2022届高考英语外刊-完型填空专练（含答案）

高考英语外刊
完型填空专练
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New York City to Close Public Schools Again as Virus Cases Rise
New York City's entire public school system will shut on Thursday, signaling that a second wave of the coronavirus has arrived as the city is still struggling to revive from its devastating spring, when it was a global epicenter of the pandemic.
The shutdown was promoted by the city's 41 a 3 percent test positivity rate over a seven-day rolling average, the most conservative threshold of any big school district in the country. Schools in the nation's largest system, with 1.1 million students and 1,800 schools, have been 42 for in-person instruction for just under eight weeks.
It was a major 43 for Mayor Bill de Blasio, who was the first big-city mayor in the country to reopen school buildings. Moving to all-remote 44 will disrupt the education of many of the roughly 300,000 children who have been attending in-person classes and create child-care problems for parents who 45 their children being at school for at least part of the week.
“Today is a(n) 46 day, but this is a temporary situation, "Mr.de Blasio said on Wednesday in a news conference that had been 47 for five hours amid frantic caucusing by the mayor, governor and union leaders. He declared that “our schools will be back," but added that reopening might not take place until next month or later.
The 48 pointed to the start of an alarming new phase of the city's battle against the coronavirus, and the mayor and Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo both indicated Wednesday that further 49 to public life “were coming, and coming soon," as Mr.de Blasio put it. Limited indoor dining and gyms have been open for under two months.
The 50 of schoolchildren to classrooms had been a ray of normalcy in a dark time for the city, with theaters still 51 , many offices vacant and the mass transit system facing the 52 of deep service cuts if federal aid does not arrive soon.
Over the summer, New York had 53 a low virus transmission rate that was the envy of the nation -and its 54 is still much lower than the nation's worst-hit regions. But the city has struggled recently to tamp down the surge that is spiraling out of control across so much of the country, particularly the Midwest and Mountain States.
Though it was clear for at least a week that the city was quickly 55 the dreaded 3 percent threshold, the actual delivery of the expected news seemed to devolve into disarray on Wednesday.
41.A. reaching B. avoiding C. imaging D. preventing
42.A. resistant B. sensitive C. blind D. open
43.A. employment B. disappointment C. achievement D. arrangement
44.A. foundation B. definition C. instruction D. motivation
45.A. put up B. agree on C. take over D. count on
46.A. sufficient B. tough C. bright D. concrete
47.A. delayed B. approved C. neglected D. controlled
48.A. exposure B. leisure C. closure D. pressure
49.A. exhibitions B. operations C. devotions D. restrictions
50.A. change B. return C. advance D. record
51.A. shut B. put C. cut D. sought
52.A. guilt B. damage C. threat D. obstacle
53.A.maintained B. margined C. resolved D. observed
54.A. alert B. rate C. parallel D. prospect
55.A. assigning B. appointing C. approving D. approaching
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COVID-19 may be teaching the world a dangerous lesson: Diseases can be ideal weapons
The world has a centuries-long and sad history of deliberate use of diseases in conflict that reaches back to at least 14th century BC when the Hittites sent poisoned animals to their enemies. From the first century onward many militaries tried to 41 diseases during conflict using corpses and infected materials like blankets.
The Cold War saw new and 42 feats in the development of biological weapons including by the United States. In the late 20th century，the tide turned, for a time. The Biological Weapons Convention extended international law against bioweapons beginning in the 1970s.Yet even before the COVID-19 pandemic， 43 against such weapons had eroded. Norms against weapons of mass destruction -usually classified to include nuclear, chemical, biological and radiological weapons-were already growing weaker.
These 44 could be eclipsed if COVID-19 teaches the world the dangerous lesson that biological weapons are 45 investments.
Here’s what leaders of nations considering biological weapons could be learning. Weaponizing disease could allow them to infiltrate（渗透）military assets and infect the highest-level 46 of powerful nations. They could cripple economies in a matter of months. They could drive significant disinformation and confusion if countries have to worry that every new outbreak could be a（n） 47 attack.
Unfortunately，the current pandemic shows that easily transmissible diseases maybe ideal biological weapons if the aim is to 48 as many people as possible, even if that 49 endangers the aggressors’ own population. Diseases also make for cheaper weapons of mass effect than nuclear weapons. There is great 50 that post-pandemic, bad actors will view biological weapons as a cost-effective path to disruption and power. U.S. national security agencies are already
studying this concern.
While getting the 51 pandemic under control, the Biden administration should aim to deter biological weapons by stripping them of their 52 for causing such devastating damage. The United States could do this by creating a system of enhanced preparedness，early 53 and rapid response so strong that any infectious diseases that emerge- 54 whether they stem from nature or a deliberate attack-can be detected and stopped before triggering large-scale outbreaks.
There are simple truths that must guide the Biden team in the months ahead. Even if the administration does all it can to end the pandemic，COVID-19 will make biological weapons seem more 55 than they have been in decades. And the nation will not be secure without creating early-warning and rapid-response systems that halt all biological threats early and effectively.
41.A. spread B. impact C. shift D. object
42.A. boring B. frightening C. demanding D. infecting
43.A. confidence B. advance C. estimate D. progress
44.A. goals B. trends C. attitudes D. definitions
45.A. responsible B. ridiculous C. worthy D. alternative
46.A. leaders B. managers C. workers D. customers
47.A. profitable B. harmful C. restless D. intentional
48.A. examine B. check C. infect D. treat
49.A. approach B. requirement C. exposure D. evolution
50.A. surprise B. anger C. hope D. fear
51.A. patient B. current C. original D. critical
52.A. benefit B. routine C. potential D. damage
53.A. attending B. warning C. banning D. firing
54.A. in addition to B. in terms of C. as a result of D. regardless of
55.A. attractive B. accessible C. innovative D. imaginative
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Trump，Biden celebrate Pfizer revealing coronavirus vaccine progress
President Trump and President-elect Joe Biden both celebrated the news that a coronavirus vaccine being developed by Pfizer（辉瑞）and BioNTech was found to be more than 90％ effective in preventing COVID-19 in their Phase 3 clinical trial.
The development is a（n） 41 step toward combating the global pandemic at a time when many areas are seeing a rise in cases.
“STOCK MARKET UP BIG, VACCINE COMING SOON. REPORT9O％EFFECTIVE. SUCH GREATNEWS!” Trump tweeted Monday morning.
Biden also celebrated the 42 of the trial，but also warned that the pandemic remains a problem and will likely continue to be one for months to come.
“I congratulate the brilliant women and men who helped produce this breakthrough and to give us such 43 for hope,” Biden said in a statement. “At the same time，it is also important to understand that the end of the 44 against COVID-19 is still months away. This news follows a previously announced timeline by industry officials that forecast vaccine 45 by late November. Even if that is achieved，and some Americans are vaccinated later this year，it will be many more months before there is widespread vaccination in this country.＂
Biden 46 to remind Americans to continue wearing masks and practice social distancing and other preventative 47 .
The vaccine requires two doses and the 48 , which began July 27, included 38,955 participants who had had the second dose as of Sunday.
The heads of Pfizer and BioNTech celebrated their breakthrough as a reason for 49 .
“Today is a great day for science and humanity. The first set of results from our Phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine trial provides the 50 evidence of our vaccine’s ability to prevent COVID-1,＂Pfizer Chairman and CEO Dr. Albert Bourla said in a statement. “We are reaching this critical milestone in our vaccine development program at a time when the world needs it most with infection rates setting new records，hospitals nearing over-capacity and economies 51 to reopen. With today＇s news，we are a significant step closer to providing people around the world with a much-needed breakthrough to help 52 to this global health crisis.＂
BioNTech CEO and co-founder Ugur Sahin called the trial＇s result “a victory for 53 , science and a global collaborative effort,” and that “in the midst of a second wave and many of us in lockdown，we 54 even more how important this milestone is on our path towards ending this pandemic and for all of us to regain a（n） 55 of normality.＂
The companies expect to produce as many as 50 million doses of the vaccine this year and up
to 1.3 billion next year.
41. A. specific B. significant C. stable D. resistant
42. A. recovery B. intention C. failure D. success
43. A. cause B. effect C. case D. honor
44. A. competition B. treatment C. battle D. behavior
45. A. familiarity B. approval C. anxiety D. opposition
46. A. went on B. carried out C. make of D. relied on
47. A. lengths B. subjects C. measures D. observations
48. A. composition B. form C. service D. trial
49. A. hope B. result C. chance D. praise
50. A. potential B. initial C. tough D. critical
51. A. appointing B. carrying C. struggling D. sweeping
52. A. keep in mind B. burst into flame C. make ends meet D. bring an end
53. A. innovation B. action C. enthusiasm D. imagination
54. A. supervise B. appreciate C. activate D. identify
55. A. desire B. result C. effort D. sense
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The American people have elected former Vice President Joe Biden to be our next president – in effect telling President Trump “You’re fired!”
Unless one or more of Trump＇s baseless sore-loser lawsuits prevails，we can expect Biden to 41 Trump in the Oval Office on Jan.20，sending Trump into political 42 and restoring stability，competence，integrity and honesty to the White House.
This will be a welcome 43 after four years of Trump＇s chaotic and 44 administration that has been like none in modern American history.
The four years of mismanagement. misinformation and misaligned government under Trump have been an American tragedy， 45 suffering to millions of Americans.
The greatest tragedy，of course. was the loss of more than 230, 000 Americans to the coronavirus pandemic. Medical experts tell us that a majority of these deaths could have been 46 if Trump had acted swiftly to take 47 action to protect the American people from the pandemic.
Instead，Trump downplayed the seriousness of COVID-19，ridiculed people who wear masks, ignored the advice of the government＇s top 48 diseases experts and attacked them，held super-spreader campaign rallies with thousands of people without masks or social distancing， 49 if we should inject ourselves with bleach （which could be fatal），and falsely told us the pandemic would miraculously end.
50 our fallen fellow citizens，President-elect Biden and Congress should agree on a new contract with America that cares for the vulnerable，sick and disadvantaged. And this 51 should go beyond the pandemic crisis to uplift struggling students，working families，and overburdened single mothers-and end the open 52 of racial injustice.
Listing all of Trump’s outrageous，unprecedented and terrible 53 would take a book. In fact, you could fill a bookcase with books already written about his many failings.
President-elect Biden is a（n） 54 and talented leader who listens to experts, believes in science，tells the truth，and understands government.
But truth be told，many of Biden＇s voters – who gave him the most votes for a presidential candidate in American history – cast ballots more in repudiation of Trump than in 55 of Biden. The election was a referendum on Trump＇s four years of failed leadership.
41.A. reserve B. guide C. replace D. exploit
42.A. assignment B. entertainment C. retirement D. agreement
43.A. development B. arrangement C. assessment D. punishment
44.A. succeed B. expected C. continued D. failed
45.A. resulting B. bringing C. eliminating D. decreasing
46.A. suspected B. recommended C. avoided D. removed
47.A. conscious B. mysterious C. realistic D. effective
48.A. infectious B. inevitable C. relevant D. efficient
49.A. approached B. wondered C. rejected D. informed
50.A. In memory of B. In honor of C. In case of D. On the contrary
51.A. voice B. debate C. issue D. contract
52.A. inspectors B. wounds C. reminders D. protectors
53.A. branches B. risks C. burdens D. actions
54.A. experienced B. awakened C. recovered D. damaged
55.A. demand B. complaint C. support D. hand
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Goodish News of Climate Change
Emissions of carbon dioxide related to energy production have stabilized, for now.
Is it a peak, a stutter or just a brief pause Time will tell. But whatever it is on February 11th the International Energy Agency (IEA), an intergovernmental 41 which collects such date, announced that emissions of carbon dioxide in 2019 which were 42 energy had remained the same (33.3bn tonnes) as the previous year’s.
Energy-related emissions, which include those produced by electricity generation, heating and transport, 43 for more than 70% of the world’s industrial CO pollution. The stall seems to have been caused by a(n) 44 in coal use, particularly in rich countries, combined with an increase in the use of renewable power.
As a result of this the CO2-intensity of electricity generation - a(n) 45 of how much of the gas is emitted per kilowattour of juice produced – fell by nearly 6.5%, to 340 grams of CO2 per kilowattour. It had already been 46 , but this is tree times the average for the past decade. Such declines more than offset the 47 of increased electricity production. The average emission-intensity of power generation in 2019 was “lower than all but the most efficient gas-power plants”, according to the IEA.
This is not the first time energy related emissions have plateaued (保持稳定).between 2013 and 2016 they hovered around 32.2bn tonnes a year, before 48 again in 2017
as the use of coal to fuel developing economies increased. This 49 plateau was accompanied by excited declaration that such emissions had peaked. Similar 50 have been made this week，also prematurely. 51 changes in coal use，a sluggish economy may have played a part and the data show that milder than usual weather caused a perceptible drop in emissions from several countries，carbon-hungry economies.
The is also 52 by the latest data from the Amazon rainforest. This，one of the world’s largest woodlands，has acted 53 as an absorbing sponge for CO2 by removing it from the atmosphere through photo-synthesis. Researchers at Brazil＇s National Institute for Space Research have shown that a vast part of the south-east of the Amazon，about one fifth of its area，has lost its 54 to soak up the gas and is now a net source of emissions into the atmosphere instead. This land has been widely deforested，so the result is little 55 . But it is disappointing.
41.A. circumstances B. environments C. contributions D. organization
42.A. available to B. similar to C. related to D. owing to
43.A. regard B. account C. desire D. evolve
44. A. decline B. increase C. promotion D. recovery
45.A. product B. idea C. measure D. result
46.A. floating B. falling C. disappearing D. remaining
47.A. solution B. change C. effect D. achievement
48.A. rising B. creating C. raising D. demanding
49.A. frequent B. previous C. natural D. disastrous
50.A. tips B. plans C. warnings D. comments
51.A. In place of B. In spite of C. Thanks to D. In addition to
52. A. tempered B. sensed C. attracted D. explained
53.A. accidentally B. absolutely C. historically D. accordingly
54.A. prospect B. ability C. need D. decision
55.A. anger B. hope C. devotion D. surprise
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If new ways of learning are to help those who need them most, policymakers should be aiming for something radical. Because education is public good whose 41 spill over to all of society, governments have a al role to play- not just by spending more, but also by spending 42 .
Lifelong learning starts at school. As a(n) 43 , education should not be narrowly vocational. The curriculum needs to teach children how to study and 44 . A focus on “metacognition' will make them better at 45 up skills later in life. But the biggest change is to make adult learning routinely accessible to all. One way is for citizens to receive vouchers that they can use to pay for training. Singapore has “individual learning 46 "; it has given money to everyone over 25 to spend on any of 500 47 courses. So far each citizen has only a few hundred dollars, but it is early days.
Courses paid for by taxpayers risk being 48 .But industry can help by steering people towards the skills it wants and by working with MOOCs and colleges to design courses that are panies can also encourage their staff to learn. AT&T, a telecoms firm which wants to equip its workforce with digital skills, spends $30m a year on reimbursing employees' tuition 50 .Trade unions can play a useful role as organizers of lifelong learning, particularly for those-workers in small firms or the self-employed-for whom company-provided training is unlikely. A union-run training programme in Britain has 51 from political parties on the right and left.
To make all this training worthwhile, governments need to slash the licensing requirements and other 52 that make it hard for new comers to enter occupations. Rather than asking for 300 hours 'practice to 53 to wash hair, for instance, the state of Tennessee should let hairdressers decide for themselves who is the best person to hire.
Not everyone will successfully navigate the 54 jobs market. Those most at risk of technological disruption are men in blue-collar jobs, many of whom reject taking less “masculine' roles in fast-growing areas such as health care. But to keep the numbers of those left behind to a minimum, all adults must 55 flexible, affordable training. The 19th and 20th centuries saw stunning advances in education. That should be the scale of the ambition today.
41.A. resources B. benefits C. structure D. responsibility
42.A. wisely B. widely C. secretly D. really
43.A. truth B. reason C. rule D. result
44.A. get B. think C. look D. turn
45.A. getting B. playing C. preferring D. picking
46.A. accounts B. descriptions C. notes D. traces
47.A. required B. desired C. expected D. approved
48.A. enjoyable B. negative C. wasteful D. necessary
49.A. relevant B. flexible C. complex D. persuasive
50.A. effects B. costs C. limits D. alerts
51.A. quantity B. quality C. instruction D. support
52.A. keys B. barriers C. accesses D. paths
53.A. justify B. classify C. qualify D. simplify
54.A. shifting B. dominating C. boasting D. inputting
55.A. agree with B. insist on C. care for D. have access to
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Machines or learning
The classic model of education - a burst at the start and top-ups through company training - is 41 .One reason is the need for new, and constantly updated, skills. Manufacturing 42 calls for brain work rather than metal-bashing. The 43 of the American workforce employed in routine office jobs declined from 25.5% to 21%between 1996 and 2015. The single, stable career has gone the way of the Rolodex.
Pushing people into ever-higher levels of 44 education at the start of their lives is not the way to cope. Just 16%of Americans think that a four-year college degree 45 students very well for a good job. Although a vocational education promises that vital first hire, those with 46 training tend to withdraw from the labour force earlier than those with general education-perhaps because they are less 47 ·
At the same time on-the-job training is 48 . In America and Britain it has fallen by roughly half in the past two decades. Self-employment is spreading, leaving more people to take responsibility for their own skills. Taking time out later in life to 49 a formal qualification is an option, but it costs money and most colleges are geared towards youngsters.
The market is 50 to enable workers to learn and earn in new ways. Providers from General Assembly to Pluralsight are building businesses on the 51 of boosting and rebooting careers. Massive open online courses (MOOCs)have veered away from lectures on Plato or black holes in favour of courses that make their students more employable. At Udacity and Coursera self-improvers pay for cheap, short programmes that bestow “microcredentials'' and “nanodegrees'"in, say, self-driving cars or the Android operating system. By offering degrees online, universities are 52 it easier for professionals to burnish their skills. A single master's programme from Georgia Tech could expand the annual output of computer-science master's degrees in America by close to 10%.
Such efforts demonstrate how to interleave careers and learning. But left to its own devices, this nascent market will mainly serve those who already have 53 . It is easier to learn later in life if you enjoyed the classroom first time around: about 80%of the learners on Coursera already have degrees. Online learning requires some IT literacy, yet one in four adults in the OECD has no or limited 54 of computers. Skills atrophy unless they are used, but many low-end jobs give workers little 55 to practise them.
41.A. referring to B. applying for C. coming across D. breaking down
42.A. increasingly B. obviously C. strangely D. subsequently
43.A. shift B. share C. show D. shelf
44.A. objective B. entire C. formal D. final
45.A. decorate B. prepares C. develop D. provide
46.A. detailed B. complicated C. specialized D. transformed
47.A. adaptable B. accessible C. available D. acceptable
48.A. ending B. escaping C. decreasing D. shrinking
49.A. persuade B. refuse C. pursue D. search
50.A. developing B. analyzing C. innovating D. producing
51.A. promise B. story C. advice D. context
52.A. costing B. making C. counting D. warning
53.A. ranges B. distinctions C. connections D. advantages
54.A. random B. experience C. exposure D. possession
55.A. trend B. sign C. possibility D. chance
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3 win Nobel medicine award for discovering hepatitis C virus
Americans Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice, and British-born scientist Michael Houghton were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology on Monday for the discovery of the hepatitis C virus, a major source of liver disease that affects millions worldwide.
Announcing the prize in Stockholm, the Nobel Committee noted that the trio's work helped explain a major 41 of blood-borne hepatitis that couldn't be explained by the previously discovered hepatitis A and B viruses. Their work, dating back to the 1970s and 1980s, has helped saved millions of lives, the commitee said.
“Thanks to their 42 , highly sensitive blood tests for the virus are now 43 and these have essentially eliminated post-transfusion hepatitis in many parts of the world, greatly improving global health," the committee said.
"Their discovery also allowed the rapid development of antiviral drugs 44 at hepatitis C," it added. "For the first time in history, the disease can now be cured, 45 hopes of eradicating hepatitis C virus from the world population."
The World Health Organization estimates there are over 70 million cases of Hepatitis worldwide and 400,00 deaths each year. The disease is chronic and a major 46 of liver inflammation and cancer.
The medicine prize carried particular 47 this year due to the coronavirus pandemic, which has highlighted the importance that medical research has for societies and economies around the world.
Nobel Committee member Patrick Ernfors drew a(a) 48 between this year's prize and the 49 rush by millions of scientists around the world to combat the coronavirus pandemic.
“The first thing you need to do is to 50 the causing virus, "he told reporters. “And once that has been done, that is in itself the starting point for development of drugs to treat the disease and also to develop vaccines against the 51 "
“So the actual discovery, viral discovery itself is a critical moment," said Enfors.
Alter was born in 1935 in New York and 52 his prize-winning studies at the U.S. National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, where he remains active, the committee said.
Rice was born in 1952 in Sacramento, California. He worked on hepatitis at the Washington University in St. Louis and now works at Rockefeller University in New York. Michael Houghton was born in Britain in 1950 in the United Kingdom and did his studies at the Chiron Corporation in California before moving to the University of Alberta in Canada. Thomas Perlmann, the Secretary-General of the Nobel Committee, said he 53 to reach two of the winners, Alter and Rice. “I had to call a(n) 54 of times before they answered," he said. “They seemed very surprised and very, very happy."
The prestigious Nobel award comes with a gold medal and prize money of 10 million Swedish kronor (over $1,118,000), courtesy of a bequest left 124 years ago by the prize's 55 ,Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel.
41.A. influence B. threat C. source D. outcome
42.A. growth B. therapy C. production D. discovery
43.A. available B. involved C. present D. informed
44.A. processed B. directed C. achieved D. motivated
45.A. raising B. postponing C. occupying D. striking
46.A. reason B. fact C. impact D. cause
47.A. existence B. significance C. implication D. convenience
48.A. parallel B. alert C. guard D. curve
49.A. patient B. original C. current D. previous
50.A. praise B. discipline C. identify D. ignore
51.A. distinction B. disorder C. disapproval D. distribution
52.A. thrown away B. taken off C. shut down D. carried out
53.A. managed B. achieved C. spotted D. protested
54.A. load B. sense C. couple D. list
55.A. operator B. illustrator C. indicator D. creator
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Only Americans have a vote in their presidential election, but the whole world has a stake. Never more so has that been the case than in 2020.The planet has been mesmerised by the compelling theatre of American democracy and nowhere more so than the UK. Some here-all right，me-have become as transfixed as any American psephological（病理学）nerd by voting patterns in Clayton County，Georgia.
Not only does the winner 41 one of the most potent seats on the planet，America’s choice of president can set，confirm or 42 global ideological trends. Because of a common language，historical ties and political classes that interact a lot，the cross-currents across the Atlantic can be highly 43 .
America turned 44 to the right when it chose Ronald Reagan in 1980，doing so 18 months after Britain had executed a similar （45）by electing Margaret Thatcher. Mrs Thatcher，so unpopular at the time that there was talk among Tories about removing her，was fortified and emboldened by the arrival of an ideological soulmate in the Oval Office. By taking the White House for the＂New Democrats”in1992，Bill Clinton provided ideas and 46 for Tony Blair＇s New Labour. During that decade，and to the consternation of rivals to both left and right，their “Third Way＂style of politics 47 progressive parties from Brazil to Germany.
The Brexit vote here in June 2016，our stark break with postwar history，was a harbinger of another great rupture，Donald Trump＇s victory that November. This， 48 , energised nationalist populists around the planet and encouraged them to think that the future belonged to them. It 49 to the febrile climate in which the Tory party decided that a punt on another reckless gambler with startling blond hair and a record of mendacity was not as outlandish as it had previously seemed.
There is already much rune-reading of the long-term reverberations of this US election. A clutch of conservative commentators and politicians gleefully notes that the election. A clutch of conservative commentators and politicians gleefully notes that the Democrats failed to sweep all before them and conclude that leftwing “identity politics” has been quashed. Yet the larger 50 _is that of rightwing “culture war' politics whose ultra-bellicose and previously most successful champion has lost the US presidency by the thumping margin of more than 4m votes. A set of leftwing commentators and politicians has a converse explanation for why a “blue wave' did not materialise in 51 strength to achieve control of both houses of Congress for the Democrats. On a(n) 52 that glides over the fact that Joe Biden has actually won the presidency, they argue that the Democrats ought to have put up a more radically leftish candidate.Conveniently for proponents of this thesis, it 53 an election that did happen with one that did not. What we do have 54 of, and very recently, is what happened when a leftwing populist was pitted against a rightwing populist in another English-speaking democracy. You may 55 that Labour was crushed by a landslide.
41.A. occupy B. satisfy C. brighten D. spoil
42.A. measure B. reverse C. regulate D. resolve
43.A. efficient B. changeable C. inevitable D. influential
44.A. decisively B. leisurely C. economically D. adequately
45.A. cure B. estimate C. shift D. route
46.A. negotiation B. inspiration C. diligence D. innovation
47.A. carried on B. made up C. thought of D. swept through
48.A. in turn B. at risk C. in danger D. on duty
49.A. mentioned B. concluded C. applauded D. contributed
50.A. harmony B. intention C. failure D. standard
51.A. constant B. sufficient C. moderate D. tough
52.A. account B. effort C. contrast D. addition
53.A. connects B. amuses C. comforts D. compares
54.A. support B. experience C. challenge D. concern
55.A. adjust B. change C. recall D. expand
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What the 2020 results say about America＇s future
Months of frantic electioneering，＄13.9bn of campaign spending，a raging pandemic and mass protests over race: in spite of all the sweat and tears，America was still 41 as we went to press if its next president really would be Joe Biden or whether Donald Trump might somehow wrangle a second term. Congress is likely to be 42 between a Democratic House and a Republican Senate-though even that result may remain in doubt until a run-off in January.
In the coming days politicians should take their cue from voters，who 43 in greater force than in any year since 1900 and who made their choice without 44 . Vote-counting must run its course and disputes between the two campaigns be 45 within the spirit of the law. The biggest 46 to that comes from Mr Trump，who used his election-night party to claim falsely that he had already won，and to fire up his supporters by warning that 47 was being stolen from ing from a man sworn to safeguard America＇s constitution，such incitement（煽动）was a（n） 48 why many，including this newspaper，had called for voters to repudiate Mr Trump wholesale.
With Mr Biden＇s victory they would take a（n） 49 first step in that direction. Only once in the past 40 years has a president been denied a second term. MrTrump will lose the 50 vote by，we reckon，52％to 47％--only the electoral college＇s bias towards rural voters saved him from a crushing 51 .That is a repudiation of sorts.
A Biden White House would also set a wholly new tone. The all-caps tweets and the constant needling of partisan divisions would go. So would the self-dealing，the habitual lying and the use of government departments to 52 personal vendettas（仇杀）. Mr Biden is a decent man who，after the polls closed，vowed to govern as a unifier. His victory would 53 American policy in areas from climate to immigration. That is a form of repudiation，too.
And yet the unexpected closeness of the vote also means populism will live on in America. With this election it has become clear that Mr Trump＇s astonishing victory in20l6 was not an aberration（失常）but the start of a profound ideological 54 in his party. Defying expectations and covid-19，he has won millions more votes in the huge turnout of 2020 than he did in 2016＇s moderate one. Far from being swept away in a blue wave，Republicans have gained seats in the House and seem set to 55 the Senate. The Republican Party，which fell under Mr Trump’s spell while he was in office，is not about to shake itself out of the trance now. It is even conceivable that Mr Trump，or a member of his family，could run for the White House in 2024.
41.A. thinking B. determining C. regulating D. conforming
42.A. reflected B. claimed C. exposed D. split
43.A. turned out B. made up C. taken on D. carried away
44.A. peace B. comfort C. violence D. freedom
45.A. adopted B. struggled C. utilized D. settled
46.A. threat B. benefit C. guilt D. resistance
47.A. relief B. victory C. failure D. surprise
48.A. prediction B. success C. reminder D. sacrifice
49.A. crucial B. creative C. casual D. opposite
50.A. familiar B. regular C. similar D. popular
51.A. expense B. defeat C. design D. spot
52.A. pursue B. process C. routine D. inform
53.A. deliver B. reach C. change D. decline
54.A. match B. shift C. lack D. cure
55.A. come up with B. give rise to C. make up with D. keep control of
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The brain changes as people age
If you are over 20, look away now. Your cognitive performance is probably already on the wane. The speed with which people can 41 information declines at a steady rate from as early as their 20s.
A common test of processing speed is the “digit symbol substitution test ', in which a 42 of symbols are paired with a set of numbers in a code. Participants are shown the code, given a row of 43 and then asked to write down the corresponding number in the box below within a set period. There is nothing cognitively 44 about the task; levels of education make no difference to performance. But age does. Speed consistently 45 as people get older.
Why this should be is still a matter of hypothesis, but a range of tentative explanations has been 46 .One points the finger at myelin, a white, fatty substance that coats axons, the tendrils that carry 47 from one neuron to another. Steady reductions in myelin as people age may be slowing down these connections. Another 48 ,says Timothy Salthouse, director of the Cognitive Ageing Laboratory at the University of Virginia, is depletion of a chemical called dopamine, receptor sites for which decline in number with 49 age.
Fortunately, there is some good news to go with the bad. Psychologists 50 between “fluid intelligence'", which is the ability to solve new problems, and “crystallized intelligence'", which 51 equates to an individual's stock of accumulated knowledge. These reserves of knowledge continue to increase with age: people's performance on vocabulary and general-knowledge tests keeps 52 into their 70s.And experience can often compensate for cognitive decline. In an old but 53 study of typists ranging in age from 19 to 72,older workers typed just as fast as younger ones，even though their tapping speed was slower. They 54 this by looking further ahead in the text，which allowed them to keep going more smoothly.
What does all this mean for a lifetime of 55 learning？It is encouraging so long as people are learning new tricks in familiar fields.＂If learning can be assimilated into an existing knowledge base，advantage tilts to the old，＂says Mr Salthouse. But moving older workers into an entirely new area of knowledge is less likely to go well.
41.A. progress B. process C. property D. possession
42.A. range B. reach C. distance D. control
43.A. contributions B. subjects C. symbols D. performances
44.A. encouraging B. pioneering C. interesting D. challenging
45.A. eliminates B. declines C. qualifies D. promotes
46.A . put forward B. turned out C. dealt with D. carried out
47.A. pictures B. codes C. signals D. benefits
48.A. suggestion B. prospect C. progress D. possibility
49.A. advancing B. simplifying C. persevering D. revising
50.A. confuse B. distinguish C. depart D. combine
51.A. carelessly B. dependently C. roughly D. independently
52.A. dominating B. attracting C. approving D. improving
53.A. instructive B. vivid C. objective D. familiar
54.A. proposed B. achieved C. positioned D. recommended
55.A. immediate B. accurate C. personal D. continuous
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Back-to-School Season in Italy
There is a cultural emphasis on children being with other children, and having them go toschool in person.
As an American pediatrician who has spent a lot of time in Italy, where the pandemic began in February and the whole country was in lockdown by early March, I'm 41 how children and families in Italy are responding to the 42 phase of reopening schools.
While the back-to-school situation 43 across the United States, with many districts still offering remote lessons, in Italy, where I am right now, most children are going back to their classrooms in person this fall.
Italy came out of lockdown in 44 over the summer and, like other countries in Europe, is now facing a(n) 45 in the number of Covid cases, though as of this writing, it is not one of the countries hardest 46 .I checked with my friend and colleague Dr. Stefania Manetti, who practices as a family physician in a town near Naples, a region of the country that was relatively 47 during the pandemic, but which is now seeing higher numbers of new cases daily than the northern regions where the spring was most deadly.
Her own work with the families of the children she cares for has 48 ,both because of the precautions against 49 ,and because it is such a challenge to keep supporting parents through these difficult times. “We see a lot of 50 in families," she said.
The major subject on her 51 is the same one that's on pediatricians' minds and most
especially on parents' minds in the United States right now: “It's obvious there are risks with the
opening of schools, but there are greater 52 if the schools don't open," she said. “The primary interest should be the child, and the fact that he has to go back to school."
Certainly, there has been controversy and discussion about how to 53 schools safely in Italy, and many parents have expressed uncertainty and 54 .In speaking with American colleagues who have settled in Florence and married Italians, I was 55 by the importance they placed on schools restarting, and by the trust they expressed in the schools and the protocols.
41.A. proud of B. interested in C. satisfied with D. ashamed of
42.A. current B. original C. patient D. active
43.A. rises B. signs C. varies D. grows
44.A. shocks B. rushes C. aims D. stages
45.A. increase B. display C. decline D. drop
46.A. removed B. hit C. marked D. complicated
47.A. spread B. bothered C. spared D. preserved
48.A. raised B. expanded C. informed D. changed
49.A. infection B. addiction C. nutrition D. experience
50.A. figure B. relief C. stress D. favour
51.A. frame B. sense C. power D. mind
51.A. frame B. sense C. power D. mind
52.A. values B. risks C. profits D. burdens
53.A. continue B. close C. open D. collect
54.A. simplicity B. complexity C. curiosity D. anxiety
55.A. struck B. stuck C. proposed D. motivated
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How to stop your bicycle from being stolen
If you've managed to beat the hordes and snag a new bike amid the increase in demand during the coronavirus pandemic, the challenge now is ensuring it survives the growing bicycle thievery problem.
There's no 41 that any of the measures here will stop your bike from being stolen, but they'll definitely help. If you've just bought a new bike, here's how to lock it up 42 .
Don't buy an amazing bicycle
Arguably the strongest anti-theft measure going. A carbon frame and wheel set might make for a (n) 43 commute, but your bike will be target number one if it's seen in the same 44 day after day. Even if it's locked up like Fort Knox, a thief only has to be handy with an allen key and cable cutter in order to make off with potentially hundreds of pounds worth of 45 .The crappier your bike appears, the more likely you are to find it where you left it. If there was ever a better excuse for skipping washing your bike at the weekend, this is it.
Use two locks
Never lock your bike up with just a cable lock; you're better off using dental floss. A gold standard D-lock is 46 . 47 brands such as Kryptonite, Oxford, OnGuard or Abus. The Kryptonite Evolution Mini-5 is small enough to be portable but 48 enough for quick trips to the shop, park or pub. If you're leaving a bicycle outside, out of view for longer than an hour, try the Kryptonite Fahgettaboudit or New York Standard. Decent locks are expensive and heavy but thieves would rather go for cheaper, weaker 49 .Two D-locks is ideal, but a D-lock with a cable lock for the front wheel should be enough to 50 you return to a bike that's in one piece.
A set of locking security skewers are a good option if you don’t fancy lugging a second lock around with you，and can also be used to secure saddles too.
Learn how and where to secure your bike
Lock your bike tightly，keeping everything off the ground and leaving no 51 for power tools，bolt cutters，pry bars or lock pickers. Use your second lock to secure the front wheel to the frame. 52 your bike within eyeshot，among other bikes，somewhere bright and busy where there＇s CCTV. Quiet，leafy，posh side streets are never good. Look for 53 Sheffield stands or cycle hoops. Avoid flimsy racks which only lock the front or rear wheel， 54 posts or trees，and anything your bike can be lifted over. Check whatever you＇re locking to hasn’t been 55
and covered.
41.A. concern B. guarantee C. control D. cause
42.A. properly B. seriously C. fluently D. flexibly
43.A. immediate B. ultimate C. quick D. positive
44.A. action B. innovation C. condition D. location
45.A. result B. components C. resource D. source
46.A. inevitable B. exhaustible C. essential D. efficient
47.A. Refer to B. Focus on C. Keep with D. Stick to
48.A. strong B. ridiculous C. optimistic D. sensitive
49.A. glasses B. frames C. lights D. locks
50.A. entitle B. ensure C. employ D. engage
51.A. space B. land C. road D. way
52.A. Hand B. Hold C. Lift D. Leave
53.A. talented B. dedicated C. provided D. practiced
54.A. wooden B. golden C. broken D. strengthen
55.A. put B. let C. cut D. bet
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Louise Gluck wins the 2020 Nobel prize in literature
The poet Louise Gl ick has become the first American woman to win the Nobel prize for literature in 27 years, cited for “her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal".
Gluck is the 16th woman to 41 the Nobel, and the first American woman since Toni Morrison took the prize in 1993.The American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan was a(n) 42 winner in 2016.
One of America's leading poets, the 77-year-old writer has won the Pulitzer prize and the National Book Award, tackling themes 43 childhood and family life, often reworking Greek and Roman myths.
The chair of the Nobel prize committee, Anders Olsson hailed Gluck's “candid and uncompromising” voice, which is “full of 44 &and biting wit". Her 12 collections of poetry, including her most recent Faithful and Virtuous Night, the Pulitzer-winning The Wild Iris, and the “masterly” Averno, are “ 45 by a striving for clarity', he added, 46 her to Emily Dickinson with her “severity and unwillingness to accept simple tenets of faith".
“In her poems, the self listens for what is left of its dreams and delusions, and nobody can be harder than she in 47 the illusions of the self," Olsson said. “But even if Gluck would never deny the 48 of the autobiographical background, she is not to be 49 as a confessional poet."
In a short interview conducted in the early hours of Thursday morning, Gluck told the Nobel prize: “My first 50 was, I won't have any friends because most of my friends are writers. But then I thought, that won't happen. It is too new, you know I don't know what it 51 .It is a great honour. There are recipients I don't 52 . But I think of the ones I do."
She said the winnings --- 10m Swedish kronor ( 870,000)-would help her buy a home in Vermont. “But mostly, I am 53 for the preservation of daily life, with people I love.…it is disruptive. The phone is ringing now, squeaking into my ear."
When asked where new 54 should start, Gluck said, "I would suggest they don't read my first book unless they want to feel contempt. But everything after that might be of 55 . I like my recent work. Averno would be a place to start, or my last book Faithful and Virtuous Night."
41.A. beat B. win C. hold D. see
42.A. regret B. pain C. surprise D. variation
43.A. including B. influencing C. creating D. budgeting
44.A. origin B. statue C. shine D. humour
45.A. realized B. characterised C. promised D. raised
46.A. comparing B. constricted C. competing D. coupled
47.A. choosing B. boring C. praising D. confronting
48.A. implication B. motivation C. significance D. consequence
49.A. defended B. regarded C. attacked D. accounted
50.A. mind B. course C. chance D. thought
51.A. ranges B. offers C. means D. visions
52.A. follow B. admire C. trust D. help
53.A. concerned B. labelled C. associated D. devoted
54.A. consumers B. listeners C. visitors D. readers
55.A. efficiency B. concept C. interest D. attention
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The World Food Programme Won Nobel Peace Prize
The World Food Programme (WFP)has won the 2020 Nobel peace prize for its efforts to combat hunger and to improve conditions for peace in conflict areas.
The chairwoman of the Norwegian Nobel committee,Berit Reiss-Andersen, 41 the 2020 laureate at the Nobel Institute in Oslo, where coronavirus restrictions drastically 42 the usual throng of reporters in attendance.
Reiss-Andersen said the committee gave the award to the WFP because it wanted to “turn the 43 of the world to the millions of people who suffer from or face the 44 of hunger” Hunger, she said, was used as a “weapon of war and 45 ” .
The award was also a(n) 46 to the international community to fund the UN agency adequately and to 47 people were not starving, she said. She said the WFP would have been a(n) 48 recipient of the prize without the coronavirus pandemic. But the virus had strengthened the 49 for giving it to the WFP, including the need for “multilateralism" in a time of global crisis.
“It's a very important UN organisation. The UN plays a key role in upholding human rights," she said, adding: “Food is one of our most 50 needs."
In its citation, the committee praised the WFP for its “efforts for combating hunger” and its“ 51 to creating peace in conflicted-affected areas”. The agency acted “as a driving force in efforts to 52 the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict＂，it said.
Reiss-Andersen，who arrived at the ceremony in Oslo city hall on crutches，made no mention of Trump. But she said the UN＇s “universalism＂and its work for human rights everywhere was 53 the “populism＂and “nationalistic politics＂prevalent in some countries.
One hundred Nobel peace prizes have been awarded since 1901，to 54 and 24 organisations. While the other Nobel prize laureates are announced in Stockholm，the peace prize is awarded in the Norwegian capital，Oslo.
Along with enormous prestige，the prize comes with a 10m kronor（ 870,000）cash award and a gold medal to be 55 at a ceremony in Oslo on 10 December，the anniversary of the prize founder，Alfred Nobel＇s death. This year＇s ceremony will be scaled down due to the pandemic.
41.A. transplanted B. revealed C. assembled D. changed
42.A. reduced B. recovered C. strengthened D. caused
43.A. noses B. eyes C. hands D. lips
44.A. source B. focus C. threat D. guilt
45.A. lives B. risk C. strikes D. conflict
46.A. hint B. comment C. call D. complaint
47.A. ensure B. entitle C. engage D. employ
48.A. responsible B. ridiculous C. significant D. worthy
49.A. situations B. areas C. feelings D. reasons
50.A. basic B. fantastic C. magic D. tragic
51.A. purpose B. contribution C. access D. consideration
52.A. prevent B. predict C. protest D. arouse
53.A. in addition to B. regardless of C. by means of D. in contrast to
54.A. reminders B. inspectors C. individuals D. protectors
55.A. carried on B. handed out C. took off D. related to
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US game theory specialists win Noel prize in economics
The Nobel prize for economics was awarded on Monday to two US game theory specialists,26 years after John Nash-the Princeton academic depicted by Russell Crowe in the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind -won for his groundbreaking work on the same subject.
Americans Paul R Milgrom and Robert B Wilson won for the 41 of mathematical models that promote “improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats", said Goran K Hansson, secretary-general of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Milgrom,72, the Shirley and Leonard Ely professor of humanities and sciences at Stanford University, is one of the leading 42 in auction theory, along with his Stanford colleague and thesis adviser Wilson,83, the Adams distinguished professor of management.
The award, which comes with a 10m krona ( 850,000) cash prize and a gold medal, caps a week of Nobel prizes and is technically known as the Sveriges Riksbank Prizein Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.
Auction theory, which is a(n) 43 of game theory, was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s after a group of researchers set about building mathematical models that could introduce incentives and information into the auction bidding 44 to maintain a fair market and prevent collusion among the bidders.
It came to prominence in the UK in the early part of the century when the government, with the 45 of the Oxford academic Paul Klemperer, was credited with extracting one of the largest sums 46 by any country from the big phone providers following the auction of new mobile phone spectrum.
The Academy said the auction theory developed by Milgrom and Wilson had helped design new formats that are now used to sell such 47 goods and services as fishing quotas, airport landing slots and electricity allowances.
The economist David Blanchflower, a former Bank of England policymaker, said the award failed “to reward people for finding things about the real world 48 for playing economic games".
He said: “The Nobel prize in economics once again goes to a couple of old white men who published esoteric mathematical squiggles years ago that have little or no 49 on the lives of ordinary people. Their work has nothing to say about 50 the condition of the man or woman on the Clapham omnibus.
“Work on the auction price of fish in the Indian Ocean doesn't seem that important in the midst of a pandemic with people struggling to pay the 51 .Economics has lost its way."
Speaking to reporters in Stockholm by phone after learning of his win, Wilson struggled to 52 an auction in which he himself had participated. But then added: “My wife points out to me that we 53 ski boots on eBay. I guess that was an auction."
Nash developed the Nash equilibrium to analyse situations of 54 and cooperation and produce predictions about how people will behave. It found 55 in fields as diverse as computing, evolutionary biology and artificial intelligence.
41.A. purposes B. designs C. campaigns D. images
42.A. lights B. flavours C. bids D. barriers
43.A. brand B. contract C. license D. branch
44.A. benefit B. progress C. process D. experience
45.A. cooperation B. support C. argument D. gratitude
46.A. obtained B. learned C. remembered D. shared
47.A. adverse B. reverse C. universe D. diverse
48.A. as well as B. by means of C. in place of D. rather than
49.A. expanding B. surviving C. bearing D. stretching
50.A. changing B. improving C. stopping D. checking
51.A. bills B. rates C. rushes D. rids
52.A. fill with B. look up C. think of D. go over
53.A. brought B. thought C. flight D. bought
54.A. conflict B. connection C. contrast D. contact
55.A. combination B. application C. consideration D. destruction
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Apple Unveils New 5G iPhone 12 Line in Multiple Sizes
Apple has unveiled its delayed iPhone 12 line of smartphones in a range of sizes with new designs and 5G connectivity. Unveiled as part of a online-only event, which was 41 by more than a month due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the new iPhones mark some of the biggest changes to Apple's smartphones since the iPhone X in 2017.
iPhone 12
The mid-range model is simply called the iPhone 12 and is a(n) 42 replacement for Apple's most popular phone from last year, the iPhone 11. It has a new and improved 6.lin OLED screen that 43 the LCD technology used on its predecessor. The iPhone 12 has a new 12-megapixel dual-camera system on the rear with 44 and ultrawide lenses and the TrueDepth selfie camera from Face ID on the front, all of which can now use Apple's Night mode for low-light photos. The body of the phone is aluminium like its predecessor, while the 45 is glass. The phone is 11% thinner than the previous model and has new Ceramic Shield screen glass technology, which has four times the 46 performance of previous display glass for fewer smashed screens.
iPhone 12 Pro and Pro Max
The smaller high-end iPhone is called the iPhone 12 Pro and has a similar 6.lin OLED screen to the iPhone 12 - larger than the 5.8in screen of the iPhone 11 Pro from 2019. The largest smartphone 47 by Apple will now be the new iPhone 12 Pro Max, which has a 6.7in OLED
screen - 0.2in larger on the diagonal than the previous iPhone II Pro Max. Both iPhone 12 Pro models have improved triple-camera systems on the back with ultrawide, normal and new telephoto lenses, plus a lidar-based depth-sensing scanner that can 48 the distance of objects up to 5 metres away and aids in autofocus. A similar technology was 49 on the iPad Pro in March and is designed for augmented reality experiences.
HomePod Mini
Alongside the new iPhones, Apple has launched a new, smaller version of its HomePod smart speaker, 50 by the Siri smart assistant, which it hopes will help it better 51 with Google and Amazon's dominant smart speakers. The 52 HomePod sounded very good, but was let down by Siri's limited capabilities and Apple's 53 of music services to just its own. The new HomePod Mini has the same S5 processor as the Apple Watch Series 5 to control playback and the sound 543 by the speaker's single down-firing driver and two passive radiators. The new speaker also has proximity detection for nearby iPhones equipped with Apple's Ul chip and Siri can now differentiate between different people via their 55 print.
41.A. carried on B. taken off C. looked through D. pushed back
42.A. complex B. harmonious C. intense D. direct
43.A. replaces B. highlights C. finds D. changes
44.A. regular B. flexible C. normal D. appropriate
45.A. head B. back C. front D. middle
46.A. fall B. rise C. increase D. drop
47.A. made B. applied C. exposed D. advanced
48.A. reject B. reflect C. measure D. mark
49.A. proceeded B. launched C. revised D. relieved
50.A. powered B. stuck C. meant D. involved
51.A. support B. fight C. attempt D. compete
52.A. separate B. specific C. original D. financial
53.A. availability B. restriction C. connection D. expense
54.A. challenged B. suspected C. generated D. amounted
55.A. light B. voice C. finger D. face
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How Will We Cope With the Pandemic Fall
Mental health experts offer advice on how to handle the return to indoor life the cooler weather will bring.
Abby Guido says she is dreading a return to lockdown conditions as colder weather sets in. She and her husband, Chris, and their children, Remy,3, and Ayla,5, have enjoyed being outdoors this summer, but Mr. Guido has a compromised immune system, making him 41 to the coronavirus. So how can we handle the stress of heading back indoors What are the best strategies
Dr. Teachman recommends a three-step 42 : Acknowledge, find alternatives and then make a plan. Start by recognizing that it's OK, and even helpful, for people to “grieve what they have lost," said Dr. Teachman, “because there are real 43 .
This kind of acceptance is 44 for “emotional regulation," explained David Rosmarin, the founder of the Center for Anxiety in New York, and an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. “Accept the fact that it might be a crappy winter .Don't try to fight it. Let the emotions come. It's a wave. It 45 over you, and then it passes."
Once we've acknowledged the hardship, “the critical piece is to not stay 46 there," Dr. Teachman said. “We can recognize that things are hard, without wallowing." Identify what we have lost (such as socializing), and then find 47 -maybe online meet-ups,a pod with another family or simply bundling up.
If you have the 48 , invest in a really good winter coat,”Dr. Teachman said. “Look into a little heater to put on a patio."
49 ahead is important. “Plan now before it gets very cold," Dr. Teachman said. This is partly for 50 reasons that heater might be on back-order-and partly for psychological ones, as “it's actually much harder to make and 51 plans once you're already feeling anxious and stressed." Dr. Dagnew noted that uncertainty is a key reason we feel 52 , so “having a plan is the antidote for uncertainty."
Every therapist emphasized the importance of social 53 .“We are social 54 , and we can't fight the pandemic by socially isolating ourselves," said Stefan Hofmann, a professor of psychology at Boston University, and the author of “The Anxiety Skills Workbook." “Very few people are able to weather the storm by sitting in the room and meditating.
This will likely mean, yes, more of the dreaded Zoom calls. “You might roll your eyes and hate every minute of it," Dr. Gorgens said, but we should 55 it as “taking your medicine."
41.A. vulnerable B. considerable C. available D. desirable
42.A. adjustment B. approach C. exposure D. companion
43.A. numbers B. mess C. differences D. losses
44.A. previous B. opposite C. crucial D. casual
45.A. strikes B. crashes C. bumps D. drops
46.A. stuck B. occurred C. happened D. contributed
47.A. orders B. access C. alternatives D. maintenance
48.A. impression B. strength C. thought D. opportunity
49.A. Planning B. Burning C. Improving D. Investing
50.A. private B. practical C. emotional D. competitive
51.A. illustrate B. concentrate C. implement D. guarantee
52.A. stress B. favour C. risk D. figure
53.A. objections B. connections C. performances D. operations
54.A. features B. shapes C. characters D. creatures
55.A. take in B. pick up C. give off D. think of
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3 Covid-19 Trials Have Been Paused for Safety.
That‘’s a Good Thing.
This week, two high-profile，late-stage clinical trials -Johnson & Johnson’s test of a coronavirus vaccine and Eli Lilly＇s study of a Covid-19 drug-were put on pause because of possible safety concerns. Just a month earlier，AstraZeneca＇s vaccine trial was paused after two 41 became seriously ill.
Clinical trials experts said these 42 were comforting, in a way: They show that the researchers were following proper 43 procedures. But for now, details about the nature of the volunteers’ illnesses are scant. And although pauses of vaccine 44 are not unusual，some experts said that pausing treatment trials-like that of Eli Lilly’s antibody drug -is rarer，and perhaps more worrisome.
That trial was testing the 45 on hospitalized patients-a group that was already sick，and in which 46 in health would not be surprising. So for a trial like that one to be paused，the safety concerns must have been 47 ，they said.
“I’ve done 50-plus monitoring committees，and it’s quite a rare thing to do，”said Tim Friede，a biostatistician at University Medical Center Gottingen in Germany， 48 his role as a safety monitor for drug trials.
For now，the companies behind the trials aren’t saying much. In a statement in September，AstraZeneca said it paused its trial to investigate “a single event of an unexplained illness.”But two vaccinated volunteers reportedly developed the same 49 ,an inflammation（炎症）of the spinal cord called transverse myelitis（脊髓炎）.
Johnson & Johnson said that it was pausing its vaccine trial because of an “unexplained illness.” Eli Lilly＇s trial of the antibody treatment was paused because of a-so far undisclosed-health difference between the group that received the drug and the group that received a placebo（安慰剂）.
When people volunteer for a late-stage trial，known as Phase 3，they 50 get a treatment or a placebo, and neither they nor their doctor knows which one they received. In the weeks that follow, they're carefully 51 .People in a vaccine trial may get a checkup each month and record any symptoms they 52 in a journal. People who get a drug while they're hospitalized may be given blood tests and medical exams.
Mild symptoms, like a minor rash or a(n) 53 , aren't enough to pause a trial. But when investigators notice a serious problem-known as an “adverse event”-they have to report it to the sponsoring companies. And the sponsors then have to report to both the Food and Drug Administration and their independent advisers, known as data and safety monitoring 54 .
If the board or the company judges the adverse event to be particularly 55 ,they may put the trial on pause -even without yet knowing if the event happened to someone who got the treatment or the placebo.
41.A. engineers B. pioneers C. careers D. volunteers
42.A. delays B. advances C. accesses D. stops
43.A. wealth B. safety C. expense D. temperature
44.A. interests B. industrials C. trials D. forms
45.A. appointment B. treatment C. commitment D. investment
46.A. changes B. stays C. increases D. declines
47.A. significant B. vacant C. pleasant D. brilliant
48.A. putting on B. taking on C. looking upon D. referring to
49.A. potential B. condition C. direction D. efficiency
50.A. originally B. especially C. randomly D. greatly
51.A. monitored B. controlled C. managed D. noticed
52.A. challenge B. fear C. experience D. respond
53.A. breakthrough B. get-together C. brain-drain D. headache
54.A. levels B. boards C. classes D. groups
55.A. concerning B. motivating C. moving D. contrasting
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Manasi Joshi never set out to become an international athlete. And she certainly didn’t plan to become an advocate for disability rights in her native India.
But in 2011，a road crash cost Joshi her left leg，pulling her from her path as a software engineer in Mumbai and 41 her on a different，more meaningful journey. She is now working to qualify to 42 India at badminton in next summer’s Tokyo Paralympic Games. She is also rapidly becoming a prominent campaigner for the tens of millions of people with disabilities in India.
“Sports helped me break stereotypes,” Joshi says. “I now want to use that experience to be an enabler for others.”
Joshi was 22 and fresh out of college when her motorcycle was hit by a truck on her way to work. Her left leg was badly 43 ，and doctors were 44 to amputate（切除）it above her knee. After she learned to walk again using her new prosthetic（假肢）leg，a（n） 45 that took four months，she turned to her favorite childhood sport，badminton，to help her body regain its 46 .But it did much more than that. “It taught me to 47 with whatever I have,” she says.
Joshi’s accidental sports career started two years later，when a friend pushed her to try out for the national para badminton team. What followed was a whirlwind of national and international medals. In August 2019, she won gold in Switzerland at the BWF Para-Badminton World Championship，one of the world’s biggest badminton tournaments. Her achievement was 48 overshadowed by the victory of a prominent non