below
④短语作定语修饰名词时常置于名词
The man standing under the tree is our boss.
⑤定语从句作定语修饰名词时置于名词后
The problem which we are facing now is how to bring down the number of city cars.
名词修饰语语境学习的重要性
例如：only/quite 后只能加 a few 或 a little; 而 so/very 后只能加few 或little.
only a few≈ few≈ very few, only a little≈ little≈ very
little; quite a few≈ many, quite a little≈ much;
eg.
Quite a few visitors come to Shanghai every year.
This movie is so boring that very few people want
to see it.
He knows only a little about Chinese history.
I can go out with you tomorrow as I have very little
work to do these days.
相信大家看了上面英英解释和下文语境，不难理解下面划线短语的意思
考试中名词出现的题型
根据近几年全国各地中考试题对名词部分考查的分析可知，今后对名词部分的考查重点为：
名词的可数与不可数性。
名词单复数在特定情况下的使用。
名词的普通格与所有格作定语的选用。
物质名词、抽象名词具体化。
名词词义的区别与固定搭配。
名词数的考察
填空题：
There are so many (wolf)in the forest.
Chinese (people)like to eat noodles.
There are some (child) in the garden.
My uncle and father are (man).
I keep many (chicken) .
I like eating much (chicken).
单选题：There is good_________ for you. I've found your lost watch.
A.news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughts
[答案]A。[解析] 四个选项都是以s结尾的名词，其中A为不可数名词，B、C、D为名词的复数形式，句中用了连系动词is，所以只有A项正确。
wolves
people
children
men
chickens
chicken
不可数名词量词/单位词的使用
Mr Smith always has _________to tell us．[青岛]
．
B． some pieces of good news
C．some good piece of newes
D．some piece of good newes
[答案]A。[解析]考查名词的数的掌握。 news意为“消息”，是不可数名词，所以C、D两项可排除。形容词修饰类似的词组时，一般放在前面。
不可数名词的确切数量可借助单位词组来表示：
eg. a piece of，a cup of ， two glasses of three bottles of a piece of paper; three grams of sugar; two cups of water.
some good pieces of news
A
名词的所有格
①记住以下所有格形式：
Tom’s pencil/ the teachers’ office.
Lily and Lucy’s mother,/Tom’s and Mary’s bags,
②双重所有格：
a friend of mine, some books of my father’s
③表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾加‘s构成所有格。
today’s news,ten minutes’ walk/ride/drive,
last year’s cards, Beijing’s past and present
1. After several ________(week) study, the American students found Chinese interesting to learn.
2. It is about ten _________ (分钟) walk from the centre of the city to my school.
名词作主语时的主谓一致1
主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式
Lucy enjoys reading books.
One of our English teachers is absent today.
2 主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数;
We enjoy making machines.
What I say and what I think are none of your business.
3 主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么谓语动词要用复数形式；
The family are eating dinner around the table.
The people in China are very happy.
强调...之一
名词作主语时的主谓一致2
4 主语形式上是复数形式但表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数形式；
Physics is a difficult subject for students to study, so is
politics.
The number of the students is 800.
5 谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定。
Not only the students but also their teacher objects to the plan.
Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里，要么我去那里。
Either you or she is good at drawing
名词练习和考试题型1
写出下列名词复数
box knife bus brush ruler glass pencil boy zoo peach
man sheep key story watch
city family day apple eraser mouse fish Chinese deer foot child tooth hero monkey
city radio dog
boxes
knives
buses
brushes
rulers
peaches
glasses
pencils
boys
zoos
men
sheep
keys
stories
watches
cities
families
days
apples
erasers
mice
fishes
Chinese
deer
feet
children
teeth
heroes
monkeys
cities
radios
dogs
名词练习和考试题型2
用所给的单词的复数的正确形式填空：
1>There are so many________(wolf)in the forest.
2>There are three ______(chair) in the classroom.
3>These _______(tomato) are red.
4>My brother looks after two ______(baby)
5>Chinese ______(people)like to eat noodles.
6>I have two ______(pencil-box).
7>There are some ______(bus)in the street.
8>Linda has three _______(tooth).
9>There are some ______(child) in the garden.
10>My uncle and father are _____(man).
名词练习和考试题型2
用所给的单词的复数的正确形式填空：
1>There are so many wolves(wolf)in the forest.
2>There are three chairs(chair) in the classroom.
3>These tomatoes(tomato) are red.
4>My brother looks after two babies(baby)
5>Chinese people (people)like to eat noodles.
6>I have two pencil-boxes(pencil-box).
7>There are some buses(bus)in the street.
8>Linda has three teeth (tooth).
9>There are some children (child) in the garden.
10>My uncle and father are men (man).
名词练习和考试题型3
选出正确形式
1．I can see three ________ in the zoo.
A monkeies B monkeys C monkey
2.My two brothers are both ______.
A. policeman　 B. policemans　 C. policemen
3.There are four ___________ in the class.　
A. Japanese　 B. Japaneses　 C. Japan
4.I can see ten _____ in the picture.
A. sheep B. dog 　C. pig
5.The _____ has three______.　
A. boys, watches　 B. boy, watch　 C. boy, watches
B
C
A
A
A
名词练习和考试题型4
用正确的名词形式填空。
1. we have many (sport) clubs.
Three (apple tree ) are near my home.
2. I like (comedy) and (thriller).
3. Do you have any (basketball)
4. They are (Lily) pens.
5. It is (Lily and Lucy) book.
6. September 11th is (teacher) Day.
7. June 1st is (child) Day.
8. We have many (man) teachers in our school.
9. There are a lot of (boy) students in our class.
10. What kind of (movie) do you like
sports
apple trees
comedies
thrillers
basketballs
Lily’s
Lily and Lucy’s
teachers’
children’s
men
boy
movies
11. I need some (help).
12. I keep many (chicken) .
I like eating much (chicken).
13. Do you like (broccoli)
14. A lot of (people) don’t like Beijing opera.
15. I like eating (fruit) . But I don’t like (vegetable).
16.The drink is made from four tropical (fruit). (强调不同种类是可数名词)
17．Every (student) has a book.
18Each (student) has a book.
19Each of the (student) has a book.
help
chickens
chicken
broccoli
people
fruit
vegetbles
fruits
student
student
students
Bye-bye
Many thanks