2022届高考英语复习：介词讲义学案（无答案）

语法 — 介 词
介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一定成分。　　
介词分为：
1、简单介词，如at, in, for等；
2、合成介词，如within, inside, onto, throughout等；
3、短语介词，如according to, out of, because of, by means of, in spite of, instead of等；
4、双重介词，如from behind / above / under, until after等；5、分词介词，如considering, including, judging (from / by) 等。
一、方位介词
1．above，over，on；below，under，beneath
(1)above_____________________________，其反义词是________________。
(2)over_________________________________，其反义词是________________。
(3)on_________________________________，其反义词是________________。
A plane is flying ________________ the mountain.
有一架飞机在山的上方飞。
There is a bridge ________________ the river.
河上有一座桥。
There is a lamp________________ the desk.
书桌上有一个台灯。
From the hill, we can see a river ________________ us.
从这座小山上，我们能看见下面的一条河。
There is a cat ________________ the chair.
椅子底下有一只猫。
2．across，over，through，past
across意为“_______________________”，表示______________________________。
over意为“________________”，表示_____________________________________。
through意为“______________”，表示_____________________________________。
past意为“_______________”，表示_____________________________________。
The Great Wall winds its way________west to east, ________ desert , _____________ mountains，________________valleys till at last it reaches the sea.
3．in，on，to, off在方位名词前的区别
in表示____________________；to表示____________________
；on表示____________________。Off表示____________________
Shandong Province is/lies _________the east of China.
Japan is/lies_________ the east of China.
The Pacific Ocean is _________ the east of China.
He lives in a village a little way ____ the main road.
at 、on、in
at ____________________ at the door，at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，
in ____________________ in China，in the north，in Asia，
on ____________________ on the desk，on the wall
二、时间介词
表示_________________________________________________，一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。
还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning ( afternoon，evening)。
注意：
①at night/at noon，in the day(在白天)，in the night(在夜间)。
②in five days ( weeks，months，years)中in意思是“_________________”。
在_____________________________________，常用on。
on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morning on Christmas Day(但at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve，
on March 8，on the morning (afternoon，evening)of Oct.1 on a rainy night，on warm winter days
early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late/early morning of Oct.1)
表示________________________________ 用at，如小时、分钟等。
at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at six at noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)
at the age of 15，at the time of war (但in time of danger/trouble)
注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。next day，last Sunday，that morning，these years. one，each，any，every，some，all修饰时，一般不用介词，如some day，one day，all afternoon。
till，until的用法: till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。
He waited for me till twelve o’clock.
He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a．m.(不可用to)．
注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。
Not until 9 am did Mr. Smith come back to school.
in，later，after，by
in＋一段时间：表示____________ ，与______________时连用；但表示“______________”时，用于各种时态。
一段时间+ later ：_______________________
after+时间：_______________________
by+一段时间：_______________________（注意：by the end of +过去时间\将来时间）
I will finish the work in three days(=after three days/ three days later).
He left home two days later\ after two days.(过去时间）
I will have finished the work by the end of tomorrow.
I had finished the work by the end of yesterday.
另外，in＋一段时间＋’s＋time与within＋一段时间的用法如下： in a week’s time＝in a week
They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用)
My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.(作表语)
I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within＝in less than...用于各种时态，意为“不超出，在……之内”)
2.for，from，since
for __________________________________________________。
from __________________________________________________。
since ___________________________________________________________________________。
Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there ______ almost fifteen years after his retirement.
My younger sister began to learn dancing _____the age of five.
He has been working in Tibet _____ he graduated from college.
三、工具、手段、方式介词
1.by，in，on三词都表示旅行的方式。
by sea, by water, by land by bike, by plane, by ship\ boat by spaceship
名词前有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等时用on/in。
travel to New York in this plane；go to school on my bike
【说明】步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。
on foot，on horseback, on a horse，on the camel
2、表示方式、手段、工具的介词
①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。
如：He rent a house by the year(day，hour)．(按by＋the＋单位名称，但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计)。
②表泛指的方式、手段
by post/mail邮寄，by telephone (radio)(但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work，learn sth. by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope
另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于；用……方法，with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)。
③表方式、手段的其他用法
He beat the dog with a stick.(with＋工具/机器)
One smells with his nose.(with＋人体器官，但by hand手工，用手)
He stood up with pride.(with＋情绪、情感、态度的名词)
注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如：in English(ink，pencil)。另外如：in high(good，low)spirits，in anger，in joy，in comfort，in sorrow，in safety，in danger，in need，in debt，in love，in fun，in pain，in tears，in surprise，in good(poor) health，in good order，in flower，in a way，in a low voice，in silence，in(with) satisfaction，in a hurry，in(with) words，live/feed on food，kneel on one’s knee，take(catch) sb. by surprise(出其不意)
四、表示“除……之外”的常用词
①besides 除……以外(还有)。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。
Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.
It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired.
②except除去，除……之外(不再有)。
We all went except John.
在否定句中，两词可以换用。
He has no other hats except/besides this one.
③except for除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)，后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与“except that＋句子”意思相同。
He was very clever except for carelessness.
④except that...除了……一点以外。
He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.
⑤but与except but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：
(A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。
All but one are here.
Nobody but I likes making model ships.
(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。
He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do，后省to)
(C)but与一些固定结构连用。
have no choice but to do sth._______________________，can not but do sth.__________________，
can not help but do sth. ________________________，but for..._____________________
五、between与among
between通常指两者之间，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。
Ann is between Tom and Bill.
Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy.
They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)
She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)
A horse can be seen between trees now.
among表示三者以上之间。
The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.
He was happy to be among friends again.
We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)
London is among the largest cities.(＝one of与最高级连用)
六、表示原因的介词及短语
主要有：for, since, with, because of, due to, thanks to, owing to( 还有as, because 这两者为连词）because\since\as\for
due to ___________________________________________________
because of ___________________________________________________
owing to ___________________________________________________
thanks to ___________________________________________________
He got up late this morning___________________ he stayed up last night.
1、The sports meet will be put off till next Saturday _____________ the heavy rain.
2、_______________________ the heavy rain, The sports meet will be put off till next Saturday
3、His illness was ___________________smoking and drinking.
4、__________________ the Party’s good policy，the farmers are now living a happy and rich life.
一、单句填空 请填入一个适当的词。
灵活运用
1. So, I just looked at her _____ a questioning expression on my face.
2. During the winter, they remind themselves, “This won’t last long； we’ll soon be out of here.” And ____ the first warm day, the ants are out.
3. The new boy looked at the teacher ____ a few seconds and all the other students wondered what the boy would do.
4. I didn’t want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didn’t like leaving him ____ his own either.
5. His teacher took a deep drink and thanked his student very much for the sweet water. The young man went home _____a happy heart.
6. Jane stopped where a small crowd of men had gathered. She found some good quality pipes ____sale.
7. When Jane got home, with her small but well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already ___ table having supper.
8. He was very tired __________ doing this for a whole day.
9. I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to who should have the honour of receiving me ___ a guest in their house.
10. When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to reward the old woman ___ the trouble I had caused her.
11. I once took a walk along the street on a Saturday dusk, _____ a Pepsi can in my hand.
12. We should take some measures to fight _______ pollution.
13. During one visit ___the Pacific islands of Tonga，a specially-prepared dinner was arranged in her honor.
14. We’d better discuss everything ____ detail before we work out the plan.
15. Try on this red skirt; you will look great ___ it.
二、语篇填空
Mr. Brown was going away 1 _____a week. Before he left, he said to his son, “If anyone asks 2 ______me, you can tell him that your father has been out 3 ____doing something, and will be back 4 _____a week, then be sure to ask him to sit down 5 ______ a cup of tea.” “OK, Dad,” said his son. But he was afraid his son couldn’t remember this, he wrote these words down 6 _____a piece of paper and gave it 7 _____him. His son put it 8 _____ his small pocket, took it out and looked 9 _____it every now and then. Four days passed, but no one came to see his father. The boy thought that there was no man to come and that the piece of paper was 10 _____no more use for him, so he burnt it that evening. The next afternoon, someone knocked 11 _____ the door. The boy opened it. A man was standing 12 _____ the door and said, “Where is your father ” The boy put his hand into his pocket 13 _____once and looked 14 ____ the piece of paper. He could not find it. He suddenly remembered he had burnt it, so he shouted, “No more.” The man asked 15 ____ surprise, “No more I met your father last week. When did it happen ”
三、单句改错
1. I worked like a postman for a short time, but I am afraid of dogs and I had a lot of trouble.
2. No sooner had I got off my bicycle than a large dog ran towards the gate, barking loudly to me.
3. The terrible-looking dog picked the card immediately and carried it in the house. The dog was a good postman.
4. In a very cold and windy morning, Miss Jones walked to the school, and the cold wind went into her eyes, and big tears began rolling out of them.
5. In my surprise, two fire engines were outside my house.
6. I told about the firemen that it was my careless cooking that caused the heavy smoke.
7. Paddy and I wanted to go off for help, but Mike insisted staying near the car.
8. Japan is known for the land of the cherry blossom(樱花) because of in the spring of the year the cherry trees are so beautiful.
9. As is known by all, the Internet is playing a more and more important part on our daily life.
10. Under his help, I have made rapid progress and caught up the class.
介词与某些词类的搭配
1.名词与介词的固定搭配
(1)常与to搭配的名词：key，answer，visit，apology，introduction
(2)常与in搭配的名词：interest，satisfaction，expert
(3)常与on搭配的名词：mercy，congratulation
(4)常与其他介词搭配的名词：prize for，respect for，victory over，struggle with
名词与介词搭配的常见短语有：
attention to对……的注意；devotion to 对……的奉献；
a visit to 对……的访问；interest in对……的兴趣；comments on对……的评论；application for 对……的申请；an influence on对……的影响；confidence in对……的信心；contact with 与……取得联系
He should be admired for his devotion to improving education.
他对改善教育作出的贡献应该得到赞扬。
2.形容词与介词的固定搭配
(1)与at搭配的形容词：afraid，angry，good，bad，clever，surprised，excited，puzzled，frightened等;
(2)与of搭配的形容词：afraid，sure，certain，full，tired，fond，proud，worthy等;
(3)与with搭配的形容词：angry，strict，careful，busy， popular等;
(4)与in搭配的形容词：weak，strict，rich，interested， successful等;
(5)与to搭配的形容词：next，good，polite，kind，cruel，rude，known，married，close，similar，due等;
(6)与for搭配的形容词：sorry，famous，fit，unfit，eager， anxious，hungry等;
(7)与from搭配的形容词：far，different，free，safe，absent，tired等;
(8)与about搭配的形容词：sorry，worried，anxious，careful， sure，certain等;
②of＋抽象名词＝形容词 of great value＝very valuable of no use＝useless
a man of wealth＝a wealthy man
【注】①同一形容词与不同的介词搭配其含义会不同。
He is good to her.他对她友好。
The advice is good for her. 这条意见对她有益。
He was tired of the work.他厌倦了那份工作。
He was tied from the work.他因工作而疲劳。
③to与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”：
to + one’s + delight\ surprise=to the delight\surprise of sb.
Much to my joy，he was quite from danger.
④at与某些名词搭配表示“一……就……”
at the sight of　　at the thought of
形容词与介词搭配的常见短语有：
nervous about 因……不安；successful in 在……方面很成功；dependent on依赖于……；responsible for 对……负责；absent from 缺席……；proud of 因……自豪；famous for 因……闻名；ashamed of 对……感到愧疚；loyal to 忠诚于……；harmful to 对……有害；popular with 受……欢迎
3. 动词与介词的固定搭配
1) rob her of her wallet / clear the road of snow(“夺去, 除去”意义的动词与of连用)
2) supply us with food / fill the glass with wine(“供给”意义的动词与with连用)
3) make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat(“制作, 制造”意义与of，from，into连用)
4) 介词 ＋ the ＋ 部位与动词的关系(＝动词 ＋ sb.’s ＋ 部位)
strike him on the head (“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用)
catch him by the arm (“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用)
hit the boy in the face (“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用)
动词与介词搭配的短语比较多，需要在平时的学习中逐一记忆。如：dream of 梦想；insist on 坚持；depend on 依靠；belong to 属于；lead to导致；deal with 处理；argue about 争论；call on 拜访；refer to 提到
The man insisted on finding a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.
即使我告诉他我住在附近，那个人坚持要给我找一辆出租车。
核心介词用法归纳与辨析
1. 表示时间的at, in, on
at表示片刻的时间，常用词组有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。
in表示一段时间，如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 2020, in summer, in the past, in the future等。
on总是跟日子有关，如：on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following day, on May Day, on a warm morning等。
2. 表示时间的since和from：since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系，一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。
3. 表示时间的in和after：两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后”，区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”，而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”;in短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用 。
【注意】after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时中)。
4. 表示地理位置的in, on, to：in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外。
5. 表示“在……上”的on和in：on只表示在某物的表面上，而in表示占去某物一部分。
6. 表示“穿过……”的through和across：through表示从内部通过，与in有关；across则表示从一端至另一端,在表面上的通过，与on有关。
7. besides, except, but, except for：besides指“除了……还有，再加上”。except指“除了，减去”，不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”，经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示“如无……就，只是”，表明理由细节。
8. 表示“用”的in和with：表示工具的“用”，用with；而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”，用in。