2013高考英语备考复习课件：动词的时态（10份）

课件22张PPT。专题四　动词与动词短语
专题 四 │ 动词与动词短语专题 四 │ 专题导读 动词与动词短语的考查主要集中在一些活跃的动词与副词构成的短语意义的掌握上，复习时应充分关注 take/make/turn/come/hold/bring/keep/leave/hand等动词与out/off/up/over/about/down/on/in 等副词组合成的短语词义的复习。动词的考查主要集中在动词词义和结构的掌握上，要求学生熟练掌握一些高频动词的词义和搭配。此外，从近几年新课标地区的试题情况来看，动词与动词短语的熟词新义在具体语境中的运用也应高度重视。专题 四 │ 真题再现 (　　)1. [2010·天津] He telephoned the travel agency to ________ three air tickets to London.
A．order　　　　　 B．arrange
C．take D．Book
D　考查动词辨析。 book 或reserve表示“预定”的意思。“订票”为book tickets。 专题 四 │ 真题再现 (　　)2. [2010·辽宁] The new movie ________to be one of the biggest money-makers of all time.
A．promises B．agrees
C．pretends D．declines
A　考查动词词义辨析。promise除了表示“允诺，答应”外，还有“有……的希望”的意思；agree是“同意，赞同”；pretend是“假装”；decline是“减少，衰退”。只有promises符合题意。句意：这部新电影有望成为电影票房史上票房最高的影片之一。 专题 四 │ 真题再现 (　　)3. [2010·山东] Your house is always so neat—how do you ________ it with three children?
A．manage B．serve
C．adapt D．Construct
A　根据句意“有三个孩子(捣乱)，你怎么能把家整理得如此好？”可知选A。专题 四 │ 真题再现 (　　)4. [2010·福建] —In this day and age, women can have children and jobs as well.
—I can’t agree more. It’s great to have the two ________.
A．linked B．related
C．connected D．Combined
D　考查动词辨析。第二句意思为：“我非常赞同。让这两件事情相结合是非常好的。”have sth. done.意为“使某事被做”。linked“相联系的”；related“有关的”；connected“相连接的”；combined“使结合，联合”。专题 四 │ 真题再现 (　　)5. [2010·湖北] Just as the clothes a person wears, the food he eats and the friends with whom he spends his time, his house ________ his personality.
A．resembles B．strengthens
C．reflects D．Shapes
C　考查动词词义辨析。句意“由一个人的穿着、饮食、交友以及住房可以反映一个人的个性”。resemble “像”；strengthen “加强”；reflect“反映”；shape表示“形成”。 专题 四 │ 真题再现 (　　)6. [2010·安徽] —How did you like Nick’s performance last night?
—To be honest, his singing didn’t ________ to me much.
A．appeal B．belong
C．refer D．Occur
A　考查动词词义以及与介词的搭配。句意为：“你认为昨晚Nick的演出怎么样？”“说实话，他的演唱不能吸引我。” appeal to有吸引力，引起兴趣；belong to属于；refer to指，谈及，涉及；occur to发生。 专题 四 │ 真题再现 (　　)7. [2010·江西] Parents ________ much importance to education. They will do their best to give their children that priceless gift.
A．attach B．pay
C．link D．Apply
A　考查动词词义辨析。attach importance to是固定搭配，表示“重视；看重”。 专题 四 │ 真题再现 (　　)8. [2010·江苏] The experiment has ________ the possibility of the existence of any life on that planet, but it does not mean there is no life on other planets.
A．found out B．pointed out
C．ruled out D．carried out
C　本题考查动词短语辨析。find out表示“查明、发现”；point out表示“指出”；carry out表示“执行”，均不符合语境，故排除。rule out表示“排除(可能性)”，符合语境。 专题 四 │ 真题再现 (　　)9. [2010·辽宁] Thousands of people ________ to watch yesterday’s match against Ireland.
A．turned on B．turned in
C．turned around D．turned out
D　考查短语动词的用法。turn out 有“出席，在场”的意思；而turn on 则是“打开”；turn in有“上床睡觉， 上缴，向内拐”等意思；turn around是“转身，翻转”的意思。故只有turn out 符合语境。 专题 四 │ 真题再现 (　　)10. [2010·浙江] After that, he knew he could ________ any emergency by doing what be could to the best of his ability.
A．get away with B．get on with
C．get through D．get across
C　本题考查动词词组辨析。根据句意：之后，他知道他能度过(get through)任何危机。A，携带……而逃；B，与……友好相处，继续干；D，使……被理解，均不符合语境，故排除。专题 四 │ 专题预测 (　　)1.—Oh, my dear, why did you eat so little?
—If I gain any more weight, I shan’t be able to ________ my clothes.
A．mix with B．go with
C．fit into D．get along
C　考查动词短语。句意为：假如我的体重还要增加，我就穿不进我的衣服了。fit强调形状和尺寸适合，合身，符合题意。mix with“混和，掺和，融合”；go with“接受，相配”；get along “相处，进行”。专题 四 │ 专题预测 (　　)2.Now many university students are modelled on the Western lifestyle, choosing high calories fast food, which ________ diabetes(糖尿病) rising among them.
A．results from B．accounts for
C．calls for D．arises from
B　考查动词短语辨析。result from“由……引起”；account for“解释，是……的原因”；call for“需要”；arise from“由……引起”。diabetes rising among them(大学生患糖尿病的人数上升)是结果，所以选B。专题 四 │ 专题预测 (　　)3.—Hi，Lucy. Could you ________ the clothes here while we are swimming?
—With pleasure.
A．watch over B．watch out
C．look over D．look out
A　考查动词短语辨析。watch over照看。句意为：打扰一下，在我们游泳的时候您能帮我们照看一下衣服吗？watch out小心；look over仔细检查；look out小心。专题 四 │ 专题预测 (　　)4.I don’t know where my children have ________ those rude words.
A．picked up B．taken up
C．put up D．made up
A　考查动词短语辨析。pick up在这里表示“无意中学会”。句意为：我不知道我的孩子们在哪儿学来的那些粗话。 take up开始从事； put up举起，搭起；make up虚构，编造。专题 四 │ 专题预测 (　　)5.—What field will your son go into after graduation from Tsinghua University?
—I’m not quite certain, but he ________ a good teacher of English.
A．promises B．becomes
C．makes D．Proves
A　考查动词词义辨析。promise表示“很可能/有希望(成为)”。 句意为：“你儿子清华大学毕业后要进入哪个行业？”“我也不太确定，但是他有望成为一名好的英语教师。”become表示“变成，成为”；make表示“成为”；prove表示“证明”。 专题 四 │ 专题预测 (　　)6.In view of all sorts of rumors and guesses, experts carried out some careful and scientific research and ________ the possibility of a second earthquake in this area.
A．blamed B．discounted
C．attended D．Charged
B　考查动词词义辨析。句意为：考虑到各种谣言和猜疑，专家们进行了认真、科学的调查，并且否定了在这个地区再一次发生地震的可能性。blame谴责； discount折扣，否认； attend参加； charge管理，负责，要价，控告。所以本题选择B项合适。 专题 四 │ 专题预测 (　　)7.In preparing scientific reports of laboratory experiment, you should ________ your findings in logical order and clear language.
A．write B．raise
C．present D．put
C　考查动词词义辨析。C项意为“呈现”。句意为：在实验科学报告的准备中，你应该把你的发现用清楚的语言和合乎逻辑的顺序呈现出来。A项意为“写”；B项意为“升起，使出现”；D项意为“放”，均不符合语境。专题 四 │ 专题预测 (　　)8.Though there were too many people in the waiting-room, I had no difficulty ________ my friend, Jane, a pretty model.
A．making up B．picking out
C．setting out D．picking up
B　考查动词短语辨析。B项意为“分辨出，辨认出”，符合题意。句意为：尽管等候室里有很多人，我仍然毫不费力地认出了我的朋友珍妮，一位漂亮的模特。A项意为“弥补，虚构”；C项意为“开始，启程”；D项意为“捡起，偶然获得”，均不符合语境。 专题 四 │ 专题预测 (　　)9.Stella was disappointed to find her new plan ________and fell into great depression.
A．put away B．carried out
C．turned down D．left out
C　本题考查动词短语辨析。从后面的depression看出，她的新计划应该是失败了或遇到挫折，所以选turned down。句意为：Stella很失望地发现她的新计划被拒绝了，感到很失落。专题 四 │ 专题预测 (　　)10.The teacher just outlined his main idea，for these bright children were quick to ________.
A．catch on B．go ahead
C．make up D．find out
A　考查动词短语辨析。catch on 意思是“理解”。句意为：老师只说了大意，因为这些聪明的孩子很快就理解了。go ahead继续；make up虚构，编造，弥补；find out 找出，查明。课件54张PPT。动词与动词短语 　高考英语语法复习系列课件1．动词短语为主，动词为辅
在近几年所考查的动词与动词短语的题中，考查动词短语的占多数。
2．考查动词的词义辨析
包括常见动词用法辨析，近义词辨析，词形相近词辨析，用法相近词辨析。
3．考查动词短语辨析
主要包括同根动词短语的辨析、同根介词或副词的动词短语的辨析、 不同动词构成的动词短语的辨析以及“动词＋副词＋介词”短语的辨析。在动词短语的测试中，绝大多数为基础动词的考查，出现频率较高的词有：get，turn，make，put，go，give，break，cut，come，look，keep，bring，show，pick，hold，fall，carry，pull，catch，call，take等。
技巧点拨：
动词与动词短语的考查实际上是词汇知识与语言环境的考查，因此我们要注意以下两个问题：
1．熟记《考试大纲》词汇的意义与用法
分析近几年的高考试题，我们发现，尽管动词与动词短语的考查非常丰富，但是万变不离其宗，都没有脱离《考试大纲》，因此对《考试大纲》中动词与其短语的熟练掌握是我们解决问题的关键。在动词与短语单项填空题中我们出错的原因大部分是对其意义掌握不全面。
2．分析语言环境，做到对症下药
在搞明白了各选项的意义后，我们要充分分析题干，然后依据题干所含的语境确定选项。 动词及其短语的灵活运用是英语的特色之一，也是学生学习中的难点，因此每年均为测试的重点。在历年高考试题中动词所占的比例最大，设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用。其考点主要涉及以下几个方面：
1. 考查动词的词义辨析。包括常见动词用法辨析，近义词辨析，词形相近词辨析等。
2. 考查动词的搭配形式。如：动词与名词的搭配，动词与介词、副词的搭配等。
3. 考查动词短语辨析。主要包括同根介词或副词的动词短语的辨析、 不同动词构成的动词短语的辨析以及“动词＋副词＋介词”短语的辨析。在动词词组的测试中，绝大多数为基础动词的考查，出现频率较高的词有：get, turn, make, put, go, give, break, cut, come, look, keep, bring, show, pick, hold, fall, carry, pull, catch, call, take等。
4. 考查系动词。动词作系动词用时，后面常接形容词、名词、分词和不定式等，此时动词没有进行时和被动语态。这类动词有：appear, become, feel, look, sound, seem, taste, prove, remain, stay, smell, grow, turn, go, come, fall, stand, lie, exist等。
2012年除了要重视动词的基本考点外，还要重视以下几个方面的难点：
1. 易混的基础动词及其词组。
2. 与汉语习惯有出入的动词用法。
3. 部分基础动词及其词组的较高级用法。 【解析】 B　句意：我可以忍受房子不整洁，但是如果不干净的话我会厌恶。考查动词短语辨析。put up with忍受。come up with想出；turn to转向，求助于，翻到；stick to坚持。1. ［2011·课标全国卷 Ⅱ］ I can ________ the house being untidy, but I hate it if it’s not clean.
A．come up with B．put up with
C．turn to D．stick to√2. ［2011·课标全国卷］ William found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to ________.
A．disappear B．fall
C．fail D．damage　 【解析】 C　句意：威廉发现阅读越来越难，因为他的视力开始衰退。考查动词的词义区别。fail在这里表达“（指健康）衰退，变弱”，符合题意。disappear消失；fall落下；damage损坏，毁掉。√3.［2011·陕西卷］ Some insects ________the colour of their surroundings to protect themselves.
A．take in B．take off C．take on D．take out　　【解析】 C　句意：有些昆虫呈现出和周围环境一样的颜色，目的是保护自己。考查动词短语辨析。四个选项的意思分别如下：A欺骗，吸收；B脱掉，起飞，成功；C呈现；D拿出。因此选择C项。4.［2011·全国卷］ Mary, I ________John of his promise to help you.
A．told B．reminded C．warned D．advised 【解析】 B　句意：玛丽，我已经提醒过约翰他答应过帮你的事情。考查动词搭配。tell sb. sth.告诉某人某事； remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事，使某人想起某事； warn sb. of sth.警告某人关于某事；advise sb. to to sth.建议某人做某事。故选B。√√5.［2011·湖北卷］ Knowledge and learning are important if we want to be successful, but they may also ________our thinking.
A．direct B．limit C．change D．improve　　【解析】 B　句意：我们要想成功，知识和学习是很重要的，但它们也可能限制我们的思考。考查动词词义辨析。direct指导；limit限制；change改变；improve改进。由but可知，前后意义上是转折关系，故选B项。6.［2011·湖北卷］ The minister said, “We are ready for discussions with any legal parties, but we’ll never ________ with criminals.”
A．negotiate B．quarrel C．argue D．consult　 【解析】 A　句意：部长说：“我们准备和任何合法政党开展商讨，但决不会与罪犯谈判。” 考查动词词义辨析。negotiate谈判；quarrel争吵；argue辩论；consult咨询。根据句意应选A项。√√ 【解析】 D　句意：临床证据开始增多，表明这种新药物较以往在动物身上做实验所预测的有更广泛的有益的用途。考查动词词义辨析。operate操作；strengthen加强；approve赞成；accumulate积累，积聚。根据句意可知应选D项。7.［2010·湖北卷］ Clinical evidence began to _____， suggesting that the new drugs had a wider range of useful activities than had been predicted from experiments in animals.
A．operate B．strengthen C．approve D．accumulate8.［2010·湖北卷］ The government has taken measures to ____ the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable.
A．take down B．bring down
C．hand down D．tear down 【解析】 B　句意：政府已经采取措施来降低日用品的价格，以保持市场稳定。考查动词短语辨析。take down写下，记下；bring down降低，减少；hand down把……传下去，宣布；tear down拆除。根据句意可知应选B项。√√9.［2010·山东卷］ They are broadening the bridge to ________ the flow of traffic.
A．put off B．speed up C．turn on D．work out 【解析】 B　句意：他们正拓宽桥面来加快车流量。考查动词短语辨析。put off推迟；speed up加速；turn on打开，接通；work out算出，弄懂，产生结果。由题干中的关键信息broaden和the flow of traffic可知此处填speed up。10.［2010·江西卷］ You can’t predict everything. Often things don’t______ as you expect.
A．run out B．break out C．work out D．put out 【解析】 C　句意：你不能预言一切事情。有些事情的结果常常和你期待的不一样。考查动词短语的辨析。run out 耗尽；break out突然爆发；work out 解决，产生结果；put out 扑灭。 √√11.［2011·天津卷］ I________ a bank account after I made﹩1,000 by doing a part- time job during the summer vacation.
A．borrowed B．opened C．entered D．ordered
　　【解析】 B　考查动词词义。open a bank account意为“开了一个银行账户”。句意为：暑假期间，我做兼职挣了1 000美元之后，就开了一个银行账户。borrow借；enter进入；order定购，命令。 12.［2011·辽宁卷］ What are you doing out of bed, Tom? You're________ to be asleep.
A. supposed B. known C. thought D. considered
　　【解析】 A　考查动词短语辨析。根据句意“汤姆，你不在床上在干什么？你________在睡觉。”四个选项分别意为“应该”、“被认识，被作为”、“被考虑”与“被考虑为”，由句意可知答案为A。 √√13.［2011·福建卷］ I'd prefer to________ my judgement until I find all the evidence.
A. show B. express C. pass D. reserve
　　【解析】 D　本题考查动词辨析。根据语境“我在找到所有的证据之前宁愿保留自己的判断。”可知选D。 14.［2011·安徽卷］ As the story________， the truth about the strange figure is slowly discovered.
A. begins B．happens C. ends D. develops
　　【解析】 D　考查动词辨析。句意为：随着故事的发展，关于那个奇怪的人物的真相慢慢地被发现了。空白处应填develop，表示“发展”。 √√15.［2011·辽宁卷］ You are old enough to________ your own living.
A．win B. gain C. take D. earn
　　【解析】 D　本题考查动词辨析。earn one's living的意思是“自谋生计”，符合句意“你已经足够成熟了，应该自谋生计了”。 16.［2011·四川卷］ I often ________ the words I don't know in the dictionary or on the Internet.
A．look up B．look at C．look for D．look into
　 【解析】 A　本题考查动词短语。look up意为“（在词典、参考书等中）查找，查阅”，故选A。B意为“看”；C意为“寻找”；D意为“调查”。 √√17.［2011·天津卷］ She ________ an old friend of hers yesterday while she was shopping at the department store.
A．turned down B．dealt with
C．took after D．came across
　　【解析】 D　考查动词短语辨析。come across偶然遇到。句意为：昨天她在商场购物时偶然遇到了一位老朋友。turn down拒绝；deal with处理；take after 长得像；都不符合语境。18.［2011·江苏卷］ — You look upset. What's the matter?
— I had my proposal________ again.
A. turned over B. turned on
C. turned off D. turned down
　　【解析】 D　考查动词短语辨析。A项意为“移交”；B项意为“打开”；C项意为“关闭”；D项意为“拒绝”。根据句意“你看上去很悲伤。出什么事了？”“我的提议又被拒绝了。”可知选D项。 √√19.［2011·浙江卷］ The school isn't the one I really wanted to go to，but I suppose I'll just have to ________it.
A．make the best of B．get away from
C．keep an eye on D．catch up with
　　【解析】 A　考查动词短语辨析。句意为：这所学校不是我原本想要读的，但我想我不得不好好利用。make the best of表示“好好利用”；get away from表示“逃离……”；keep an eye on表示“监视，关注……”；catch up with表示“赶上，跟上……”。 √1.The news has ________ that an earthquake will arrive before daybreak.
A．got out B．got round C．got up D．got away 【解析】 1. B　“消息传开了：地震在天亮之前到来。”get round在这里的意思“（消息）传开”。2.Because of the poor harvest, wheat prices have ________ in the last six months.
A．added B．jumped C．raised D．gathered 【解析】 B　jump在这里是“上升”的意思，相当于rise。A、C均有一定干扰性。add意思是“增添”，指把某物（数）加到某物（数）上。raise也有“提高”的意思，但raise是及物动词，因此应该用被动语态have been raised。√√3. When my grandpa was young, he had to ________ several miles a day to school since he had no money to take a bus.
A．cover B．take C．get D．make　 【解析】 A　语意：我爷爷年轻的时候，他不得不每天走几英里到学校，因为他没有钱乘公共汽车。cover意为“行走（一段路程）”，符合语意。4. Old memories are often ________ when you hear a particular song or a piece of music.
A．called in B．called on C．called out D．called up　【解析】 D　“当你听一首特别的歌或一段音乐时，旧的回忆经常被勾起来。”call up意思是“征召（服役）；召唤；传（讯）；使人想起；提出（议案等）；打电话给”；call on 意思是“号召，呼吁，请求，约请”；call in 有“召集，召来，招请；收回，来访”等意。call out 有“出动，唤起，引起，大声叫出来”等意。√√5. — That’s a lovely dress.
— Do you think so? My aunt gave it to me for my birthday, but I don’t ________ the color.
A．interest in B．care for
C．please with D．fond of 【解析】 B　care for 在这里是“喜欢”的意思。也可以用be interested in，be pleased with, be fond of, 因此其他答案不正确。 6. The folk song concert was so well ________ that all the tickets had been sold out on the first day.
A．accepted B．recognized C．received D．promised 【解析】 C　receive在这里是“对……作出反应”。A有一定干扰性，accept表示主观接受某物，因此不合题意。√√7. The square is so large that hundreds of cars can park there and still leaves room to ________.
A．spare B．spend C．store D．save【解析】 A　句意：广场非常大，成百上千辆车停在那里，还有地方空出来。spare在这里是“空出，抽出（时间）”等；spend 意思是“花费”，store “储存”，save“节省”，因此A项正确。8. John ________ almost all of his records to his friends, but he still had a very few left.
A．put away B．set aside C．turned in D．gave away 【解析】 D　句意：约翰几乎把他所有的唱片都馈赠给了他的朋友们，但他还剩一些。put away 把……收拾起来放好；set aside 搁置一边；turn in 上交，交还；give away 赠送。结合题意，此处选用gave away。√√9. He looked through as many daily newspapers as he could to________ what they said about his latest book.
A．hear of B．see to C．look up D．find out 【解析】 D　find out查清，弄明白；hear of听说；see to 处理，应付；look up查寻（单词等），参考，因此D项正确。10. The woman’s skirt was too long. She had to ________.
A．let it out B．take it in
C．let it in D．take it out 【解析】 B　take in 有“改小，欺骗”的意思。如 This coat needs to be taken in a bit。let out 有“释放，泄露”等意思；let in 意思“让（某人）进来”；take out 有“取走，取出”的意思，因此其他答案不合题意。√√11. It is required that all traffic participants should ________ the traffic rules to make traffic safer and faster.
A．perform B．observe C．support D．possess
　　【解析】 B　考查动词词义辨析。此处observe the traffic rules是固定表达，意为“遵守交通法规”，据此选B项。 12. We ________ to make mistakes when we do things in a hurry.
A. manage B．tend C．intend D．attempt
　　【解析】 B　考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我们匆忙做事的时候，我们常常会犯错误。 manage意为“管理；成功做”；tend意为“常常；倾向于”；intend意为“打算”；attempt意为“企图”。根据句意选B项。√√13. For most Americans, their 18th birthday ________ the end of one part of their life and beginning of another.
A．predicts B．tells C．marks D．signs
　　【解析】 C　考查动词词义辨析。句意：对于大多数美国人来说，他们的18岁生日标志着一部分生活的结束和另一部分生活的开始。此处mark意为“标志”。 14. The new policy will ________ the elders a lot that people over 65 can take buses free of charge.
A．discount B．support C．approve D．benefit
　　【解析】 D　考查动词词义辨析。句意：新政策规定65岁以上的老人乘公交车免费，这将使老人们很受益。benefit意为“使受益，对……有用”，符合语境。√√15. After ________ the luggage at the railway station, we left for the exhibition hall in a taxi.
A．claiming B．demanding C．deserving D．obtaining
　　【解析】 A　考查动词词义辨析。句意：在火车站认领过行李后，我们乘出租车去了展览大厅。此处claim表示“认领”。后三项分别表示“要求”、“值得”、“获得”，都不符合语境。16. Would you mind repeating that? I didn't quite ________.
A. catch on B．make up C．find out D．take over
　　【解析】 A　考查动词短语辨析。句意：你介意再重复一遍吗？我不太明白。catch on意为“理解；明白”；make up意为“组成；编造”；find out意为“找出；查明”；take over意为“接管”。根据句意选A项。√√17. Many children are ________ in the countryside when their parents flood into the cities for jobs.
A．left behind B．left off C．left aside D．left out
　　【解析】 A　考查动词短语辨析。句意：许多父母涌入城市找工作而把孩子留在乡下。leave behind意为“把……留下”，符合语境。leave off意为“中断，停止（做某事）”；leave aside意为“搁置一边”；leave out意为“不包括，不提及”。18. His first baby was born soon after he got married, which seemed to have ________ his sense of responsibility.
A. brought down B．brought out
C．turned down D．turned out
　　【解析】 B　考查动词短语辨析。bring out意为“使……显示出来”。句意为：婚后不久他的第一个孩子就出生了，这好像使他的责任感显现了出来。bring down意为“打垮，击败”；turn down意为“调低，拒绝”；turn out意为“结果是，证明是”。√√19.—I believe it is the only solution to this problem.
—That's debatable, I think. I can ________ five other solutions that are as good as that.
A．come up with B．make up with
C．live up to D．keep up with

　　【解析】 A　考查动词短语辨析。come up with意为“提出，想出”；make up with意为“和……重归于好”；live up to意为“达到，符合，不辜负”；keep up with意为“赶上，跟上”。根据题干内容可知，A项符合语意，即“我可以想出五种和那个一样好的解决方法”。 √一、动词分类一览表二、动词短语
动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。
动词短语构成一览表：【考点一】考查助动词的用法
助动词有be (am, is, are, was, were, been), have (has, had), do (does, did), will (would), shall (should)。它们本身没有词义，只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语，用来表示时态和语态，构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。
（1）助动词be (am, is, are, were, been)的用法（2）助动词have (has, had)的用法 （ 3）助动词do (does, did) 的用法 【考点二】常考的变化类系动词辨析【考点三】考查主动形式表被动意义的用法
（1）need, want, require(要求，需要), deserve(应得，值得), be worth(值得)，后面接doing主动形式表被动意义。
The book is worth reading.
（2）不定式作定语，放在被修饰词后面，与前面被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，又在句子中与另一名词或代词有主谓关系，不定式要用主动表被动含义。
I have much work to do.（与work有动宾关系，与I有主谓关系）
比较：I have a letter to be typed.
（3）不定式作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时(主语+系动词+形容词+不定式)，如果形容词是表示难易、利弊等含义时(difficult, easy, comfortable, convenient, hard, cheap, expensive, etc.)，不定式用主动表被动。
The question is difficult to answer.
The work is easy to do.(=It’s easy to do the work.)
（4）有些动词(短语)只有主动形式，常视为主动表被动。
①take place, happen, break out等。
A big fire happened/took place/broke out last night.
②一些动词,如:sell(销售), wash(洗), clean(打扫), burn(燃烧), cook(煮), write(写)等与副词,如:well(好), easily(容易地), perfectly(十分地)等连用，描绘事物的特性，用主动表被动，结构是：主语+动词+副词。
The book sells well.动词和动词短语一些常用行为动词的用法比较1．lay和lieHe lied to me that he had finished his homework.
他向我撒谎说完成作业了。
He laid the baby on the bed.
他把婴儿放在床上。2．arise，rise和raiseThe river has risen by several metres.
河水上涨了好几米。
It’s difficult raising a family on a small income.
依靠微薄的收入是很难养家的。3．hang的用法He hung his clothes on the wall.
他把衣服挂在墙上。
The murderer was hanged and the dead was avenged.
杀人犯被绞死了，为死者报了仇。4．可用于“动词＋sb.＋of sth.”的常用动词
accuse(控告)，cheat(欺骗)，cure(治愈)，inform(通知)，remind(提醒)，rid(摆脱)，
rob(抢劫)，warn(警告)
This photo reminds me of my school days.
这张照片使我想起了学校生活。
The people of the town were warned of the danger of flooding.
5．可用于“动词＋sb.＋for doing sth.” 的常用动词
blame(指责)，criticise(批评)，forgive(原谅)，excuse(原谅)，pardon(原谅)，punish(惩罚)，scold(指责)，thank(感谢)
Forgive me for saying so，but I think that’s nonsense.
原谅我这样说，但是我认为没意义。
I don’t blame you for doing that.我不责备你做了那事。【考点四】考查易混短语的用法
动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨析及不同短语的辨析。
1. Agree短语
sb. agree with sb.某人同意某人的话/意见
sth. agree with sb. 某物/某事适应某人
agree to the plan/decision/arrangement 同意计划/决定/安排
agree on sth. 就……达成共识
agree to do sth. 同意干某事
2. Break短语
break away (from)（与……）脱离；改掉（习惯）
break down（身体）垮掉；（计划、谈判）失败；（汽车）抛锚；分解（强调化学变化）
break in/into 闯入
break off折断；断绝
break out （fire, disease, war, etc.）突发，爆发（火灾，疾病，战争等）
break up 打碎；分裂；分解(强调化学变化) 3. Bring短语
bring about 引起，造成；实现 bring back 拿回/使回忆起来
bring down 使倒下；降低 bring in挣得；介绍引进
bring on 引起, 导致 bring out 揭示，揭露
bring ...to light 揭露； 使了解到 bring up 抚养；呕吐
4. Call短语
call at + sp.拜访某地 call on/upon +sb. 访问，拜访某人
call for 要求；需要 call in 召集；请来
call off取消 call up打电话；令人想起
5. Carry短语
carry on 进行；进行下去
carry out贯彻，执行
carry through 顺利完成，顺利实现6. Come短语
come about 发生；造成 come across偶遇
come along 加油/快点/进展/进行 come on 快点
come into effect(force)生效 come to oneself 苏醒过来
come into being 形成；产生
come into power开始执政
come out 出来；出版；结果
come around/round 恢复知觉；绕道而来
come up 靠近；被提到；发生
come up with 提出（主意，计划等）
7. Cut短语
cut down 砍倒；削减 cut in （on）插嘴；插入
cut off 切断； 断绝 cut up 切碎
cut through 抄近路走过； 刺穿8. Get短语
get up 起床 get away 离开
get down to 开始认真考虑 get down 击落；记下
get in到达；收获 get off 下车；脱下
get out 出去，离开；泄露 get over克服
get through 接通电话；用完；做完；通过
get along/on(with) 融洽相处；进展
9. Give短语
give away泄露；出卖 give in让步，投降；交上
give off 发出(蒸汽、液体、雾等) give up 放弃(念头、希望等)
give out 分发；发出(气味、热等)；用尽，精疲力竭
10. Go短语
go against 反对； 违反； 不利于 go down下降
go by (从……旁)走过；顺便走访 go off 离开；爆炸
go with伴随；与……相配 go in for 参加；爱好
go over (对……进行)仔细检查；润色；复习
go through仔细检查；经历，经受；被通过11. Keep短语
keep an eye on 注意；监视 keep away from 不让接近
keep back阻止；隐瞒 keep down 镇压；保留
keep in mind 记住 keep on 继续
keep up with跟上；不落后 keep to 遵循；坚持
keep in touch with与……保持联系
keep ...to oneself 对……守口如瓶
12. Look短语
look ahead 向前看；着眼未来 look after 照顾，照看
look back 回头看；回顾 look around 四处看
look down upon 看不起；轻视 look out 小心；当心
look on 旁观；观望 look into 调查
look through 浏览；翻阅；仔细查看
look up 查寻；向上看13. Put短语
put away 放好；储存 put down写下；镇压
put forward 提出；推举 put off 推迟
put on 穿上 put out 扑灭
put up 举起；投宿；张贴 put up with忍受；容忍
14. Set短语
set about 开始，着手（后接名词、代词和动名词）
set out 出发；开始；陈列
set to 起劲地干起来；毅然开始做
set aside 留出；不顾；撤销； 驳回
set off (for) 出发,动身；使爆炸；引起；衬托
set up 设立；竖立,架起；立业15. Take短语
take away 取走 take back收回
take in吸收；理解；欺骗 take along 随身带着
take on 呈现；开始雇佣；从事 take over 接收，接管
take up占据；开始从事；继续
take off脱衣；起飞；广泛使用，大受欢迎
take after （在外貌或行为方面）酷似
16. Turn短语
turn away 把……打发走；不让……进入
turn into 进入；(使)变成(主要指物质形态、性质等的转变)
turn off 关掉 turn down调低；拒绝
turn on 开启 turn over 翻过来
turn out 关掉；证实；结果是；生产
turn to转向；求助于
turn up 调高；找到，发现；出现 act
act as　 充当，担任 act for　 代表，代理
act out 表演(指用行动、动作表达)
add
add in 算入，包括 add to 增加，加到
add up 加起来，总计 add up to 总计，共达
die
die off 相继死去
die out 死光，灭绝
die away (风、声音等)渐渐消失
die down (风，雨等)逐渐平息
die of 死于(疾病，情感，年老等)
die from 死于(尤指死于意外事故或疾病、情感以外的原因)hold
hold back 隐瞒；控制(情感)
hold out 维持；抵抗；硬撑
hold up 使……耽搁
hold on 坚持；别挂(电话)
hold together 团结一致
hold on to 保留，抓住不放
make
make good/full use of... 充分利用……
make up 编造；组成，构成；补齐，凑足
make up for 补偿，弥补
make out 辨认出
make sense 有道理(意义)，讲得通
make fun of 取笑
make up one’s mind 下定决心1. The workers ______ the glasses and marked on each box “This Side Up”.(2010·全国Ⅰ)
A. carried B. delivered C. pressed D. packed
解析：选D。考查动词词义辨析。句意为：工人们把玻璃制品包装好，并给每个箱子做上“此面向上”的标记。carry搬运；deliver递送；press按，压；pack给……打包。
2. My mother opened the drawer to ______ the knives and spoons.(2010·全国Ⅱ)
A. put away B. put up C. put on D. put together
解析：选A。考查动词短语辨析。句意为：我妈妈打开抽屉把刀子和勺子放好。put away把……放好，收拾起来；put up举起;搭建;张贴;挂起；put on穿;戴上；put together把……放在一起。
3. No matter how low you consider yourself, there is always someone ______ you wishing they were that high.(2010·安徽)
A. getting rid of B. getting along with
C. looking up to D. looking down upon
解析：选C。考查动词短语辨析。句意为：不管你认为自己多么不好，总会有人崇拜你，并希望能像你那样。get rid of摆脱；去除；get along with与……相处；look up to尊敬；敬仰；look down upon看不起；轻视。4. —How did you like Nick’s performance last night?
—To be honest, his singing didn’t _______ to me much.(2010·安徽)
A. appeal B. belong C. refer D. occur
解析：选A。考查固定短语的用法。答语句意为：说实话，他的演唱并不怎么吸引我。appeal to吸引；belong to属于；refer to提到；涉及；occur to被想到。
5. We’ve just moved into a bigger house and there’s a lot to do. Let’s _______ it.(2010·福建)
A. keep up with B. do away with
C. get down to D. look forward to
解析：选C。考查动词短语辨析。句意为：我们刚刚搬进一所大点的房子里，有许多事情要做，让我们开始做吧。get down to开始做，着手做。keep up with 赶上；do away with废除;去掉；look forward to期盼。
6. —In this day and age, women can have children and jobs as well.
—I can’t agree more. It’s great to have the two ______.(2010·福建)
A. linked B. related C. connected D. combined
解析：选D。考查动词词义辨析。答语句意为：我非常赞同。让这两者结合真是太好了。have sth. done.使某事被做。link联系，连接；relate使互相关联；connect连接；combine结合，合并。 7. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained ______ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.(2010·福建)
A. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck
解析：选B。考查非谓语动词的用法。remain作系动词意为“保持，继续”，后面要接名词、形容词或分词作表语，表示主语所处的状态。据此判断应该选择B项stuck。stuck表示“被卡住”，引申为“被滞留”。
8. Duty is an act or a course of action that people _______ you totake by social customs, law or religion.(2010·湖北)
A. persuade B. request C. instruct D. expect
解析：选D。考查动词词义辨析。句意为：所谓职责，就是大家根据社会习俗、法律或者宗教信仰期望你所采取的一种行动或行为方式。expect预料；期望；指望，符合句意。persuade说服，使某人相信；request礼貌地要求，请求；instruct命令；教授；指导。
9. Just as the clothes a person wears, the food he eats and the friends with whom he spends his time, his house _______ his personality.(2010·湖北)
A. resembles B. strengthens C. reflects D. shapes
解析：选C。考查动词词义辨析。句意为：对于一个人来说，就像他的穿衣、吃饭以及与之度过时光的朋友一样，他的房子代表了他的个性。reflect反射；显示；反映，符合题意。resemble类似，像；strengthen加强；巩固；shape塑造，使成形；形成；使符合。10. Had she ______ her promise, she would have made it to Yale University.(2010·湖北)
解析：选B。考查动词短语辨析。句意为：如果她遵守她的诺言，她就会成功进入耶鲁大学。look up to尊敬,仰望；live up to遵守；不辜负；keep with up赶上；come up with提出。
11. Parents ______ much importance to education. They will do their best to give their children that priceless gift.(2010·江西)
A. attach B. pay C. link D. apply
解析：选A。考查动词短语辨析。句意为：父母都十分重视教育。他们会竭尽所能给他们的孩子们那种极其珍贵的礼物。attach importance to认为……有重要性；pay付钱；link...to...把……和……连接在一起；apply...to...把……应用于……。
12. Smell the flowers before you go to sleep, and you may just _____ sweet dreams.(2010·江西)
A. keep up with B. put up with
C. end up with D. catch up with
解析：选C。考查动词短语辨析。句意为：睡觉之前闻闻这些花，你就会进入甜美的梦乡。keep up with跟上； put up with忍受； end up with以……为结束；catch up with赶上。13. Thousands of people ______ to watch yesterday’s match against Ireland.(2010·辽宁)
A. turned on B. turned in C. turned around D. turned out
解析：选D。考查动词短语辨析。句意为：结果显示有成千上万的人观看了昨天同爱尔兰队的比赛。turn out结果为；证明是；turn on打开；turn in上交,递交；turn around转身。
14. The new movie _______ to be one of the biggest money-makers of all time.(2010·辽宁)
A. promises B. agrees C. pretends D. declines
解析：选A。考查动词词义辨析。句意为：这部新电影有望成为电影票房史上票房最高的影片之一。promise许诺，答应；有……的希望；agree同意，赞同；pretend假装；decline衰老，衰退。
15. Sam _______ some knowledge of the computer just by watching others working on it.(2010·山东)
A. brought up B. looked up C. picked up D. set up
解析：选C。考查动词短语辨析。句意为：山姆只通过观察别人操作电脑就学到了一些电脑知识。pick up学会；捡起；顺车接送，搭载；收拾，整理；重新开始；获得；bring up抚养，教育；提出；呕吐；look up向上看；（形势）好转，改善；查阅；set up建立，设置；造成，产生。16. Your house is always so neat—how do you ______ it with three children?(2010·山东)
A. manage B. serve C. adapt D. construct
解析：选A。考查动词在具体语境中的使用。句意为：你家总是这么整洁——你是如何带着三个孩子做到这一点的？表示“设法做成某事”用manage it。serve服务；接待；adapt使适应，使适合；construct建造，构筑；构思。
17. You look well. The air and the sea foods in Sanya must ______ you, I suppose.(2010·陕西)
A. agree with B. agree to C. agree on D. agree about
解析：选A。考查动词短语辨析。句意为：你看上去气色很好。我想三亚的空气和海鲜一定适合你。agree with同意，赞成；与……相适应；agree to同意，赞成（观点，看法等）；agree on就……达成协议；agree about对……有相同的看法。
18. Some people eat with their eyes. They prefer to order what ______ nice.(2010·四川)
A. looks B. smells C. feels D. tastes
解析：选A。考查动词词义辨析。句意为：一些人用眼睛来吃饭，他们喜欢点看起来好的菜。looks与上句中的eat with their eyes相呼应。19. Jenny was looking for a seat when，luckily，a man______ and left.(2010·四川)
A. took up B. got up C. shut up D. set up
解析：选B。考查动词短语辨析。句意为：Jenny正在找座位，这时，很幸运地，有一个人站起来离开了。get up起床，起立。take up从事，占据时间或空间；shut up闭嘴；set up建造，搭起。
20. He telephoned the travel agency to three air tickets to _______ London.(2010·天津)
A. order B. arrange C. take D. book
解析：选D。考查动词词义辨析。句意为：他打电话给旅行社预定三张去伦敦的机票。book和tickets搭配，是“订票”的意思。 课件26张PPT。高考英语语法精讲课件ACBBABDADDDDCDCD返回课件62张PPT。专题六
正反解读动词和动词短语
对动词词义、动词短语的辨析以及动词搭配的考查一直是高考的热点。因此在一轮的复习中要注重对动词及短语的含义及引申义进行归纳总结；突出对其在具体的语境中意义选择的把握。专题六 │ 考点荟萃一、常考的十类动词及词组
1． 连系动词
特点：后面常接形容词或名词，此时动词没有进行时和被动语态。连系动词按其所表示的意义可分为以下四种：
(1) 变化类，表事物发展变化的过程，如become, go, turn, grow, get, fall, come等。
(2) 感官类，表人体部位的感受，如feel, smell, taste, look，sound等。专题六 │ 正面解读(3) 状态类，表事物所处的状态，如keep, remain, stand, lie, stay, prove, turn out等。
(4) 外表特征类，表外表给人的印象，如appear, look, seem等。
2． 感官动词和使役动词
常考的感官动词有see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, find, catch等。感官动词的主要考点是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作补足语，表达不同的含义。
常考的使役动词有make, have, let, keep等。使役动词的主要考点是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作补足语，表达不同的含义。如：专题六 │ 正面解读 He looked around and caught a man __________ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A．put B．to be putting
C．to put D．putting
【解析】 D　
catch sb doing sth“发现、发觉某人做某事”，doing sth为现在分词短语作宾语补足语。
可接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词还有：
feel, hear, have, get, see, watch, notice, observe, find, keep, leave等。
专题六 │ 正面解读3． 不用被动语态的动词及动词短语
英语中有些动词及短语可用其主动形式表达被动含义。
(1) 某些实义动词的主动形式后跟副词表示主语的某种属性特征，不用被动。
这类动词有：sell, wash, write, last, read, wear等。如：
This new product sells well. 这种新厂品很畅销。
This kind of cloth washes well and lasts long.
这种布耐洗而且耐用。
The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly. 父亲送给我作为生日礼物的钢笔书写很流畅。
Written in simple English, this article reads easily.
因为这篇文章是用简单的英语写的，所以读起来很容易。专题六 │ 正面解读(2) 某些及物动词转为不及物动词后，其主动形式表示被动意义。
这类动词有：open(打开，营业)，close(关门)，
shut(关闭)，cut(切割)，weigh(重)，act(上演)等。如：
This shop opens much earlier than it used to.
这家商店比过去开门更早了。
Each stone weighs two tons. 每块石头重达两吨。专题六 │ 正面解读(3) 某些不及物动词及词组，本身表被动含义，所以它们常用主动形式。
这类动词及词组有：
happen(发生), occur (发生), cost， take place (发生)
come out(出版)， turn up(被找到)，
come into being(产生)，
come to one‘s mind(想起)，
come into use(开始使用), turn out(证明是)，
come about(发生)，break out(爆发)，
belong to(属于)，come up(被提出),
be worth(值得做), be to blame(受责备)等。如：专题六 │ 正面解读 The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century. 第一批用作英语教学的外语教材出版于18世纪。
Suddenly an idea came to his mind.
他突然想到一个主意。
Who is to blame for breaking the vase?
打碎花瓶应由谁负责？
The problem finally came up at the meeting.
这个问题终于在会议上被提出来了。
Even the best theory can turn out (to be) wrong.
即使最好的理论都可能被证明是错误的。专题六 │ 正面解读(4) “主语＋系动词＋形容词＋不定式”句式中。
当形容词说明主语具有某种特征，主语又充当不定式的逻辑宾语时，其中不定式要用主动形式表达被动意义。常用于这一结构的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, heavy, fit, expensive等。如：
The physics problem is easy to work out.
这道物理题很容易算出来。
A guide is expensive to employ.
雇用向导花钱很多。
This kind of fish is not fit to eat.
这种鱼不适合吃。专题六 │ 正面解读4． 接动名词作宾语的动词或词组
常见的有：avoid, can't help, can't stand, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, give up, imagine, fancy, keep, mind, miss, practise/practice, put off, resist, risk, suggest, admit, appreciate, deny, forbid等。如：
The bird was lucky to escape being caught.
这只鸟幸运地逃离了被捕抓的命运。
He is always practising/practicing playing the piano after school.他经常放学后练习弹钢琴。
专题六 │ 正面解读5． 接不定式作宾语的动词
常见的有：afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse，want等。如：
He can't afford to buy such an expensive car.
他买不起这么贵的车。
Tom managed to cut down dozens of trees.
汤姆成功地砍倒数十棵数。专题六 │ 正面解读6． 表示 “需要”意义的动词
这类词既可直接接动名词，也可接不定式的被动语态，但两者均可表示被动含义。它们是：need, want, require等。如：Your sick mother needs looking after.＝Your sick mother needs to be looked after.你病弱的母亲需要照顾。
7． 接虚拟语气的动词
有些动词表示“应该(或命令、建议、要求等)”时，其后的宾语从句用should加动词原形，其中should常可省略。 它们是：order, suggest, insist, advise, demand, request, require, propose等。如：
Peter suggested that Tom go there at once.
彼得建议汤姆立刻去那。专题六 │ 正面解读 Our teacher requires this be done in no time.
我们老师要求这个立刻完成。
8． 表示“计划未能实现”的动词
此类动词常用过去完成式加不定式，或用过去式接不定式的完成式表虚拟语气，表达原来的计划未能实现。它们是：intend, mean, plan, hope, expect, think, want, suppose等。如：
I had meant to tell you about it yesterday, but the snowstorm prevented me.
They hoped to have stayed there a week, but they couldn't because of another important meeting.专题六 │ 正面解读9．现在表将来类
这类动词(词组)常用一般现在时或现在进行时表将来。它们是：come, go, leave, start, arrive, move, begin, fall, see, stay, take off等。如：
Your plane takes off at a quarter past two in the afternoon.
你的飞机是下午二点一刻起飞。
I am coming to that.
The National Day is drawing near.
10．带介词to的动词短语
带介词to的动词短语有：be (get) used to, lead to, devote…to, look forward to, stick to, object to, get down to, adapt to等。当它们后面出现动词时，要用v.- ing形式。 专题六 │ 正面解读二、以动词为词源形成的常用动词短语
1. 以break为中心
break away from 脱离，逃离
break down 出故障，崩溃，粉碎，瓦解
break in 闯进，打断
break into 闯入；强行进入
break out 爆发，发生
break off 打断，断绝，折断； 突然终止
break through 突破；克服
break up 破碎；解散，分解；结束
The plan ____ just because people were unwilling to cooperate.
A. turned down B. pulled down
C. broke down D. put down 专题六 │ 正面解读2. 以bring为中心
bring about 导致，引起，促使
bring back 带回，使回忆，使恢复
bring down 使下降，打垮，击落
bring forward 提出；提前
bring in 把……带进来；引进；挣得(收入)
bring on 导致，引起，使发展
bring out 使显现；出版
bring up 抚养，养育，培养
*Now I’d like to _____ the question of funds.
A. bring about B. bring down
C. bring forward D. bring in 专题六 │ 正面解读3. 以call为中心
call at 访问(某地)；停泊在
call away 叫走；把(注意力)转移开
call for 需要，要求；接(某人)，迎
call in 召集，收集；下令收回
call off 取消，下令停止
call on 要求，恭请；号召；拜访(某人)
call out 下令罢工；召唤出动
call up 打电话给……；召集；使想起
--- Can I do the job?
--- I’m afraid not, because it ____________ skill and patience.
A. calls for B. asks for C. sends for D. cares for 专题六 │ 正面解读4. 以carry为中心
carry away 冲走，带走；冲昏某人头脑
carry back 拿回，运回；使想起
carry off 成功地对付；获得(奖品)
carry on 坚持，继续，进行
carry out 贯彻，执行，实施
carry through 坚持到底，进行到底；履行(承诺)
The audience were ______ by her beautiful song.
A. carried away B. carried on
C. carried out D. carried through 专题六 │ 正面解读5. 以come为中心
come about 发生
come across 偶尔发现；偶然遇到
come back 回来；恢复，复原
come off (头发、牙齿、纽扣)脱落，离开
come on 上演；开始；赶快；发展
come out 出来；发芽；出版；结果是；说出
come over 访问；突然感到
come round/around 苏醒；拜访；再次发生
come to an end 终止，结束
come to life 苏醒
come to light 明朗化，出现，显露出来
come to oneself 恢复常态专题六 │ 正面解读 when it comes to… 就……而论，谈到
come true 实现，成为现实
come up 走近；发生；发芽；(问题)被提出
*******************************************************
*When it ______ tennis, you can’t beat her.
A. come about B. come across C. come out D. come to
*I simply couldn’t understand how it ______ that you did so much work within such a short time.
A. came across B. came about
C. came up D. came back
*The truth will sooner or later ______.
A. come about B. turn out C. come out D. give out 专题六 │ 正面解读6. 以cut为中心
cut away 切去，砍掉
cut down 砍倒，削减，缩短
cut off 切断，中断；阻碍，阻挡
cut out 切下，剪下，裁下；删去
cut through 开辟(出路等)
cut up 切碎，切掉；使悲伤
*******************************************************
*Eager to get thin, Ruth has decided to _____ meat entirely for three years at least.
A. cut off B. cut up C. cut out D. cut down
*Jimmy was really __ when all his friends refused to help him.
A. cut away B. cut off C. cut out D. cut up专题六 │ 正面解读7. 以fall为中心
fall back 撤退，后退
fall behind 落后，落伍，落在后面
fall down 不够好
fall in love with… 爱上……
fall into 陷入；养成
fall off 衰退，减少
fall over 被……绊倒
*****************************************************
*Don't walk too near the edge of the cliff (悬岩), you might ______ .
A．blow over B．fall over C．carry off D．cut off 专题六 │ 正面解读8. 以get为中心
get about 徘徊，走动；流传
get across 使被理解
get along 前进，进步；离去，相处
get around 走动；传播
get away 离开，逃脱
get back 取回，回来；报复
get down to 认真对待，静下心来
get out of 由……出来，从……得出；避免；放弃
get over 越过；恢复，痊愈；克服；完成
get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，摆脱
get through 拨通；到达；完成；通过；及格
get up 起床，起立；忙于，从事 专题六 │ 正面解读 9.以give为中心
give away 赠送；失去；泄露/透露(秘密等)；
背弃；颁发，分发
give back 归还；还给；归还；使恢复
give in 屈服，让步，投降
give sth in (to sb) 呈上；交上
give in to sb/sth 向某人/某物让步；屈服于……
give out 分发；公布；发出；用完，耗尽
give off 发出(光、烟、气味等)
give out 用完，消耗尽；分发
give way (to) 屈服于；给……让路，为……所代替
give up 放弃；停止专题六 │ 正面解读 【活学活用】
(1) Believe in yourself and never _______(屈服)．
(2) The authorities have shown no signs of __________(向……屈服) the kidnappers' demands.
(3) The room is _________(发出) a musty smell.
(4) They are ___________(赠送) prizes at the new store.
(5) What shall we use for power when all the oil in the world has ___________(用完)?
(6) The doctors did everything to ____________(使我恢复) the use of legs, but in vain.
We will never ________(放弃) working, whatever happens.
The news of the mayor's coming to our school for a visit was ______the radio yesterday. [ Give out the news意为“播报新闻”.]give ingiving in togiving offgiving awaygiven outgive me backgive upgiven out 10. 以go为中心
go about 开始做某事；忙于某事
go across 度过，越过
go after 追逐，追求，跟随
go against 反对，不利于
go ahead 前进，进展，继续
go along with… 陪伴，和……一道走
go away 离开，走掉
go by 经过，过去
go for 支持，赞成；适用于，去(取、拿)
go off 走开；爆炸专题六 │ 正面解读 go on 继续，接下去
go out 出去；熄灭；送出；播出
go over 温习，检查
go round 拜访；参观
go through 审查，履行；通过；经历，忍受
go too far 走得太远，做/说得太过火
go up 上升，上涨；攀登
go without 没有……也行专题六 │ 正面解读11. 以hold为中心
hold back 隐瞒；阻止；克制
hold down 压制；压低
hold on 坚持；等一等，别挂断
hold on to 抓住不放；不卖
hold out 伸出；提供机会
hold up 举起，竖起；支持住；延误，使耽搁
*The story was so moving that I could hardly_____ my tears.
A. hold up B. hold on C. hold on to D. hold back
*The mail was _____ for two days because of the snow storm.
A. held out B. held off C. held up D. held down
*The teacher__ excellent models of compositions for her class.
A. held up B. held back C. got through D. got up 专题六 │ 正面解读12. 以keep为中心
keep away (from) 不接近，避开，远离
keep back 阻止，扣留，隐瞒
keep in mind 记住
keep off 不接近，远离；避免吃(或喝、吸)某物
keep out 使……不入内；不卷入
keep pace with… 跟上，同……步调一致
keep to 坚持；固守，遵守
keep up 继续；(天气)持续不变；保持，维持
keep up with… 赶上，跟上，与……并肩前进专题六 │ 正面解读13. 以lay为中心
lay aside 把……放在一边；留存备用
lay down 放下；规定
lay off (暂时)解雇；停止
lay out 铺开，展开
14. 以leave为中心
leave behind 留下，忘记携带； 超过；永久离开
leave out 省去，遗漏，不把……计算在内
leave off 停止；中断
leave over 留下，剩下
leave alone 不干涉，不打扰专题六 │ 正面解读15. 以look为中心
look about 四下环顾；查看
look after 照顾，看管
look around 东张西望
look back 回顾，回头看
look back on/upon 回顾
look for 寻找；期待，期望
look down on/upon 俯视；轻视
look forward to 盼望，期待
look into 窥视；调查；浏览
look on/upon …as… 把……看作专题六 │ 正面解读 look out 向外看；注意；当心，提防
look out for 当心，寻找，搜寻
look through 透过……看去；看穿；浏览
look up 查阅；仰视
look up to 仰慕，尊敬
16. 以pick为中心
pick off 去除；选择(目标)射击
pick out 精心挑出，辨别出
pick up 接(某人)，搭载；捡起；学会；(偶然)得到 专题六 │ 正面解读17. 以pull为中心
pull apart 拉开，分开
pull away 开动
pull down 拉下，拉倒；拆毁；使(价格)下降；使扫兴
pull in （车船）抵达
pull off 短暂停车；获得成功
pull on （匆匆）穿上，戴上
pull out 驶出，离开
pull through 克服困难；恢复
pull up 停止；训斥专题六 │ 正面解读18. 以put为中心
put aside 把……放在一边；搁置；积蓄，攒钱
put away 把……放好，把……收拾；储藏
put back 把……放回原处
put down 放下；镇压；记下
put an end to 结束，终止，废除
put forward 提出；拨快；建议，推荐；提倡
put in 安装；添上；打断
put off 推迟，延期；消除；推脱，脱下
put on 上演；穿上；增加；开动专题六 │ 正面解读 put one's heart into 全神贯注，专心致志
put out 熄灭，伸出，拿出
put through 完成；(电话用语)拨通；使穿过
put up 举起，挂起；提名，推荐；安排住宿
put up with 忍受，容忍
19. 以send为中心
send away 解雇；赶走，把……送往远处
send for 派人去叫(请、拿)
send off 发出，寄出；邮购，函购
send out 发出，散发
send up 发射；使上升；取笑专题六 │ 正面解读20. 以set为中心
set about (doing) 着手，开始
set an example to sb. 给某人树立榜样
set aside 留出；放在一边；暂不考虑
set back 使推迟；使花费
set down 放下，卸下；登记，记载
set free 释放(某人)
set off 出发；使爆炸；引起
set out 出发；发表；着手做某事
set up 建立，设立，开办；引发，产生专题六 │ 正面解读21. 以take为中心
take after 仿效，与……相似
take away 拿走，减去；消除
take back 收回，取消
take care of 当心，注意；照顾；提防；谨慎
take charge of 负责，主管
take down 取下；记下；拆毁; 拆掉，拆除
take in 留宿；欺骗；吸收；理解
take…into account/consideration 考虑，重视
take off 开始有成就(成名)；脱掉(衣服等)；
(飞机)起飞；起程 ; (价格)打折； 请假，休息
take on 呈现；雇佣；承担，担任
take one's place 代替专题六 │ 正面解读 take out 拿出，取出；去除
take over 接管，接任；占上风
take part in 参与，参加 take place 发生；举行
take pride in 以……为荣，对……感到骄傲
take up 拿起；从事 (某项活动)； 继续做
占用 (时间或空间)；
take apart 把 (小型机器、钟表等) 拆开、拆散；
(在体育运动或比赛中)轻易击败某人
* Our son doesn’t know what to ___________ at the university；he can’t make up his mind about his future. A．take in　 B．take up C．take over D．take after
解析：选B。take in接受，吸收，理解，欺骗；take up从事，参加，占据，继续； take over接管；take after像。根据句意选B。专题六 │ 正面解读专题六 │ 正面解读 【活学活用】
(1) I'm sorry I was rude; I __________ (收回) everything I said.
(2) We find it difficult to ________ (理解) what he has taught.
(3) The company decided to ________ (聘用) a new secretary.
(4) When the picture was ____________ (取下来), the wall looked very bare.
(5) Would you like me to _________ (接手) the driving for a while?
(6) Bill Gates is really a great man, whose career ___________ (大获成功) in his early thirties.take backtake intake ontake downtake overtake off专题六 │ 正面解读(7) England was really ____________ (彻底打败) by Italy in last night's match.
I'll __________ (继续讲) the story where I finished yesterday.
(9) We tried to find a table for seven，but they were all ____________ (占据;占用) .
They decided to kick him upstairs and appoint a younger man to ______________ (取代他)．
Nowadays plastics ____________________ (取代了) many conventional materials.
My study of biology has ________ (占据;占用) much of my spare time, but it has given me a great deal of enjoyment.taken aparttake uptaken uptake his placehave taken the place oftaken up22. 以think为中心
think about 考虑
think of …as… 把……看作
think out 仔细考虑，想通
think over 仔细考虑
think through 想通；充分考虑
think up 想出；发明
think highly (well/a lot/a great deal/much…)of　 对……评价很高
think poorly (little/badly/ill…) of 对……评价不高;轻视，看不起
sing high praise for 对……评价很高
speak highly of 对……评价很高
have a high opinion of 对……评价很高专题六 │ 正面解读专题六 │ 正面解读 【活学活用】
(1) We ____________________ (对……评价很高) their research in this field.
(2) I ____________________________ (对……评价不高) her idea.
We ________________________________ (高度评价) his contributions to his country.
*I can’t _____ his name at the moment.
A. think over B. think about C. think D. think of
think/speak highly ofdon't think much of/think little ofsing high praise for/speak highly of23. 以throw为中心
throw at　 把……投向
throw away 丢弃，浪费；错失(机会)
throw oneself into 投身于，积极从事
throw out 逐出；否决；散发
throw up 呕吐；使显眼；匆匆建造
*Every day, people _____ a lot of rubbish.
A. give away B. throw away
C. clean away D. wash away
*What a pity! He ____________ the only chance of success.
A. gave in B. put down
C. threw away D. broke off 专题六 │ 正面解读24. 以turn为中心
turn away 把……打发走，转脸不理睬
turn down 调小；驳回，拒绝考虑
turn off 关上；拐弯；使厌烦
turn on 打开；依靠，取决于；突然攻击
turn out 出席；证明是；向外；出现
turn over 翻转；转动
turn round/around 旋转，转过身来
turn in 上交(=hand in)
turn to 转向，求助于
turn upside down 颠倒过来，翻过来
*The mobile phone you lost yesterday has　______.
A. turned in B. turned out C. turned to D. turned up　　专题六 │ 正面解读1． 【误】 He is listening the teacher carefully.
【正】 He is listening carefully.
【正】 He is listening to the teacher carefully.
【解析】 学习实义动词，一定要分清楚这个动词属于及物动词还是不及物动词，然后再根据不同的使用规则使用不同的动词。 专题六 │ 反面解读2． 【误】 The mixture is tasted terrible.
【正】 The mixture tastes terrible.
【解析】 连系动词后接形容词或相当于形容词的结构作表语。除了少数几个(如get, become, grow等)外，系动词不用于进行时态和被动结构。专题六 │ 反面解读3． After studying in a medical college for five years, Jane ________ her job as a doctor in the countryside.
A．set out　B．took over　C．took up　D．set up
【误】 B
【正】 C
【解析】 对高频短语take up的意思掌握不全面，不知道该短语除了表示“占用”之意外，还可以表示“开始从事……”。句意：简在医学院学了五年后，在乡村从事医生工作。
set out“出发， 开始”；
take over“接收， 接管”；
take up“拿起， 开始从事”；
set up“设立， 竖立”。 根据题意选C。专题六 │ 反面解读1． [2010·全国卷Ⅰ] The workers __________ the glasses and marked on each box “This Side Up”.
A．carried B．delivered C．pressed D．packed
【解析】 D　考查动词词义辨析。
句意为：工人们把眼镜打包，然后在每个箱子上贴上“此端朝上”。pack打包。专题六 │ 实战演练2． [2010·辽宁卷] The new movie____________ to be one of the biggest money-makers of all time.
A．promises B．agrees
C．pretends D．declines
【解析】 A　考查动词词义辨析。
promise表示“允诺，答应”， “有……的希望”的意思；
agree意为“同意，赞同”；pretend意为“假装”；decline意为“减少，衰退”。只有promise符合题意。句意为：这部新电影有望成为电影票房史上票房最高的影片之一。又如：
The girl ______ to be a good teacher if she is well trained in an art school.
A. expects B. promises C. allows D. wishes专题六 │ 实战演练3． What the young man can't ________ is that his mum always treats him like a baby.
A．support B．undertake C．hold D．bear
【解析】 D　考查动词辨析。 A意为“支持”； B意为“承担，担任，着手做”；C意为“握住，容纳”；D意为“容忍，忍受”。句意为：这个年轻人无法忍受的是他的母亲总是把他当个小孩来对待。根据题意可知应选D。
4． We want to rent a bus which can ________ 40 people for our trip to Beijing.
A．load B．hold C．fill D．support
【解析】 B　根据句意，此处需用表示“容纳，包含”的动词，只有B项符合。专题六 │ 实战演练5. The film Avatar ( 阿凡达 ) will be on tonight but it's at 1：30 am. I don't want to ________ that late.
A．stay up B．show off
C．put up D．get off
【解析】 A　考查动词短语辨析。
根据题干意思选A。
stay up熬夜；
show off炫耀，卖弄；
put up举起，建起，张贴；
get off下车，出发，脱掉。
专题六 │ 实战演练6． — How are you managing to do your business without a secretary?
— Well, I ________ somehow.
A．get along B．care about C．watch out D．set off
【解析】 A　考查动词短语辨析。
get along(勉强)生活，工作下去； care about关注；
watch out小心； set off出发。
7． I've ________ my umbrella in the office and I'll have to fetch it.
A．forgot B．left C．remained D．lost
【解析】 B　根据句意，此处需用表示“遗漏，遗落”的动词，B项符合题意。专题六 │ 实战演练8． Don't let yourself be ________ into doing anything you don't want to do.
A．told B．made C．talked D．asked
【答案】 C
9． The designs of the few tools should be __________ carefully, so that we can pick out the one that best suits our job.
A．tried B．examined
C．experimented D．experienced
【答案】 B专题六 │ 实战演练10．He can't be at home now, for I saw him ___________ in the gym just now.
A．giving out B．working out
C．carrying out D．bringing out
【解析】 B　本题考查短语辨析。give out用完，分发；work out解决，锻炼；carry out实现，执行；bring out出版，生产。句意为：他现在不可能在家，刚才我还看到他在健身房锻炼。故B项正确。
专题六 │ 实战演练11．— So Helen, are we going for that Chinese meal you promised me?
— Well，I kind of forgot to ________， so we'll have to do French.
A．consult B．order C．reserve D．confirm
【解析】 C　
由答语的“so we‘ll have to do French”可以看出， 这次吃不上上次承诺给对方的中国饭菜了， 只有 “我” 忘了预定(reserve)可以讲得通。
consult商讨，向……请教；
order点餐(菜或饮料)；
confirm证实；确定。专题六 │ 实战演练12．One primary goal of UNESCO is to ____________ modern knowledge societies in which all people can participate in information and knowledge.
A．make up B．polish up
C．build up D．take up
【解析】 C　考查动词短语辨析。
build up（逐渐）建立；增强
take up 从事；占据
polish up 改善，润色；
make up 弥补，虚构，整理，和解，化妆。
句意为：建立现代化的知识社会，让所有的人都能参与信息与知识，是联合国教科文组织的一个基本目标。专题六 │ 实战演练13．It's extremely dangerous for the drivers to ________　　 speed as the traffic lights are changing.
A．pull up B．put up C．rise up D．pick up
【解析】 D　考查动词短语辨析。
句意为： 对于司机来说在红绿灯变换时，
加速是非常危险的。
pull up 停下来；
put up 建造，举起，提供……住宿；
rise up 起义，上升，为不及物动词词组。
pick up “加速”，符合题意。专题六 │ 实战演练14．His guilty expression ________ my suspicion（猜疑）.
A．considered B．committed
C．confirmed D．convinced
【解析】 C　confirm 证实，确认。句意为：他内疚的表情证实了我的猜疑。consider认为；考虑；commit犯罪；做……承诺；convince说服，使信服。
15．We complained to the travel agency about the horrible service during our trip, but no one has ________ by now.
A．responded B．advocated
C．recovered D．survived
【解析】 A　respond答复，回应；advocate主张；拥护；recover恢复，找回；survive幸存，生还。专题六 │ 实战演练16．Thank you for the trouble you have ______ to help me.
A. paid B. taken
C. had D. asked
【解析】 B　考查动词短语。
此题考查固定短语：take the trouble to do sth，表示“不辞辛劳地去做某事”。所以答案为B项。专题六 │ 实战演练17．Time should be made good use of ______ our lessons well.
A. learning 　　　　　B. learned
C. to learn 　　　　　D. having learned
【解析】 C　考查动词短语make (good) use of …。
此题选C项，考查的是不定式作目的状语。此句是利用被动结构设置陷阱。本句转化为主动形式是：(We) should make good use of time to learn our lessons well．专题六 │ 实战演练18．In New Zealand， I made lots of friends _____ a very practical knowledge of the English language.
A. get 　　B. to get 　　C. getting 　　D. got
【解析】 B　
该题中不可把made理解为使役动词，而误选A项。实际上made lots friends意为“交了很多朋友”，答案为B项，不定式to get在句中作目的状语。专题六 │ 实战演练课件23张PPT。高考英语《语法》专题复习系列课件 30《动词的时态》一、概念:
时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,
但中学阶段较常用的有十种:
1.一般现在时,2.一般过去时,
3.一般将来时,4.过去将来时,
5.现在进行时,6.过去进行时,
7.将来进行时,8.现在完成时,
9.过去完成时,10.现在完成进行时.二.相关知识点精讲
1.一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday。例如：
　　 I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
　 The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
　 Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。
　 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
　 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
　　　 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
　　第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。2. 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
　 Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
　 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth　 “到……时间了”　 “该……了”。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.　
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"　"早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed.　　　你早该睡觉了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
　　　 Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？
　　　 I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2）情态动词 could, would。例如：
　　Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？3.一般将来时
1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：
　　Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？
　　Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。
　 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
　 b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
　 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
　　 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4）be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：
　　 He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
　 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 4. 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
　　When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes.
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：
　　Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
　　There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3）在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：
　　　 I hope they have a nice time next week.
　　　 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。5. 用现在进行时表示将来
　 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：
　 I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
　 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？
6. 现在完成时
　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。 7. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
　 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?（强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
　句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.8. 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的 9.过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前　 那时　 现在　　　　　　
2） 用法
在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 　
状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
3）过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。10. 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1）　两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
　　 When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。
　　 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
　　 When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3）　叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：
　　 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.将来完成时
　1） 构成will have done
　2） 概念　
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
　　b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：
　　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了 12.现在进行时
　 现在进行时的基本用法：
　 a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：
　　 We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
　 b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：
　　 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
　　c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
　　 The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
　　 It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
　 d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：
　　 You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
13. 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
　　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。
　　 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。
　　 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。
14. 将来进行时
1） 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：
　　　She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。
　　　I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。 15. 一般现在时代替一般将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
16. 一般现在时代替一般过去时
1 ） "书上说"，"报纸上说"等。例如：
　 The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
　2） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如：
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了
17. 一般现在时代替现在完成时
1） 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：
　 I hear （= have heard） he will go to London.
2） 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如：
It is （= has been） five years since we last met.
18. 一般现在时代替现在进行时。
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如：
　 There goes the bell. 铃响了。
19. 现在进行时代替将来时
1） 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：
　　 Are you staying with us this weekend?
　　 We are leaving soon.　 我们马上就走。
2） 渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如： He is dying. 他要死了。 20.时态一致
　 1） 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如：
　 At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时，人们不知道地球是动的。
　 He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。
　 2） 宾语从句中的，助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如：
　 He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。 三.巩固练习:
1、I’ ll give the book to him as soon as he ________ back.(come)2、Has the baby ________ crying yet? (stop)3、I don’ t know whether Mother?__________ me to Beijing next month.(take)4、She _______ on her coat and went out. (put)5、 “What are they doing?”? “They?__________ ready for the sports meeting.” (get)6、The boy asked his mother ________him go and play basketball.(let)7、I’m sorry to keep you ____________ for a long time. (wait)8、It ________ (take) him half an hour?to finish his homework yesterday.9、If it ________ an interesting film, we’ll see it tomorrow. (be)10、They usually ________ (do) their homework after supper comes stopped will take ?put are getting to let 1.????waiting 1.???? do 1.???? took 1.???? is goodbye 课件19张PPT。高三英语语法
动词的时态一、概说：英语一共有十六个时态（8种基本时态 +8种合成时态）各个时态的构成法归纳如下:（以”write”为例）二、易错点讲解
1、一般现在时用法注意点:
(1)表示经常发生、习惯性的动作,与 every day, usually, once a week 等时间状语连用
他每天骑自行车上学。
He cycles to school every day.
(2)现在的特征或状态（通常用于静态动词）如：belong to, cost, matter, own, think etc.
He loves sports.
--Do you sing? –A little.
(3)表示客观事实、客观规律和客观真理
He said that the earth turns round the sun.二、易错点讲解
1、一般现在时用法注意点:
(4)在 when, until, before, if 等引导的时间状语、条件状语从句，主句用将来时态，从句用现在时态表将来(一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时)。
Do let me know when he __________(come) back.
Do you know when he _____________ (come) back?
I wonder if he __________ ( come) back tonight.
I’ll give you an answer immediately I’ve finished reading.will comewill come comes2. 现在进行时的用法注意点
(1)现在进行时与一般现在时的用法比较。现在进行时既可表示现在时刻正在进行的动作，也可表示现阶段一直进行的动作（说话时不一定正在进行）， 强调动作的暂时性和未完成性—短暂的事实；而一般现在时强调动作的长久性或反复性。
He works in a chemical factory. (长久性工作）
He is working in a chemical factory these days. (临时性工作)
I don’t work here, I’m just helping until the secretary comes back.
(2) 现在进行时与always, constantly, continually, all the time, all along, 等频度状语连用，对现阶段经常发生的动作表示某种感彩，如赞叹、惊讶、厌烦、不满等。
She is always borrowing money and forgetting to pay me back.
You are continually finding faults with me.(3) 现在进行时用于时间或条件状语从句中，可代替将来进行时
When you are talking with him, take care not to mention this.
I’ll think about it while you ‘re writing the report.
If you are standing at the corner, I’ll give you a lift into town.3、现在完成时用法注意点。
(1)两种意义的现在完成时
a.持续到现在（动词要用延续性动词）；
时间状语：表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一 段时间状语 today, recently，up to now，so far， these days, in/over/during the last/past ten days/months/years, etc.
Great changes have taken place in the past twenty years in China.
b. 对现在有影响；
时间状语： already, just, ever, never ,before, not yet, etc.
Have you ever found out her telephone number?
(2) have been to VS have gone to (3) since
I have done it since you left.
It is three years since I saw you.
I have lived here ever since.
(4) I have left. 但I have been away for three days.
(5) When have you done it? 错
(6) It is the third time he has been late this week.
(7) 在含有时间状语或条件状语的复合句中，强调从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
I’ll go with you when I have had this cup of tea.4、现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
一般过去时只单纯表示过去发生过的动作或存在的状态，与现在时间没有联系，可和表示确切过去的时间、地点状语连用。现在完成时表示过去发生过的某动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调现在的情况，不能和表示确切的过去时间、地点状语连用。
She has promised to help me.
Last week she promised to help me.
(2) He has been caught by the police.
He was caught by the police at a restaurant.
(3) Mr. Black has lived in China for ten years.
Mr. Black lived in China for 3 years in the 1990s.5、现在完成时与现在完成进行时的用法比较
现在完成时表示动作已完成，侧重结果；现在完成进时既可表示动作在说话时刻之前刚刚结束，也可表示动作还将继续下去，侧重于动作的持续性、暂时性和未完成的含义。
They have repaired the road. (表示路已修好)
They have been repairing the road. （表示路还在修）
The police have been looking into the matter, but they haven’t drawn a conclusion yet.
有时两者可替换：
He’s lived here for 10 years.
(= He’s been living here for 10 years.)
But he lived here for 5 years in the 1990s.6、一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较
一般过去时表示在过去某时发生过的动作或存在的状态，侧重动作已完成； 而过去进行时 表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作，强调动作在持续，并未完成。
Last year, he wrote a book.
Last year, he was writing a book, but hasn’t finished till now.
(2)一般过去时和过去进行时都可表示过去某段时间内发生的动作或情况，但一般过去时只说明过去该段时间内发生过某事的事实；而过去进行时则侧重在动作持续时间的长度，不仅是说明发生过某事。
They built a new hotel last autumn.
He was working all through the night.(3) 一般过去时和过去进行时同时出现在句中，表示一个动作发生在另一个动作进行的过程之中时， 通常表示较短的动作用一般过去时，表示较长的动作用过去进行时。
She broke a glass while she was cooking the dinner.
I was running downstairs when I slipped and fell.7. 一般将来时的6种表达形式
“will/shall+动词原形”：将要发生的动作或状况，也可表示“预见”（带有说话人的主观态度和看法）。
Will you be busy tonight?
You will feel better after taking this medicine.
(2) “be going to + do”有两种意义， 一是表示“意图”，即打算在将来做某事；二是表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生某种情况。
The wall is going to be painted soon.
George is putting on weight. He’s going to be quite fat.
Look at the dark clouds over there. It’s going to rain. 注：“will + v.” 和 “be going to + v.” 均可表示意图， “be going to + v.” 表示的意图是事先 经过考虑的，而 “will + v.” 所表示的意图则是说话时临时想到的。
e.g. A: You left the light on for the whole night .
B: Oh, did I? I will go and turn it off now.
e.g. A: Why are you taking down all the pictures?
B: I’m going to repair the house.
(3) “be + v.-ing” 某些瞬间动词特别是趋向动词用现在进行时刻表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，如：go, come, leave, begin, start, get, reach, arrive, return, meet, etc.
We’re moving to a different hotel the day after tomorrow.
She is spending her winter vacation in Australia this year.(4) “be to + 动词原形”有两种含义：一是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常可与“be+ v.-ing” 交换使用， “be to + 动词原形”较正式; 二是表示义务、应该（相当于should)。★ 可用于if 条件句表示打算、想要。
I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon.
You’re to answer for what you’ve done.
Tell her she’s not to be back late.
★ If you are to succeed, you’d better work hard.
(5)既定的时间如生日、日历、课时安排、交通时刻表等，通常用一般现在时表示将来的动作。
The plane takes off at 5:30 a.m.
The new school year begins on September 1.(6) “be about to+ 动词原形”表示正要、马上做某事，这种结构的将来时不与表示将来的时间状语连用。
Take your seat. The meeting is about to begin.
I was about to go to bed when someone knocked at the door.
★ “will+动词原形” 有时还可以表示一种倾向性或惯性的动作。
Oil will float on water.
Whenever he has time, he will come and see us.
8、 过去完成时(不能单独使用，常与一般过去时连用）
(1)过去的过去
He told me that he had made great progress since he came here.
Tom returned by plane, but his mother had already died.
(2)判断 by when 从句
The concert had been on for twenty minutes by the time we got there.
When they arrived at the party, most of the guests had already left.
(3) hardly…when no sooner…than
(4) 动词expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, suppose, think, want, wish 等动词用过去完成时表示过去本来打算、希望、计划作而未做的事。
I had intended to attend the party, but was stopped by the heavy rain.9、将来完成时：表示将来某一时刻之前已完成的动作。
By the end of next month we will have learnt 1000 words.
10、 将来进行时：将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。
What will you be doing (at eight) next week?
I won’t be free Friday morning. I’ll be seeing a friend off.
You can have my typewriter. I won’t be using it.
11、时态的一致
(1)宾语从句 主过从过
(2)定语从句 不受限制
Do you know the man who delivered the lecture just now?
(3)过去一系列动作 过去时
He came up to the door of the house, stood for a while and then entered it.课件62张PPT。专题九
正反解读动词的时态、语态
专题九 │ 考点荟萃 动词的时态和语态一直是历年高考的必考点。主要考查考生在特定语境下对时态和语态的理解，其中现在完成时、一般过去时、过去完成时的运用出现得最为频繁。此外，为了增加试题的区分度，命题者还常常把动词的时态和语态以及主谓一致结合在一起考查。 在解题时要注意以下几个问题：
1． 这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干中可参照的时间信息有哪些？
2． 这个动作处于什么状态？是进行中，还是已结束(完成)？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？
3． 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？
只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题，试题的答案也就水落石出了。
专题九 │ 正面解读一、动词时态的基本结构和用法
专题九 │ 正面解读
专题九 │ 正面解读
专题九 │ 正面解读
专题九 │ 正面解读
专题九 │ 正面解读
专题九 │ 正面解读
专题九 │ 正面解读
专题九 │ 正面解读
专题九 │ 正面解读
专题九 │ 正面解读
专题九 │ 正面解读
专题九 │ 正面解读二、几种易混时态的辨析
1． 一般现在时与现在进行时
一般现在时表示经常性的、习惯性的或状态性的行为。 而现在进行时则具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如：
On the wall hangs a picture painted by Qi Baishi.
This is not my coat. Mine is hanging behind the door.
专题九 │ 正面解读 如：
[2010·重庆卷] The palace caught fire three times in the last century，and little of the original building ________ now.
A．remains
B．is remained
C．is remaining
D．has been remained
【解析】 A　考查动词用法及时态。remain作不及物动词用，表示“剩下，仍有”，只能用于主动语态，不可直接跟宾语。结合语境应用一般现在时表示现状。专题九 │ 正面解读2． 一般过去时和现在完成时
一般过去时所表达的事件与现在无关。而现在完成时则强调对现在的影响和结果。如：
I stayed in Beijing for five days. Then I went to America. (I am not in Beijing now. )
I have stayed in Beijing for five days and haven't decided where to go next. (I am still in Beijing now and don't know where to go next.)专题九 │ 正面解读 [2010·北京卷] —I'm sorry，but I don't quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?
—Sorry，I ________myself clear. We want to return on October 20.
A．hadn't made
B．wouldn't make
C．don't make
D．haven't made
【解析】 D　本题考查时态和情景交际。答句句意为：抱歉，我还没有把我的意思表达明白，强调对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时态。专题九 │ 正面解读3． 一般过去时和过去进行时
一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或过去存在的状态。过去进行时则表示在过去某个时间点或时间段正在做某事。进行时具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。专题九 │ 正面解读 如：
I read a book last month. (书已经在过去某个时间点读完)
I was reading a book last month. (书未读完)
— Has Sam finished his homework today?
— I have no idea. He ________it this morning.
A．did B．has done
C．was doing D．had done
【解析】 C　此题容易误选A。根据I have no idea这一关键信息可知，说话者对是否完成并不知道，因此用进行时，表示今天上午在做。专题九 │ 正面解读4． 一般过去时和过去完成时
判断是不是过去完成时应先从时间轴上找到表示“过去”的时间点或动作①，然后判断在这个时间点或动作之前还有没有另一个动作②，并且判断该句是否强调②发生在①前。


The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground.专题九 │ 正面解读5． 完成时和完成进行时的用法比较
现在完成时和过去完成时分别表示某一动作持续到现在或过去某一时间。现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时虽然也表示一个动作持续到现在或过去某一时间，但更强调动作的持续性。完成时强调动作的结果，完成进行时强调动作的延续。专题九 │ 正面解读 如：
(1) —Why does the river smell terrible?
—Because the water________.
A．have polluted
B．is being polluted
C．has been polluted
D．have been polluted
【解析】 C　考查完成时和完成进行时的用法和主谓一致。根据问句可知所填动词表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，时态用现在完成时，动词与主语是被动关系，用被动语态。主语是the water，谓语动词用单数，选C。专题九 │ 正面解读(2) He ________ articles for our newspaper these years, and he ________about 40 articles.
A．has written；has written
B．has been writing；writes
C．is writing；has been writing
D．has been writing；has written
【解析】 D　考查完成时和完成进行时的用法。由句意知“这些年他一直在写”，用has been writing；“已写完了”用has written。专题九 │ 正面解读三、被动语态
动词的语态反映主语与谓语动词之间的一种关系。动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，谓语动词用主动语态；当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者时，谓语动词用被动语态。在主动语态中，句子通过谓语动词的不同形式体现出不同的时态形式；被动语态由“助动词be ＋ 过去分词”构成，不同的时态通过 be 的不同形式体现。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构成方法相同。专题九 │ 正面解读专题九 │ 正面解读专题九 │ 反面解读专题九 │ 反面解读1． —Hi, Lucy, you look tired.
—I'm really tired. I ________the living room all day.
A．painted
B．had painted
C．have been painting
D．have been painted
【误】 学生容易分辨不清C与D的区别，而误选D。
【正】 C　表示我一整天都在刷房子，应该用现在完成进行时。专题九 │ 反面解读2． Nancy is not coming tonight. But she ________！(promise)
【误】 But she has promised.
【正】 But she promised.
【解析】 Nancy“答应要来”这个动作应该发生在过去，是过去作出的承诺，前文已告诉我们“她不来了”，因此诺言已跟现在没有关系，只是过去的一个动作。专题九 │ 反面解读3． 托尼给我打电话时，我刚完成工作，要开始洗澡。
【误】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and started to take a shower.
【正】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower.
【解析】 从关键信息I had just finished my work可以看出是“正要开始洗澡”应该是进行时，was starting 可以表示马上就要进行的动作；而started表示“开始了”。专题九 │ 反面解读4． I don't really work here; I ________until the new secretary arrives.
A．just help out
B．have just helped out
C．am just helping out
D．will just help out
【误】 此题易受第一句话的影响，而误选A。
【正】 表示我现在只是在临时帮忙，是现在正在进行的动作，选C。
【解析】 一般现在时表示现在的、经常性的行为或状态，而现在进行时表示正在进行的、暂时性的动作。专题九 │ 反面解读5． 很多的鸟类正被人们捕杀。
【误】 Many birds are killed now.
【正】 Many birds are being killed now.
【解析】 现在进行时的被动语态结构要完整，不能遗漏其中的助动词，导致时态错误。
专题九 │ 反面解读1． [2010·上海卷] The church tower which ________ will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.
A．has restored
B．has been restored
C．is restoring
D．is being restored
【解析】 D　本题考查被动语态。restore意为“修复”，而最后一句表明工程还未完成，因此为正在修复中，选D。专题九 │ 实战演练2． [2009·北京卷] John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather________ with them to school.
A．took B．had taken
C．were taking D．would take
【答案】 B
3． [2009·辽宁卷] Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair________ all day. Could you speak to her now?
A．phones B．has phoned
C．has been phoning D．phoned
【解析】 C　考查现在完成进行时。由all day可以看出一直在打电话，此时仍然在打，过去发生的动作持续到现在并仍在进行，选C。专题九 │ 实战演练4． [2009·天津卷] My parents ________ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.
A．live B．lived C．were living D．will live
【解析】 A　考查时态。后句意思为：他们出生在香港，从来没有在别的地方住过。由此可知前句“一直在香港住”，时态用一般现在时，说明事实，选A。
专题九 │ 实战演练5． [2009·江苏卷]
— Ann is in hospital.
— Oh, really? I _______know. I _______go and visit her.
A．didn't; am going to
B．don't; would
C．don't; will
D．didn't; will
【解析】 D　
由答语中的“Oh, really？”可以看出，“我”是刚刚知道的，所以用I didn't know表示现在之前不知道。A项中的am going to表示“说话时早有的打算”，而D项中的will则表示“说话时临时的打算”。专题九 │ 实战演练6．[2009·上海卷]
During the period of recent terrorist activities, people ______ not to touch any unattended bag.
A．had always been warned
B．were always being warned
C．are always warning
D．always warned
【解析】 B　
根据时间状语可知是指过去，be always doing sth. 表示“一种感彩”，并且人们与警告之间是被动的 关系，选B。
专题九 │ 实战演练7．He ____________ football regularly for many years when he was young.
A．was playing B．played
C．has played D．had played
【解析】 B　
考查考生对题干中句子含义的理解以及对动词时态的掌握情况。由题干中的“for many years”很多同学推断出应为现在完成时，但“when he was young”这个时间状语表明他打球是过去时，未持续到现在。由“regularly” 可知他过去经常打球，是一种过去的习惯性的动作，选B。专题九 │ 实战演练8． [2010·全国卷Ⅱ]
Linda，make sure the tables ________ before the guests arrive.
A．be set B．set
C．are set D．are setting
【解析】 C　考查动词时态语态。
make sure意为“确信，确保”，
set tables意为“摆放桌子”，结合语境应用被动形式。专题九 │ 实战演练9． [2010·全国卷Ⅱ] Excuse me. I________ I was blocking your way.
A．didn't realize
B．don't realize
C．haven't realized
D．wasn't realizing
【解析】 A　考查动词时态。这里应用一般过去时表示说话之前“没有意识到”。专题九 │ 实战演练10．My friend went to Canada three years ago. He________ there for a few months and then went to America.
A．was living B．has lived
C．was lived D．lived
【解析】 D　句意为：我的朋友三年前去了加拿大，他在那里住了几个月，然后去了美国。由句意可知，住在加拿大这个情况发生在过去，且已经结束，故用一般过去时。
专题九 │ 实战演练11．[2010·四川卷]
— When shall we restart our business?
— Not until we ________ our plan.
A．will finish B．are finishing
C．are to finish D．have finished
【解析】 D　考查动词时态。
状语从句用现在时代替将来时，这里表示计划完成后，所以用现在完成时。专题九 │ 实战演练12．—Have you read the book called Waiting for Anya?
—Who ________it?
A．writes B．has written C．wrote D．had written
【解析】 C　本题考查时态。题干中的答句问“谁写的这本书？”说明此书肯定是过去写的，所以用动词的过去式。
13．They________ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they'd never have been able to afford to go.
A．had got B．got C．have got D．get
【解析】 B　本题考查时态。句意为：他们得到了两张去加拿大的免费票，否则他们将永远也去不起。此题叙述事实，又发生在过去，选B。专题九 │ 实战演练14．—The singer together with her band ________invited to the concert. Did you enjoy that party?
—No, no sooner ________than they sang their top hit Oh My Baby.
A．was; I had left B．were; I have gone
C．was; had I left D．were; did I leave
【解析】 C　主谓一致、时态及倒装的综合考查。主语(the singer)后面跟有together with引起的短语，谓语动词与前面的主语一致，所以要用was；否定词no sooner和than连用，且位于句首时，用部分倒装结构，表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生，相当于汉语的“一……就……”。专题九 │ 实战演练15．[2010·四川卷] You've failed to do what you ________ to and I'm afraid the teacher will blame you.
A．will expect
B．will be expected
C．expected
D．were expected
【解析】 D　考查动词时态。由语境“老师将批评你”，知道你没有完成应该做的，所以用过去时，expect sb. to do sth. 意为“期待某人做某事”，此处要用被动形式。专题九 │ 实战演练16．[2010·安徽卷] —Were you surprised by the ending of the film?
—No. I ________ the book，so I already knew the story.
A．was reading B．had read
C．am reading D．have read
【解析】 B　考查时态。句意为：“你对电影结果感到吃惊吗？”“不，我已经读过这本书，所以我已知道了这个故事。”“读书”是在“看电影”之前，故用过去完成时。专题九 │ 实战演练17．[2010·全国卷Ⅰ]
— Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?
— No，I ________ my homework all day yesterday.
A．was doing B．would do
C．had done D．do
【解析】 A　考查动词时态。
all day yesterday是信息词，暗示用过去进行时。专题九 │ 实战演练18．[2010·辽宁卷]
I ________ all the cooking for my family，but recently I've been too busy to do it.
A．will do B．do
C．am doing D．had done
【解析】 B　考查动词时态。
第一句表示通常、一般性的一种状况，所以用一般现在时态。句意为：我为一家人做饭，但是最近我太忙不能做了。专题九 │ 实战演练19．[2010·全国卷Ⅰ]
The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune ________.
A．is made B．would make
C．was to be made D．had made
【解析】 C　考查动词时态和语态。
make a fortune表“发财”，此处是被动语态，was to be made表示过去将来时，相当于would be made。专题九 │ 实战演练20．[2010·福建卷] Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they ________ before leaving their hometowns.
A．promised B．were promised
C．have promised D．have been promised
【解析】 D　考查动词时态。句意为：因为在离开家乡前被许诺的能挣钱的工作，每年大量的农民工涌入深圳。由句中arrive的时态可知此处的时态是现在时，又根据before leaving their hometowns可知在离开家乡前的承诺，强调结果，所以该空应为现在完成时。专题九 │ 实战演练21．[2010·福建卷] —Guess what，we've got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
—How nice！You ________ a different culture then.
A．will be experiencing
B．have experienced
C．have been experiencing
D．will have experienced
【解析】 A　考查动词时态。由第一句可知：我们已经得到了暑假去英国旅行的短期签证，再由第二句中then可知：这是对去英国旅行的美好祝愿，动作尚未发生。因此时态应为将来进行时。专题九 │ 实战演练22．[2010·安徽卷] —We've spent too much money recently.
—Well，it isn't surprising. Our friends and relatives ________ around all the time.
A．are coming
B．had come
C．were coming
D．have been coming
【解析】 D　考查时态。句意为：“最近我们花钱太多了。”“一点也不奇怪。我们一直有朋友和亲戚来。”句中出现了明显的时间状语recently和all the time。专题九 │ 实战演练23．[2010·北京卷] In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the words ________.
A．are dropped B．drop
C．are being dropped D．have dropped
【解析】 A　本题考查动词的时态和语态。the “r” sounds和drop之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，要用被动语态；题目描述的是习惯做法，要用一般现在时态。专题九 │ 实战演练24．[2010·北京卷]
— I'm not finished with my dinner yet.
— But our friends ________for us.
A．will wait B．wait
C．have waited D．are waiting
【解析】 D　本题考查动词的时态。
根据第一句话可知，双方谈论的是正在发生的事情，故用现在进行时态。专题九 │ 实战演练25．Unfortunately，when I got to her flat, she________，so we had only a moment for a few words.
A．just left B．had just left
C．has just left D．was just leaving
【解析】 D　考查时态。从后半句的“所以我们仅用一会儿时间说了几句话”可知，当说话人到达那位女士的公寓时，她正要离开，应该用过去进行时表示过去马上要发生的动作。专题九 │ 实战演练26．—Has Tom already finished his new story?
—I have no idea. He ________it last month.
A．had written B．was writing
C．would write D．wrote
【解析】 B　本题考查时态。过去某个动作表示未完成或者不知道有没有完成时，用过去进行时态，句中是不知道有没有完成，所以本题选择B项。专题九 │ 实战演练27．—How come your father can read books in German?
—Well, he ________on a project with some German engineers for 3 years when he was young.
A．worked B．was working
C．had worked D．would work
【解析】 A　考查动词时态。尽管应答句中有3 years表时间段，但由时间状语从句可知此处是陈述过去的事实，故用一般过去时，选A。专题九 │ 实战演练28．— What's the problem, Sir?
— You ________at least at a speed of about 100 miles per hour.
A．are driving
B．drive
C．were driving
D．have been driving
【答案】 C专题九 │ 实战演练29．— Are you still very busy?
— Yes，I ___________the report for the manager and it won't take long.
A．have just finished
B．am just finishing
C．had just finished
D．am just going to finish
【解析】 B　考查现在进行时态表示将来的用法。
根据“it won't take long”推知，报告将要写完但并没有写完。专题九 │ 实战演练30．— What are you going to do this afternoon?
— I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film ________quite early, so we ________to the bookstore after that.
A．finished; are going B．finished; go
C．finishes; are going D．finishes; go
【解析】 C　由问句和答语I am going…可知，要用将来时态，排除选项A和B；电影的开始和结束是电影院在时刻表中已有的计划，用一般现在时表示，而表示最近的打算或安排，则可用现在进行时表示。专题九 │ 实战演练课件25张PPT。专题八　动词的时态与
语态专题 八 │动词的时态与语态专题 八 │ 专题导读 时态的考查主要集中在完成时、进行时等主要时态的掌握上。要求学生熟练掌握几种主要时态的基本概念，解题时要充分挖掘时间副词、短语、时间状语从句提供的信息。
在复习时应注意以下几点：(1)吃透语境，摸清作者的意图；(2)准确判断动作和时间的关系(即动作是在什么时间发生的)；(3)正确理解时间概念(大的时间：现在、过去、将来；小的时间：时间段、时间点、时间瞬间)；(4)找准相关时态时间之间的交叉点。例如：一般现在时，现在进行时(现在时间的交叉点)。专题 八 │ 专题导读 高考对被动语态的考查热点主要是及物动词在被动语态中的使用。被动语态与主动语态一样，也有多种时态。被动语态的完成时态和进行时态中，考生往往漏掉been或being。因此被动语态的各种常用时态的构成，仍是高考命题的热点之一。时态与语态连用也是高考题的一个考点。一个题目同时交叉考查几个语法知识点是近几年高考的一个趋势。具体说来，在解题时要遵循以下思路：专题 八 │ 专题导读 1．这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干句中可参照的时间信息有哪些？
2．这个动作处于什么状态，是进行中，还是已结束(完成)？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？
3．这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？
只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题，试题的正确答案也就水落石出了。专题 八 │ 真题再现 (　　)1. [2010·上海] The church tower which ________ will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.
A．has restored　 B．has been restored
C．is restoring D．is being restored
D　本题考查被动语态。restore意为“修复”，而最后一句表明工程还未完成，因此为正在修复中，答案选D。专题 八 │ 真题再现 (　　)2. [2010·福建] —Guess what, we’ve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
—How nice! You ________ a different culture then.
A．will be experiencing
B．have experienced
C．have been experiencing
D．will have experienced
专题 八 │ 真题再现 A　考查动词时态。由第一句可知：我们已经得到了暑假去英国旅行的短期签证，再由第二句中then可知：这是对去英国旅行的美好祝愿，动作尚未发生。因此时态应为将来进行时。专题 八 │ 真题再现 (　　)3. [2010·安徽] —Were you surprised by the ending of the film?
—No. I ________ the book, so I already knew the story.
A．was reading B．had read
C．am reading D．have read
B　考查时态。句意为：“你对电影结果感到吃惊吗？”“不，我已经读过这本书，所以我已知道了这个故事。”“读书”是在“看电影”之前，故用过去完成时。专题 八 │ 真题再现 (　　)4. [2010·北京] —I’m sorry, but I don’t quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?
—Sorry, I ________ myself clear. We want to return on October 20.
A．hadn’t made B．wouldn’t make
C．don’t make D．haven’t made
D　本题考查时态和情景交际。答句意为“抱歉，我还没有把我的意思表达明白”，强调对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时态。专题 八 │ 真题再现 (　　)5. [2010·湖南] I walked slowly through the market, where people ________ all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
A．sell B．were selling
C．had sold D．have sold
B　考查动词时态。根据“I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed”的提示可判断此处表示“人们当时正在出售各种水果和蔬菜”，即表示过去某时正在发生的动作，故选B。专题 八 │ 真题再现 (　　)6. [2010·湖南] I’m tired out. I ________ all afternoon and I don’t seem to have finished anything.
A．shopped B．have shopped
C．had shopped D．have been shopping
D　考查动词时态。句意为：我现在很累。我整个下午一直在购物，我好像什么事都没做成似的。由语境可判断选D。专题 八 │ 真题再现 (　　)7. [2010·上海] Every few years, the coal workers ________ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.
A．are having B．have
C．have had D．had had
B　本题考查时态。根据时间状语every few years，可判断本句应为一般现在时，因此答案选B。 专题 八 │ 真题再现 (　　)8. [2010·天津] We ________ on this project for four hours. Let’s have a rest.
A．are working B．have been working
C．worked D．had worked
B　考查动词的时态。现在完成进行时表示一直在干某件事，表示动作的连续和延续。 专题 八 │ 真题再现 (　　)9. [2010·天津] Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting ________ at the culture show of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo.
A．are exhibiting B．is exhibiting
C．are being exhibited D．is being exhibited
C　考查现在进行时的被动语态的主谓一致。traditional folk arts of Tianjin 是真正的主语，与后面like paper cutting 无关。专题 八 │ 真题再现 (　　)10. [2010·江苏] —Why, Jack, you look so tired!
—Well, I ________ the house and I must finish the work tomorrow.
A．was painting B．will be painting
C．have painted D．have been painting
D　本题考查时态。根据后句and I must finish the work tomorrow可以推断“动作还将继续”；have done表示“动作已经完成”；have been doing表示“动作从过去开始延续到现在，而且可能还将继续”，所以选择D项。专题 八 │ 专题预测 (　　)1.Up to now, thousands of people ________ possible ideas on how to clean up the oil in the Gulf of Mexico.
A．have submitted B．submitted
C．will submit D．are submitting
A　考查动词的时态。由时间状语up to now可以看出，该题应该用现在完成时。句意为：到目前为止，成千上万的人们已经提交了关于如何清理墨西哥湾泄漏的石油的可能的办法。专题 八 │ 专题预测 (　　)2.—I want to pay a visit to your house this time tomorrow.
—I’m afraid I will not be available, for I ________ an important meeting.
A．will have attended B．will be attending
C．attend D．am attending
B　考查动词的时态。答语中承前省略了时间状语“this time tomorrow”，指下明那个时候正在开会，所以用将来进行时态。专题 八 │ 专题预测 (　　)3.—Carol and Jessie don’t seem to be getting on well with each other now. Why is that?
—It is said that Carol ________ by Jessie.
A．has felt betrayed B．is feeling betrayed
C．feels betrayed D．will feel betrayed
A　考查动词时态。因为Carol感觉自己被Jessie出卖了，因此跟对方关系不好，强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时。专题 八 │ 专题预测 (　　)4.—Last night I greeted Bob on the street, but he ignored me.
—Perhaps he ________ something and ________ you.
A．thought about；didn’t notice
B．was thinking about；wasn’t noticing
C．was thinking about；didn’t notice
D．thought about：hasn’t noticed
C　考查动词的时态。根据语境，think about是当时进行的动作，所以用过去进行时；notice在句中陈述过去所发生的动作，用一般过去式。专题 八 │ 专题预测 (　　)5.They are going to visit the professor we ________ in the library the other day.
A．meet B．have met
C．would meet D．met
D　考查动词的时态。由the other day“前几天”可知应用一般过去时。句意为：他们打算去拜访几天前我们在图书管里遇见的那位教授。专题 八 │ 专题预测 (　　)6.—What’s the problem, sir?
—You ________ at least at a speed of about 100 miles per hour.
A．are driving B．drove
C．were driving D．have driven
C　考查动词的时态。句意为：“出什么问题了吗，先生？”“您的车速至少达到了每小时约100英里。”从暗含的意思可推测该车主超速驾驶了，所以应该是被拦下时发生的对话，所以超速应该是强调刚才正在发生，所以用过去进行时。专题 八 │ 专题预测 (　　)7.In recent years, the singer isn’t as popular as he once was, and his latest album ________ only five thousand copies.
A．is sold B．is selling
C．sold D．was sold
C　考查动词的时态与语态。动词sell在本句中用主动语态表被动。句意为：最近几年里，这位歌手不如从前受欢迎，他的最新专辑只卖了5 000张。“卖掉”是过去发生的动作，应用过去时 专题 八 │ 专题预测 (　　)8.Professor Baker, who ________the research of wild animals all his life, ________ to give a speech in our school next week.
A．has devoted to；is supposed
B．is devoted to；will be supposed
C．has been devoted to；is supposed
D．had devoted to；will be supposed
C　考查动词的时态和语态。devote是及物动词，A和D项为主动形式，后不带宾语，直接跟to不正确，从句中的all his life表明要用现在完成时。短语be supposed to do表示“应该，被期望”，指期望将来发生的动作，与next week照应。句意为：Baker教授一生致力于野生动物的研究，下周有望在我们学校做报告。专题 八 │ 专题预测 (　　)9.— Did you telephone Uncle Sam our plan for the Christmas holidays on his farm?
—Yes, he was happy about our arrival, and he eagerly asked when ________.
A．had we arrived B．we had arrived
C．were we arriving D．we were arriving
D　考查动词的时态。语境提供过去的时间点，在那时将要发生的事情，所以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的事情。此外，由于疑问句作asked的宾语从句，所以要用陈述语序。专题 八 │ 专题预测 (　　)10.—What did you say?
—So you ________ to me.
A．won’t listen B．hadn’t listen
C．weren’t listening D．haven’t listened
C　考查动词的时态。由语境可知，答语中省略了时间状语“when I said just now”，也就是说强调的是过去某个时间点正在进行的动作，所以要用过去进行时。课件75张PPT。专题六　动词的时态和语态一、一般现在时
1．基本用法
(1)表示经常性或习惯性的行为，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。例如：
He usually gets up early.
He cycles to work every day.(2)表示一种事实或不着眼于时间的一般性陈述。例如：
Fujian lies in the east of China.
—Can I help you，sir?
—Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it doesn't work.
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
(3)表示真理。例如：
Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees.特别提醒：该用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句中的谓语动词也要用一般现在时。例如：
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
(4)用于某些不用于进行时态的静态动词来表示现在的行为和状态。例如：
We love the Party.
Tom writes good English but does not speak well.2．其他用法
(1)用于文章标题、故事简介、舞台指导和实况解说等。例：
Now I put the sugar in the cup.(动作解说)
(2)与 advise，apologize，thank，predict，declare 等实施言语行为的动词连用，表示瞬间现在。例如：
I advise you to agree to his plan.
I apologize.
(3)在强调句式中，从句用将来时的情况下，主句仍用现在时。例如：
It is the headmaster who will give us a lecture.3．错位用法
(1)表示模糊过去。例如：
I hear they failed to get in touch with her at last.
(2)在下面的倒装句中，用一般现在时替代现在进行时，表示现时刻的瞬间动作。例如：
Here comes the bus!
There goes the bell!二、一般过去时
1．基本用法
(1)表示过去发生的一次性行为或状态。例如：
—When did you finish writing this report?
—The other day.
He was born on May 3,1962.
(2)表示过去发生的经常、反复的动作或状态。例如：
He was always the first to come.特别提醒：过去的习惯动作，我们还可以用 would 或 used to 来表达(不能与次数连用)。would 只表示过去的动作，不能表示状态；这种习惯动作现在可能还会存在。used to 既可以表示过去的动作，也可以表示过去的状态；这种习惯动作或状态现在已不复存在。2．其他用法
(1)说话者在叙述一些已知事实的原委、起因时。例如：
I have seen him already—he came to borrow a tape recorder.(交代原委)
I haven't seen you for a long time.What happened to you?
(追问已知事实的原委)
I bought the motor bike in Yangzhou.(说明现有摩托车的来源)(2)句中有表示过去时间的副词或暗含过去时间的地点状语时。例如：
Yangzhou was once the second biggest city in China.
I saw the film in Nanjing.
3．错位用法
(1)用一般过去时表示现在，以使语气更加婉转。
①情态动词通常是 could，would 等。例如：
Could you tell me the way to the bus station?
②行为动词一般为 want，hope，wonder，think，intend 等。例如：
I wondered if you could help me.
Did you want anything else?(2)用一般过去时替代过去完成时。例如：
As soon as he arrived(＝had arrived)，he telephoned me.(因为连词本身已经表示了动作的先后关系)
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492。(叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。)三、一般将来时
1．基本用法
(1)表示将要发生的动作或情况。例如：
The agreement will come into force (生效) next spring.特别提醒：过去将来时是从过去的角度看将来，主要由“would/should/was(were to)/＋动词原形”等结构来表示。这些结构主要用在主句谓语动词为过去时的宾语从句以及有上下文暗示的情况。
(2)表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。例如：
Crops will die without water.2．“一般将来”的表达
(1)用助动词 shall 和 will。shall用于第一人称，表示“单纯的将来”，will用于所有人称，表示“单纯的将来”或“带意愿色彩的将来”。例如：
—Sorry，I forgot to post the letter for you.
—Never mind.I will post it myself after school.(句中 will 表示单纯未来，不可用 be going to 来替换。)
I will help you rebuild the house if I have time.(句中 will 带有意愿色彩。)特别提醒：shall 与 will 除了用做助动词外，还可用做情态动词。(详见“情态动词”部分)
(2)用 be going to 表示打算、计划、安排做某事，强调人的主观意志，而will多表示一种客观未来，有时可以表示带意愿色彩的将来或表示一种主观推测。试比较：
I'm going to watch TV this evening.(主观行为)
I will be twenty next year.(客观事实，不以人的意志为转移，即不可说：I'm going to be twenty next year.)
Tomorrow's weather will be rainy and windy.(主观推测)
用 be going to 还可表示不远的将来。例如：
It's going to rain.(3)用 be to 表示按计划将要发生或表示应该怎样。例如：
We are to leave at six.
All these things are to be answered for.
特别提醒：be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，句子主语通常不是安排的做出者，而 be going to 则表示主观的打算或计划。试比较：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主观打算)
(4)用 be about to 表示即将发生的动作，该句型一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用。例如：
He is about to go.或：He is about to go now.(不可说：He is about to go this afternoon.)3．错位用法
(1)用一般现在时表示按时间表规定将要发生的事(须与时间状语连用)，这些事是周而复始发生的，所以，可以将其视为一种事实，而用一般现在时。例如：
—When does the train start?
—It starts at 6：35 tomorrow morning according to the time-table.Tomorrow is Sunday.
Next Teachers' Day falls on a Saturday. (2)用 go，come，leave，arrive，begin，start，return 等表示动作“起止”的动词的现在进行时形式表示即将，而且这些动作在时间上已确定好或安排好。例如：
I think he is arriving.
(3)用某些瞬间动词的现在进行时形式表示即将。例如：
The goat is dying.
(4)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般现在时替代一般将来(或用一般过去时替代过去将来，现在完成时替代将来完成，现在进行时替代将来进行)。例如：
Post the letter for me when you go to the post office. (5)在动词 hope，take care that，make sure that等后。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
(6)用情态动词表示将来。例如：
May I come too?四、现在进行时与过去进行时
1．基本用法
(1)现在进行时表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。例：
I don't really work here；I am just helping out until the secretary arrives.
Mr Green is writing another novel.(说话时可能并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)(2)过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作发生时正在发生的动作。例如：
I don't think Jim saw me；he was just staring into space.
—Why did you forget the time?
—Oh, sorry.I was watering the flowers.
2．其他用法
(1)表示动作起止、状态转变的动词，如：go，come，arrive，set out，start off，take off (起飞)，它们的进行时可表示将来。例如：
The plane is taking off at six.
(2)瞬间动词的进行时可表示：
即将：The wounded soldier is dying.
反复：Someone is knocking at the door.
逐渐：The house is falling down.(表示动作的徐徐发生)
比较：The house falls down.(表示突然的瞬间动作) (3)与 always，constantly，frequently，continually，forever，all the time 等连用，表示赞叹、赞扬、厌恶、不满等情感。例如：
He is always thinking of others.
You are always asking such silly questions.3．进行时的特点
进行时表示一个动作的进行过程，因此，它常常暗示动作的未完成性。例如：
He was writing a letter yesterday evening.(不一定写完)
比较：He wrote a letter yesterday evening.(已写完)
特别提醒：由于进行时强调动作的过程，故常与持续性动词连用，而不和 accept，receive，complete，finish，give，allow，decide，refuse等瞬间动词连用。4．不能用于进行时的动词
(1)表示事实状态的动词：be，seem，appear (似乎)，cost，owe，exist，include，matter，weigh，measure，continue 等。特别提醒：be 一般不能用于进行时，如我们不能说：He is being all.或：The wall is being white.但我们可以说：He is being kind.因为 kind 是一种人们的意志可以控制的外部行为的特征，这类形容词叫“动态形容词”，而 tall，white 这类形容词叫“静态形容词”。再请看下面的例子：
He is a fool.(他本质上是个傻子)
He is being a fool.(此刻他显得很傻)
常见的动态形容词有：friendly，good，careful，happy 等。(2)有关所属关系的动词：belong to，consist of(包括)，contain(包含)，have，hold，possess，own等。
但在类似 have a lesson，hold a meeting 这样的短语中，have 和 hold 已不表所属关系，而表示从事一项活动，因此，可以用于进行时。 (3)静止性的知觉动词：feel (摸起来，感觉到)，smell (闻起来)，taste (尝起来)，see (看到)，hear (听到)，这类动词表示的是一种感觉，是非主动的，亦即无意识的动作。使用这类动词时，通常注意的不是动作的过程，而是感受的结果。例如：
You see here an old woman.
The dish tastes nice.当上述动词表示主动的动作，从而强调动作的过程时，可以用进行时。例如：
They're seeing a film.
I'm tasting the dish to see if it has enough salt.
上述动词中的 feel 在不表示“触摸”而表示身体的“感觉”时，既可用一般式，也可用进行式，区别不大。例如：
He feels tired.
I'm feeling much better today. (4)静止性的表示思想、信念的动词：think (认为)，consider (认为)，believe，trust，guess，wonder，forget，know，understand，realize，suppose，agree 等。这类动词不是指积极的思维活动过程，而是指思维活动的结果。
但consider (考虑)，think (思考、想)，suppose (推想)等动词在表示积极的思维活动过程时，可以用进行时。例如：
What are you thinking about? (5)表示喜爱、憎恶的情感动词：like，love，prefer，worship，hate，dislike 等。
(6)表示要求、愿望的动词：desire，hope，want，wish，wonder 等(expect 例外)。五、现在完成时
1．基本用法
(1)表示过去的某一动作对现在产生的影响或结果。这时，谓语动词可由非延续性动词充当。如果跟有时间状语，则时间状语通常为不确定的过去时间。例如：
—Have you seen my glasses?
—Yes，I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
She has married a very rich film star recently.特别提醒：不能受汉语影响，将现在完成时与过去时间连用。如不能说：I have got in touch with him yesterday.
(2)表示一个动作或状态从过去某一时起一直延续至今(可能已停止，也可能还将延续下去)，这时的谓语动词须用延续性动词或状态动词。时间状语须用段时间。例如：
He has worked here since a year ago.
He has been in the League for five years.(3)表示到目前为止的一段时间内发生的重复行为(与现在状态无关)，即表示一种经历。这时的谓语动词也可用非延续性动词，但须与时间状语连用。例如：
We have learned five English songs this term.
A lot of factories have been built up since (the) liberation.
He has often gone to Nanjing these years.(现在不一定在南京) 2．与现在完成时连用的时间状语
(1)不确定的过去时间：already，yet，before，recently，just 等。
(2)频度副词：always，ever，never，often，once，twice 等。
(3)包括说话时刻在内的一段时间：for，since，in the last (past，recent)few years，today，this morning (week，month，year)，up to now 等。(4)现在完成时不可与表示过去的时间状语连用，也不可与能表示出过去时间的地点状语连用。如不可说：He has seen the film yesterday.也不可说：He has seen the film in Nanjing.
(5)瞬间动词的完成时态不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如不可说：He has joined the army for three years.而应该说：He has been in the army for three years./He has been an army man for three years./Three years have passed since he joined the army./It is three years since he joined the army./He joined the army three years ago. (6)瞬间动词的否定式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用，因为动作的否定式可以表示状态，而状态是可以延续的。例如：
I haven't written to you for a long time.(不可说：I have written to you for a long time.)3．have been(to) 和 have gone(to) 的区别
have been(to) 侧重指经历，表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。
have gone(to)表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。4．现在完成时与其他时态的区别
(1)与现在完成进行时的区别
现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感彩。现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较：
①现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。试比较：
We have been cleaning the classroom.(a)
We have cleaned the classroom.(b) (a)句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。(b)句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了。”其最后结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。另外，(a)句还可表示教室刚刚打扫过，(b)句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。
Be careful！John has been painting the door.(a)
John has painted the door.(b)
(a)句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。(b)句则无此含义，油漆可能已干了。②现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。试比较：
They have been widening the road.(a)
They have widened the road.(b)
(a) 句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。(b) 句的意思多半是已完工了。
③现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。试比较：
Have you been meeting her lately？(a)
Have you met her lately？(b) (a)句有“经常相会”之意，(b) 句则没有。当然，(b) 句如与 often，every day 等时间状语连用，也可表示动作在重复。
④现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感彩可言。试比较：
What have you been doing？(a)
What have you done？(b)(a) 句表示惊异，(b) 句只是一个问题。
Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly.(a)
Recently Mary has done her work regularly.(b)
(a)句显然是在表扬玛丽，(b)句只说明一个事实。
I have been wanting to meet you for long.(a)
I have long wanted to meet you.(b)
(a)句比(b)句更亲切，更有礼貌。
⑤用于现在完成时的动词可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的，可以是行为动词，也可以是状态动词；而用于现在完成进行时的动词只能是延续性的行为动词。 (2)与一般过去时和过去完成时的区别
表示过去完成的某一动作根据具体情况可以适用多种时态。强调动作本身，即动作发生的时间、地点、方式、原因等时用一般过去时。例如：
He saw the film in town.
强调动作的结果或对现在产生的影响时，用现在完成时。例如：
He has seen the film before，and I am sure he knows about it.
但当过去某一动作发生在过去某一时间或另一动作之前时，则用过去完成时。例如：
Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.
How long had they known each other before they got married?六、过去完成时
1．表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用 by，before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：
We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
By the end of last year they had turned out 5,000 bicycles.2．动词 expect，hope，mean，intend，plan，suppose，wish，want，desire 等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year，but l wasn't able to get away.
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：
(1)was/were＋to have done sth，例如：
We were to have come yesterday，but we couldn't.
(2)intended(expected，hoped，meant，planned，supposed，wished，wanted，desired)＋to have done sth.例如：
I meant to have told you about it，but I forgot to do so.3．过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
(1)hardly，scarcely, barely＋过去完成时＋when＋过去时。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
(2)no sooner＋过去完成时＋than＋过去时。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
(3)by(the end of)＋过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon.七、将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by(the time/the end of)＋表示将来时间的短语或句子；before(the end of)＋表示将来时间的短语或句子；when，after 等＋表示将来动作的句子等。例如：
By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
I shall have finished this composition before 9 o'clock.
When we get on the railway station，the train will probably have left.八、各种时态下的被动语态形式
一般现在时is/am/are done
一般过去时was/were done
一般将来时 will be done
现在进行时is/am/are being done
过去进行时was/were being done
现在完成时have/has been done
过去完成时had been done
过去将来时would be done九、特殊形式的被动结构
1．状态被动
状态被动与动作被动相对，状态被动中的过去分词不强调动作，而表示状态，实际上相当于一个形容词，因此整个句子应视作一个系表结构。这种结构中的过去分词多由有“完成意义的动词”变化而来，这类动词常见的有：close，change，build，cut，marry，engage，destroy，break 等。例如：
It's eight o'clock now and all the shops in this street are closed.
They were married and happy when I saw him.特别提醒：①状态被动不能和时间状语或频度状语连用，否则就成了动作被动。
②状态被动中的be动词可以换成look，become，remain，stay 等连系动词。
例如：
The village remains unchanged.2．get 被动
在被动语态中，get 可以用来代替助动词 be 表示动作被动(不表示状态被动)。与动作被动稍有不同的是，get 被动既强调动作本身，又强调动作结果。例如：
Let's ask the policeman for help，or we may get lost.
Did you get beaten by your father?特别提醒：不是所有的被动句都可以由get来构成的。这种结构通常用于以下两种情况：
①表示一些突然、偶然或预想不到的事情时。例如：
On my way home I got hurt by a football.
②表示自身所做的一些动作。如：get dressed，get washed，get married，get engaged，get lost，get confused等。3．间接被动
“have(get)＋宾语＋过去分词”的形式可表示间接被动意义。这种用法通常见于下列三种情况：
(1)表示有计划地请(让)别人做某事，过去分词所表示的动作由他人执行。
例如：
Your hair is too long.You should have it cut as soon as you can.
(2)表示一种经历，这种经历一般是消极的。句型中过去分词所表示的动作由他人执行。例如：She had her bag stolen yesterday. 她的包昨天被人偷走了。
He had his head injured in the accident. 他的头在事故中受伤了。
(3)表示使役，强调某个事情被完成了，过去分词所表示的动作通常由主语本身执行。例如：
We have our exercises done.(＝Our exercises are done by ourselves and are finished now.)十、主动形式表示被动意义的情况
1．read, write, sell, wash, open, lock, cut 等动作动词在不表示动作，而表示主语的潜能、性状、特征等非动作意义时，其主动形式可表示被动意义，但其肯定式一般需后接副词、形容词或类似短语等对该动词作进一步的说明，其否定式一般用 won't, wouldn't, can't 等。例如：
The article reads all right. I don't think it needs improving.
The book sells well.
The bus wouldn't move a bit.2．easy, hard, difficult, important, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, cheap, expensive, impossible, dangerous 等形容词作表语后接不定式时，不定式可用主动形式表示被动含义。例如：
English is not easy to learn.
3．不定式做定语时，若与句子的主语或宾语同时具有逻辑上的主谓关系，可用主动形式表示被动含义。例如：
I have a lot of things to do.
Give me something to eat.特别提醒：①若与句子的主语或宾语没有主谓关系，则还是用被动式为好。例如：
I have nothing to be taken there, thank you.
②不定式做表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省略了 for people, for one, for you, for us 这样的逻辑主语。例如：
He is a person hard(for one) to get along with.③在 there be 结构中，说话人如果侧重强调必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果强调事情本身必须完成，则用被动式。试比较：
There is much homework to do.(Someone has to do the homework.)
There is much homework to be done. (The homework has to be done.)4．在 need, require, want (需要)，be worth 等词后做宾语的动名词，可用其主动形式表示被动含义。例如：
The song is well worth listening to.
5．连系动词不及物，其主动形式可以表示被动含义。例如：
His theory certainly sounded reasonable.
Her answer to the question proved (to be) correct.6．“be＋介词＋表示动作的名词”也可表达被动意义。例如：
The new type of bike is on sale.
A new railway is under construction.
7．以-able 或 -ible 结尾的形容词，大多含有被动意义。例如：
Some stars are invisible. 有些星星肉眼是看不到的。
What you said was understandable.
你的话是可以理解的。 [名校模拟演练]1．(2010·山东潍坊质量监测)—Did you notice my little son Tom just now?
—No, Mrs Black. I ______ computer games.
A．play B．am playing
C．would play D．was playing
解析：考查时态。从问话中的“just now”可知，事情发生在过去，根据“我一直在玩电脑游戏，没看到小Tom”可知用过去进行时。
答案：D2．(2010·安徽皖南八校二联)I ______ you not to give up that job—now, where can you find a better one?
A．told B．were telling
C．had told D．tell
解析：此题考查时态。“我告诉过你不要放弃那份工作，现在你到哪里去找一份更好的呢？”“告诉”为过去的动作，故用一般过去时。
答案：A3．(2010·长春调研)－Saw Lucy and her hoyfriend in the park at nine yesterday evening.
－Impossible. She ______ the Internet with me in my home then.
A．surfed B．had surfed
C．would surf D．was surfing
解析：考查时态。根据对话内容可知，昨天晚上九点时Lucy正在和我一起上网，因此用过去进行时。
答案：D4．(2010·福建六校三联)The headmaster recommended that we ______ to school on time for the afternoon English reading.
A．had come B．would come
C．come D．came
解析：考查虚拟语气的用法。在此，recommend表“建议，劝告”，其后的宾语从句的谓语用“should＋动词原形”，且should可以省略。
答案：C5．(2010·北京东城期末)Right now the government is trying to control the number of people who ______ by H1N1 flu.
A．have been affected B．have affected
C．are affected D．affect
解析：考查动词的时态语态。语意：政府正在试图控制感染H1N1流感的人的数量。人们被感染流感，用sb be affected by sth结构，这里说的是现在的一般情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态，答案应该选C项。
答案：C6．(2010·北京海淀期末)I ______ on my report next week, so I won't be able to meet you.
A．am working B．will be working
C．was working D．have been working
解析：考查动词的时态。从后面的next week可知，应用将来时，语意表示“下周，我将正忙于写报告……”，所以用将来进行时，据此答案应该选B项。
答案：B7．(2010·陕西西安质检)We haven't moved into the new office building—it ______ right now.
A．is decorating B．has been decorated
C．is being decorated D．has been decorating
解析：考查动词时态和语态。根据题干中前面一句话的时态及后一句话中的时间状语right now可知，应用现在进行时；又依据语意可知，房子正在被装饰，因此选C。
答案：C8．(2010·上海春招)We ______ on our project day and night in the past two weeks.
A．had worked B．have worked
C．will be working D．are working
解析：考查动词的时态。根据句中时间状语in the past two weeks可以推断出应该用现在完成时，表示动作的持续，故选B项。
答案：B9．(2010·成都玉林中学)He will have learned English for eight years by the time he ______ from the university next year.
A．will graduate B．will have graduated
C．graduates D．is to graduate
解析：考查时态。by the time引导的是时间状语从句，而本句的主句是将来时，所以从句用一般现在时表示将来。
答案：C10．(2010·西南师大附中)－Would you like to go to the cinema with me tomorrow afternoon?
－I'd like to, Mum, but I ______ to a party by Jane. It is her birthday.
A．am invited B．was invited
C．will be invited D．have been invited
解析：考查时态。这里用现在完成时的被动语态表示过去的动作对现在的影响，即Jane已经邀请我参加她的party，故不能陪母亲去看电影了。
答案：D课件38张PPT。模块〈Ⅰ〉　高考体验——品真题
A组　2010年12．(重庆卷)The book has been translated into thirty languages since it
________ on the market in 1973.
A．had come B．has come
C．came D．comes
解析：考查时态，主句用的是现在完成时，since引导的状语从句
用过去时。
答案：C
13．(重庆卷)The palace caught fires three times in the last century, and
little of the original building ________ now.
A．remains B．is remained
C．is remaining D．has been remained
解析：句意：该宫殿在上世纪曾三次失火，现在原始的建筑物所剩
无几。考查动词时态和语态。remain是不及物动词，没有被动式或
进行时，故排除B、C和D，而选择A。
答案：A14．(浙江卷)For many years, people ________ electric cars. However,
making them has been more difficult than predicted.
A．had dreamed of B．have dreamed of
C．dreamed of D．dream of
解析：句意：多年以来，人们都梦想着电力汽车的出现。但是，制造
电力汽车比预想的要更加复杂。考查动词时态。根据时间状语
for many years可知句子为完成时，故排除C、D；句子并没有过去的
时间或过去的动作，因此不存在“过去的过去”，排除A。故
选B项。
答案：B15．(山东卷)Up to now, the program ________ thousands of
children who would otherwise have died.
A．would save B．saves
C．had saved D．has saved
解析：句意：迄今为止，这个项目己经救了好几千名孩子。
如果没有这个项目，这些孩子早就死了。up to now相当于
by now，要与现成完成时连用。
答案：DB组　2009年
1．(全国卷Ⅰ)His sister left home in 1998，and ________ since.
A．had not been heard of B．has not been heard of
C．had not heard of D．has not heard of
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。语意为：他姐姐在1998年
离开了家，此后人们再也没有听到她的消息。根据句意可
知应用被动语态，句中的since暗示应用现在完成时，因此
答案为B。
答案：B2．(全国卷Ⅱ)Progress ________ so far very good and we are sure
that the work will be finished on time.
A．was B．had been C．has been D．will be
解析：考查动词的时态。so far“到目前为止”，常用于现在
完成时态。语意：迄今为止，进展非常顺利，我们相信这项
工作能够按时完成。
答案：C3．(北京卷)Scientists have many theories about how the universe
________ into being.
A．came B．was coming
C．had come D．would come
解析：考查动词的时态。主句的时态是一般现在时，由此可知
是在现在叙述过去发生的事情，所以用一般过去时。Come
into being表示“形成；开始存在”，无被动形式。
答案：A4．(四川卷)—Why don’t we choose that road to save time?
—The bridge to it ________.
A．has repaired B．is repaired
C．is being repaired D．will be repaired
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。语意：——为什么我们不选择那条
路节约时间？——去那儿的桥正在维修。这里用现在进行时的被
动语态表示桥正在被修。
答案：C5．(天津卷)My parents ________ in Hong Kong.They were born there
and have never lived anywhere else.
A．live B．lived C．were living D．will live
解析：考查动词的时态。由第二句“我的父母生于香港，且迄今
为止从未在他处居住过”可知，他们一直居住在香港，现在仍
然是，指的是现实情况，故用一般现在时。
答案：A6．(安徽卷)Daniel’s family ________ their holiday in Huang shan this
time next week.
A．are enjoying B．are to enjoy
C．will enjoy D．will be enjoying
解析：考查动词的时态。根据句中的时间状语this time next week
可知，这里表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，所以要用将来进
行时。
答案：D7．(浙江卷)Over the past decades，sea ice ________ in the Arctic as a
result of global warming.
A．had decreased B．decreased
C．has been decreasing D．is decreasing
解析：考查动词的时态。由从句中的over the past decades可知，此
处应该用现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去一直持续到现在并将
持续下去。
答案：C8．(福建卷)According to the literary review，Shakespeare ________
his characters live through their language in his plays.
A．will make B．had made
C．was making D．makes
解析：考查动词时态。题干是陈述一个客观真理，用一般现在时，
选D。
答案：D9．(重庆卷)She stared at the painting，wondering where
she ________ it.
A．saw B．has seen C．sees D．had seen
解析：考查动词的时态。根据句意可知，see这一动作发生在
谓语动词stared表示的动作之前，而stared是一般过去时，所
以这里要用过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”。
答案：D10．(江苏卷)—Ann is in hospital.
—Oh，really？I ________ know.I ________ go and visit her.
A．didn’t；am going to B．don’t；would
C．don’t；will D．didn’t；will
解析：考查动词的时态。从对话内容可知，说话人在说话前
不知道Ann 在住院，因此第一空应该使用一般过去时。去医
院看她是临时做出的决定或安排，因此，第二空使用will。
be going to则表示在说话前已经安排好要做某事，这与对话
矛盾，故选项A错误。
答案：D1.一般现在时
①表示经常性或习惯性的动作。
We always care for each other and help each other.
②表示现在存在的状态。
The Yangtze River rises in Qinghai.
③表示自然规律、科学事实、客观存在、谚语格言等。
Light travels faster than sound.
Actions speak louder than words.2．现在进行时
表示说话时正在进行的动作或现阶段一直在进行的动作。
He’s showing a foreign guest round the city.
We’re practising spoken English this week.
3．一般将来时
表示将要发生的动作或情况。
When will you be able to give us an answer?
4．一般过去时
①表示过去已发生的但与现在没关系的事情，动作或情况(包括
习惯性动作)。
He worked in the factory for 3 years.
②表示过去经常发生的或习惯性动作。
She often came to help us.
③常用一般过去时具体谈论事情发生的时间、地点、方式、原因等情况。
When did the accident happen?5．现在完成时
①表示过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作，强调对现在的影响。
We have lived separately since last year.
②某些表示时间的词汇或短语常与现在完成时连用。如：lately，so
far，in/over/for the past/last few years等。
I haven’t had enough sleep lately.
The scientist is doing experiments no one has so far attempted.
6．过去进行时
①表示过去某时刻正在进行的动作。
What were you doing at nine last night?
②常用过去进行时来描述故事发生的背景。
One day，we were walking along a road....Suddenly....7．过去完成时
①表示过去某时间之前已完成的动作(即“过去的过去”)。
By the end of June we had treated 30,000 patients.
②在主从复合句中，如果一个动作发生在另一个过去动作之前，
这一动作要用过去完成时。
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.
8．过去将来时
①表示从过去某时看将来要发生的事情。
The time was not far off when he would regret this decision.
②表示过去习惯性的动作。
Whenever he had time，he would help them in their work.9．现在完成进行时
①表示一直持续到现在，还可能进行下去的动作。
How long has it been raining?
②表示某动作持续时间太长，有令人疲劳或厌倦等含义。
I have been sitting here all afternoon.
10．过去完成进行时
表示过去某时间之前一直进行的动作。
It had been raining for two days.The fields were all under water.
11．将来进行时
表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作。
I won’t be free on Friday morning.I’ll be seeing a friend off.
12．将来完成时
表示将来某时已完成的动作。
By this time next year we’ll have turned all the land into rice fields.1.一般现在时
①表示按计划、规定、安排要发生的动作，主要指由时刻表、日程
表规定循环进行的动作。
When does the train stop at Jinan?
②在时间、条件、让步状语从句中要用一般现在时或现在完成时
表示将来。
I’ll write to her when I have time.
I’ll have a good time whether I win or lose.
③make sure，take care，mind，it doesn’t matter，I don’t care
后跟that从句时，从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来。
We must take care that no one sees us.
It doesn’t matter where we go on holiday.3．一般将来时
①表示倾向性动作。
Oil will float on water.
Crops will die without water.
This machine won’t work.
机器不能运转了。
What’s the matter with the pen？The ink won’t come out.
钢笔怎么啦？墨水不出了。
②表示临时的决定、即刻的打算。
“I hear Wang Ling is ill in hospital.”“Then I’ll go to see her.”小贴士：
won’t可用来表示“不能，
没法”，表示主体不具有某
种功能。4．一般过去时
①I didn’t know，I didn’t mean，I thought等表示“原来不知
道”“本没想”“原以为”。
Sorry，but I didn’t mean to hurt you.
②用于虚拟语气中。
It is time that we went to bed.固定句式或结构中的动词时态1.This/It is the first/second time＋that从句。that从句中用现在完成时。
如把is改为was，则从句中用过去完成时。
This is the first time I have come here.
It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.
2．It is/has been＋一段时间＋since 从句。since从句中用一般过去时。
如 把is改为was，则从句中用过去完成时。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
3．was/were about to do...when...
意为“将要做……(这时)突然……”。
I was about to go out when the telephone rang.时态的区别 1.一般过去时与现在完成时
①一般过去时表示过去某时间发生的动作或情况，与现在没有什么
联系，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。现在完成时则表示从过去
开始持续到现在的动作或情况，强调对现在造成的影响或结果，
常与for或since短语连用。
I didn’t see her last week.我上周没有见到她。
I haven’t seen her since last week.
自上周以来我一直未见过她。
②人们在谈论一个话题时，常常用现在完成时提出该话题，然后用
一般过去时具体谈论事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等。
“I have got a headache.”“No wonder.You worked in front of
that computer too long.”
“Have you shown him around the museum yet？”“Yes.We had
a great time there.”③一般过去时、现在完成时都可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。区别
是：一般过去时表示某动作曾持续一段时间，但在过去某个时间就已
终止；现在完成时则表示某动作一直持续到现在，还没有终止。
I have lived in London for many years，and I’ve got used to the life there.
I lived in London for many years，but I’ve never regretted my final
decision to move back to China.2．一般过去时与过去完成时
①一般过去时多与last year，yesterday,3 years ago等表示过去的时
间状语连用；过去完成时多与by the end of last year，the
day before,3 years before等时间状语连用。
A cold wind started yesterday evening.
A cold wind was blowing from the north.It had started the evening
before.
②过去完成时一般不单独使用，上下文中通常要有另一个过去的动
作相比较。即：当一个动作发生在另一个过去动作之前时，该动作
才能用过去完成时。
John planned to spend ?3,000 for his wedding.
John spent ?3,000 more than he had planned for his wedding.
The girl next to me on the plane was nervous.She hadn’t flown before.
比较：
The girl next to me on the plane is nervous.She hasn’t flown before.谓语动词的语态 1.被动语态的构成
一般现在时：am/is/are done
一般过去时：was/were done
一般将来时：shall/will be done
现在进行时：am/is/are being done
过去进行时：was/were being done
过去将来时：should/would be done
现在完成时：has/have been done
过去完成时：had been done
2．“get＋过去分词”构成的被动语态
His car got damaged in a road accident.
In the end this story got translated into English.3．主动语态表示被动意义
①系动词look，sound，feel，smell，taste，prove，appear＋形容词
/名词构成的系表结构。
The steel feels cold.
His plan proved(to be)practical.
②某些动词，如：read，write，sell，wash，wear，lock，dry等可
用主动语态表示被动意义，通常表明主语的某种属性或特征，一
般带有一个副词作修饰语。
This coat dries easily.这种外衣容易干。
Your pen writes smoothly.你的笔好写。
This knife cuts well.这把刀子很快。