2022年九年级中考英语语法解析
形容词和副词比较级和最高级
形容词的用法
一、形容词修饰名词/不定代词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。一般放所修饰名词前作定语,也可独立作表语/宾补等
1、作定语: ① this is an interesting story. ② kitty is a clever cat.
2、作表语: ① Yao Ming is very tall. ② our classroom is big and bright.
3、作宾补: ① don't make your hands dirty. ②we're trying to make our school beautiful.
二、可将形容词分成性质形容词+叙述形容词,不一定都放在名词前面。
1、直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。 例如:hot 热的。
2、叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。
例如:afraid 害怕的。
(错)He is an ill man. (对)The man is ill. (错)She is an afraid girl. (对)The girl is afraid.
这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。
三、形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词后。
例如:something nice
形容词的分类
1. 品质形容词 英语中大量形容词属于这一类,他们表示人或物的品质,如:
He's the happiest man on earth. 他是地球上最快乐的人。
The play was boring. 那出戏很枯燥乏味。
这类形容词一般都能用于比较级,如bigger, simpler, younger.
2. 类属形容词 这类形容词表示属于哪一类,如:
These subjects reflect our daily lives. 这些题材反映我们的日常生活。
这类形容词一般都不能用于比较级。
3. 颜色形容词 有少数表示颜色的形容词,如:
His face went purple with rage. 他的脸气得发青。
这类词前面还可加light, pale, dark, deep, bright 等词,如:
light brown hair 淡蓝色头发 a pale green dress 淡绿色裙服
4. 强调形容词 有些形容词起强调作用,如:
I have perfect trust in his judgment. 我绝对信任他的判断力。
5. -ing 形容词
1)有大量现在分词正在或已经变为形容词,如:
It was a tiring journey. 这真是一趟累人的旅行。
2)一些-ing形容词并不与动词有关,如:
neighbouring cities 邻近的城市 a cunning trick 狡猾的计谋
6. –ed形容词
1)大多数-ed形容词都与及物动词有关,是由它们的过去分词变过来的,一般有被动意义,多数为品质形容词,如:
I felt depressed. 我感到很沮丧。
2)有些-ed形容词可说是类属形容词,也由动词的过去分词变来,但不能用于比较级,如:。
She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。
3)有少数-ed形容词,不是由动词,而是由名词变来的:
skilled workers 技术工人 salaried class 工薪阶层
4)有些-ed 的形容词包含有副词:
a well-equipped army 一支装备精良的部队 a well-known musician 著名的音乐家
7. 合成形容词
1)形容词在英语中是比较普遍的,最常见的有:
a. 形容词+名词+ed: good-natured 天性善良的
b. 形容词+现在分词:easy-going 好说话的
c. 名词+现在分词:heart-breaking 令人心碎的
2)还有一些其他类型的合成形容词,如:
a two-piece suit 两件套的西服 all-out attempt 全力以赴的努力
3)还有一些三个或更多词构成的和成形容词,如:
heart-to-heart talk 推心置腹的谈话 an-out-of-date driving license 过期驾照
多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例题:
1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
答案:C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --性质--名词"的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色++质地+用途+国家+名词。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao
---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:
限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+
those + three + beautiful + large + square
新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词
old + brown + wood + table
副词的用法总结
副词的位置
1) 在动词之前。
2) 在be动词、助动词之后。
3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意:
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如:
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
b. 方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例如:
He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。
6.副词的排列顺序:
1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如:
Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些,仔细一些
3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
改错:(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如:
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
7.兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely
close意思是"近";closely 意思是"仔细地"。例如:
He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。
Watch him closely. 盯着他。
2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚";lately 意思是"最近"。例如:
You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。
What have you been doing lately 近来好吗?
3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"。例如:
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。
Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。
4) high与highly
high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如:
The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。
I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。
5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"。例如:
He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。
English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。
6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地"。例如:
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放。
You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么。
8. 形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
形容词/副词的比较级和最高级规则变化
1 、一般情况下,单音节或双音节的形容词(或副词)比较级+er , 最高级+est
clever-cleverer-cleverest few-fewer-fewest small-smaller-smallest
young-younger-youngest tall-taller-tallest long-longer longest
short-shorter-shortest strong-stronger-strongest warm-warmer-warmest
slow-slower-slowest old-older-oldest high-higher-highest
light-lighter-lightest fast-faster-fastest great—greater—greatest
cool-cooler-coolest clean-cleaner-cleanest cheap-cheaper-cheapest
quick-quicker-quickest
2、以不发音e结尾的单音节词,比较在原级后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st;
nice-nicer-nicest late-later-latest able-abler-ablest
brave-braver-bravest
cute-cuter-cutest large-larger-largest close-closer-closest(亲密的)
fine-finer-finest white-whiter-whitest free- freer-freest(免费的)
3、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词, 把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est;
easy-easier-easiest happy-happier-happiest early-earlier-earliest
busy-busier-busiest heavy-heavier-heaviest dirty-dirtier-dirtiest
lazy-lazier-laziest dry-drier-driest pretty-prettier-prettiest
funny-funnier-funniest healthy-healthier-healthiest
4、在重读闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est;
fat-fatter-fattest thin-thinner-thinnest hot-hotter-hottest
fit-fitter-fittest(合适的) red-redder-reddest wet-wetter-wettest
big-bigger-biggest sad-sadder-saddest
5、其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most;
beautiful -more beautiful - most beautiful
careful-more careful-most careful
intelligent-more intelligent-most intelligent
expensive delicious(美味的) popular(流行的) important(重要的) interesting(有趣的) afraid(害怕)quickly(迅速地的) quietly (安静地)
6、 少数单音节词也是这样;
pleased-more pleased -most pleased
tired-more tried -most tired
7、少数不规则形容词、副词的比较级和最高级,必须熟记。
good/ well—better—best little—less—least bad/ill—worse—worst
old—older/elder—oldest/eldest many/much—more—most
far—further/farther— furthest(表示距离)/farthest(表示程度)
特别提醒:
◇further不仅可以指“距离更远”,还可指“程度更深”。记住以下三个词组:further study(进修)further education(继续教育) further information (进一步的信息)
◇elder仅用于同辈之间的排行,如: elder sister(姐姐) elder brother (哥哥)
◇less作为“更少”仅用来修饰不可数名词,修饰可数名词表示“更少”要用fewer。
特别提醒:以形容前缀un构成的三音节形容词不适合上述情况,
如:unhappy-unhappier-unhappiest, untidy-untidier-untidiest
◇以形容词+ly构成的副词要在前面加 more,most
如:Slowly-more slowly-most slowly quickly-more quickly-most quickly
特别提醒:early -earlier-earliest
◇由ing分词和-ed分词演变过来的形容词(包括不规则动词如know→known)只能加more或most来表示它们的比较级和最高级。
interesting-more interesting -most interesting excited-more excited -most exciting
tired-more tired -most tired boring-more boring -most boring
◇少数单音节词前面加 more, most 构成比较级和最高级,
这类形容词一般为表语形容词和由过去分词变成的形容词
afraid -more afraid, most afraid tired – more tired , most tired
fond – more fond , most fond glad -more glad , most glad
bored – more bored , most bored pleased—- more pleased , most pleased
◇下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式,即:既可加-er/-est也可加more/most strict, often, friendly, clever
◇下列形容词和副词没有比较级和最高(即表示“最高程度”或“绝对状态”的形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级)如:empty, wrong, perfect, unique, extreme, excellent, favorite, true, right, correct, extremely …
比较级的相关句型总结
1.as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。例如:
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
2)当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式:as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much+名词。例如:
This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。
I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸,我也能。
3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。例如:
This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。
4)倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如:
This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
2. 比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如:
You are taller than I. 你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。
注意:
1)要避免重复使用比较级。
(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.
(对) He is clever than his brother.
2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错) China is larger than any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4)要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。
比较:Which is larger, Canada or Australia
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
3.可修饰比较级的词
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
12. many, old 和 far
1) 如果后接名词时,much more +不可数名词,many more +可数名词复数。
2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如:
My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是个工程师。
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。
3) far 有两种比较级,farther,further。一般father 表示距离,further表示进一步。例如:
I have nothing further to say. 我没什么要说了。
13. the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。例如:
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常"。例如:
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。
注意:使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列词可修饰最高级,by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如:
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意:
a. very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如:
Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
3) 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如:
Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4) "否定词语+比较级","否定词语+ so… as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如:
Nothing is so easy as this. 没比这更简单的了。
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
14. 和more有关的词组,
1) the more…the more… 越……就越……。例如:
The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make. 越努力,进步越大。
2) more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如:
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时,与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。
3) no more… than… 与……一样……,不比……多。例如:
The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
no less… than… 与……一样……。例如:
He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉。
4) more than 不只是,非常。例如:
She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。
比较级倍数的表达方法
(1)……倍数+形容词(或副词)的比较级+than。如:
①This rope is twice longer than that one.
这根绳的长度是那根绳的三倍。(比那根绳长二倍)
②This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.
这个大厅比我们的教室大五倍。(是我们教室的六倍)
(2)……倍数+as+形容词(或 much)或副词+as。如:
①This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.
这块大石头的重量是那一块的三倍。(这块石头比那块重二倍)
②The plane flew ten times as high as the kite.
那架飞机飞行高度是那个风筝的十倍。(高出九倍)
(3)……倍数+the size(length,height…)of。如:
①This street is four times the length of that street.
这条街是那条街的四倍长。
②This hill is four times the height of that small one.
这座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。(比那座小山高三倍)
也可用:The height of this hill is four times that of that small one.