UNIT 3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
单元目标
主题学习目标 通过本单元学习了解不同的环境问题及保护地球的方法, 加深学生对人类命运共同体意识的理解, 培养学生的国际视野, 提高环保意识。
语言能力目标 核心单词 starve, ecology, release, carbon, sustain, fuel, comprehensive, trend, frequently, broadcast, policy, restrict, seize, basin, reform, harmonious, submit, anual, chaos, nuclear, sensitive, jungle, smog, volume, garbage, enterprise, restore, conservation, dozen, inspection, fine, campaign, tolerate, agenda
重点词块 carbon dioxide, fosil fuel, on behalf of, dozens of
单元语法 直接引语和间接引语
写作能力 根据本单元所学知识能够写一篇语言简洁、结构清晰的关于环境问题的报告。
背景导学
In 2016, a terrible El Ni?o event hit Kim Cobb’s study site, killing 85% of her coral. During her first dive afterward, “I was crying in my mask,” says Cobb. “It’s one thing to read papers about coral bleaching(珊瑚白化), but when it happens to a place where you know every dive like the back of your hand, it’s something different.”
So, she started to do a strict accounting of her personal carbon footprint that she is responsible for emitting(排放), finding that air travel accounted for 85% of her carbon footprint in 2017. She promised that 2018 would be different.
Cobb is one of a small but growing minority of academics who are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. She started to ask conference and institutional representatives who invited her to speak whether she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of the time, they agreed. When the answer was no, she declined the invitation. That approach brought Cobb’s 2018 air travel down by 75%, and she planned to continue the practice.
However, some people disagree with her approach. Some senior scientists told her the “flying less movement” is harmful because it distracts(转移) from the message that global emissions can only be controlled through collective government action.
Reducing air travel can also be a disproportionate sacrifice for junior scientists, who benefit from networking and sharing their work at conferences. Cobb agrees. “If you’re an early-career researcher and you’re traveling very little, I think it’s hard to build awareness of your work,” she says. “You have to be standing around the coffee break to chat, and you can’t do that if you’re not there.”
It’s the senior scientists like herself who should reduce air travel. That could have the biggest effect on the problem: A study published online last month calculated that, at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, full professors are responsible for three times as many flight-related emissions as graduate students and postdocs.
1.What made Cobb pay attention to her carbon footprint
A. Coral bleaching she read in papers.B. Failing to save coral during her dive.
C. The death of the coral in her study site.D. Her awareness of her too much air travel.
答案：C
2.How is Cobb’s way to reduce carbon footprints
A. Disappointing.B. Satisfying.
C. Modern.D. Time-saving.
答案： B
3.Why do some people oppose Cobb’s approach
A. It prevents senior scientists developing.B. It brings inconvenience to people in life.
C. It is misleading in solving global emissions.D. It makes it hard for people to realize climate change.
答案：C
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
自主学习·激发潜能
Ⅰ. 课文翻译
教材原文 CLIMATE CHANGE REQUIRES THE WORLD’S ATTENTION We have known about climate change for decades. Thereis little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer (see the graph). A warming ocean and atmosphere along with melting ice and rising sea levels provide evidence of a dramatic change in the global climate. In 2013, a lot of people were shocked by a news photo of a dead polar bear that was found on Norway’s Arctic island of Svalbard. According to the scientists who found its dead body, all that remained of the polar bear was “skin and bones”. An expert who has studied polar bears for many years said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died. Experts claimed that low sea-ice levels caused by climate change meant the bear could not hunt seals as before, so it had to travel greater distances in order to find food. This alarming case showed how the increase in temperature had an impact on Earth’s ecology. Then what is causing the increase in the global average surface temperature Climate scientists often mention a key climate process called the “greenhouse effect”, which has two common meanings: the “natural” greenhouse effect and the “man-made” greenhouse effect. The “natural” greenhouse effect refers to the fact that heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface as short-wave radiation. The heat is released back into space at longer wave lengths. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, trap some of the heat, keeping Earth’s climate warm and habitable. Without this process, Earth could not sustain life. However, the “man-made” greenhouse effect has now become a big problem. When people produce huge amounts of extra greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels, more heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere and causes Earth’s surface temperature to rise quickly. There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions, this warming trend will probably continue and there will be a higher price to pay. In fact, news reports are frequently broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves causing deaths and economic losses. Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. This requires the attention of people all over the world. Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. So what will you do to help 教材译文 气候变化需要全世界的关注 我们认识到气候变化已经有几十年时间了。毫无疑问, 地球正在变得越来越暖和(见图表)。海洋和大气的变暖, 冰川融化和海平面上升, 均证明全球气候发生了急剧变化。 2013年, 一张新闻照片震惊了世人, 照片上是在挪威北极地区的斯瓦尔巴群岛上发现的一只北极熊的尸体。发现该尸体的科学家说, 这只北极熊只剩“皮包骨头”了。一位研究北极熊多年的专家说, 从尸体所处的姿势来看, 这只熊似乎是饿死的。专家称, 气候变化导致海冰面降低, 这就意味着北极熊无法像以前那样捕食海豹, 所以为了能够找到食物, 它不得不长途跋涉。这一惊人的案例表明了气温升高是如何影响地球生态的。那么是什么导致了全球平均地表温度的上升呢？气候学家经常提到一个被称为“温室效应”的关键气候过程, 它有两个常见的含义：“天然”温室效应和“人造”温室效应。“天然”温室效应指的是来自太阳的热量进入大气层, 并以短波辐射的形式使地球表面变暖。热量再以更大的波长被释放回大气层。大气层中的温室气体如甲烷和二氧化碳困住了部分热量, 使地球气候温暖、适宜居住。如果没有这个过程, 地球就无法维持生命。但是, 现在“人造”温室效应变成了一个大问题。当人们由于燃烧化石燃料, 产生大量额外的温室气体时, 更多的热能被困在大气层中, 这导致地表温度迅速上升。 有充分且全面的证据表明, 气温上升导致世界范围内极端天气和自然灾害的增加, 不仅造成严重破坏, 还造成人员死亡。气候学家警告说, 如果我们再不采取适当的行动, 该变暖趋势可能会持续下去, 我们将付出更高的代价。事实上, 有关极端暴雨和热浪导致人员死亡和经济损失的消息常见于新闻报道。 持续的温室气体排放将导致全球气候进一步变暖, 造成持久性的全球气候变化。这需要全世界人民的关注。各国政府需要考虑制定政策, 采取适当的行动和措施, 以减少温室气体排放。作为个人, 我们也可以通过限制生活方式产生的二氧化碳量来减少我们的“碳足迹”。我们有责任抓住每一个机会, 教育每个人了解全球变暖及其原因和影响, 因为这是影响这个星球上所有人的最严重的问题。所以, 你会做些什么来帮忙呢？
Ⅱ. 词汇拓展
1. dramatic /dr 'm t k/adj.巨大的; 戏剧的→ drama /'drɑ m /n.戏; 剧; 戏剧艺术
2. global /'gl bl/adj.全球的; 全世界的 → globe /gl b/n.地球; 地球仪; 世界
3. starve /stɑ v/vi.&vt. (使)挨饿; 饿死→ starvation /stɑ 've n/n.挨饿; 饥饿; 饿死
4. habitable /'h b t bl/adj.适合居住的 → habitat /'h b t t/n. (动植物的) 生活环境; 栖息地 → habitant /'h b t nt/n.居民
5. sustain /s 'ste n/vt.维持; 遭受; 承受住→ sustainable /s 'ste n bl/adj.可持续的; 合理利用的
6. comprehensive /k mpr 'hens v/adj.全部的; 所有的; 详尽的→ comprehend /'k mpre’hend/v.理解; 领悟→ comprehension /'k mpr 'hen n/n.理解力; 领悟能力
7. frequently /'fri: kw ntli/adv.频繁地; 经常→ frequent /'fri: kw( )nt/adj.频繁的; 经常发生的→ frequency /'fri: kw nsi/n.发生率; 出现率; 重复率; 频繁
8. restrict /r 'str kt/vt.限制; 限定; 束缚→ restricted /r 'str kt d/adj.受限制的; 保密的 → restriction /r s’tr k n/n.限制规定; 限制法规; 约束
Ⅲ. 情境词块
1.along with 和……一起
2.not only…but also… 不仅……而且……
3.result in 导致
4.对……有影响 have an impact on…
5.参考; 查阅; 指的是 refer to
6.陷入……; 被困在…… be trapped in…
7.采取行动/措施 take action/measures
8.抓住机会 seize an opportunity
Ⅳ. 情境佳句
1.
句型公式 There is little/no doubt that…毫无疑问……
教材原句 There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer (see the graph). 毫无疑问, 地球正在变得越来越暖和(见图表)。
中文例句 毫无疑问, 如果我们不断尝试的话, 我们会成功的。
句式仿写 There is no doubt that we will succeed if we keep trying.
2.
句型公式 There is evidence that…有证据表明……
教材原句 There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. 有充分且全面的证据表明, 气温上升导致世界范围内极端天气和自然灾害的增加, 不仅造成严重破坏, 还造成人员死亡。
中文例句 有充分的证据表明, 吃太多甜食对牙齿不好。
句式仿写 There is strong evidence that eating too much dessert is bad for your teeth.
3.
句型公式 现在分词作结果状语
教材原句 Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, trap some of the heat, keeping Earth’s climate warm and habitable. 大气层中的温室气体如甲烷和二氧化碳困住了部分热量, 使地球气候温暖、适宜居住。
中文例句 2008年中国发生了一场可怕的地震, 造成了成千上万的人死亡。
句式仿写 A terrible earthquake happened in China in 2008, causing thousands of deaths .
文本互动·合作探究
Ⅰ. 文本理解
1.Reading for the main idea.
What’s the main idea of the text
A.It is high time that the world should focus on climate change.
B.Results caused by the rise in temperature.
C.How global warming has come about.
D.Measures to deal with global warming.
答案：A
Reading for the structure.
Fill in the following blanks with proper words.
Para. 1 The introduction of the topic A 1. dramatic change in the global climate
Para. 2 A news photo of a dead polar bear ●The reason for its death:2. starvation ●Global warming affected Earth’s ecology.
Para. 3 Causes of the increase in temperature ●The “natural” greenhouse effect: keeping Earth’s climate warm and 3. habitable ●The “man-made” greenhouse effect: producing huge amounts of 4. extra greenhouse gases
Para. 4 5. Results of the rise in temperature ●An increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide ●Serious damage, deaths and 6. economic losses
Para. 5 Measures to deal with global warming ●Governments need to make policies and take measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ●7. Individuals restrict the amount of carbon dioxide their lifestyles produce. ●Educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and 8. impacts .
Reading for the details.
1.What’s the function of the first paragraph of the text
A.To introduce the topic.
B.To show the evidence of climate change.
C.To tell us climate change has been known for decades.
D.To confirm that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.
答案：A
2.What do you know about the polar bear found on the island
A.Only bones of the dead body remained.
B.Its skin was seriously injured in a way.
C.It couldn’t adapt to the environment on Svalbard.
D.It died of the effect of climate change.
答案：D
3.How does the “natural” greenhouse effect work
①Greenhouse gases trap some heat.
②Heat is sent back into space.
③Earth’s surface becomes warm.
④The sun gives Earth heat through the atmosphere.
A.④→③→②→①B.①→③→②→④
C.②→①→④→③D.③→②→④→①
答案：A
4.Why does climate change require the world’s attention
A.The number of polar bears is smaller and smaller.
B.News reports are often broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves causing deaths and economic losses.
C.Governments can force people to reduce their “carbon footprint”.
D.It is affecting all of us on the planet and if it is left alone, we will pay an even higher price.
答案：D
Ⅱ. 难句突破
1.According to the scientists who found its dead body , all that remained of the polar bear was “skin and bones”.
【分析】本句是一个主从复合句。其中who found its dead body为who引导的定语从句, 修饰先行词 scientists ; that remained of the polar bear为that引导的定语从句, 修饰先行词 all , that不能用which 代替。
【译文】发现该尸体的科学家说, 这只北极熊只剩“皮包骨头”了。
2.There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives.
【分析】本句是一个主从复合句。There is strong and comprehensive evidence是主句, that引导的是同位语从句, 解释说明 evidence 的具体内容; not only…but also…连接两个并列的现在分词短语causing serious damage和costing human lives作结果状语。
【译文】有充分且全面的证据表明, 气温上升导致世界范围内极端天气和自然灾害的增加, 不仅造成严重破坏, 还造成人员死亡。
3.It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts , because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet .
【分析】本句是一个主从复合句。It为形式主语, to seize…是真正的主语; because引导原因状语从句, 其中affecting all of us on this planet为现在分词短语作后置定语 , 修饰issue。
【译文】我们有责任抓住每一个机会, 教育每个人了解全球变暖及其原因和影响, 因为这是影响这个星球上所有人的最严重的问题。
Ⅲ. 概要写作
Step 1 Question Answering
根据课文内容回答下列问题。
1.What does the photo of a dead polar bear suggest
The photo of a dead polar bear suggests that climate change caused by global warming influences Earth’s ecology.
2.What are the two kinds of “greenhouse effect”
The two kinds of “greenhouse effect” are the “natural” greenhouse effect and the “man-made” greenhouse effect.
3.Why is the “natural” greenhouse effect important and necessary
It makes it possible for Earth to sustain life.
4.What is the consequence of extra “man-made” greenhouse gas emissions
Extra “man-made” greenhouse gas emissions cause the rise in temperature.
5.What are the results of the rise in temperature
It results in an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide and causes serious damage, deaths and economic losses.
6.Does the issue require the attention of people all over the world
Yes, the issue requires the attention of people on the planet.
Step 2 Sentence Rewriting
1.用have an impact on改写第1句。
The photo of a dead polar bear suggests that climate change caused by global warming has an impact on Earth’s ecology.
2.用定语从句合并第2、3句
There are two kinds of “greenhouse effect”, including the “natural” greenhouse effect, which makes it possible for Earth to sustain life, and the “man-made” greenhouse effect.
3.用定语从句合并第4、5句。
Extra “man-made” greenhouse gas emissions cause the rise in temperature, which results in an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide and causes serious damage, deaths and economic losses.
4.用be worth+n.改写第6句。
This issue is well worth the attention of people on the planet.
Step 3 Summary Writing
1.将以上句子连成一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的文章概要。
The photo of a dead polar bear suggests that climate change caused by global warming has an impact on Earth’s ecology. There are two kinds of “greenhouse effect”, including the “natural” greenhouse effect, which makes it possible for Earth to sustain life, and the “man-made” greenhouse effect. However, extra “man-made” greenhouse gas emissions cause the rise in temperature, which in turn, results in an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide. This issue is well worth the attention of people on the planet.
新知清障·素养构建
核心词汇
1. starve vi.&vt.（使）挨饿; 饿死
An expert who has studied polar bears for many years said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died. 一位研究北极熊多年的专家说，从尸体所处的姿势来看，这只熊似乎是饿死的。（教材P26）
典例翻译
①Millions of people starved to death during the war.
战争期间, 数百万人都饿死了。
②The company is starved of funds due to the economic crisis.
这家公司由于经济危机缺乏资金。
③Tim starved for a laptop, but his parents asked him to earn money and buy one by himself.
蒂姆想要买一台笔记本电脑, 但他的父母让他自己赚钱买。
④Millions of people are threatened by starvation and diseases each year.
每年都有数以百万计的人受到饥饿和疾病的威胁。
归纳拓展
（1）饿死 starve to death
缺乏…… be starved of
渴望; 急需…… starve for
（2）n.饥饿; 饿死; 挨饿 starvation
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①He looks forward to the day when no one will die of starvation (starve).
②The department has been starved of resources.
（2）完成句子
③他们在沙漠中迷路后饿死了。
They got lost in the desert and starved to death .
2. refer to指的是; 谈及; 提到; 参考; 查阅
The “natural” greenhouse effect refers to the fact that heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface as short-wave radiation. “天然”温室效应指的是来自太阳的热量进入大气层, 并以短波辐射的形式使地球表面变暖。(教材P26)
典例翻译
①People who work in offices are frequently referred to as “white-collar workers”.
在办公室工作的人通常被称为“白领工作者”。
②Please refer to a dictionary to check the spelling.
请查一下字典看看拼写是否正确。
③My doctor referred me to a specialist.
我的医生让我去找一位专家诊治。
④He made a reference to the enormous power of the mass media. 他论及了大众传媒的巨大力量。
归纳拓展
（1）把……称为……; 认为……是…… refer to…as…
查字典 refer to a dictionary
让某人求助于……; 让某人向……查询 refer sb. to…
（2）n.提及; 涉及; 查阅; 参考; 推荐信 reference
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①The headmaster spoke at the meeting for nearly an hour without referring (refer) to his notes.
②Keep the list of numbers near the phone for easy reference (refer).
（2）单句写作
③英语被认为是一门世界通用的语言。
English is referred to as a universal language.
3. release vt.&n.排放; 释放; 发布
The heat is released back into space at longer wave lengths. 热量再以更大的波长被释放回太空。(教材P27)
典例翻译
①Firefighters took two hours to release the driver from the ruins.
消防员花了两个小时的时间将司机从废墟中救了出来。
②He is releasing an album of love songs.
他将发行一张情歌专辑。
③This is the latest release of the company.
这是这家公司最新发行的产品。
④Singing a song is a good way to release stress and emotions.
唱歌是释放压力和发泄情感的好方法。
归纳拓展
（1）将某人从某地释放出来 release…from…
发行唱片/电影 release an album/a movie
释放压力/发泄情感 release stress/emotions
（2）最新发行的产品 the latest release
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①All of a sudden, the woman burst into tears, releasing (release) her emotions.
②With 10,000 balloons released (release) into the air, the graduation ceremony began.
（2）单句写作
③他昨天获准出院了。
He was released from the hospital yesterday.
4. fuel n.燃料; 刺激性言行vt.&vi.给(交通工具)加油; vt.增加; 刺激When people produce huge amounts of extra greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels, more heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere and causes Earth’s surface temperature to rise quickly. 当人们由于燃烧化石燃料, 产生大量额外的温室气体时, 更多的热能被困在大气层中, 这导致地表温度迅速上升。(教材P27)
典例翻译
①They ran out of fuel.
他们用完了燃料。
②The boiler uses solid fuel.
这个锅炉烧固体燃料。
③His remarks simply added fuel to the fire/flames of her rage.
他的话只是给她的愤怒火上浇油。
④The helicopter was already fueled (up) and ready to go.
直升机已加好油, 准备起飞。
归纳拓展
（1）固体燃料 solid fuel
耗尽燃料 run out of fuel
火上浇油 add fuel to the fire/flames
（2）给(交通工具)加油 fuel (up)
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①The plane is fueled up before setting off.
②Higher salaries helped (to) fuel (fuel)inflation(通货膨胀).
（2）完成句子
③如果老板进来时很生气, 不要告诉他顾客的投诉, 这只会火上浇油。
If the boss is angry when he comes in, don’t tell him about the customers’ complaints, which will just add fuel to the fire/flames . (定语从句)
5. frequently adv.频繁地; 经常
In fact, news reports are frequently broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves causing deaths and economic losses. 事实上, 有关极端暴雨和热浪导致人员死亡和经济损失的消息常见于新闻报道。(教材P27)
典例翻译
①Our factory has frequent contacts with the neighboring villages.
我们厂和附近的村庄经常来往。
②He is a frequent visitor to this country.
他常常访问这个国家。
③We are concerned about the high frequency of racist attacks in the district.
我们对该地区种族袭击频发表示关注。
归纳拓展
（1）adj.频繁的; 经常发生的 frequent
常客 a frequent visitor
（2）n.发生率; 出现率; 重复率; 频率; 频繁 frequency
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①It is said that sandstorms will become more frequent (frequent) than before as a result of global warming.
②Objects like this turn up at sales with surprising frequency (frequent).
（2）完成句子
③无论演出频率如何, 贝多芬的作品总是能吸引很多人。
No matter how frequently performed , the works of Beethoven always attract a large number of people.
6. restrict vt.限制; 限定; 束缚
We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. 作为个人, 我们也可以通过限制生活方式产生的二氧化碳量来减少我们的“碳足迹”。(教材P27)
典例翻译
①We restrict the number of students per class to 20.
我们将每个班的学生人数限定为20。
②Having small children tends to restrict your freedom.
有年幼的孩子往往会限制你的自由。
③The recently released documents imposed/placed a restriction on tobacco.
最近公布的文件对烟草进行了限制。
④We can go into this place without restriction.
我们可以不受限制地进入这个地方。
归纳拓展
（1）把……限制在…… restrict…to…
限制某人的自由 restrict one’s freedom
（2）restriction n.限制规定; 限制法规; 约束
对某事加以限制; 限制…… impose/place a restriction on
不受限制 without restriction
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①The city government made a rule that fireworks should be restricted to public displays only.
②Don’t restrict yourself to making (make) friends-it will help increase your knowledge.
（2）单句写作
③许多学校对于学生的穿着有着非常严格的限制。
Many schools impose/place a strict restriction on students’ clothes.
7. responsibility n.责任; 职责; 义务
It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. 我们有责任抓住每一个机会, 教育每个人了解全球变暖及其原因和影响, 因为这是影响这个星球上所有人的最严重的问题。(教材P27)
典例翻译
①It is believed that helping parents do chores can foster children’s sense of responsibility.
人们认为帮助父母做家务可以培养孩子的责任感。
②In the 21st century, all nations must take their share of responsibility for the global safety.
在21世纪, 所有国家必须承担起全球安全的责任。
③It is their responsibility to ensure that the rules are enforced.
他们有责任确保制度的执行。
④Mike is responsible for designing the entire project.
迈克负责设计全部工程。
归纳拓展
（1）责任感 a sense of responsibility
对……负责 take responsibility for
It’s one’s responsibility to do sth. 某人有责任做某事
（2）responsible adj.有责任
对……负责 be responsible for…
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①You should take responsibility for your actions, whether they are intentional or not.
②While it is human nature to be curious, it is our responsibility to respect (respect) others’ privacy.
（2）单句写作
③你认为谁应该为这起车祸负责
Who do you suppose should take responsibility for/be responsible for the car accident
8. seize vt.抓住; 夺取; 控制
It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. 我们有责任抓住每一个机会, 教育每个人了解全球变暖及其原因和影响, 因为这是影响这个星球上所有人的最严重的问题。(教材P27)
典例翻译
①She tried to seize the gun from him.
她试图夺他的枪。
②We should seize the precious chance.
我们应该抓住这个宝贵的机会。
③He objected to violence and never wanted to seize power by means of the armed forces.
他反对暴力, 从不希望通过武装力量夺取政权。
④He seized her by the arm.
他抓住她的胳膊。
⑤He was seized by curiosity.
他好奇心顿起。
归纳拓展
从某人手中夺取某物 seize sth. from sb.
抓住机会 seize a chance/an opportunity
夺取政权 seize power
抓住某人的胳膊 seize sb. by the arm
被(某种情绪)侵袭/突然控制 be seized by
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①The man seized me by the arm and begged me to bring his son back to life.
②When she saw his face, she was seized by terror.
（2）完成句子
③我们渴望得到更好的教育, 这样我们就能抓住机会拥有一个更光明的未来。
We’re anxious to get a better education so that we can seize the chance to have a brighter future .
重点句型
1. There is little/no doubt that…毫无疑问……
There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer (see the graph). 毫无疑问, 地球正在变得越来越暖和(见图表)。(教材P26)
典例翻译
①There is little doubt that man has had an impact on Earth’s climate.
毫无疑问, 人类对地球上的气候造成了影响。
②There is some doubt whether their football team will win the match.
他们的足球队能否赢得这场比赛还不能确定。
③I doubt if/whether he will keep his word.
我不确定他是否会履行诺言。
④People don’t doubt that the virus can be wiped out.
人们确定这种病毒可以被消灭。
归纳拓展
（1）There is little/no doubt that…中doubt 是名词, that引导同位语从句, 说明doubt的具体内容。
（2）doubt作名词后接同位语从句时, 肯定句中用 whether 引导, 否定句和疑问句中常用 that 引导。
（3）doubt作动词后接宾语从句时, 表示“怀疑; 不确定”。当主句为肯定句时, 常用 if 或 whether 引导宾语从句; 当主句为否定句或疑问句时, 常用that引导宾语从句。
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①I don’t doubt that he can finish the task on time.
②Actually, the officer doubted if/whether his soldiers could refresh themselves in so short a time.
（2）完成句子
③毫无疑问, 这位候选人的优势在于他能够用英语与外国人交流。
There is no doubt that this candidate’s advantage lies in his ability to communicate with foreigners in English.
2. 含蓄虚拟语气
Without this process, Earth could not sustain life. 如果没有这个过程, 地球就无法维持生命。(教材P27)
典例翻译
①But for the help of my English teacher, I would not have won first prize in the English Writing Competition.
如果没有我的英语老师的帮助, 我就不会在英语写作竞赛中获得一等奖。
②We lost our way in that small village, otherwise/or we would have visited more places of interest yesterday.
我们在那个小村庄迷路了, 否则我们昨天会游览更多的景点。
③I would have rung her up but I lost her phone number.
我本打算给她打电话的, 但是我弄丢了她的电话号码。
④If it were to rain, the meeting would be put off.
如果下雨, 会议就会推迟。
⑤If they were here, they would help us.
如果他们在这里, 他们会帮助我们的。
归纳拓展
（1）很多情况下表示虚拟的假设并不用条件状语从句表示, 而是通过语境或 without, but for , otherwise, or , but 等表示。
（2）虚拟条件句中的虚拟：
从句 主句
对现在情况的虚拟 were/did would/could/might/should+do
对过去情况的虚拟 ① had done would/could/might/should+have done
对将来情况的虚拟 were to do② should do were/did would/could/might/should+do
学以致用
（1）完成句子
①没有他的支持, 我们就不会取得现在的成就。
Without his support , we wouldn’t be what we are now.
②要不是你的帮助和专业指导, 我们不可能做得这么好。
But for your help and professional guidance , we couldn’t have done so brilliantly.
（2）句型转换③I couldn’t have got rid of alcohol if you hadn’t helped me. (用含蓄虚拟语气改为简单句)
= I couldn’t have got rid of alcohol without/but for your help .
素养达标·迁移创新
Ⅰ. 语境填词
根据语境和汉语提示写出单词的正确形式。
1.The graph （图表） shows how house prices have risen since the 1980s.
2.What the experts expect is that 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions （排放）.
3.With spring around the corner, snow is beginning to melt （融化）.
4.The way coffee is grown affects the global ecology （生态）.
5.The Rough Guide to Nepal is a comprehensive （全面的） guide to the region.
6.China Today attracts a worldwide （世界各地的） readership and absorbs much attention.
7.There is a growing trend （趋势） towards earlier retirement.
8.The concert will be broadcast （播放） live tomorrow evening.
9.The policy （政策） has greatly stimulated work enthusiasm.
10.We all need to look for ways to reduce our carbon footprint （(足迹）.
Ⅱ. 语境选词
根据语境用方框内短语的正确形式填空。
along with; have an impact on; refer to; be trapped in; deal with; take responsibility for; result in; take measures; not only…but also…; be shocked by
1.We can find that artificial intelligence has already had an impact on our lives in many ways.
2.The report on educational reform deals with many problems that parents are concerned about.
3.The public was/were shocked by the news that the virus could survive for a long time at low temperatures.
4.She lost her job during that economic crisis, along with her younger sister.
5.The girl never referred to anything unpleasant to her mother when they were talking.
6.At midnight we finally rescued the specialists who were trapped in the valley.
7.The government has promised to take measures to help the unemployed.
8.Many companies closed down in Ireland, resulting in a huge number of job losses.
9.After careful surveys, the police concluded that the bus driver should take responsibility for the accident.
10.She was not only intelligent but also very musical.
Ⅲ. 课文语法填空
In recent years, climate change has had a great impact 1. animals. In 2013, the whole world 2. (shock) by a news photo of a dead polar bear on Norway’s Arctic island of Svalbard. Due to the rise in temperature, the polar bear seemed 3. (die) from lack of food. According to climate scientists, a key climate process, 4. is called the “greenhouse effect”, includes the “natural” greenhouse effect and the “man-made” greenhouse effect. The former refers to the fact that heat from the sun 5. (enter) the atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some of the heat, 6. (keep)Earth’s climate warm and habitable. However, the latter has become 7. big problem. When people burn fossil fuels, more heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere and causes Earth’s surface temperature to rise 8. (quick).
The evidence shows that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural 9. (disaster) worldwide. Climate scientists warn that this warming trend will become 10. (bad) if we do not take appropriate measures. The severe situation requires people all over the world to pay more attention to it, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet.
1. on 2. was shocked 3. to have died 4. which 5. enters
6. keeping 7. a 8. quickly 9. disasters 10. worse
23Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
（直接引语和间接引语）
情境创设·语法精讲
教材链接
（1）（教材P29） The expert said, “From the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died.”
→The expert said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died.
（2）（教材P29） The reporter asked, “Will polar bears die out because of climate change ”
→The reporter asked whether polar bears would die out because of climate change.
（3）（教材P29） The reporter asked, “How can we save polar bears from extinction ”
→The reporter asked how we could save polar bears from extinction.
（4）（教材P29） “Let’s work together to stop climate change,” the expert said.
→The expert advised us to work together to stop climate change.
观察上面句子，每小题中的两个句子中，第一句是直接引语；第二句是间接引语。
要点精析
Ⅰ. 基本概念
直接引用别人的原话，并把它放在引号内, 这叫直接引语；用自己的话来转述别人说的话，并且不能用引号，这叫间接引语。直接引语和间接引语之间可以相互转换。
Ⅱ. 直接引语转换成间接引语时，需要注意以下变化。
1.句子结构的变化
（1）直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时由that引导宾语从句，that也可以省略。
He said, “My father never talks much about the war.”
→He said that his father never talked much about the war.
She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.”
→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
（2）直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句，变为间接引语时由if或whether引导宾语从句。大多数情况下if和whether可以互换，但后面有or （not）时，一般只用whether。
He asked me, “Do you like playing football ”
→He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.
He asked, “Do you speak English or French？”
→He asked me whether I spoke English or French.
“You have finished the homework, haven’t you ” my mother asked.
→My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework （or not）.
（3）直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时由相应的特殊疑问词引导宾语从句，从句用陈述句语序。
He asked me, “What do you want to eat tonight ”
→He asked me what I wanted to eat that night.
（4）直接引语是祈使句, 变为间接引语时用ask/tell/order sb. （not） to do sth. 句式。“Don’t make any noise,” she said to the children.
→She told/ordered the children not to make any noise.
“Make good use of your time,” he said.
→He told me to make good use of my time.
2. 人称的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，人称的变化遵循以下原则。
（1）一随主：直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间接引语时要和主句的主语人称保持一致。
She said, “I won’t be frustrated.”
→She said that she wouldn’t be frustrated.
They said, “We’ll go there by bus.”
→They said they would go there by bus.
（2）二随宾：直接引语的主语是第二人称，变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语人称保持一致。如果主句没有宾语，也可用第一人称。
He said to Lily, “You must make good use of the chance.”
→He told Lily that she must make good use of the chance.
He said, “You must be careful when you cross the road.”
→He said that I must be careful when I crossed the road.
（3）第三人称不更新：如果直接引语的主语是第三人称，人称不变。
The boss said, “Tom should attend the meeting.”
→The boss said that Tom should attend the meeting.
His mother said to me, “He can’t go to school.”
→His mother said to me that he couldn’t go to school.
3. 时态的变化
（1）直接引语变间接引语时, 如果主句是过去的某种时态, 间接引语在时态方面要作相应的变动, 具体如下表：
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
一般过去时 过去完成时
一般将来时 过去将来时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
过去进行时 过去进行时（不变）
过去完成时 过去完成时（不变）
The girl said, “I’m sorry for being late for class.”→The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.
He said, “I’m writing a letter to send my greetings to Uncle John.”
→He said that he was writing a letter to send his greetings to Uncle John.
She said, “I have lost the pen my father bought.”
→She said that she had lost the pen her father bought.
He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”
→He said that he had finished his homework before supper.
（2）直接引语是客观事实或真理，变成间接引语时，从句时态不变。
The teacher said, “Light travels faster than sound.”
→The teacher said that light travels faster than sound.
（3）直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句是一般现在时或一般将来时，则从句的时态不变。
He says, “I am not good at English.”
→He says that he is not good at English.
She will say, “I will do it tomorrow.”
→She will say that she will do it the next day.
（4）直接引语是一般过去时，且有明确的表示过去的时间状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
My father said to me, “The house was completely transformed in 2017.”
→My father told me that the house was completely transformed in 2017.
4. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this that
时间状语 these those
now then
today that day
toninght that night
this week/morning that week/morning
yesterday the day before
last week the week before
next week the nesxt/following week
tomorrow the next day/the following day
ago before
地点状语 here there
动词 come go
bring take
She said, “I’ll come this evening.”
→She said that she would go that evening. He said, “It’s ten o’clock now.”→He said that it was ten o’clock then.
He said, “It happened yesterday.”
→He said that it happened the day before.
He asked me, “Will you come to visit me ”
→He asked me whether I would go to visit him.
实战演练
Ⅰ. 将下列直接引语变为间接引语
1.“I am having breakfast,” he said.
→ He said that he was having breakfast.
2.Jenny said, “I have finished my homework.”
→ J enny said that she had finished her homework.
3.“You can come here before eight,” he said.
→ He said that I could go there before eight.
4.“Did you read the book last week ” he said.
→ He asked if/whether I had read the book the week before.
5.He asked me, “How will you get to the party ”
→ He asked me how I would get to the party.
6.“Please open the window,” the teacher said to Li Ming.
→ The teacher asked Li Ming to open the window.
7.Sophie said, “Facts speak louder than words.”
→ Sophie said that facts speak louder than words.
8.She said to me, “They want to decrease the amount of fat they eat.”
→ She told me that they wanted to decrease the amount of fat they ate.
9.“You are a doctor, aren’t you ” he said.
→ He asked (me) whether I was a doctor (or not).
10.He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.”
→ He told the boys not to make that much noise.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1.“I haven’t seen my English teacher these days,” said Mary.
→Mary said that she hadn’t seen her English teacher those days.
2.“How much have we spent on education this year ” she asked her husband.
→She asked her husband how much they had spent on education that year.
3.“Do you know where she lives ” he asked.
→He asked whether/if I knew where she lived .
4.“Don’t forget to turn off the light,” said our monitor.
→Our monitor told me not to forget to turn off the light.
5.“I’ll come and see you again this evening, Tom,” he said.
→He told Tom that he would go and see him again that evening.
6.The teacher said, “Where there is a will, there is a way.”→The teacher said that where there is a will, there is a way.
7.Mary said, “I came to this place again in 2000.”
→Mary said that she went to that place again in 2000.
8.He said, “My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.”
→He said that his washing machine was being repaired that week, so he had to wash his clothes by hand.
9.Kurt asked, “John, what is your plan for personal growth ”
→Kurt asked John what his plan for personal growth was .
10.“A parents’ meeting will be held in our class next week,” Li Hua said to his parents.
→Li Hua told his parents that a parents’ meeting would be held in their class the following/next week.
Ⅲ. 语法填空
1.Polar bears are undergoing hunger in a world 1. warmer (warm) than ever before.
Polar bears live in the environment too cold for most animals. For most of the year, they live and hunt on Arctic sea ice. Nature has prepared 2. them (they) for the cold conditions. But nothing has prepared the bears for the danger 3. that/which threatens their only home.
Polar bears’ world is melting. Studies show that polar ice 4. has been reduced (reduce) by 9.8% every 10 years since 1978. Now about 20,000 to 25,000 polar bears live in the Arctic. Polar bears depend 5. on/upon sea ice for their 6. survival (survive). “Sea ice is more than just the platform that the bears walk over,” says Andrew Derocher, 7. a scientist who studies North American polar bear populations. “Without it, they can’t exist.”
8. Melting (melt) and refreezing of polar ice is natural. But in a warmer world, the cycle speeds up, and polar bears have less time 9. to hunt (hunt). Normally, they have three months in the spring when they gain more weight. The extra fat will be used when the bears are not 10. actively (active) hunting.
6Section Ⅲ Using Language
自主学习·激发潜能
Ⅰ. 词汇拓展
1. restore /ri’st : (r)/vt.恢复; 使复原; 修复→ restoration /rest 'rei n/n.恢复; 整修; 修复
2. conservation /k ns :'vei n/n.对(环境、文物等)保护; 保持→ conserve /k n’s : v/vt.保存
3. regulation /regju’lei n/n.章程; 规章制度→ regulate /'regjuleit/v.调节; 控制
4. disposal /di’sp uzl/n.去掉; 清除; 处理→ dispose /dis’p uz/vt.排列; 布置; 安排; 使倾向于
5. inspection /in’spek n/n.检查; 查看; 视察→ inspect /in’spekt/vt.检查; 视察 → inspector /in’spekt (r)/n.检查员; 巡视员
6. tolerate /'t l reit/vt.忍受; 包容; 容许→ tolerant /'t l r nt/adj.宽容的; 容忍的 → tolerance /'t l r ns/n.宽容; 容忍
Ⅱ. 情境词块
1.contribute to 是……的原因之一; 做出贡献; 捐献
2.on board 在船(火车、飞机)上
3.end up 以……结束
4.dozens of 许多; 很多
5.set up 建立
6.carry out 实施
7.in effect 实际上; 有效; 在实施中
8.对……有影响 have an effect on
9.对……负责 be responsible for
10.去掉; 消除; 解决; 处理 dispose of
Ⅲ. 情境佳句
1.
句型公式 “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句
教材原句 Previously, water quality in the Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume of tourists, many of whom frequently threw garbage into the river. 之前, 漓江的水质因游客数量的增长遭到了严重破坏, 很多游客频繁将垃圾扔入江中。
中文例句 他写了很多小说, 没有一本是受欢迎的。
句式仿写 He wrote a lot of novels, none of which were/was popular .
2.
句型公式 with复合句
教材原句 Water pollution levels increased, with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river. 更多的生活和商业垃圾最终流入江中, 加重了水污染的程度。
中文例句 冬天快到了, 该买一些保暖的衣服了。
句式仿写 With winter coming , it’s time to buy some warm clothes.
3.
句型公式 It is believed that…人们认为……
教材原句 With these measures, it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come. 有了这些措施, 相信漓江之美将得到保护并世代相传。
中文例句 人们认为那对夫妇已经离开了这个国家。
句式仿写 It is believed that the couple have left the country.
激发思维·全程指导
背景导学
本栏目的活动主题是针对环境问题写一篇报告, 是依据 “Listening and Speaking”的交际功能, 使语言的“听、说、读、写”能力进一步得到落实。随着社会的发展, 如何保护环境成为摆在我们人类面前的重要议题。本单元的写作就与此有关, 要求学生能够就此问题写一篇报告, 发表自己的看法。
文本改写
教材原文 REDUCING WATER POLLUTION IN THE LI RIVER The beautiful Li River and its amazing surrounding scenery is one of the most well-known tourist destinations in China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It attracts millions of domestic and foreign visitors each year. However, its reputation as a top destination has had negative effects on the river’s water quality. This report looks at the problem of water pollution and some actions that have been taken to deal with it. Previously, water quality in the Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume of tourists, many of whom frequently threw garbage into the river. Many tour boats contributed to the problem too. Kitchens on board were using lots of oil, which was often thrown into the water. The growth in tourism also meant the local population rose rapidly, as well as the number of commercial and industrial enterprises. Water pollution levels increased, with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river. In order to feed more people, more chemicals were used to increase crop production. These chemicals led to severe water quality issues, causing a decrease in the number of fish species. Local officials were concerned that the pollution was damaging the natural environment and felt that urgent steps should be taken to restore the river’s original beauty. A comprehensive initiative was started, with a number of measures that addressed the issues. The construction of waste water treatment facilities improved the water quality and water conservation. The collection and transport of household waste was also improved. Dozens of polluting enterprises were closed or moved. The local government set up strict regulations regarding further industrial development. New rules were also introduced regarding tour boat routes and garbage disposal methods. Furthermore, the local authorities began to use the media to spread environmental awareness and encourage greater use of clean energy. At the same time, they started to carry out inspectionsregularly and fine tourist organisations for abuses. With these measures, it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come. In addition, the ambitious “Water Ten Plan” is also now tackling water pollution across the country. Other initiatives, such as the “River Chief System”, hold senior officials responsible for reducing water pollution. With such campaigns in effect, China’s waterways are heading towards a clean and sustainable future. 教材译文 减少漓江水污染 漓江风光如画, 周边风景秀丽迷人, 是中国广西壮族自治区最著名的旅游目的地之一。它每年吸引着数百万国内外游客。不过, 它作为顶级旅游目的地的名声反而给漓江水质带来了负面影响。本报道就着眼于水污染问题以及已采取的一些应对措施。 之前, 漓江的水质因游客数量的增长遭到了严重破坏, 很多游客频繁将垃圾扔入江中。众多的游船也是造成这一问题的原因之一。船上的厨房大量用油, 并且这些油经常被倾倒进水里。旅游业的增长也意味着当地人口以及工商企业数量迅速增加。更多的生活和商业垃圾最终流入江中, 加重了水污染的程度。为提高农作物产量, 养活更多的人, 人们使用了更多的化学物质。这些化学物质造成了严重的水质问题, 导致鱼的种类减少。当地官员担心污染对自然环境的破坏, 认为应采取紧急措施以恢复漓江昔日的美丽。 一个全面的治理方案启动, 多措并举, 以解决这些问题。废水处理设施的建立不仅改善了水质, 促进了水资源保护, 也改善了生活垃圾的收集和运输。许多污染企业被关闭或迁走。当地政府制定了有关工业进一步发展的严格规定, 同时也出台了关于游船路线和垃圾处理方法的新规定。此外, 地方当局开始利用媒体传播环保意识, 鼓励人们更多地使用清洁能源。与此同时, 他们开始定期进行检查, 并对旅游机构的违规行为处以罚款。有了这些措施, 相信漓江之美将得到保护并世代相传。 此外, 雄心勃勃的“水十条计划”也正在全国范围解决水污染问题。例如“河长制”等其他方案要求高级官员承担起减少水污染的职责。随着这些运动的开展, 中国的水路正朝着洁净、可持续发展的未来迈进。
请将这篇文章改写成一篇80词左右的关于漓江环境问题的报告。
【审题谋篇】
【词汇储备】
1.堆积 pile up
2.将……倒入…… pour…into…
3.连续不断地 continuously
4.采取措施 take measures
5.严格的规章制度 strict regulations
6.关于 regarding
7.建立 set up
8.环保意识 environmental awareness
9.传播 spread
10.实施 in effect
【句型运用】
1.过去, 随着工业和旅游业的发展, 漓江水污染十分严重。
In the past, with the development of industry and tourism, water pollution in the Li River was very serious.
2.垃圾堆积如山, 废水不断倒入河中。
Garbage piled up and waste water was poured continuously into the river.
3.这破坏了自然环境, 导致鱼的种类减少。
This damaged the natural environment and caused a decrease in the number of fish species.
4.政府意识到应该采取一些措施来解决这个问题。 The government realized that it should take some measures to deal with this problem.
5.制定了严格的工业发展法规, 并且通过媒体传播和提高了环保意识。
Strict regulations regarding industrial development were set up and environmental awareness was spread and raised via the media.
6.随着这些措施的实施, 人们相信漓江之美将得到保护并世代相传。
With these measures in effect, people believe that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come.
【句式升级】
1.将第2句和第3句合并为一个句子。(现在分词短语作状语)
Garbage piled up and waste water was poured continuously into the river, damaging the natural environment and causing a decrease in the number of fish species.
2.用It is high time that…升级第4句。
The government realized that it was high time that it should take some measures to deal with this problem.
3.用倒装句升级第5句。(not only…but also…)
Not only were strict regulations regarding industrial development set up but also environmental awareness was spread and raised via the media.
4.用主语从句升级第6句。(It is believed that…)
With these measures in effect, it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come.
【串句成文】
1.将以上句子连成一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的短文。
In the past, with the development of industry and tourism, water pollution in the Li River was very serious.
Garbage piled up and waste water was poured continuously into the river, damaging the natural environment and causing a decrease in the number of fish species. Then, the government realized that it was high time that it should take some measures to deal with this problem. Not only were strict regulations regarding industrial development set up but also environmental awareness was spread and raised via the media.
With these measures in effect, it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come.
实战演练
1.假如你是高中生李华, 你校的英文报正在进行以“Protecting the Environment” 为主题的征文活动, 请你写一篇文章投稿, 内容要点如下：
1. 目前存在的环境问题;
2. 措施或建议;
3. 对未来的希冀。
注意：1. 词数80左右;
2. 可适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯。
解析：写作指导
体裁、话题 有关“保护环境”的提纲类作文
时态 一般现在时、一般将来时
人称 第一人称、第三人称
要点 1. 目前的环境情况; 2. 描述身边的环境问题并提出建议; 3. 表达自己对未来的希冀。
答案：高分范文
With the development of industry and agriculture, environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world.
Vast forests have been cut down and waste water has been poured continuously into rivers. Furthermore, the whole ecological balance of nature is changing. The environmental destruction has negative effects on man’s existence. It’s high time that we should take action to cope with environmental problems. For instance, the industrial enterprises should comply with the regulations regarding industrial development. Besides, public awareness of environmental protection should be spread via the media.
We hope that these measures will be effective and bring us a better future.
高级短语及句式
1. cut down 砍倒
2. ecological balance 生态平衡
3. have negative effects on…对……产生消极影响
4. take action 采取行动
5. cope with 处理; 应对
6. for instance 例如
7. comply with 遵守
8. It’s high time that we should take action to cope with environmental problems. 现在是我们采取行动处理环境问题的时候了。(虚拟语气)
新知清障·素养构建
核心词汇
1. contribute to 是……的原因之一; 对……做出贡献; 对……捐赠; 为……撰稿
Many tour boats contributed to the problem too. 众多的游船也是造成这一问题的原因之一。(教材P32)
典例翻译
①Smoking contributed to his early death.
吸烟是他早逝的原因之一。
②This book contributes little to our understanding of the subject.
此书对我们了解这门学科助益甚少。
③We contributed＄5,000 to the earthquake fund.
我们向地震基金捐赠了5,000美元。
④She contributed a number of articles to the magazine.
她给这家杂志撰写了一些稿件。
⑤Qian Xuesen has made an outstanding contribution to the development of China’s space industry.
钱学森为中国航天事业的发展做出了杰出的贡献。
归纳拓展
（1）contribute to 中to 为介词 , 后面要跟名词或动名词。表示“导致, 引起”的其他表达还有lead to, result in, bring about等。
（2）把……捐献给……; 给……撰稿 contribute... to...
（3）contribution n. 贡献; 捐赠; 稿件
为……做贡献 make a contribution to.../make contributions to...
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①The specialist holds the view that good calligraphy works not only give us great enjoyment, but also contribute to reducing (reduce) our stress.
②（2020课标全国Ⅰ）Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing (contribute) to fewer injuries.
（2）完成句子
③他对这个项目的成功贡献良多。
He made a very positive contribution to the success of the project.
2. inspection n.检查; 查看; 视察
At the same time, they started to carry out inspections regularly and fine tourist organisations for abuses. 与此同时, 他们开始定期进行检查, 并对旅游机构的违规行为处以罚款。(教材P33)
典例翻译
①Engineers carried out a thorough inspection of the water pump.
工程师对水泵进行了彻底检查。
②Make sure you inspect the goods before signing for them.
要确保在签收货物之前进行检验。
③The inspector was interested in everything related to the school.
视察员对有关这所学校的一切都感兴趣。
归纳拓展
（1）vt. 检查; 视察 inspect
（2）n. 检查员; 巡视员 inspector
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①The head went on a tour of inspection (inspect) of all the classrooms.
②The escalators in the supermarket are inspected (inspect) on a regular basis.
（2）完成句子
③仔细检查发现发动机有几处故障。
A close inspection revealed several faults with the engine.
3. fine vt. 对……处以罚款n. 罚金; 罚款
At the same time, they started to carry out inspections regularly and fine tourist organisations for abuses. 与此同时, 他们开始定期进行检查, 并对旅游机构的违规行为处以罚款。(教材P33)
典例翻译
①She was fined fifty dollars for speeding.
她因超速被罚款50美元。
②You will need to pay a fine of at least 100 yuan if you park your car in the wrong place.
如果你停车停错了地方, 就需要支付至少一百元的罚款。
归纳拓展
（1）因(做)某事对某人处以罚款 fine sb. for (doing) sth.
（2）交罚款 pay a fine
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①The policy requires that companies that can’t dispose of garbage properly (should) be fined (fine).
②In March, the court fined a merchant ＄7.5 million for selling fake bags.
（2）单句写作
③我因为闯红灯被罚了100美元。
I was fined ＄100 for running the red light.
4. in effect 实际上; 有效; 在实施中
With such campaigns in effect, China’s waterways are heading towards a clean and sustainable future. 随着这些运动的开展, 中国的水路正朝着洁净、可持续发展的未来迈进。(教材P33)
典例翻译
①The two systems may seem different, but in effect, they are almost identical.
这两种系统可能看起来有所差别, 但实际上, 它们几乎完全一样。
②The recommendations will soon be put into effect.
这些建议即将付诸实施。
③New controls come into effect next month.
下月开始实施新的管制措施。
④Modern farming methods can have a negative effect on the environment. 现代农业耕作方法可能对环境造成负面影响。
⑤Many anti-cancer drugs now in use have toxic side effects.
目前使用的许多抗癌药都有毒性副作用。
归纳拓展
（1）使生效; 实行; 实施 bring/put sth. into effect
（2）生效; 开始实施 come into effect
（3）对……有影响 have an effect on...
（4）副作用 side effect
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①The ceasefire came into effect throughout the country at midnight.
②These laws are in effect in twenty states.
（2）单句写作
③新的法律法规在很多方面影响着人们的生活。
The new laws and regulations have an effect on people’s life in many ways.
5. tolerate vt.忍受; 包容; 容许
The villagers could no longer tolerate the situation. 村民们再也无法忍受这种情况了。(教材P34)
典例翻译
①We cannot tolerate the unreasonable request of some European countries.
我们不能容忍一些欧洲国家的无理要求。
②He can’t tolerate being laughed at in public.
他忍受不了在公共场合被取笑。
③They need to be tolerant of/towards different points of view.
他们需要容忍不同的观点。
④I’m very grateful for his tolerance of me.
我非常感激他对我的包容。
归纳拓展
（1）忍受(做)某事 tolerate (doing) sth.
（2）tolerant adj.容忍的; 宽容的
对……宽容 be tolerant of/towards...
（3）n.容忍; 忍受; 宽容 tolerance
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①People are becoming less tolerant of/towards smoking in public places these days.
②My father seldom showed much tolerance (tolerate) towards us children.
（2）单句写作
③老师不容许在课堂上吃东西。
The teacher cannot tolerate eating in class.
重点句型
1. with的复合结构
Water pollution levels increased, with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river. 更多的生活和商业垃圾最终流入江中, 加重了水污染的程度。(教材P32)
典例翻译
①We lay in bed with the window open, chewing gum.
我们开着窗躺在床上, 嚼着口香糖。
②She went out to buy vinegar, with the television on.
她出去买醋了, 电视还开着。
③The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand.
老师走进了教室, 手里拿着一本书。
④With the exam approaching, it is a good idea to review your class notes.
随着考试的临近, 复习你的课堂笔记是个很好的主意。
⑤With all the things she needed to bought, she went home happily.
所有需要的东西都买了, 她高高兴兴地回了家。
⑥With a lot of work to do, I can’t go to the concert with you tonight.
因为有很多工作要做, 今天晚上我不能和你去音乐会了。
归纳拓展
（1）with的复合结构由“with+宾语+宾语补足语”构成, 在句中常作状语或定语, 表示原因、方式、时间、条件或伴随等。
（2）其主要的构成形式有：with+名词/代词+形容词; with+名词/代词+ 副词 ; with+名词/代词+ 介词短语 ; with+名词/代词+ 非谓语动词。
（3）在“with+名词/代词+非谓语动词”结构中, 用动词不定式表示将来发生的动作, 用现在分词表示与宾语在逻辑上是主动关系; 用过去分词表示与宾语在逻辑上是被动关系。
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①China’s image is improving steadily, with more countries recognizing (recognize) its role in international affairs.
②With his bike stolen (steal), he had to walk home.
（2）完成句子
③由于地面是湿的, 我不得不待在外面。
With the floor wet , I had to stay outside.
④没有人可以依靠, 我怕我会经历一段艰难的时光。
With no one to rely on , I am afraid I will undergo a tough time.
2. 现在分词(短语)作结果状语
These chemicals led to severe water quality issues, causing a decrease in the number of fish species. 这些化学物质造成了严重的水质问题, 导致鱼的种类减少。(教材P32)
典例翻译
①The forest fire lasted nearly a month, leaving many animals homeless.森林大火持续了近一个月, 导致很多动物无家可归。
②We hurried to the cinema, only to be told the tickets had been sold out.
我们匆忙赶到电影院, 却被告知票已经卖完了。
归纳拓展
（1）现在分词(短语) 作结果状语, 表示意料之中的、自然而然的结果。表示结果的现在分词(短语)通常放在句子末尾, 并用逗号与前面的部分隔开。
（2）动词不定式(短语) 作结果状语, 表示意料之外的结果, 常与only搭配使用。
学以致用
（1）单句填空
①Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, turning (turn) the old town into a dreamland.
②Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find (find) his plane high up in the sky.
（2）完成句子
③欧洲有80多个国家踢足球, 这使得它成为世界上一项受欢迎的运动。Football is played in more than 80 countries in Europe, making it a popular game in the world .
素养达标·迁移创新
Ⅰ. 语境填词
根据语境和汉语提示写出单词的正确形式。
1.How do you measure the volume （体积） of a gas
2.His parents always had him weed the garden, carry out the garbage （垃圾） and deliver newspapers.
3.Education has become a global enterprise （事业）.
4.The measures are intended to restore （恢复） public confidence in the economy.
5.Under the new regulations （规章制度） spending on office equipment will be strictly controlled.
6.The safe disposal （处置） of nuclear waste is a major problem, which arouses many countries’ concern.
7.The campaign （运动） was launched to appeal to more people to decrease the use of fossil fuels.
8.The team has come up with a comprehensive plan to protect the major waterways （水路）.
9.The next item on the agenda （议程表） is the publicity budget.
10.She is an environmentalist and has contributed a lot to the local environmental conservation （保护）.
Ⅱ. 语境选词
根据语境用方框内短语的正确形式填空。
contribute to; dozens of; in effect; end up; dispose of; carry out; have an effect on; on board; set up; make use of
1.Doing garbage classification in a right way can help dispose of waste, contributing to environmental protection.
2.Apart from water power and solar power, people found they also could make use of wind power to create another kind of clean energy.
3.Beside me were dozens of red roses and a box of candy.
4.As for me, I agree with the opinion that learning should not end up with graduation.
5.The old tax regulations will remain in effect until next June.
6.A small plane crashed into a hillside, killing three passengers on board , including a surgeon.
7.The arts contribute to cultural development when people gather together to share their experience.
8.A new middle school has been set up in the village.
9.They will carry out this experiment, regardless of what happens.
10.A study reported last fall suggests that having a pet dog not only raises your spirits but also has an effect on your eating habits.
Ⅲ. 课文语法填空
The beautiful Li River is one of the 1. （famous） tourist destinations, but the 2. （grow） in tourism has had negative effects on the river’s water quality. This report looks at the problem of water pollution and some actions that have been taken to deal with it.
Water quality in the Li River had suffered 3. （great） from an increasing volume of tourists, many of 4. frequently threw garbage into the river. Many tour boats contributed 5. the problem too. The local population rose rapidly, as well as 6. number of commercial and industrial enterprises. Water pollution levels increased, with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river. To feed more people, more chemicals 7. （use） to increase crop production. These chemicals led to severe water quality issues, 8. （cause） a decrease in the number of fish species.
Finally, a series of urgent steps were taken 9. （restore） the river’s original beauty. It 10. （believe） that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come.
1. most famous 2. growth 3. greatly 4. whom 5. to
6. the 7. were used 8. causing 9. to restore 10. is believed
16Section Ⅳ Expanding Your World
单元回顾·总结提升
Ⅰ. 单词分层默写
1.单词拼写
① emission n. 排放物; 散发物; 排放
② melt vi.& vt. (使)融化; 熔化; 软化
③ ecology n. 生态; 生态学
④ release vt.&n. 排放; 释放; 发布
⑤ fuel n. 燃料; 刺激性言行
⑥ worldwide adv. 遍及全球地adj. 世界各地的; 影响全世界的
⑦ trend n. 趋势; 趋向; 动向
⑧ broadcast vt. &vi. 播送; 广播; 传播n. 广播节目; 电视节目
⑨ policy n. 政策; 方针; 原则
⑩ seize vt. 抓住; 夺取; 控制
reform vi. &vt. 改革; (使)改正; 改造n. 改革; 变革; 改良
underg vt. 经历; 经受(变化、不快等)
implement vt. 使生效; 贯彻; 执行
moderate adj. 适度的; 中等的; 温和的vi. & vt. 缓和; 使适中
tropical adj. 热带的; 来自热带的
chaos n. 混乱; 杂乱; 紊乱
garbage n. 垃圾; 废物
fine vt. 对……处以罚款
campaign n. 运动; 战役vi. &vt. 参加运动; 领导运动
agenda n. 议程表; 议事日程
2.拓展单词
① starve vi. &vt. (使)挨饿; 饿死→ starvation n. 挨饿; 饥饿; 饿死
② habitable adj.适合居住的→ habitat n. (动植物的) 生活环境; 栖息地→ habitant n. 居民
③ sustain vt. 维持; 遭受; 承受住→ sustainable adj. 可持续的; 合理利用的
④ comprehensive adj.全部的; 所有的; 详尽的→ comprehend v.理解; 领悟→ comprehension n. 理解力; 领悟能力
⑤ frequently adv. 频繁地; 经常→ frequent adj. 频繁的; 经常发生的→ frequency n. 发生率; 出现率; 重复率; 频繁
⑥ restrict vt.限制; 限定; 束缚→ restricted adj. 受限制的; 保密的→ restriction n. 限制规定; 限制法规; 约束
⑦ harmonious adj. 和谐的→ harmony n. 和谐; 协调; 融洽
⑧ submit vt. &vi. 提交; 呈递; 屈服→ submission n. 屈服; 服从; 提交; 呈递
⑨ annual adj.每年的; 一年的n. 年刊; 年鉴→ annually adv. 一年一次地
⑩ sensitive adj.敏感的; 善解人意的; 灵敏的→ sense n. 感觉; 理解力; 判断力v.感觉到→ sensible adj.明智的; 意识到; 理智的
originate vi.&vt. 起源; 发源; 创立→ origin n. 起源→ original adj. 原来的; 最早的; 起初的
restore vt. 恢复; 使复原; 修复→ restoration n. 恢复; 整修; 修复
conservation n. 对(环境、文物等)保护; 保持→ conserve vt. 保存
regulation n. 章程; 规章制度→ regulate v. 调节; 控制
disposal n. 去掉; 清除; 处理→ dispose vt. 排列; 布置; 安排; 使倾向于
inspection n. 检查; 查看; 视察→ inspect vt. 检查; 视察→ inspector n. 检查员; 巡视员
tolerate vt. 忍受; 包容; 容许→ tolerant adj. 宽容的; 容忍的→ tolerance n. 宽容; 容忍
Ⅱ. 短语搭配翻译
1.along with 和……一起
2.result in 导致
3.on board 在船(火车、飞机)上
4.end up 以……结束
5.contribute to 是……的原因之一; 做出贡献; 捐献
6.dozens of 许多; 很多
7.in effect 实际上; 有效; 在实施中
8.make use of 利用
9.carry out 实施
10.set up 建立
11.be shocked by 对……感到震惊
12.寻找 in search of
13.消失; 灭绝; 绝迹 die out
14.对……有影响 have an impact on…
15.参考; 查阅; 指的是 refer to
16.采取行动/措施 take action/measures
17.陷入……; 被困在…… be trapped in…
18.代表(代替)某人 on behalf of sb.
19.对……负责 take responsibility for/be responsible for
20.处理; 对付 deal with
Ⅲ. 教材原句翻译
1.毫无疑问, 地球正在变得越来越暖和。
There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.
2.这一惊人的案例表明了气温升高是如何影响地球生态的。
This alarming case showed how the increase in temperature had an impact on Earth’s ecology.
3.如果没有这个过程, 地球就无法维持生命。
Without this process, Earth could not sustain life.
4.有充分且全面的证据表明, 气温上升导致世界范围内极端天气和自然灾害的增加, 不仅造成严重破坏, 还造成人员死亡。
There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives.
5.我们有责任抓住每一个机会, 教育每个人了解全球变暖及其原因和影响, 因为这是影响这个星球上所有人的最严重的问题。
It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet.
6.昨天地铁站的混乱是电脑系统故障造成的。
A breakdown in the computer system was responsible for yesterday’s chaos in the subway station.
7.之前, 漓江的水质因游客数量的增长遭到了严重破坏, 很多游客频繁将垃圾扔入江中。
Previously, water quality in the Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume of tourists, many of whom frequently threw garbage into the river.
8.更多的生活和商业垃圾最终流入江中, 加重了水污染的程度。
Water pollution levels increased, with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river.
9.有了这些措施, 相信漓江之美将得到保护并世代相传。
With these measures, it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come.
10.随着这些运动的开展, 中国的水路正朝着洁净、可持续发展的未来迈进。
With such campaigns in effect, China’s waterways are heading towards a clean and sustainable future.
Ⅳ. 书面表达
1.结合本单元主题, 使用本单元词汇与句型写一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的短文。
1. 废气排放导致了我市的空气污染。(emission; contribute to)
2. 为了保护环境, 一场治理空气污染的运动已经开展。(conservation; campaign)
3. 许多污染企业被罚款或关闭。(dozens of; enterprise; fine)
4. 与此同时, 政府部门抓住一切机会, 通过电视和广播等媒体宣传相关的保护政策。(seize an opportunity; policy; broadcast)
5. 随着这些运动的开展, 人们认为我市的环境正朝着洁净、可持续发展的未来迈进。(in effect; It is believed that…; sustainable)
The emission of waste gases contributes to the air pollution in our city. For the conservation of our environment, a campaign against the air pollution has been launched. Dozens of polluting enterprises were fined or closed. At the same time, the local government seized every opportunity to advertise protection policies through the media, such as TV and radio broadcast. With such campaigns in effect, it is believed that the environment in our city is heading towards a clean and sustainable future.
丰实底蕴·素养融通
说文解字
1. submit/s b’m t/v. 提交; 呈递; 屈服。前缀sub-意为“从属; 下面”,-mit为词根, 意为“送”, 所以submit的字面意思为“从下面送上去”, 引申为“提交; 呈递”之意。
2. 前缀sub-源自拉丁介词sub, 意为“under, from under”等, 表示“在下面”的位置或“自下而上”的运动。以sub-为前缀的词还有subtitle, 其结构为sub-(下面)+title (标题; 称号), 故其意为“副标题; 小标题”。
词根-mit 意为“send, cast, let go”, 表示“发送; 放开”。以-mit为词根的词还有 admit, 其结构为 ad-(去)+mit (放开), 故其字面意思为“放行; 放其进来”, 引申为“允许进入”。
经典美句
1. The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.
对明天做的最好准备就是今天竭尽全力。
2. Nothing can be left except footprints; nothing must be carried away except memories.
除了足迹, 什么都不能留下; 除了回忆, 什么都不要带走。
3. School is my home, and its greening depends on everyone.
学校是我家, 绿化靠大家。
4. In pursuit of a better life, you should embrace green first.
追求更好的生活, 应先拥抱绿色。
5. To protect the environment is to protect ourselves. 保护环境就是保护我们自己
5
