2022年九年级中考英语语法知识梳理
连词
连词的种类
1.简单连词、关联连词及短语连词
■连词按结构形式可分为简单连词、关联连词和短语连词。
(1)简单连词。
简单连词是指由单个的单词构成的连词。如:
(2)关联连词
关联连词是指由两个关联词把句子组合在一起表达某种意义的连词。如:
(3)短语连词
短语连词是指由一个固定短语组合而成的连词。如:
2.并列连词与从属连词
■连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。
(1)并列连词
并列连词是连接并列关系的词、短语、从句或句子的连词。常用的并列连词有:and和;or和,或者,否则;but但是;so因此,所以,both ...and ...……和……两个都;not only ...but also ...不但……,而且……;not ...but ...不是……,而是……;neither ...nor ...既不……也不……,两个都不;either ...or ...或者……,或者…… 等。
(2)从属连词
从属连词是用来连接各种从句的连词。常用的从属连词有:
①引导宾语从句的从属连词:that,if,whether,what,who,whom,whose,when,where,why,how等。
②引导定语从句的从属连词:who,whom,whose,which,that,when,where,why,how等。
③引导状语从句的从属连词:
并列连词的用法
1.并列连词and和or的用法
(1)and 和or 用来连接词性、结构完全相同的两个部分,and 意为“和,以及,而且”;or 意为“和,或者,还是”。如:
Tom and Mary are singing and dancing at the party.汤姆和玛丽正在晚会上唱歌跳舞。(连接两个名词和现在分词)
It is possible for a clever and capable student to get the highest education in England.在英国,一个聪明有才能的学生能够受到最高等的教育。(连接两个形容词)
Most diseases will be cured by breathing fresh air and eating nutritious food.大多数疾病都能通过呼吸新鲜空气以及吃有营养的食物治愈。(连接两个动名词)
Mike says that he loves his job and that he will devote his life to it.麦克说他非常喜欢他的工作并愿意为之奋斗终生。(连接两个从句)
Do you go to school on foot or by bike?你上学步行还是骑自行车?
注意:
三个或三个以上的并列成分,只在最后一并列成分前加and,其他的后面加逗点表示并列关系。如:Sam enjoys tennis,golf and baseball.萨姆喜欢网球、高尔夫球和棒球。
(2)祈使句+and+陈述句,祈使句具有条件句的作用,and后的句子通常用一般将来时态。如:
Go straight on,and you will see the library.一直往前走,你就会看到那个图书馆。
If you go straight on,you will see the library.如果你一直往前走,你就会看到那个图书馆。
注意:
“祈使句+or+陈述句”,祈使句表示否定的条件句,or意为“否则,不然的话”。如:Work hard or you will fail in the exam.努力学习,否则你就会考试不及格
=If you don't work hard,you will fail in the exam.如果你不努力的话,考试会不及格的。
(3)and 与or 使用4注意
①and 连接两个或两个以上的人,作主语时,其谓语动词要用复数形式。而or 连接的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数由最靠近它的那个名词或代词来决定。如:
Tom and Jack are going to the cinema.汤姆和杰克要去看电影。
Professor Wang or I am to go to your school.王教授或是我将要去你们学校。
②在否定句中,并列成分的列举通常用or ,构成完全否定,意为“也不”。如:
The elephant isn't like a wall,or a spear,or a snake,or a tree;neither is it like a fan.这头大象既不像一堵墙,也不像一支梭镖、一条蛇、一棵树,更不像一把扇子。
注意:
在含有两个否定词的否定句中,并列的两部分用and 连接而不用or。如:
There is no air and no water on the moon.月球上没有空气没有水。
There is no air or water in the moon.月球上没有空气没有水。
③主语用and 连接,谓语是否定式时构成完全否定。如:
Tom and Mary cannot speak Chinese.汤姆和玛丽不会说汉语。
④在否定句中,without之后的列举部分用and 连接,构成完全否定,而在肯定句中without之后的列举部分要用or 连接才能构成完全否定。如:
Men can't live without air and water.That is to say,men will die without air or water.没有空气和水,人就不能活,也就是说,没有空气和水人就会死。
2.并列连词but的用法
(1)but 用来表示转折,意为“但是”。如:
It is hot in summer here,but it is not cold in winter.这里夏天热,但冬天不冷。
Our purpose is not to do it for you but to teach you to do it by yourself.我们的目的不是替你做这事,而是教会你自己来做。
注意:
but不能和although或though连用表示“虽然……但是……”,英语表示“虽然……但是……”时,只用其一。如:She looks very young,but she is already in her 30's.=Although she looks very young,she is already in her 30's.她虽然看上去很年轻,可是她已三十多岁了。
3.as well as的用法
as well as 表示“和;与;不但……而且;既是……也是;而且;还”。用来连接名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、句子、动名词等。如:
She shares (in)my troubles as well as my joys.她与我同甘共苦。
He grows flowers as well as vegetables.他既种菜也种花。
They have a flat in town as well as a place in the country.他们在城里有一套公寓,在乡村还有一所房子。
Humans will suffer as well as animals if the rain doesn't come.如果不下雨的话,人和动物都将遭难。
The child is lively as well as healthy.孩子既健康又活泼。
We need air when we are asleep as well as when we are awake.我们不仅在醒着的时候需要空气,在睡着的时候也需要空气。
She sings as well as plays the piano.她不但会弹钢琴,而且会唱歌。
注意:
当 as well as 连接两个成分作主语时,其后的谓语通常要与前面一个主语保持一致。如:
Tom as well as his parents is going to London.汤姆和他的父母要去伦敦。
4.both ...and ...的用法
both ...and ... 意为“……和……两个都;既……又……”,用来连接两个并列的词语或句子,作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。如:
Both Tom and Jim are my good friends.汤姆和吉姆都是我的好朋友。
The girl can speak both Chinese and English.那个女孩既会说汉语,又会说英语。
注意:
both ...and ...的对应词组是neither ...nor ...意为“既不,也不;两者都不”,neither ...nor ...连接两个部分作主语时,谓语动词要根据nor后的名词确定单复数。
Neither Sam nor Tom has a bike.萨姆和汤姆两个都没有自行车。
5.not only ...but also ...的用法
(1)not only ...but also ... 连接两个并列的单词、短语或句子,意为“不但……而且……”。如:Not only you but also I am wrong.不但你错了,而且我也错了。(连接并列主语)
Success depends not only on talent but also on effort.成功不但靠天分,而且要靠努力。(连接并列宾语)
注意:
not only ...but also ...如果连接的是两个主语,则谓语动词遵循就近一致原则。
Not only you but also Mr.Zhang teaches in this school.不但你,而且张老师也在这个学校教。
Not only men but also women were chosen.选中的不仅有男的也有女的。
(2)not only ...but also ... 连接两个分句时,常常为了强调可以将not only 置于句首,这时它引导的分句应倒装。如:
Not only did he make a promise,but also he kept it.他不但许下了诺言,而且做到了。
Not only is he dependable,but also he is trustworthy.他不但可靠而且值得信赖。
注意:
not only ...but also ...在口语和非正式文体中,but可以省略,有时also也省略。如:He is famous not only in China but in the whole world.他不仅闻名中国,而且闻名全球。(省略also)
This book is not only good,it is also cheap.这本书不只是好,而且便宜。(省略but)
6.neither ...nor ...的用法
neither ...nor ... 用来连接两个语法对等的并列成分,如主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语等,也可以连接两个句子,意为“既不……也不……;……两者都不”。如:
He plays neither basketball nor football on Sunday.他在星期天既不打篮球也不踢足球。
He neither speaks French nor understands it.他既不会说法语,也听不懂法语。
注意:
neither ...nor ...连接的两个成分作主语时,其谓语与靠近的一个保持一致。如:
Neither Jim nor Jack was at home.吉姆和杰克都不在家。
7.either ...or ...的用法
either ...or ... 用来连接两个相同的句子成分,表示选择关系,意为“或者……或者……;不是……就是……”。如:
You must come either on Monday or on Tuesday;I am too busy to see you my other days.你必须在周一或周二来,其他的日子我太忙不能见你。
注意:
either ...or ...连接的两个并列成分作主语时,谓语动词要根据or后的名词来确定单复数。如:
Either you or I am wrong.不是你错,就是我错了。
7组常用易混从属连词的用法及区别
1.as,because,for和since
■as表示“因为、由于”,语气比because,since弱,含义与since相同,但没有since正式,所引导的原因状语从句表示不言而喻、为人所知、显而易见的原因和理由,或者理由不是很重要。as引导的从句通常位于主句的前面。从句说明原因,主句说明结果,主从并重。如:As I had a cold,I was absent from school.因为我感冒了,所以没去上课。
As I have time today,I want to visit my grandparents.因为今天有时间,我想去看望我的祖父母。
■because表示“因为”,与as,for,since相比语气最强,主从句间有直接的因果关系,它所指的原因通常是听话人所不知道的,从句一般放在主句的后面,也可放在主句前面或单独存在;在回答why的问句时,必须用because。如:
The swimming pool won't be open today because they're making repairs.游泳池今天不开放,因为他们在修理。
— Why did you move to France?你们为什么搬到法国?
— Because my father found work in Paris.因为我父亲在巴黎找到了工作。
■for表示“因为”,用法与because相似,但它不表示直接原因,它所表示的原因往往提供上文未交待过的情况。表明附加或推断的理由,它所引导的分句只能放在所要说明的句子的后面(或单独成为一个句子),并且前后两个分句间的逻辑关系不一定是明显的因果关系。如:
I went to see him,for I had something to tell him.我去见他,因为我有事要告诉他。
■since 意为“由于、既然”,侧重主句,since引起的从句表示显然的或已为人所知的、无需加以说明的原因或理由,通常置于句首,表示一种含有勉强语气的原因。语气比because弱,但是比as 强。如:
Since we have no money,we can't buy that vase.既然我们没钱,我们就不能买那花瓶。
Since everybody is here,let's begin our party.既然大家都到了,那就开始我们的聚会吧!
注意:
①英语中用了because后,不可再用so。
②在强调句型中,表示原因时只能用because,不用as和for。如:
It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school我上学迟到是因为我没有赶上早班汽车。
③since引导原因状语从句时,表示的原因是对方知道的,并不是直接原因,所以只是起到铺垫的作用
2.because和because of
■because表示“因为”,后跟原因状语从句,强调其后要接句子。如:
He didn't go to school today because he was ill.今天他没有上学,因为他病了。
■because of表示“因为”,其后只能接名词、代词或动名词,不能接从句。如:
We had to stay at home last Sunday because of the bad weather.因为恶劣的天气,上星期天我们不得不呆在家里。
3.if和whether
■if引导宾语从句,意为“是否”,可与whether互换使用;if 在口语中用得较多。如:
Lucy asked if (whether)they had a cotton sweater.露西问他们是否有棉的毛衣。
■whether引导宾语从句,意为“是否”,可与if互换使用;whether多用于书面语及正式的场合。如:
Nobody knows whether (if)it will rain tomorrow.没有人知道明天是否下雨。
注意:
①在引导否定概念的宾语从句时,只能用if,而不用whether。如:
He asked me if I hadn't finished my work.他问我是不是还没有完成那项工作。
在如下情况下多用whether而不用if:
②在动词不定式之前只能用whether,而不用if。如:
I can't decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。
He doesn't know whether to visit that old man again.他不知道是否要再去看望那位老人。
③在介词后的宾语从句,只能用whether引导而不用if。如:
His father is worried about whether he will lose his work.他的父亲担心是否会失去他的工作。
④当宾语从句置于句首表示强调时用whether引导不宜用if。如:
Whether he lives there,I don't know.他是否住在那里我不知道。
⑤与or not 连用时用whether而不用if。如:
I don't know whether or not they will come for our help.我不知道他们是否要来求我们支援。
⑥在及物动词discuss后的宾语从句中,只能用whether,不能用if。如:
We discussed whether we should make a change in our plan.我们讨论了是不是要对我们的计划作一些修改。
⑦在及物动词know后的宾语从句,为避免产生歧义常用whether而不用if引导。如:
Let me know whether he has left for Shanghai.告诉我他是否已经去上海了。
4.so ...that和such ...that
■so ...that ...意为“如此……以致……”,that后引导结果状语从句;其中的so为副词,其后须跟形容词或副词。如:
He became so angry that he couldn't speak.他变得很生气,以致说不出话来。
■such ...that ...意为“如此……以致……”,that后引导结果状语从句;其中的such为形容词,其后接名词,而且名词前可以有形容词或副词修饰。如:
It was such a fine day that we went out for a walk.那是一个很晴朗的日子,于是我们出去散步了。
注意:
①当that前的名词有表示数量多少的many,much,few,little等词修饰时,只能用so,不能用such。但若名词前的little表示“小(的)”意思时,则仍用such,而不能用so。如:
There was so much noise outside that we couldn't hear the teacher.外面嘈杂声很大,以致我们不能听到老师的话。
He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.他跌了这么多跤,以致全身青一块、紫一块的。
It is such a little sheep that it can't run fast.它是一只小绵羊,跑不快。
②当that前是单数可数名词且该名词前面有形容词修饰时,so与such可以互换,即:so+adj.+a/an+n.=such+a/an+adj.+n.。如:
She is so good a teacher that we all love her.
She is such a good teacher that we all love her.她是一位好老师,我们都爱她。
③当that前是不可数名词或可数名词复数时,则必须用such,不能用so来代替。如:
It was such fine weather that they all went swimming.那是个好天气,他们都去游泳了。
They are such nice apples that we would like to eat them.这些苹果是如此好,我们都想吃。
5.so that和so ...that
■so that引导目的状语从句,意为“以便;为了”,从句中通常有can/could/may/might/will/would/should等情态动词或助动词。如:
The little boy saved every coin so that he could buy his mother a present on Mother's day.为了给母亲买母亲节礼物,小男孩把每个硬币都攒了起来。
■so that还可引导结果状语从句,意为“因此;所以”,从句中一般不用can,may等词,但在so that前可以用逗号。如:
He studied very hard,so that he passed the exam.他学习很认真,结果通过了这次考试。
■so ...that ...意为“如此……以致……”,that引导结果状语从句,so后须接形容词或副词,构成“so+形容词或副词+that从句”句式;如果so之前是系动词,那么so后面可跟形容词;如果so前面是其他动词,那么so后面可跟副词。如:
She was so happy that she danced.她高兴地跳起舞来。
He ran so fast that I could not catch up with him.他跑得太快,以致我跟不上他。
He has so many friends that he doesn't feel lonely at all.他有许多朋友,一点儿也不感到孤独。
注意:
①区分so that引导的从句表示结果还是表示目的,除了根据上下文意思区别外,还可以从形式上加以判断。即so that引导目的状语从句时,该从句常使用can,may,would和should等情态动词;so that引导目的状语从句时,可用to或in order to替换,将其改为简单句。如:
He went early so that he got a good seat.他走得很早,结果占了个好座位。(结果)
He went early so that he could get a good seat.他走得很早,以便能占一个好座位。(目的)
He got up early so that he could get to school on time.为了准时到校,他起床很早。
He got up early to get to school on time.为了准时到校,他很早起床。
in order to get to school on time,He got up early.为了准时到校,他很早起床。
②在so ...that结构中,当that引导的结果状语从句为肯定句时,可以与enough to句型进行转换;当从句为否定句时,可以与too ...to结构相互转换。如:
He started very early so that he could get there in time.
He started early enough to get There in time.他出发得很早,能及时到达。
The boy is so young that he can't look after himself.
the boy is too young to look after himself.那男孩太小,不能照看自己。
6.when,while和as
■when表示“当……时”,引导时间状语从句,既可指时间的一点,也可指一段时间,可以和延续性动词连用,也可以和短暂动作的动词连用。从句的动作可与主句的动作同时发生,也可先于主句的动作。如:
When the clock struck twelve,all the lights went out.当时钟敲了十二下,灯全部都熄了。
When I got to the airport,the guests had left.当我赶到飞机场时,客人们已经离开了。
■while表示“当……时”,引导时间状语从句,只能指一段时间,而不能指时间的一点。用while时,强调从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,或者主句的动作是在从句的动作的进展过程中发生的。因此,从句中的谓语必须是表示延续性动作或状态的动词。这是while与when的主要差别。如:
Please don't talk so loud while people are working.别人在工作的时候,请不要大声讲话。
■as 表示“当……时”,引导时间状语从句,其后只能和延续性动词连用,从句动作与主句动作同时进行,从句动作的时间概念淡化,着重指从句与主句的动作相伴随或同时发生,可译成:“一面……一面……;随着……;边……边……”。如:
Kate read the book as she went along.凯特边走边读书。
We took notes as we listened to the lecture.我们边听课边记笔记。
注意:
①在when和while引导的时间状语从句中,常省略与主句相同的主语和相应的be,而在as引导的时间状语从句中则一般不省略。如:
Wood gives much smoke while (it is)burning.木头燃烧时冒出许多烟。
He fell asleep while (he was)studying his grammar book.他在阅读语法书的时候睡着了。
While in London,he studied music.他在伦敦的时候研究音乐。
②当主句是将来时态时,从句中常用when引导,且从句须用一般现在时代替将来时。如:
You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it.在我读完这本书后,你可以借阅。
When the manager comes here for a visit next week,I'll talk with him about this.下周经理来这参观时,我会和他谈谈此事。
7.although与though
■although表示“虽然……但是……”和though同义,引导让步状语从句,一般情况下可以互换使用。但although较为正式,多位于句首,也可以放在主句之后,常用于非正式的口语或书面语中,另外although语气比though重,常用以强调让步概念。如:
Although/Though my car is very old,I don't want to buy a new one.虽然我的汽车很旧,但我不想买一辆新的。
He often helps me with my English although he is quite busy.尽管他相当忙,但是还常常帮我学英语。
■though表示“虽然……但是……”,用法与although相同,但以下情况只用though。
①和even连用时用though表示强调,这里的even though=even if,意思是“即使……也……”。
如:Even if/though we could afford it,we wouldn't go abroad for our vocation.即使我们付得起这笔钱,也不出国度假。
②当让步状语从句指某种假设情况时,通常用though,而不用although。如:
Though all the world were against me,I should still hold to my opinion.就算全世界都反对我,我还是坚持我的立场。
③though可以独立用作副词,常放在句末,意为“还是;仍然;可是;然而”。如:
It's hard work.I enjoy it,though.工作很苦,可是我喜欢。
④though引导让步状语从句时可以倒装,而although从句则不能。如:
Bravely though they fought,they had no chance of winning.虽然他们打得很勇敢,但还是没有机会获胜。
注意:
although所引导的从句不能与并列连词but,and,so等连用,但可以和yet,still等词连用。如:
There is air all around us,although we cannot see it.虽然我们看不见空气,但是它却存在于我们周围。
Although he has a lot of money,yet/still he is unhappy.他虽然有很多钱,但并不幸福。
【习题速递】
1.The nurse won't leave her patients _____ she's sure they are all taken good care of.
A.unless B.because C.since D.if
2._____ I got home,my sister was doing her homework.
A.When B.Because C.If D.Though
3. — The students of Grade 9 in Changchun have to take part in the P.E.test from 2016.
— Yes,_____ you want to pass it and be stronger,practice more.
A.until B.if C.unless D.or
4. — I want to be a teacher when I grow up.
— Work hard,_____ your dream will come true.
A.or B.but C.though D.and
5. — When shall we send the washing machine to you,Mrs.Read?
— _____ on Thursday _____ on Friday,please.I'll be at home then.
A.Either;or B.Neither;nor C.Both;and
6. — My parents are crazy about Running Man .How about your parents?
— _____ my dad _____ my mom likes it.They prefer Ode to Joy (欢乐颂).
A.Not only;but also B.Both;and
C.Either;or D.Neither;nor
【答案点拨】
1.答案:A 句意:护士不能离开病人,除非她确保他们被照顾得很好。由句意可知,表示“除非”用连词unless,故选A。
2.答案:A 句意:当我回到家的时候,我的姐姐/妹妹正在做作业。表示“当……时”用连词when,故选A。
3.答案:B 句意:“长春九年级的学生从2016年起不得不参加体育考试。”“是的,如果你想通过体育考试并变得更强壮,那么就多多训练。”由句意可知,表示“如果”用连词if,故选B。
4.答案:D 句意:“我长大后想要成为一名老师。”“努力学习,你的梦想将会实现。”这里考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”句型,故选D。
5.答案:A 句意:“我们什么时候把洗衣机给你送去,里德夫人?”“或者星期四,或者星期五,我会在家的。”由句意可知,表示“或者……或者……”用either ...or ...。故选A。
6.答案:D 句意:“我的父母对《奔跑吧兄弟》太痴迷了。你的父母呢?”“我的父亲和母亲都不喜欢。他们更喜欢《欢乐颂》。”表示“两个都不”用neither ...nor ...,故选D。
【语法专练 体验中考】
1. We must get up early _____ we can catch the first bus to school.
A.so that B.such that C.in order to D.in order
2.It is difficult to remember and write Chinese traditional characters(繁体字),_____ they are a great part of Chinese culture.We should keep them.
A.but B.and C.or D.until
3. I was writing a letter _____ she was making a telephone call.
A.while B.when C.before
4._____ Simon has done well in his studies,he still works really hard.
A.Although B.Because C.Unless D.When
5.Some people won't realize the importance of their friendship _____ they lose it.
A.after B.when C.until D.as
6.— Alice,how do your parents like pop music?
— _____ my dad _____ my mum likes it.They both prefer Beijing Opera.
A.Either;or B.Neither;nor
C.Not only;but also D.Both;and
7. He was _____ crazy about rock music _____ he almost spent all his free time listening to it.
A.too ...to B.so ...that C.both ...and
8. I didn't accept his help _____ I wanted to try it myself.
A.because B.though C.until D.unless
9. _____ Jane _____ Peter is warm-hearted.They're popular with our class.
A.Both,and B.Not only,but also C.Neither,nor
10. Victories,hurry up!_____ we can't arrive there on time.
A.Or B.So C.But D.And
11. Rules are helpful to us,_____ we have to follow them.
A.so B.but C.or D.because
12.I have two tickets for TF boys' concert._____ you _____ he can go with me.
A.Either;or B.Neither;nor C.Both;and
13_____ Jack was a little disappointed,he still went on with his work.
A.Although B.Because C.Since D.If
14. My family always go somewhere interesting _____ the holiday begins.
A.as soon as B.so C.so that D.even though
15.Our world will get better and better _____ each of us lives a greener life.
A.before B.if C.though D.until
16. Life is like a mirror._____ you smile at it,it will smile back.
A.Unless B.When C.Until D.Though
【答案速递】
1.A 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.B 8.A 9.B 10.A 11.A 12.A 13.A 14.A 15.B 16.B