课件10张PPT。
abstract
1)adj.
(1)抽象的(与个别情况相对)；纯理论的
Your reasoning seems very abstract.
你的推理似乎很抽象。
(2)抽象的(与具体经验相对)
We may talk of beautiful things, but beauty itself is abstract.
我们尽可谈论美的事物， 然而美本身却是抽象的。(3)(艺术) 抽象(派) 的
Modern art is often rather abstract.
现代艺术往往相当抽象。
2)(v.)～sth(from sth)把……抽象出；提取；抽取；分离
①In the end he abstracted the most important points from his long speech.
最后他从自己的长篇演说中提取出最重要的几点。
②She abstracted the main points from the argument.
她把论据概括成要点。3)n.
(1)抽象， 抽象概念， 抽象性
His mind was concrete and moved with difficulty in regions of the abstract.
他的思想是具体的，他在抽象的领域里步履艰难。
(2)抽象派艺术作品
There're two abstracts on the wall.
墙上挂着两幅抽象派画。
(3)摘要， 梗概
He made an abstract of a long article.
他对一篇长文章做了摘要。【知识运用】
(1)The following is a/an________of his interview with Business Times.
A．note B．concept
C．abstract D．Summary
答案：C 本题题意：以下是他接受《商业时报》访问的摘要。make an abstract of表示“把……的要点摘录下来”。(2)You explain things in a way that is too______for me.
A．reasonable B．abstract
C．imaginable D．impressive
答案：B 本题题意：你如此解释事物对我来说太深奥了。abstract表示“抽象的(与具体经验相对)”。课件135张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．________(n.) 信任；信心；信念→________ (adj.) 忠诚的；忠实的→________(adv.)
2．________ (n.) 目标；瞄准→________ (adj.)无目的的→________ (adv.) 无目的地
3．________ (adj.) 常规的；传统的→________ (n.) 常规；惯例
4．________ (adj.) 明显的；明白的→________ (n.)证据；证明；证词5．________ (vt.) 采用；采纳；收养→________(n.) 采用；采纳；收养
6．________ (vt.) 拥有；具有；支配→________ (n.) 所有；财产
7．________(adj.) 荒谬的；可笑的→________(adv.) 荒谬地；荒唐地
8．________ (v.) 预言；预告→________ (n.) 预言；预报
答案：1.faith; faithful; faithfully 2.aim; aimless; aimlessly
3．conventional; convention 4.evident; evidence 5.adopt; adoption 6.possess; possession 7.ridiculous; ridiculously
8．predict; predictionⅡ.短语
1．concentrate...________ 集中……于……
2．________ coincidence 巧合地
3．a great ________ 大量
4．break away ________ 挣脱；脱离；背离
5．scores ________许多；大量
6．________ the other hand 另一方面
答案：1.on 2.by 3.deal 4.from 5.of 6.onⅢ.课文导读
1)根据课文内容完成下列时间流程图。答案：1.religious 2.humanistic 3.perspective 4.oil paints 5.Impressionism 6.light 7.shadow 8.abstract 9.realistic2)Read the text carefully and then do the following exercises.
1．What themes did the main aim of painters represent during the Middle Ages?
A．Nature. B．People.
C．Religious. D．Perspective.
答案：C2．It can be inferred from the text that classical Roman and Greek ideas were ________.
A．imaginary B．perspective
C．impressionistic D．realistic
答案：D3．Which of the following statements about the Impressionism is TRUE?
A．Painting became an easy task because it was less detailed.
B．Painters focused more on light and color than detail.
C．Painters moved from the countryside to Paris and worked outdoors.
D．Painters had to paint quickly because of the high pace of the industrial society.
答案：B4．Which of the following are the styles of paintings about Modern Art?
A．Abstract and realistic.
B．Abstract and natural.
C．Religious and natural.
D．People and objects.
答案：A
1．faith (n.)
1)[U]～(in sb/sth) 信任；相信；信心
①He has great talent, but he has lost his faith.
他很有天赋，但是他已经丧失了信心。
②I haven't much faith in this medicine.
我对这种药没有多大信心。2)[U & sing.] 宗教信仰
①People of every faith attended the mayor's funeral.
信仰不同宗教的人士出席了市长的葬礼。
②My religious faith has seen me through my grief.
我的宗教信仰已帮助我克服了极度的悲痛。
【知识拓展】
1)have faith in相信， 信任
We have faith in ourselves, and faith in our principles.
我们对自己有信心，对我们的政策有信心。
2)break keep/faith with sb 对某人(不)守信用；(不)忠诚于某人
I kept faith with him.
我信守了对他的诺言。3)lose faith in失去对……的信念； 不再信任……
He told us not to lose faith in ourselves.
他让我们不要对自己失去信心。
4)put faith in相信， 信任
He always puts his faith in the future.
他对未来总是抱有信心。5)shake one's faith动摇某人的信心
Her faith has been shaken by this new evidence.
这一新证据动摇了她的信心。
6)in good faith 真诚；诚心诚意
When I recommended Simon for the job, I did it in good faith. I didn't realize that he had been in trouble with the police.
当初推荐西蒙做这份工作的时候，我是出于好心。我不知道他曾犯过案。
【词语辨析】
faith, belief, confidence, trust
这些名词都有“相信，信任”之意。
1)faith语气较强，指“认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信”。通常指充满感情的信任。
I have faith in his ability to succeed.
我相信他有成功的能力。
2)belief普通用词，指主观上的相信，不着重这种相信是否有根据。
He has great belief in his doctor.
他对那位医生无比信赖。3)confidence淡化了感情，指“在有证据的基础上，对某人某事有充分信心，断定不会使人失望，因而给予信任”。也常指“自信”、“有把握”。
She has great confidence in her success.
她对自己的成功充满信心。
4)trust指“信赖”、“信任”，含有“坚定的信念”的意思。强调相信、信任的完全可靠。
The new President said he would try to justify the trust the electorate had placed in him.
新总统说他将尽力证明选民们所给予他的信任。【知识运用】
采用faith, belief, confidence或trust的适当形式填空：
①My father hadn't much________in doctors of traditional Chinese medicine.
②A good marriage is based on________.
③He ought not to break________with her.
④He lacks________in himself.答案：①belief本题题意：我父亲不太相信中医。
②trust本题题意：美满的婚姻是建立在互相信任的基础上的。
③faith本题题意：他不应对她失信。
④confidence本题题意：他缺少自信。
2．aim
1)n.
(1)[C] 目的；目标
What's your aim in life?
你的人生目的是什么？
(2)[U] 瞄准
Take careful aim(at the target)before firing.
开火之前仔细瞄准(目标)。2)v.
(1)～(at doing sth)|～(at/for sth)|～ to do sth 力求达到；力争做到
They are aiming to reduce unemployment by 50%.
他们正力求使失业人数下降50%。
(2)(be aimed at) 目的是；旨在
These measures are aimed at preventing violent crime.
这些措施旨在防止暴力犯罪。(3)～(sth)(at sb/sth)|～(for sb/sth) 瞄准；对准
He aimed(his gun)at the target, fired and missed it.
他(用枪)瞄准目标开火， 却未打中。
(4)～sth at sb 针对；对象是
My remarks were not aimed at you.
我的话不是针对你的。
【知识拓展】
1)take aim(at)瞄准
The hunter aimed at the lion and fired.
猎人瞄准了狮子开火。
2)with the aim/purpose of 为了……
She went to London with the aim of finding a job.
她去伦敦是为了找工作。
3)aim high 胸怀大志； 力争上游
He has always aimed high.
他总是心气很高。【词语辨析】
aim, goal, purpose, target, object
这些名词均有“目标；目的”之意。
1)aim本义从“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
It is now our aim to set up a factory.
我们现在的目的是创办一座工厂。2)goal指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
The company has set itself some high production goals for this year.
公司今年定下很高的生产指标。
3)purpose普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实现的目标。
Getting rich seems to be her only purpose in life.
她生活的唯一目的似乎是发财。
4)target指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申义指被攻击、批评或嘲笑的目标。
His proposal became the target of criticism.
他的建议成了批评的目标。
5)object强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
His one object/purpose in life is to earn as much money as possible.
他生活的目标就是尽可能多挣钱。【知识运用】
(1)This anti-smoking campaign is mainly aimed________young teenagers.
A．at B．in
C．on D．for
答案：A 本题题意：这场反吸烟运动主要是针对青少年的。be aimed at 表示“以……为目标；旨在……；针对……”。(2)When the smart hunter found________aim in the distance, he took________aim at it immediately.
A．a; a B．a; /
C．an; / D．an; an
答案：C 本题题意：发现远处的目标后，那位聪明的猎人立即瞄准了目标。aim表示“目标”，为可数名词，在第一次提到而非特指某人或某物的单数可数名词前面必须采用不定冠词a/an。动词短语take aim at表示“瞄准”。3．typical (adj.)
1)～(of sb/sth) 典型的；有代表性的
This painting is typical of his early work.
这幅画是他早期的代表作。
2)一贯的；平常的
A typical working day for me begins at 7?30.
我的工作日一般在7?30开始。
3)～(of sb/sth) 不出所料；特有的
It was typical of her to forget.
她这个人就是爱忘事。【知识运用】
(1)(2008江西－33) Jack is late again. It is________of him to keep others waiting.
A．normal B．ordinary
C．common D．typical
答案：D 本题题意：杰克又迟到了。他这个人就是爱让别人等他。typical表示“不出所料；特有的”。(2)It is typical________him to forget to bring a present.
A．of B．for
C．on D．with
答案：A 本题题意：忘记带礼物来正是他的特点。typical 表示“不出所料；特有的”，与介词of连用。4．adopt(v.)
1)收养；领养
There are many people eager to adopt a baby.
许多人想要收养婴儿。
2)采用(某方法)；采取(某态度)
All three teams adopted different approaches to the problem.
三个队处理这个问题的方式各不相同。
3)正式通过；表决采纳(建议、政策等)
After much deliberation, the president decided to adopt her suggestion.
总经理再三考虑之后，决定采纳她的建议。【知识拓展】
1)adopted (adj.) 收养的；领养的
He's not our natural son; we adopted him when he was three.
他不是我们的亲儿子——他三岁时我们领养的。
2)adoptive (adj.) 收养的；有收养关系的
He was brought up by adoptive parents in London.
他由家住伦敦的养父母抚养大。【知识运用】
(1)Paul's mother had him________because she couldn't look after him herself.
A．adopted B．adoptive
C．adjusted D．adapted
答案：A 本题题意：保罗的母亲因为自己无力抚养他， 便将他送给别人收养了。have sb adopted 表示“将某人交与……收养”。(2)(2008上海春－41) The story of the homeless orphan has________sympathy from the public.
A．aroused B．attracted
C．defended D．adopted
答案：A 本题题意：这个无家可归的孤儿的故事引起了公众的同情。arouse表示“激起、引起(感情、态度)”。5．possess (v.)
1)有；拥有
He never possessed much money, but he always possessed good friends.
他从来就没有多少钱，但他一直有一些好朋友。
2)具有(特质)
Does he possess the necessary patience and tact to do the job well?
他有做好这项工作必备的耐性和应变能力吗？3)(感觉、情绪等)攫住；支配；控制
She seemed to be possessed by the devil.
她好像着了魔似的。
4)(用于否定句或疑问句)使言语失常
What possessed him to say such a thing?
他着了什么魔，竟说出这种话来？ 【知识知展】
1)be possessed by /with 被(鬼怪、思想等)缠住；迷住
She was possessed by the desire to be rich.
她被致富的欲望所支配。
2)be possessed of 拥有；占有；具有；享有
She is possessed of a wonderfully calm temperament.
她性情非常文静。
3)possess sb of sth使某人有/拥有某物； 使某人熟悉某事
He is said to possess a fortune of more than two thousand million dollars.
据说他的财产价值超过20亿美元。4)possess oneself of 取得；获得；把……占为已有
She possessed herself of the unclaimed goods.
她把那些没人认领的货物占为己有。【词语辨析】
possess, hold, own, keep, enjoy
这些动词均有“有，具有，持有”之意。
1)possess较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。
I'm afraid that he doesn't possess a sense of humor.
恐怕他没有什么幽默感。2)hold指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。
Mr. Jones holds an important position at work.
琼斯先生在工作上据有重要职位。
3)own不及possess正式，多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。
Who owns this house?
谁拥有这座房子？ 4)keep指长时间地保有，保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。
We received a tempting offer for the house but decided to keep it.
我们得到一个很有诱惑力的开价，但还是决定不卖这座房子。
5)enjoy指享有某种权利或长处，带有欣赏或喜爱的情感。
Men and women should enjoy equal rights.
男女应当享有平等权利。【知识运用】
(1)He is possessed________the idea that he is being followed.
A．with B．of
C．for D．on
答案：A 本题题意：他老是觉得有人跟踪他。be possessed by/with表示“被(鬼怪、思想等)缠住；迷住”。(2)What________you to do that?
A．demanded B．kept
C．possessed D．made
答案：C 本题题意：是什么驱使你做出那种事的？ possess表示“(用于否定句或疑问句)使言语失常”。(3)采用possess, hold, keep或enjoy的适当形式填空：
①They are entitled to________many advantages and privileges.
②She was a blue-eyed blonde, ________ of graceful manners.
③She________the world record for the long jump.
④Please________the watch for me while I go swimming.
⑤She has now________the post of Prime Minister longer than anyone else this century.
⑥The country________rich mineral deposits.答案：
①enjoy 译文：他们有资格享有许多优惠和特权。
②possessed 译文：她是一位蓝眼睛的金发女郎，举止很优雅。
③holds/keeps 译文：她保持着跳远世界纪录。
④keep 译文：我去游泳，请代我保管这表。
⑤held 译文：她现在当首相任期之长在本世纪是前所未有的。
⑥possesses 译文：这个国家拥有丰富矿藏。6．coincidence (n.)
1)[C &U](令人吃惊的)巧合，巧事
①That's the most incredible coincidence I've ever heard of!
那是我听说过的最难以置信的巧合！
②It was a coincidence that he was born on his mother's birthday.
他在他母亲生日那天出生，真是巧事。
2)[U](意见等的)相同，相符，一致①Is there any coincidence between his opinions and your own?
他的意见与你自己的意见有没有一致之处？
②There remains the question of the coincidence of social and economic interests.
社会利益与经济利益是否一致的问题仍存在。【知识拓展】
by coincidence碰巧，由于巧合
①By coincidence, we arrived here at the same time.
我们凑巧一同到达这儿。
②She and I both arrived at the same time by pure coincidence.
我和她同时到达纯属巧合。【知识运用】
(1)It can't a(n)________that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night.
A．coincidence B．accident
C．incident D．chance
答案：A 本题题意：四家珠宝店在同一天晚上遭到抢窃，这并非偶然。coincidence表示“(令人吃惊的)巧合，巧事”。(2)________a strange coincidence we happened to be travelling on the same train.
A．On B．In
C．By D．For
答案：C 本题题意：巧得出奇， 我们正好坐同一列火车。coincidence表示“(令人吃惊的)巧合，巧事”，常常和介词by连用。7．shadow (n.)
1)[C] 阴影；影子
①The shadows of the trees grew longer as the afternoon went on.
随着下午时光的延续，树影会越来越长。
②The shadow of a greater economic crisis loom large in most of the developed countries in the world.
一场更大的经济危机的阴影笼罩着世界上大多数发达国家。2)[U& pl.] 昏暗处；背光处；阴暗处
①Her face was in deep shadow.
她的脸部在一片很暗的阴影中。
②I thought I saw a figure standing in the shadows.
我好像看见阴暗处站着一个人。
3)[sing.]～(of sth)(坏)影响
①The new leader wants to escape from the shadow of his predecessor.
新任领导想要摆脱前任的影响。
②These people have been living for years under the shadow of fear.
这些人多年来一直生活在恐怖的阴影中。【知识拓展】
1)in the shadow/shadows 在阴暗处
I could just make out a figure in the shadows.
我只能隐约辨认出暗处有一个人影。
2)in/under the shadow of
(1)在……的附近；与……很接近
The new market is in the shadow of the City Hall.
新市场紧挨着市政厅。(2)被﹙某人的光彩﹚所掩盖；在……的盛名之下
Most of her childhood had been spent in the shadow of her elder sister.
她童年的大部分时间都生活在姐姐的光环之下。
3)cast/make/produce/throw shadows on/upon投下影子；形成影子
The tree casts a shadow on the ground.
树的影子映在地上。
【词语辨析】
shadow, shade
这两个名词均有“荫，荫凉处”之意。
1)shadow常指光线被物体挡住所产生的阴影，影子，有明显的轮廓。
The candles on the table threw huge flickering shadows against the wall.
桌子上的蜡烛在墙上投下巨大的跳动的影子。2)shade指阳光被遮挡后出现的荫凉处，如树荫等，无一定的轮廓或边界。
Keep in the shade; it's cooler.
你就在阴凉处呆着吧，那儿比较凉快。
图解shadow, shade：
在本质上，shadow指一个平面，shade指一个立体空间。
【知识运用】
采用shadow或shade的适当形式填空：
①Store the bottle of medicine in the________.
②He walked along in the________hoping no one would recognize him.
③So dark are the________that a man standing there could not be seen.
④The new player really puts the rest of the team in the________.答案：
①shade 译文：把这瓶药放在阴凉处。
②shadow/shadows 译文：他走在暗处， 希望没有人认出他来。
③shadows 译文：阴影很暗， 人站在里面不会被看见。
④shade 译文：这位新选手确实令其他队员黯然失色。(put sb/sth in the shade 使某人/某事物相形失色)8．attempt
1)(v.)～sth|～to do sth 努力；尝试；试图
①He attempted the exam but failed.
他试图通过考试， 但失败了。
②He attempted to get in touch with them but without success.
他试图和他们联系， 但未成功。2)n.
(1)[C & U]～(to do sth)|～(at sth/at doing sth) 企图；试图；尝试
①She has made no attempt to contact her mother.
她没有尝试和母亲取得联系。
②He made an attempt at a joke/at joking.
他试图说笑话。
(2)[C]～(on sth)(为超越某事物的)尝试，努力
①After repeated attempts they finally succeeded.
经过反复尝试， 他们终于成功了。
②He made an attempt on the world record.
他试图打破世界纪录。【知识拓展】
attempted (adj.) (犯罪等)未遂的
①The attempted bank robbery took place at 9 this morning.
这个未遂的银行抢案发生在今天上午9点。
②He was charged with attempted robbery.
他被控以意图抢劫罪。【词语辨析】
attempt, try
这两个动词均含有“试图，努力，力图”之意。
1)attempt较正式用词，侧重已经开始，且希望完成，但常隐含着不一定有预期的结果。
They are attempting(to climb)the steepest part of the mountain.
他们努力攀登这座山的最陡的部分。
2)try普通用词，可与attempt换用，但强调努力或尝试，后跟不定式表示努力或争取；后跟动名词表示尝试。
If you can't do it the first time, try again.
要是你第一次做不成， 就再试一下。【知识运用】
(1)A man is being questioned in relation to the________murder last night.
A．advised B．attended
C．attempted D．admitted
答案：C 本题题意：与昨晚未遂谋杀案有关的一位男子正在接受讯问。attempted表示 “未遂的”。(2)The boys________to leave for camping but were stopped by their parents.
A．attended B．attempted
C．managed D．endured
答案：B 本题题意：男孩子们想去野营但被他们的父母们拦住了。attempt表示“努力；尝试；试图”，后接名词或不定式(短语)担任宾语，侧重已经开始，且希望完成，但常隐含着不一定有预期的结果。 9．predict (v.) 预言；预告；预报
①The weather forecast predicts sunshine for tomorrow.
天气预报预测明天天晴。
②I predicted their getting into trouble.
我料到他们会倒霉。
③They predicted/It was predicted that there would be an earthquake.
他们预言会有地震。④We can predict from this information what is likely to happen next.
我们可以从这一信息中预言接下来可能发生什么事。
⑤It is impossible to predict who will win.
要预测出谁将获胜是不可能的。
⑥I cannot predict when to meet her again.
我无法预测什么时候会再见到她。【词语辨析】
predict, foresee, forecast, foretell
这些动词均含“预言；预示；预告”之意。
1)predict正式用词，通常用于人。指根据事实或自然规律进行推断后作出预告，隐含有科学的准确性。
She predicted that the improvement would continue.
她预测情况将继续好转。2)foresee指提前、预先料到将要发生的事或指对未发生的事情形成一种概念或判断。
He foresaw that his journey would be delayed by bad weather.
他预知自己的旅程会被恶劣天气耽搁。
3)forecast指对未来事件的预报、推测或设想，侧重最终可能出现的结果。
Such events may forecast war.
这类事件可能是战争的预兆。4)foretell一般的通俗用语，往往指根据客观因素做出的预告，强调预先要发生的事。
She could foretell what his reaction would be.
她能预先说出他会有什么反应。
【知识运用】
(1)According to the weather________it will rain tomorrow.
A．forecast B．foretell
C．predict D．foresee
答案：A 本题题意：天气预报说明天有雨。the weather forecast表示“天气预报”，为固定表达。(2)It is not possible to________with any certainty what effect this will have.
A．prohibit B．postpone
C．predict D．preserve
答案：C 本题题意：要准确地预言这会有什么影响是不可能的。predict表示“预言；预告；预报”。
1．a great/good deal 大量
①I have learned a great deal from you.
我向你学到了许多东西。
②It has rained a great deal recently.
最近雨水很多。【知识拓展】
1)a great deal of＋(不可数名词)许多；大量
We've put a great deal of time and effort into this project.
我们为这一项目付出了大量的时间和精力。
2)a large amount of ＋(不可数名词)大量
A large amount of money is spent on advertisements every year.
每年都要花费大量金钱在广告上。3)a large number of＋(可数名词复数)许多，若干
A large number of books have been stolen from the library.
图书馆遗失了很多书。
4)a large quantity of/quantities of＋(可数名词复数或不可数名词)大量，许多
Police found a large quantity of illegal drugs.
警察查获了大量的非法毒品。5)masses of/a mass of＋(可数名词复数或不可数名词)大量的
There were masses of dark clouds in the sky.
天上有朵朵乌云。
6)a great /good many 许多；大量
He made a great many mistakes.
他犯了许多的错误。
【知识运用】
(1)(2008安徽－21) The two girls are getting on very well and share________with each other.
A．little B．much
C．some D．none
答案：B 本题题意：这两位女孩相处融洽，她们无话不谈。much用作代词，表示“许多；大量”。例如：“Did you pay much for that old bicycle？” “No, not much.” “你买这辆旧自行车花了好多钱吗？”“没有，没花多少。”(2)(2008陕西－12) He doesn't have________furniture in his room——just an old desk.
A．any B．many
C．some D．much
答案：D 本题题意：他的房间里没有多少家具——只有一张旧书桌。furniture表示“(可移动的)家具”，为不可数名词。much用于否定句，表示“不多”。而any用于否定句，则表示完全否定。例如：I didn't eat any meat.我一点儿肉都没吃。(3)(2006浙江－15) We always keep________spare paper, in case we ran out.
A．too much B．a number of
C．plenty of D．a good many答案：C 本题题意：我们的备用纸张总是很充足，以防纸张耗尽。plenty of sth表示“大量的；众多的；充足的”，其后既可以接可数名词的复数形式，也可以接不可数名词。例如：There's plenty of room for everyone inside. 里面有的是地方，大家都可以进来。too much表示“太多的；过多地”，含有“超过必要的意思”；例如：She spends too much time(in)dressing herself. 她用太多的时间装扮自己。a number of 和a good many只能跟可数名词的复数形式连用；例如：I have a good many/a number of things to do today. 我今天有很多事要做。(4)(2006辽宁－23)I hear________boys in your school like playing football in their spare time, though others prefer basketball.
A．quite a lot B．quite a few
C．quite a bit D．quite a little
答案：B 本题题意：我听说在你们学校，虽然部分男孩子比较喜欢打篮球，但相当多的男孩喜欢闲暇时候踢足球。quite a few表示“相当多，不少”，后接可数名词的复数。(5)The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took________pictures of them.
A．many of B．masses of
C．the number of D．a large amount of
答案：B 本题题意：身着美丽的服装，这些年青的舞蹈演员看起来非常迷人，我们为她们拍了大量的照片。masses of表示“大量的”；其后既可接可数名词也可接不可数名词。
(6)I don't know________about politics.
A．a good many B．a great deal
C．a few D．too much
答案：B 本题题意：我不太懂政治。a great/good deal表示“大量”，在句中担任状语，表示程度。(7)I've had________disappointments in my time.
A．too much B．a large amount of
C．a great deal of D．a good many
答案：D 本题题意：我一生中经历了许多令人失望的事。a great/good many表示“许多；大量”，后接可数名词的复数形式。2．lead to
1)导致；造成(结果)
①This will lead to great trouble.
这将导致极大的麻烦。
②Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness.
过量的工作和过少的休息会引起疾病。
2)通向；通往
①The path leads to the village.
这条小路通到那个村庄。
②Where does this road lead to?
这路通向哪里？【知识拓展】
1)result in导致；造成……结果
①The accident resulted in the death of two passengers.
这场事故造成两名乘客死亡。
②The flood resulted in a considerable reduction in production.
这次水灾造成相当大的减产。2)result from由……引起；由……产生
①Success results from hard work.
成功来自于努力工作。
②His illness resulted from bad food.
他的病是由于吃了变质的食物引起的。
3)bring about 产生；导致；促成
①The accident was brought about by John's carelessness.
这场事故是由于约翰的粗心造成的。
②The heavy spring rains brought about the flood.
特大的春雨造成了这场水灾。4)bring on使发展；导致(通常指坏事)
①The sudden cold weather brought on his fever again.
因天气骤冷， 他发起烧来。
②The rain helped to bring on the crops.
这场雨有助于农作物的生长。【知识运用】
(1)(2007浙江－11)We firmly believe that war never settles anything. It only________violence.
A．runs into B．comes from
C．leads to D．begins with
答案：C 本题题意：我们坚信战争解决不了任何问题。它只会引发暴力问题。lead to表示“导致，造成(后果)”。(2)This kind of discussion will certainly________still greater differences between the two parties.
A．lead to B．run into
C．result from D．bring into
答案：A 本题题意：这样的讨论，必将导致双方更大的分歧。lead to表示“导致，造成(后果)”。3．break away(from)
1)突然挣脱；逃脱
The prisoner broke away from his guards.
犯人挣脱了看守。
2)脱离；背叛(政党、国家等，尤指再组建新的)
The people of the province wished to break away and form a new state.
该省人民希望分离成立一个新国家。3)(尤指赛跑)抢跑；甩掉
She broke away from the pack and opened up a two second lead.
她甩掉其他参赛者，以两秒领先。
【知识运用】
(1)We must________convention(常规)and adopt as many advanced techniques as possible.
A．hold back from B．keep out of
C．break away from D．get rid of
答案：C 本题题意：我们必须打破常规，尽量采用先进技术。break away from表示“放弃；解除”。(2)采用适当的介词或副词填空：
①Fighting broke________in the prison cells.
②The meeting broke________at eleven o'clock.
③Our car broke________on the motorway.
④At last, those physicians and specialists broke________in their fight against heart disease.
⑤Don't break______when your teacher is speaking.
⑥As the President's car drew up, the crowd broke________loud applaud.
⑦Fortunately, he broke________from the lawless group years ago.答案：①out 译文：牢房里发生斗殴。
②up 译文：会议在十一点钟散会。
③down 译文：我们的汽车在高速公路上抛锚了。
④through 译文：那些内科医生和专家们终于在同心脏病的斗争中取得了突破。
⑤in 译文：当你的老师说话的时候不要插嘴。
⑥into 译文：总统的坐车停下时，人群中爆发出热烈的掌声。
⑦away 译文：幸亏他在数年前就脱离了那个非法集团。4．on the other hand (可是)另一方面
①Father and mother wanted to go for a ride, and on the other hand，the children wanted to stay home and play with their friends.
父母想开车出去兜风，而孩子们却想在家里与朋友们一道玩。
②I am very willing，but he, on the other hand，is reluctant.
我很愿意，他却不愿意。
③Bert is extremely intelligent；on the other hand, he is a very lazy student and therefore gets low grades.
彼尔特非常聪明，可他是个懒学生，因此他成绩不高。【知识拓展】
on the one hand...on the other(hand)常引出不同的，尤指对立的观点、思想等，译作“一方面……，另一方面……”。for one thing用以引出两个以上的理由之一，表示“一来；一方面”，常常与for another(thing)或besides相呼应，表示“一则……，再则……”；此外，for one thing陈述两方面的情况一致。例如：①I want to go to the party, but on the other hand I ought to be studying.
我想去参加聚会，但从另一方面来说，我应该留下来学习。
②On the one hand, they'd love to have kids but on the other, they don't want to give up freedom.
一方面，他们想要孩子，但另一方面，他们又不想放弃自由自在的生活。③For one thing, people now enjoy a higher standard of living.
第一，现在人们的生活水平提高了。
④For one thing, I haven't any money; for another/and for another I'm too busy.
一则我没钱， 再则我太忙。
【知识运用】
(1)(2006浙江－11) I would like a job which pays more, but________I enjoy the work I'm doing at the moment.
A．in other words B．on the other hand
C．for one thing D．as a matter of fact
答案：B 本题题意：我想找一份薪水更高的工作，但另一方面， 我也很喜欢目前的这份工作。on the other hand表示“另一方面”，不但含有转折含义，而且包含上下文对比的含义。(2)The teacher said，“You get a low mark because，________，you did not do your homework.”
A．What's more B．for one thing
C．on the other hand D．After all
答案：B 本题题意：老师说：“你的分数很低，其原因之一是因为你没有做作业。”for one thing 用以引出两个以上的理由之一，表示“一来；一方面”。
1．They tried to paint people and nature as they really were.
他们力争如实地画出人物和自然。
【知识剖析】
as they really were为连词as 引导的方式状语从句，as相当于in the way(that), 表示“照……的方式”。例如：①Do as I say and sit down.
照我说的， 坐下。
②Leave the table as it is.
那桌子就那样吧(不要动上面的东西)。
③Why didn't you catch the last bus as I told you to?
你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢？
④The trousers are rather long, but I'll take them just as they are.
这条裤子有点儿长，但我还是要了吧。【知识拓展】
1)方式状语从句通常是由 as, (in) the way(that)或as if/though引导。
①You ought to do as Paul tells you.
你应按照保罗吩咐的做。
②The work is not so difficult as you imagine.
这工作不像你想像的那么困难。
③She spoke to me as if she knew me.
她和我说话的神情，好像她早就认识我似的。④She treats him as if he were a stranger.
她待他如陌生人。
⑤She's behaving(in)the same way that her elder sister used to.
她的举止和她姐姐过去一模一样。
⑥This steak is cooked just the way I like it.
这牛排正是按照我喜欢的那样做的。
2)as作为连词的其它用法：
(1)(引导时间状语从句)当……时；随着
As the sun rose the fog disappeared.
太阳一出来，雾随之消失。
(2)(引导原因状语从句)因为；由于
We didn't know what to do as we were just visiting there.
我们不知道该怎么办，因为当时我们仅仅在那里作访问。 (3)(引导让步状语从句)
Tired as he was, he sat up late.
他虽然疲倦，可仍然很晚才睡。
(4)(引导比较状语从句)和……一样的；相同的；同样的
I love you as much as she(does)．
我和她一样爱你。3)as作为关系代词的用法：
(1)(与such, the same, as等连用，引导定语从句) 表示“与……相同的事物(或人)”。
①He has earned as much money as I have.
他赚的钱和我赚的一样多。
②She felt just the same as he did.
她和他的感受相同。
③There is a general rise in prices such as occurred in the late 60's.
物价普遍上涨，跟六十年代末一样。 (2)(引导非限制性定语从句，对前述内容作补充)表示“正如，如同；本情况，该事实”。
①She has married again, as was expected.
她已再婚，这是意料中的事。
②We are tired, as anyone can see.
我们累了，这是有目共睹的。【知识运用】
(1)Living________I do so remote from town, I rarely have visitors.
A．so B．as
C．if D．while
答案：B 本题题意：像我住得离城镇这么远，所以罕有访客。as引导方式状语从句 (2)They rushed in________we were discussing problems.
A．when B．while
C．as D．until
答案：B 本题题意：当我们正在讨论问题时，他们冲了进来。while引导的时间状语从句的谓语动作必须采用延续性动词，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生，常译为“与……同时，在……期间”。侧重于主句动作和从句动作相对比，但含有“一个动作在另一个动作或状态发生的过程中发生”的意思。例如：He fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework. 他做着做着功课就睡着了。(3)________he grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening.
A．When B．As
C．While D．After
答案：B 本题题意：他年纪越来越大， 除了喜欢园艺以外， 对一切都失去了兴趣。as引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词多采用延续性动词，偶尔也可用于瞬间性动作。多用于主句和从句动作同时发生，含有“一边……，一边……”的含义。(4)He was working at the table________I went in.
A．when B．as
C．while D．after
答案：A 本题题意：当我进去的时候，他正在桌旁工作。when所引导的时间状语从句可以采用延续性动词，也可以采用瞬间性动词。可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。 (5)________it was getting dark, we soon turned back.
A．As B．With
C．For D．While
答案：A 本题题意：因为天色逐渐变暗，我们不久就回去了。as引导原因状语从句。
(6)Young________he was, it is not strange that he should have acted so foolishly.
A．while B．when
C．as D．although
答案：C 本题题意：因为他年轻，难怪他举动会那样愚蠢。as引导让步状语从句。(7)The origin of universities________we know them is commonly traced back to the twelfth century.
A．till B．as
C．which D．before
答案：B 本题题意：据我们所知，大学之最早兴办一般可追溯到十二世纪。as作为关系代词，引导定语从句。2．One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective.
在此期间，最主要的发现之一就是如何用透视法来画出事物。【知识剖析】
how to draw things in perspective属于“疑问词＋不定式”结构，在句中担任了表语。疑问代词who, what, which 或疑问副词when, where, how, why, whether(不包含if)和不定式连用，构成一种不定式的复合结构。这种结构在句中可以担任主语、宾语、表语等成分，用作宾语较多，尤其是用在动词ask, consider, discuss, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see(＝understand), show＋宾语， tell, think, understand, want to know, wonder 等后面。例如：①He discovered how to open the safe.
他发现了打开保险柜的方法。
②I found out where to buy fruit cheaply.
我找到了买便宜水果的地方。
③When to hold the meeting has not decided yet.
何时举行会议还没有决定下来。
④My question was how to get so many books?
我的问题是怎样得到这么多书？【知识运用】
(1)(2010辽宁－34) —It's no use having ideas only.
—Don't worry. Peter can show you ________ to turn an idea into an act.
A. how B. who
C. what D. where
答案：A 本题题意：“光有想法没用。” “不用担心，皮特可以教你如何把想法付诸行动。” 在及物动词tell, advise, show, teach, learn, decide等之后，常接“疑问词＋不定式”结构担任宾语。句意和“方式”有关，选用how.(2)I've worked with children before, so I know what________in my new job.
A．expected B．to expect
C．to be expecting D．expects
答案：B 本题题意：我有辅导孩子的经验，因此我知道孩子们对我的新工作有什么样的期待。本题考查“疑问词＋不定式”结构在句中作动词know的宾语；注意：在本结构中，不定式均采用一般式，不能采用进行式或被动式。 (3)There're so many kinds of tape-recorder on sale that I can't make up my mind________to buy.
A．what B．which
C．how D．where
答案：B 本题题意：磁带录音机的种类如此繁多，以至于我无法决定买哪一款。本题考查“疑问词＋不定式”结构在句中担任make up one's mind的宾语。当限定选择范围时，用which不用what. (4)When and where to build the new factory________yet.
A．is not decided B．are not decided
C．has not decided D．have not decided
答案：A 本题题意：何时何地建造新工厂没有决定下来。本题考查“疑问词＋不定式”结构在句中作主语，由于概念一致，谓语动词用单数。谓语部分采用has not been decided也可以。(5)Last summer I took a course on________.
A．how to make dresses
B．how dresses be made
C．how to be made dresses
D．how dresses to be made
答案：A 本题题意：去年夏天，我学习了一门服装制作课程。本题考查“疑问词＋不定式”结构在句中作介词on的宾语。 3．The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors.
印象派画家是第一批室外写景的艺术家。【知识剖析】
不定式短语to work outdoors担任后置定语，修饰the first painters。不定式可用于 the first, the second等如此类推及 the last, the only之后，有时也可用于最高级之后。例如：
①He loves parties; he is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他喜欢参加社交聚会，总是头一个来，最后一个走。
②He is the best man to do the job.
他是这份工作的最佳人选。【知识拓展】
不定式担任定语的其他用法：
1)不定式及其短语作定语与所修饰的名词在逻辑上存在主谓关系。
She was the only one to survive the crash.
她是这次事故中唯一的幸存者。
2)不定式及其短语作定语与所修饰的名词在逻辑上存在动宾关系。
The new play to be put on tonight will be very interesting.
今晚要上演的新剧将十分有趣。3)作定语的不定式如果由不及物动词转化而成，必须加上相应的介词。
They need a garden to play in.
他们需要有一个可供玩耍的花园。
4)作定语的不定式如果与其所修饰的名词或代词之间存在逻辑上的“动宾”关系，其逻辑主语是句子的主语时，采用主动形式表被动含义。
I've got an essay to write.
我有一篇作文要写。5)部分名词后常跟不定式作定语，此类词常见的有：need，right，chance，movement，courage，force，reason，effort，drive，determination，decision，wish等。
Their offer to rebuild the town was not taken seriously.
他们重新修建城镇的提议没有得到重视。【知识运用】
(1)(2010山东－23) I have a lot of readings ________ before the end of this term.
A. completing B. to complete
C. completed D. being completed
答案：B 本题题意：我有许多阅读材料需要在学期结束前读完。不定式短语to complete担任后置定语，修饰名词readings，表示“将来”时间概念。时间状语before the end of this term起到了暗示作用。(2)(2010上海秋－40) That is the only way we can imagine ________ the overuse of water in students' bathrooms.
A. reducing B. to reduce
C. reduced D. reduce
答案：B 本题题意：这是我们可以想到的唯一能够减少学生卫生间过度用水的方法。不定式短语to reduce the overuse of water in students' bathrooms担任后置定语，与定语从句 (that) we can imagine共同修饰名词the way. (3)(2007全国1－25) —The last one________pays the meal.
—Agreed!
A．arrived B．arrives
C．to arrive D．arriving
答案：C 本题题意：“最后来的一个人买单。”“同意！”本题考查不定式(短语)作后置定语，相当于定语从句 who is to arrive.注意，名词或代词前有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能采用不定式(短语)担任后置定语。课件65张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．Her ________ (娇弱的) health needs great care.
2．Mr. Lee is a well-known ________ (学者)in ancient Chinese history.
3．Severe ________ (过敏的) reactions may accompany administration of the drug.
4．The ________ (展览会) will be opened as soon as everything is in order.
5．He has been losing f________ ever since the death of his wife.6．She says she'll come, but I can't make it clear to a s________ time.
7．A square is a f________ with four equal sides and four right angles.
8．She put a b________ of flowers by the edge of the table.
答案：1.delicate 2.scholar 3.allergic 4.exhibition 5.flesh 6.specific 7.figure 8.bunchⅡ.短语
1．on exhibition ________
2．specific examples ________
3．be allergic to ________
4．一串/束 ________
5．活着的，本人________
6．好像________
答案：1.在展览；在展出 2.特例 3.对……过敏 4.a bunch of 5.in the flesh 6.as if/thoughⅢ.填空
用所给词的适当形式填空
1．If there ________ (be) time, I could give you a much better plan.
2．I wish she ________ (be) here with us to enjoy the country.
3．It is suggested that you ________ (attend) the opening ceremony.
4．It may make him come towards me and I would rather he ________ (stay) away from me.5．When she came in from the rainstorm, she looked as if she ________ (take) a shower with her clothes on.
答案：1.were 2.were 3.(should) attend 4.stayed 5.had taken
1．specific (adj.)
1)明确的；具体的
The trouble with Bill was that he never had a specific aim in life.
比尔的问题是他从未有过明确的人生目标。2)特定的
The money is to be used for one specific purpose: the building of the new theatre.
这笔钱有专门用途： 就是建造新剧院。
3)～to sth 特有的；独特的
The lessons you are presented with are specific to you.
你所要学习的内容是专门为你量身定制的。
【词语辨析】
specific, special, especial, particular
这些形容词均含“特殊的；特别的”之意。
1)specific着重指某种、某类事物具有的特殊或特定的属性，也可指专门提出作特别考虑的事物。
They also conserve the culture and inheritance specific to their country's civilization.
他们也保护本国文明所特有的文化和遗产。2)special普通用词，指不同于一般、与众不同，着重事物的专门性，突出与一般不同。
The best students are awarded special scholarships.
最好的学生将授予特殊奖学金。
3)especial和special含义很接近，较正式，但侧重有特殊的意义或重要性。
Your birthday is an especial/special day for you.
你的生日是你的一个特殊的日子。
4)particular侧重不同于普遍性的个性或特殊性。
Is there any particular colour you would prefer?
你有什么特别喜欢的颜色吗？【知识运用】
采用specific, special, especial或particular填空：
①We haven't fixed a/an________date for our meeting.
②He has a/an________car because he cannot walk.
③This is a/an________day in the history of our country.
④I'm not________about my clothes; I don't mind what I wear.
⑤Her________way of smiling left a good impression on me.⑥There was nothing in the letter of________importance.
⑦This disease is________to this area.
⑧She was quite________about the type she wanted.
⑨There are so many books here. Why do you like that one in________？
⑩They will also be building new roads and a/an________railway-line.答案：① specific 译文：我们会议的具体日期还没有定下来。
②special 译文：他有一辆专车，因为他不能走路。
③special/especial 译文：今天是我国历史上一个特殊的日子。
④particular 译文：我不怎么讲究我的衣服，我不在乎我穿什么。
⑤particular 译文：她特有的微笑给我留下了美好的印象。
⑥particular/especial 译文：这封信里没什么特别重要的内容。⑦specific 译文：这种疾病只发生在这一地区。
⑧specific 译文：对自己想要哪种类型她十分明确。
⑨particular/especial 译文：这里有这么多书，你为什么特别喜欢那一本？
⑩special 译文：他们还打算修建一些新的公路和一条专用铁路线。2．figure (n.)
1)[C, often pl.] (代表数量，尤指官方资料中的)数字
This figure increases to 72 percent during summer vacation.
到了暑假，这个数字上升到72%。
2)[C] 人物；人士
He was once a leading figure in the community, but now he has become a figure of fun.
他原是该社区的头面人物， 但现在成了人们取笑的对象。3)[C](远处人的)轮廓；(隐约可见的)人影
I made out three figures moving in the distance.
我隐约看出远处有三个人影在移动。
4)[C] 身材；体形；(尤指)身段
She's still got a lovely figure.
她的身材仍很秀美。
5)[C](绘画或故事中的)人；动物
The central figure in the painting is the artist's daughter.
画中间的那个人是画家的女儿。6)[C](书中的)图；表
The figure on page 22 shows a political map of Africa.
第22页的插图是非洲的政区图。
图解figure的一词多义：【知识拓展】
1)figure sb/sth out
(1)弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白
I couldn't figure out who the lady with the sunglasses was.
我想不出那位戴墨镜的夫人是谁。
(2)计算出(金额或成本)
Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?
旅行要花多少费用你算出来没有？2)figure on sth|figure on(sb/sth)doing sth 计划，打算；预料到
①If you figure on success，you stand a better chance of winning.
如果你想成功，你就有了取胜的较大可能。
②Don't figure on the weather being fine for your garden party.
不要指望花园聚会有好天气。
【词语辨析】
figure, shape, outline, form
这些名词均有“形式”或“外形”之意。
1)figure指轮廓；外形；尤指体态，相貌或身体。同时表示内部构造与外形。
I'm dieting to keep my figure.
我正在节食以保持身材不变。2)shape通常指由线和面所围成的外观上的形，侧重立体形状。shape与figure 相近，但强烈表示内部是实体。
Shape is the primary way we recognize what an object is.
形状是我们辨识物体的最主要方式。
3)outline指任何形状的轮廓线。强调由线条或轮廓所表示的外形。
She could see only the outline(s)of the trees in the dim light.
朦胧中她只看见树木的轮廓。4)form最普通用词，含义广，既可指客观物体的外形，又可用于抽象概念的“形”。form是相对于一个物体本质而言的某物的外形和构造，侧重与内容或颜色有区别的外形、形状。
Churches are often built in the form of a cross.
教堂常常建成十字形。【知识运用】
(1)(2008湖北－27) The present situation is very complex, so I think it will take me some time to________its reality.
A．make up B．figure out
C．look through D．put off
答案：B 本题题意：目前的形势非常复杂，我认为需要一段时间才能搞清楚真实的情况。figure sb/sth out表示“弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白”。(2)We must be practical and________the cost________we make a decision.
A．turn out; before B．work out; before
C．figure out; until D．come out; until
答案：B 本题题意：我们应该实事求是地先把费用算出来， 然后再做决定。work out和figure out都可以表示“计算出”；例如：Have you figured out/worked out how much the holiday will cost？你算出假期得花多少钱了吗？ before引导时间状语从句，表示“(指时间)在……以前”；例如：Do it before you forget. 趁早动手， 免得忘了。(3)采用figure, shape, outline或 form的适当形式填空：
①Ice, snow and steam are different______of water.
②He drew the________of a house on the paper.
③These dresses come in all________and sizes.
④She has an attractive________.
⑤A square is a________with four equal sides and four right angles.答案：
①forms 译文：冰、雪、蒸汽是水不同的形态。
②outline 译文：他把房子的轮廓画在纸上。
③shapes 译文：这些女装有各种式样与尺寸。
④figure 译文：她有迷人的曲线。
⑤figure 译文：正方形是具有四个等边和四个直角的图形。3．allergic (adj.)
1)～(to sth)(对……)变态反应的，变应的，过敏的
I like cats but unfortunately I'm allergic to them.
我喜欢猫，但遗憾的是我对猫过敏。
2)～to sth对……十分反感；厌恶
You could see he was allergic to housework.
你可以看出他很讨厌做家务。【知识拓展】
sensitive (adj.)
1)～(about/to sth)易生气的；易被惹怒的；神经过敏的
He is sensitive about his failure.
人家一提他的失败他就生气。
2)须谨慎对待的；敏感的
This is such an sensitive issue that perhaps the press should not be told.
这是一个非常敏感的问题，恐怕不应该告诉新闻界。3)～(to sth)敏感的；过敏的
This tooth is sensitive to cold.
这颗牙对冷过敏。
4)～(to sth) 灵敏的
We didn't have a receiver sensitive enough to pick up the signal.
我们的接收器不够灵敏，未能收到这个信号。【知识运用】
(1)The elderly need special care in winter, as they are______to the sudden change of weather.
A．sensitive B．sensible
C．flexible D．positive
答案：A 本题题意：老年人在冬季需要特别的照料， 因为他们对天气的突然变化很敏感。sensitive (to sth)表示“敏感的；过敏的”。(2)(2007湖北－30) Water can absorb and give off a lot of heat without big changes in temperature, thus creating a________environment.
A．peaceful B．sensitive
C．common D．stable
答案：D 本题题意：水能够吸收或释放出大量热量却引不起大的温差变化，因此建立了一种稳定的环境。 stable表示“稳定的；稳固的；牢固的”。(3)He's allergic________having his picture taken.
A．on B．to
C．for D．with
答案：B 本题题意：他极讨厌照相。be allergic to sth 表示“对……十分反感；厌恶”。
in the flesh 活生生的；亲自；本人
①I have corresponded with him for some years, but I have never met him in the flesh.
我已和他通信联系好几年了，但一直未与他本人见过面。
②It is quite a thrill to see a real movie star in the flesh.
看见电影明星本人是一件令人十分兴奋的事。③Bertha could hardly realize that her husband was by her side in the flesh, alive and well.
伯莎几乎还没有真正感到她丈夫还好好活着，站在她身边。
【知识运用】
(1)I've seen her perform on television, but never______.
A．in the flesh B．in a flash
C．in a rush D．in the air
答案：A 本题题意：我在电视上看过她的表演，但从未见过她本人。in the flesh表示“亲自；本人；活生生的”。(2)I didn't get the number of the car that knocked you over. It was gone________. All I know is that it's a big, brown car.
A．in the flesh B．in a flash
C．in a rush D．in the air
答案：B 本题题意：我没有记下撞倒你的那辆汽车的车牌号码，它一下子就开走了，我只知道那是一辆棕色的大轿车。in/like a flash表示“转瞬间；立即”。(3)I found the work being done________.
A．in the flesh B．in a flash
C．in a rush D．in the air
答案：C 本题题意：我发现这件作品正仓促地被完成。in a rush表示“匆忙地”。
(4)Excitement was________.
A．in the flesh B．in a flash
C．in a rush D．in the air
答案：D 本题题意：到处充满了兴奋之情。in the air表示“在传播中；流行；可感觉到；在空中”。虚拟语气(1)
Ⅰ.基本用法：
1．与现在事实相反的假设
if从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词采用should/would/could/might＋动词原形。
①If I had time, I would certainly join you in the tennis match.
我要是有时间肯定和你一起打这场网球比赛。
②If I were you, I would put her suggestion into account.
我要是你，我会考虑她的建议的。2．与过去事实相反的假设
if从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句的谓语动词采用should/would/could/might ＋have＋过去分词。
①If I hadn't been caught by something, I would have come to your party yesterday.
我昨天要不是被些事缠住了，我就会去参加你们的聚会了。
②If he had taken my advice, he might not have made such a bad mistake.
要是他听进了我的劝告就不会犯这么严重的错误了。 3．表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想
if从句中的谓语动词主要采用三种形式：一般过去时，were＋不定式，或should＋动词原形，还可以见到采用过去进行时的情况；主句的谓语动词采用should/would/could/might＋动词原形。
①If I should have a chance to try it, I would do it in another way.
要是我有机会试一试，我会用另一种方法做的。
②Even if they were to fail, they wouldn't lose courage.
即使他们万一失败了，他们也不会泄气。Ⅱ.拓展用法：
1．混合型虚拟条件句
在虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致，此时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式。
①If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.
如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。
②If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.
如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。2．用倒装句表示非真实条件
如果条件状语从句的谓语动词中含有were, had或should, 可以省略连词if, 把were, had或should 放在主语前构成倒装。如果条件状语从句是否定形式，倒装时只能把not放在主语的后面，不能用缩写形式而把not一起放到主语之前。①Should there be a flood, what should we do?
万一发生了水灾，我们该怎么办呢？
②Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty.
要是没有他们的帮助，我们会陷入困境。
③Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier, you could have caught the train.
如果你早十分钟到达车站的话，你早就赶上火车了。
3．含蓄条件句
①without, with, but for, under等介词引导的短语表示假设。
Without music, the world would be a dull place.
如果没有音乐，这个世界将变成一个沉闷的地方。
②连词or, otherwise, but, however, but that等表示某种假设。
We took a taxi to the airport. Otherwise we should have been late.
我们打的去机场。要不然的话我们说不定就迟到了。③分词短语， 独立主格结构或不定式短语表示虚拟条件。
You would have laughed to see him jump aside.
你要是看到他跳到一边的样子会大笑起来。
4．由上下文的交代而省略了if引导的条件状语从句
在这种情况下，上下文事实上就是一个表示违背事实的条件句。上下文如果是由一个句子介绍的，那么这个取代了if条件状语从句的句子应该用直陈语气；而起主句作用的句子则要用虚拟语气。
①He would have come to see you earlier but he just came back from his business trip.
他本来早就来看你了，可他却出差刚刚回来。
②But that you helped me, I would have failed in the experiment.
要没有你帮助我，我的试验本做不成功的。 语法专练
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1．(2010天津－15)John went to the hospital alone. If he ________ me about it, I would have gone with him.
A. should tell B. tells
C. told D. had told
答案：D 本题题意：约翰独自去了医院。如果他告诉我这件事的话，我会跟他一起去的。本题考查“虚拟语气”的用法。表达与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句采用过去完成时。2. (2010浙江－10) Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy ________.
A. would have been saved
B. had been saved
C. will be saved
D. was saved
答案：A 本题题意：如果我早知道这个电脑程序，就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。本题考查“虚拟语气”的用法。表达与过去事实相反的假设，主句的谓语部分采用“should/would/could/might＋ have ＋过去分词”形式。 3. (2010陕西－15) If we ________ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.
A. take B. had taken
C. took D. have taken
答案：B 本题题意：如果我们走了另外一条路，我们就可能及时赶上开会了。本题考查虚拟语气的用法。表达与过去事实相反的假设，if从句采用过去完成时。4. (2010湖南－29) If he ________ my advice, he wouldn't have lost his job.
A. followed B. should follow
C. had followed D. would follow
答案：C 本题题意：如果他听从了我的建议就不会失去工作了。本题考查虚拟语气的用法。表达与过去事实相反的假设，if从句采用过去完成时。5．(2009福建－35)But for the help of my English teacher, I________the first prize in the English Writing Competition.
A．would not win B．would not have won
C．would win D．would have won
答案：B 本题题意：要不是英语老师的帮忙，我就不会在这次英语写作比赛中获得一等奖。表示与过去事实相反的假设，句子的谓语部分采用“would/should/could/might＋have＋过去分词”结构。6．(2009天津－15)This printer is of good quality. If it________break down with the first year, we would repair it at our expense.
A．would B．should
C．could D．might
答案：B 本题题意：这台打印机质量不错，如果在第一年内出现故障，我们将免费予以维修。表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假设，if从句的谓语部分可以采用“should＋动词原形”。7．(2008山东－24) Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don't think we________it without you.
A．can manage B．could have managed
C．could manage D．can have managed
答案：B 本题题意：对你上周的辛勤工作道声辛苦。如果没有你，我们就不可能完成任务。本题考查“虚拟语气”的用法。在“虚拟语气”结构中，without, with, but for, under等介词引导的短语表示假设。此外，根据时间状语last week可以判断本句表达一个与“过去”相反的假设。
8．(2008江西－26) What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he________better.
A．need have done B．must have done
C．can have done D．might have done答案：D 本题题意：真可惜！考虑到他的能力和经验，他本来能够做得更好。might/could have done除了具有推测功能外，还可以用于肯定句，表示过去本来可能发生而实际未完成的行为，常常含有批评、责备、埋怨之意，但语气比较委婉。实际上是虚拟语气的一种表示方法。例如： Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she might have said something she would regret later. 昨天，简没有讨论完就走开了。否则，她会说一些后来会感到后悔的话。
9．(2006湖北－31)________fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A．Would you be B．Should you be
C．Could you be D．Might you be
答案：B 本题题意：如果您被解雇了，您的健康保险以及其他方面的福利不会立即被取消。本题考查虚拟语气倒装现象。在if引导的非真实条件中，如果从句中含有助动词、情态动词、be或have，我们可以把连词if 省去，并将should, were, had提到主语之前，构成倒装。10．It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I________in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox library in my hometown.
A．wouldn't have fallen B．had not fallen
C．should fall D．were to fall
答案：B 本题题意：若非七岁时我就迷恋上了家乡的梅林达·考克斯图书馆，很难想象今天我会做什么。表达与过去事实相反的一个假设，采用虚拟语气结构，状语从句的谓语部分采用过去完成时，主句谓语部分采用“would/could/might/should＋have＋过去分词”。11．It________be difficult to discover the truth about Iraq War if people refused to consider anything that might be true.
A．would B．can
C．need D．should
答案：A 本题题意：如果人们拒绝考虑任何可能真实的一件事，将很难发现伊拉克战争的真相。本题考查虚拟语气的用法。根据if从句的谓语动词refused可知，采用一般过去时表达了“对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想”，所以主句的谓语部分采用would＋动词原形。12．If I had come to school yesterday, I________how to work out the maths problem now.
A．would have know B．would be known
C．would know D．will know
答案：C 本题题意：如果我昨天到校的话，现在就知道如何解答这道数学题了。本题考查“混合型虚拟条件句”的用法。13．—Did you visit the famous museum?
—No. We________it, but we spent too much time shopping.
A．could have visited B．must have visited
C．can't have visited D．shouldn't have visited
答案：A 本题题意：“您参观那家著名的博物馆了吗？”“没有。我们本来可以参观那家博物馆的，但购物时花费了过多的时间”。could have done表示“本来可能发生但由于某种原因而没有发生的行为”属于虚拟语气的表示方法。14．Zhang Lin was addicted to computer games during his last year in high school, otherwise he________a student of Beijing University.
A．would have been B．should be
C．has been D．has been
答案：A 本题题意：张林高三时沉溺于电脑游戏，否则他早就成了北大的学生了。本题考查含蓄条件的用法。连词or, otherwise, but, however, but that等表示某种假设，相当于if引导的一个非真实条件句，所以主句采用虚拟语气结构。15．If the car________break down on the way, you would have to walk back.
A．shall B．should
C．will D．would
答案：B 本题题意：万一汽车中途抛锚，你就得走回来。should表示语气较强的假设，译作“万一；竟然”。根据主句的谓语部分would have to walk back可以判断本句采用了虚拟语气结构，表达了对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想，所以if从句的谓语部分可以采用“should＋do”结构。课件57张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．________ (vt.) 雕刻；刻记→________ (n.) 雕刻师→________ (n.)雕刻品
2．________ (n.)展览；陈列→________ (v.) 展出；陈列
3．________ (n.) 学者→________(n.)奖学金；学识
4．________ (n.) 喜爱；偏爱→________ (vt.) 较喜欢；宁可
5．________ (n.) 署名；签字→________ (v.)签字
6．a ________ (adj.) angry, and behaving in a threatening way; ready to attack7．b________(n.) a number of things of the same type which are growing or fastened together
8．p________ (adj.) lasting for a long time or for all time in the future
9．c________ (adj.) belonging to the same time
10．a________ (v.) to make a serious and urgent request答案：1.carve; carver; carving 2.exhibition; exhibit 3.scholar; scholarship 4.preference; prefer 5.signature； sign 6.aggressive 7.bunch 8.permanent 9．Contemporary 10.appealⅡ.短语
1．________ the flesh 活着的；本人
2．a bunch ________ flowers 一束鲜花
3．have a preference ________ 特别喜欢
4．be ________ worth a visit 很值得一看
5．appeal ________ 对……有吸引力
6．________ two years 每两年
答案：1.in 2.of 3.for 4.well 5.to 6.every1．avenue (n.)
1)(城镇的)大街
The avenues of the area were crowded with visitors.
这个地区的大街上挤满了参观的人群。
2)林阴道(尤指通往大住宅者)
The avenue was almost empty; the evening air was sweet and clear.
路上几乎空无一人，夜晚的空气清馨爽人。
3)选择；途径；手段
They explored every avenue but could not find a solution.
他们探索过各种途径，但是没有找到解决的办法。【词语辨析】
avenue, path, road, way, street, highway, motorway, route, lane, pavement
这些名词均有“路”之意。
1)avenue在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
The avenue was lined with trees.
大街两旁种了树。2)path多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
They walked along the path through the woods.
他们沿着林间小路走去。
3)road指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
It is safer to walk on the pavement/sidewalk than on the road.
在人行道上行走要比在马路上行走安全。4)way普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
Which way do you usually go to town?
你进城一般走哪条路线？
5)street尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车行走的平坦道路。
I live on the same street as Peter.
我和彼得住在同一条街上。6)highway通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
That highway crosses the entire country.
那条公路贯穿整个国家。
7)motorway/freeway/expressway高速公路；特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线。
A four-lane expressway runs straight to the capital.
一条四车道的高速公路直通首都。8)route指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
The house is not on a bus route.
这房子不在公交车上。
9)lane指农村或城镇的小道或小径，还可以指小巷，车道或跑道。
A carriage drove down the muddy lane.
一辆马车沿着泥泞的小路行驶。
10)pavement/sidewalk多指街道两旁的人行道。
She slipped and almost fell on the icy sidewalk.
她滑了一下，几乎跌倒在结冰的人行道上。【知识运用】
(1)(2010上海－25) Sean has formed the habit of jogging ________ the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day.
A.between B. along
C. below D. with
答案：B 本题题意：肖恩养成了每天沿林荫大道慢跑两小时的习惯。along表示“沿着； 顺着”。(2)采用avenue, path, road, way, street, highway, motorway, route, lane或 pavement的适当形式填空：
①The________follows the river and then goes through the woods.
②Books are________to knowledge.
③Can you show me the________to the Post Office?
④And then turn left at the second set of traffic lights into Orchard________.
⑤This is the shortest________from Boston to New York.⑥The world champion is in________four.
⑦Don't ride your bicycle on the________.
⑧One________lane was closed because of a bad smash near the exit.
⑨He was charged with obstructing the________.
答案：
① path 译文：这条小径与河并排，而后穿过林子。
② avenues 译文：书是通向知识的道路。
③ way 译文：你能否告诉我去邮局的路？
④ Street 译文：然后在第二个红绿灯向左拐，进入果园街。
⑤ route 译文：这是从波士顿到纽约的最短路线。
⑥ lane 译文：那个世界冠军在第四跑道。
⑦ pavement/sidewalk 译文：不要在人行道上骑自行车。⑧ expressway/motorway/freeway 译文：高速公路的一个单向行车线被封闭了，因为出口附近发生了一 次严重的撞车事故。
⑨highway 译文：他因阻碍公路交通而受控告。2．preference (n.)
1)[U& sing.]～(for sb/sth) 偏爱；爱好；喜爱
①Parents should not show preference for any one of their children.
父母不应流露出对任何一个孩子的偏心。
②A polar bear has a preference for cold weather.
北极熊喜欢寒冷的天气。2)[C] 偏爱的事物；最喜欢的东西
①I don't know your preferences, so please help yourself.
我不知道你喜欢吃什么，请你自便吧。
②There is tea and coffee——have you a preference?
有茶和咖啡，你喜欢什么？
【知识拓展】
1)give(a)preference to sb/sth 给……以优惠；优待
In considering people for jobs, we give preference to those with some experience.
对于求职者，我们优先考虑有一定经验的人。
2)in preference to sb/sth 而不是
I'd choose the small car in preference to the larger one.
我宁可选择那辆小的汽车而不要那辆大的。【知识运用】
(1)Sometimes it's difficult for a teacher not to show________for an especially clever child.
A．favour B．appreciation
C．preference D．enjoyment
答案：C 本题题意：有时不让教师对超常的孩子表示偏爱是很难的。preference表示“偏爱；爱好；喜爱”。(2)She tried not to show preference________her treatment of the children in her care.
A．for B．in
C．with D．on
答案：B 本题题意：她对待她所照顾的孩子尽可能不厚此薄彼。in表示“在……方面”。
1．appeal to
1)有吸引力；有感染力；引起兴趣
Does this piece of music appeal to you?
你喜欢这首乐曲吗？
2)呼吁；吁请；恳求
The government appealed to the people for support.
政府呼吁人们给予支持。3)上诉；申诉
She appealed to a higher court.
她向上级法院上诉。
4)启发；劝说；打动
By appealing to his better nature, we persuaded him to change his mind.
我们唤醒了他的良知， 劝他改变了主意。【知识运用】
(1)(2010安徽－23)—How did you like Nick's performance last night?
—To be honest, his singing didn't ________ to me much.
A. appeal B. belong
C. refer D. occur
答案：A 本题题意：“你觉得昨晚尼克的表演如何” “老实说，我不太喜欢他的演唱。”appeal to 表示“有感染力；有吸引力”。(2)The programme “Super Girl” On Hunan TV________especially to young people.
A．tends B．prefers
C．appeals D．devotes
答案：C 本题题意：湖南卫视的超级女生节目尤其对年轻人具有吸引力。appeal to sb表示“对……有吸引力(或感染力)”。2．lie in
1)集中于；在于；存在于
①The chief difficulty lies in finding a good opportunity.
主要困难在于找到一个好时机。
②All their hopes lie in him.
他们把一切希望都寄托在他身上。2)睡懒觉；起得晚
①You ought to lie in tomorrow and catch up on your sleep.
你明天应当晚起，把你所缺的觉补上。
②She never lies in, even on Sunday mornings.
她从不睡懒觉，即使星期天早上也如此。
【知识运用】
(1)The future of agriculture will eventually ________ bioengineering and other highly advanced technologies.
A．leads to B．results in
C．results from D．lies in
答案：D 本题题意：将来农业问题的出路，最终要由生物工程来解决，要靠尖端技术。lie in表示“集中于；在于；存在于”。(2)It's so nice at the weekends to have a chance to lie________.
A．down B．in
C．back D．low
答案：B 本题题意：在周末有机会睡懒觉真是太好了。lie in表示“睡懒觉；起得晚”。3．be fond of
1)～(doing)sth喜爱(尤指长期喜爱的事物)
He was fond of drawing when he was a child.
他还是个孩子时就喜欢画画。
2)～(doing)sth喜欢(做令人不快的事)
Kate is very fond of telling other people what to do.
凯特好对别人指手画脚。3)～sb 喜爱(尤指认识已久的人)
He makes a great show of being fond of her in front of other people but he's only toying with her really.
在别人面前，他竭力装出喜欢她的样子，但实际上，他不过是在玩弄她罢了。
【知识运用】
(1)(2006上海－25) More and more young people are fond________playing tennis nowadays.
A．on B．to
C．in D．of
答案：D 本题题意：现在越来越多的年轻人喜欢打网球。be fond of(doing)sth表示“喜爱(尤指长期喜爱的事物)”。(2)My roommates are very________on bridge cards among other things.
A．keen B．fond
C．eager D．sharp
答案：A 本题题意：我同房间的人，除了喜欢其他活动外，还喜欢玩桥牌。be keen on sb/sth/on doing sth 表示“喜爱；对…着迷；有兴趣”。
1．Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture and art collections to the American people.
亨利·克莱·弗里克是纽约的一位富豪，于1919年去世，把他的房子，家具和艺术收藏品全部留给了美国人民。【知识剖析】
leaving his house, furniture and art collection to the American people为现在分词短语，在句中担任结果状语，表示一个自然而然的结果。例如：
①He fired, wounding one of the bandits.
他开了枪，打伤了其中一个匪徒。
②I fell，striking my head against the door and cutting it.
我摔了个跟头，头撞在了门上，划了个口子。③I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape, making it impossible for the ants to reach the aphids.
我用粘胶带缠在树干底部，使蚂蚁爬不到蚜虫那儿。
【知识拓展】
不定式在句中担任结果状语，表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，其前可加only, but或never来加强语气。例如：
①I awoke to find my truck gone.
我醒来发现箱子不见了。
②He hurried home only to find his money stolen.
他匆忙赶到家中，发现钱被盗了。【知识运用】
(1)(2010天津－12) It rained heavily in the south, ________ serious flooding in several provinces.
A. caused B. having caused
C. causing D. to cause
答案：C 本题题意：南方雨下得很大，几个省份都发生了洪涝灾害。本题考查现在分词短语担任结果状语，表示一个自然而然的结果。(2)(2010重庆－30) The news shocked the public, ________ to great concern about students' safety at school.
A. having led B. led
C. leading D. to lead
答案：C 本题题意：这个消息使公众震惊，引发了人们对学生在校安全的高度关注。本题考查现在分词短语担任结果状语，表示一个自然而然的结果。 (3)(2009上海－31)A small plane crashed into a hill side five miles east of the city，________all four people on board.
A．killed B．killing
C．kills D．to kill
答案：B 本题题意：一架小型飞机撞到这座城市以东5英里的一个山坡上，机上的4人全部死亡。表示一个自然而然的结果，采用现在分词短语。(4)(2007天津－6) The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，________ the natural light in during the day.
A．to let B．letting
C．let D．having let
答案：B 本题题意：玻璃门代替了木门，在白天让自然光进来。现在分词作结果状语，表示一种自然而然的结果。如果选用to let担任目的状语，应去掉前面的逗号。(5)(2006陕西－18) He hurried to the booking office only________that all the tickets had been sold out.
A．to tell B．to be told
C．telling D．told
答案：B 本题题意：他匆忙赶到售票处，结果被告知所有的票都已经卖完了。不定式常常与副词never, only连用，表示一个意想不到的结果。(6)Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year，________a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4.
A．have reached B．reaching
C．to reach D．to be reaching
答案：B 本题题意：自年初以来，石油价格已经上涨了32%，四月份达到创纪录的每桶57.65美元。现在分词作结果状语，表示一个自然而然的结果。2．The museum displays more than just the visual delights of arts.
这家博物馆展出的不只是可以看得见的艺术之美。
【知识剖析】
more than后接名词，或名词性从句表示“不只是……；不仅仅……；非但……尤其……”。例如：
①He is more than a friend to me.
他对我不只是一个朋友。
②My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.
我到北京的旅行不仅仅是观光而已。③The stars are something more than huge inert masses; they are machines in action, generating and emitting the radiation by which we see them.
星星不只是某种巨大的惰性物质，它们是运动着的机器，产生和放出我们借以看见它们的光。
【知识拓展1】
1)more than的其它用法：
①(修饰数词)(＝over) 多于；大于；超过
This city has a population of more than 1,000,000.
这个城市人口超过一百万。
②(后接形容词，表示被修饰的形容词的强烈程度)非常；十分；不仅仅
He was more than upset by the accident.
他为此事故深感不安。③(后接副词或分词)简直；十分；不止……
The girl was more than slightly hurt.
这女孩伤得可不轻。
④(后接动词)十分；绰绰有余；大大地；几乎
It was a moonless night，but the brilliant stars more than made up for the want of moonshine.
晚来无月，但繁星点点，皎洁明亮，足补月亮之缺而有余。⑤(修饰句子，起到加强语气或程度的作用) 十分；几乎
The beauty of the west lake is more than I can describe.
西湖之美我难以描述。
2)more...than
①与其说……不如说……；是……而不是……
He is more diligent than clever.
与其说他聪明，倒不如说他勤奋。②比……更(多)
He has made much more progress this year than(he did)last year.
他今年取得的进步比去年大。
【知识运用】
(1)(2009浙江－10)It took ________ building supplies to construct these energy-saving houses. It took brains, too.
A．other than B．more than
C．rather than D．less than
答案：B 本题题意：建造这些节能房屋不仅仅需要建材，还需要智慧。more than表示“不只是……；不仅仅是……”。(2)(2008上海春－28) Those who have________money than sense may sometimes act foolishly.
A．much B．more
C．most D．many
答案：B 本题题意：那些钱多而失去理性的人有时候会做出傻事。本题考查more...than...结构的用法。(3)(2007福建－34)—Do you need any help, Lucy?
—Yes, The job is________I could do myself.
A．less than B．more than
C．no more than D．not more than
答案：B 本题题意：“露西，需要帮助吗？”“是的，这项工作是我远非所能做到的。”“More than/more...than...＋含can的分句”表示否定，意思是“超出某人力量、知识等的范围”。例如：The beauty of our city is more than I can describe. 我难以用言语描绘我们城市的美。(4)Lizzie was________to see her friend off at the airport.
A．a little more than sad
B．more than a little sad
C．sad more than a little
D．a little more sad than
答案：B 本题题意：丽滋在机场为朋友送行时有点悲伤。more than 表示“不仅仅是，不只是”；a little 修饰形容词sad. (5)Americans eat________vegetables per person today as they did in 1910.
A．more than twice
B．as twice as many
C．twice as many as
D．more than twice as many
答案：D 本题题意：美国现在人均蔬菜食用量是1910年的两倍还多。本题考查“倍数＋as much/many＋名词＋as”结构。more than twice表示“两倍多”。(6)We advertised for pupils last autumn, and got______60.
A．more than B．more of
C．as much as D．so much as
答案：A 本题题意：去年秋天我们发布了招生广告，结果招收了60多人。more than与数词连用，表示“多于；大于；超过”。课件15张PPT。
There are many reasons why people write poems.
人们写诗有着各种各样的理由。
【知识剖析】
名词reason后面可以接why/for which引导的定语从句，在口语中，why还可以省略。例如：
①This is the reason for which/why he was put in prison.
这就是他为什么被关起来的原因。②Is this the reason why/for which he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
③Do you know the reason why he came late?
你知道他迟到的原因吗？
④The reason(why)he died young was his inattention to health.
他早死的原因是他不注意自己身体的健康。【知识拓展】
1)名词reason后面还可以接that引导的定语从句，此时定语从句句子成分不完整，通常缺少宾语或主语。
This is the reason(that)she gave me for doing it.
这是她给予我做这件事的理由。
2)句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句通常采用that引导，表示原因，最好避免使用连词because.
The reason why I'm late is that/because I missed the bus.
我迟到的原因是没赶上公共汽车。3)名词reason后面可以接that引导的同位语从句。
We aren't going, for the simple reason that we can't afford it.
我们不去， 原因很简单： 我们负担不起。
4)名词reason后面可以接for(doing)sth.
The reason for her absence was that she was ill.
她之所以缺席是因为她病了。【知识运用】
(1)(2010北京－32)Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was ________ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A. what B. that
C. why D. whether
答案：B 本题题意：狄更斯喜欢自己的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》的部分原因是小说创作以他本人的生活为原型。本题考查表语从句的用法。表语从句基本结构完整，排除选项A以及选项C；含义和“是否”无关，选用that. 注意，that引导名词性从句，只具有连接功能，不具有任何含义。(2) Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class________he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
A．why
B．that
C．where
D．because
答案：B 本题题意：没有人相信他旷课的原因——他必须到机场去接他叔叔。本题考查同位语从句， 具体解释名词reason的内容。同位语从句成分完整，所以选用连词that.(3)Is this the reason________at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A．he explained B．what he explained
C．how he explained D．why he explained
答案：A 本题题意：这就是他在会议上为自己在工作中所表现出的粗心大意而做出的辩解吗？定语从句中的谓语动词explained 缺少宾语，可以采用关系代词that来指代先行词the reason.此外，关系代词that在句中担任宾语，还可以省略。(4)The reason______their failure you know is________they didn't get fully prepared for the experiment.
A．why; that B．that; why
C．for; that D．why；why
答案：C 本题题意：你知道，实验失败的原因在于他们没有做好充分的准备。当主语为名词the reason时， 表语从句只能采用that来引导， 表示原因，此时避免使用连词because. 此外，由于their failure 为名词， 所以不需要连词why而采用介词for.(5)They lost sight of the reasons______they went to war.
A．that B．which
C．for which D．in which
答案：C 本题题意：他们忽略了他们去打仗的原因。定语从句主要结构完整，需要关系副词引导；此外，先行词为名词reason，采用关系副词why或for which来引导定语从句。课件127张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．t________(vt.) put a mark (√) next to an item on a list, an answer, etc.
2．c________ (adj.) based on facts, not on ideas or guesses
3．f________ (adj.) able to bend easily without breaking
4．t________(v.) change the form of sth
5．t________ (v.)say something to someone in order to have fun6．________ (adj.) 引起矛盾的；好反驳的→________ (vt.)与……相矛盾；反驳
7．________ (adj.) 含盐的；咸的→________ (n.) 盐
8．________ (adj.) 无穷的；无止境的→________ (v.&n.) 结束
9．________ (n.)最低限度；最少量→________ (反义词)
10．________ (n.)翻译；译文→________ (v.)翻译答案：1.tick 2.concrete 3.flexible 4.transform 5.tease 6．contradictory; contradict 7.salty; salt 8.endless; end 9.minimum; maximum 10.translation; translateⅡ.短语
1．make a ________ of 列出……的名单
2．make ________ 讲得通；有意义
3．nursery ________ 童谣
4．stay ________ 熬夜
5．take it ________ 轻松；不紧张
6．run out ________ 用完
7．be made ________ of 由……组成
8．be popular ________ 受……欢迎
9．________ particular 尤其；特别
10．be translated ________ 被译成答案：1.list 2.sense 3.rhyme 4.up 5.easy 6.of 7.up 8.with 9.in 10.into
Ⅲ.课文导读
根据课文内容，选择正确答案。
1．Which of the following can we find in Poem A?
A．Anger. B．Sorrow.
C．Darkness. D．Joy.
答案：D2．Which two poems in the reading passage have rhyming(押韵) words at the end of lines?
A．B and C. B．A and E.
C．A and B. D．G and F.
答案：C
3．What kind of poem does Poem D in the reading passage belong to?
A．Nursery rhymes. B．List Poems.
C．Haiku D．Cinquain.
答案：D4．How many syllables are there in a Haiku Poem?
A．5. B．7.
C．17. D．70.
答案：C
5．How many kinds of poems does the reading passage refer to?
A．Six. B．Five.
C．Four. D．Three.
答案：B
1．convey (v.)
1)～sth(to sb)|～(that...) 表达、传递(思想、感情等)
①What does his message convey to you?
你看他的信息表达的是什么意思？
②I found it hard to convey my feelings in words.
我觉得难以用言语表达我的感情。
③It's impossible to convey how lost I felt.
我的失落感无以言表。④This poem conveys(to us)that he loved nature deeply.
这首诗 (向我们) 表达了他对自然的热爱。
2)～sb/sth(from...)(to...) 传送；运送；输送
①Passengers are conveyed by bus to the airport.
用公共汽车载送旅客前往机场。
②Pipes convey hot water from the boiler to the radiators.
通过管道把热水从锅炉输送到散热器里。【词语辨析】
convey，transport, bring, carry, take, fetch
这些动词均有“带、拿、取”之意。
1)convey指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方式把人或物送到目的地。常常含有持续、有规律地运动或流动的意思。
This train conveys both passengers and goods.
这列火车既载人又载货。2)transport指使用车辆或机械设备把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。主要限于人或有形物体的长距离的运动。
The city uses buses to transport students to school.
这城市用公共汽车载送学生去学校。
3)carry指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式。
The train carries baggage, mail, and passengers.
火车运送行李、邮件及乘客。4)bring指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方式，但常常表示运动时支撑着某物。
He always brings a bottle of wine(with him)when he comes to dinner.
他来吃饭时总是(随身)带来一瓶酒。
5)take指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有一定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方式。
It's your turn to take the dog for a walk.
轮到你去遛狗了。
6)fetch指一往一返，相当于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。
Should I fetch you your coat/fetch your coat for you from the next room?
要我去隔壁房间把你的大衣拿来吗？【知识运用】
采用convey, transport, bring, carry, take或fetch的适当形式填空：
①A wire________an electric current.
②The chair is in the garden; please________it in.
③They________the bricks in a lorry.
④She________her boyfriend to the party.
⑤The car had________him 500 miles before it broke down.⑥The novel vividly________the experience of growing up during the war.
⑦Don't forget to____________your umbrella with you when you go.
答案：
①conveys 译文：电线传导电流。
②fetch 译文：椅子在花园里， 请把它搬进来。
③transported 译文：他们用卡车运砖。
④brought 译文：她带着男朋友来参加聚会。
⑤carried 译文：汽车载着他行驶了500英里以后抛锚了。
⑥conveys 译文：这本小说生动地描绘了战时成长的经历。
⑦take 译文：你走时别忘了带伞。2．concrete
1)adj.
①确实的；具体的(而非想象或猜测的)
The police have nothing concrete to go on.
警方没有任何确实的东西作依据。
②混凝土制的
They had lain on sleeping bags on the concrete floor.
他们躺在混凝土地板上的睡袋里。2)[U] 混凝土
These buildings are made of concrete and steel.
这些房屋是用钢和混凝土建成的。
3)(v.)～sth(over sth)用混凝土覆盖
The workmen are concreting the road.
工人们在用混凝土铺路。
【知识运用】
(1)Have you got any________proposals?
A．energetic B．concrete
C．smart D．painful
答案：B 本题题意：你有没有具体的建议呢？ concrete表示“确实的，具体的(而非想象或猜测的)”。(2)It is easier to think in________terms rather than in the abstract.
A．concrete B．real
C．solid D．imaginative
答案：A 本题题意：结合具体的事物来思考要比抽象思考容易些。concrete表示“确实的，具体的(而非想象或猜测的)”。3．delight
1)n.
(1)[U] 高兴；愉快；快乐
She ran back home with delight.
她兴高采烈地跑回家。
(2)[C] 令人高兴的事；乐事；乐趣
He enjoyed the delights of New York's night life.
他喜欢纽约夜生活的乐趣。2)(v.) 使高兴；使愉快；使快乐
①He delighted the audience with his performance.
他的表演使观众感到满意。
②She delighted the children with toys/by singing songs.
她用玩具/唱歌逗乐孩子们。
③She delights in her work.
她喜爱她的工作。【知识拓展1】
delighted (adj.)～(to do sth)|～(that...)|～(by/at/with sth) 高兴的；愉快的；快乐的
①I'm delighted at your success/to hear of your success/that you succeeded.
我对你的成功/听到你成功的消息/对你已获成功感到很高兴。
②What you do say is that you're very fond of reading, and I'm delighted by that.
你的确说了你非常喜欢读书，这一点使我感到很高兴。③She was delighted at receiving so many letters.
收到了这么多的信，她感到很愉快。
④I bought it, read it over and over, and was much delighted with it.
我把它买来，读了一遍又一遍，真是趣味盎然。【知识拓展2】
1)take/find/have(a)delight in 喜爱， 以……为乐
He takes great delight in painting.
他爱好绘画。
2)give delight to 使……欢喜；使……高兴
Movies give delight to millions of people.
电影使亿万人获得乐趣。
3)to one's delight 令人高兴的是……
To my real delight, I received a cash award.
我获得了奖金，真高兴。4)with delight很高兴地，欣然
He was wild with delight when he heard the news.
当他听说那消息时欣喜若狂。
5)in delight喜悦地
Jane laughed and clapped in delight as the wind caught the kite and carried it upwards.
当风筝飞起来的时候，简笑了，开心的拍着手。
6)delight in sth/doing sth 以……为乐(尤指做使别人感到尴尬不舒服的事)
He seems to delight in making other people suffer.
他似乎喜好使他人受苦。【知识运用】
(1)I was very surprised, but tried not to show my surprise or my________.
A．delight B．grief
C．sadness D．sorrow
答案：A 本题题意：我非常惊喜，但我尽力不流露我的惊奇或我的喜悦。delight表示“高兴；愉快；快乐”。(2)“Oh, I'm so glad, Mr.Zhao，”said Miss Fan, clapping her hands________delight. We share exactly the same opinion.
A．on B．with
C．in D．at
答案：C 本题题意：范小姐快乐地拍手掌道：“赵先生，我真高兴，你的意见跟我完全相同”。in delight表示“喜悦地”。4．flexible (adj.)
1)能适应新情况的；灵活的；可变动的
We need a foreign policy that is more flexible.
我们需要一个更为灵活的外交政策。
2)柔韧的；可弯曲的；有弹性的
This tube is flexible but tough.
这管子柔软但很坚固。【知识运用】
(1)(2010山东－35) Mothers holding jobs outside the home should have ________ schedules to make it easier to care for their children.
A. heavy B. smooth
C. flexible D. complex
答案：C 本题题意：在外工作的母亲时间安排应该灵活，以便照看子女。flexible schedules表示“灵活的时间安排”。(2)We can visit your company on Monday or Tuesday; our plans are fairly________.
A．particular B．generous
C．responsible D．flexible
答案：D 本题题意：我们可以在星期一或星期二到你们公司来，我们的计划是相当灵活的。flexible表示“能适应新情况的；灵活的；可变动的”。5．branch (n.)
1)(树)树枝
A broken branch, caught up by the gale, smashed against the house.
狂风把一根断枝刮来，撞在屋子上。
2)(公司)分支；分部；分行；分店
The bank has branches all over the country.
该银行在全国各地均有分行。
3)(河；路)支流；支路；支线
The river has three main branches.
这条河有三条主要的支流。4)(学科及语言的)分支
English is a branch of the Germanic family of languages.
英语是日耳曼语系的一个分支。
图解branch的一词多义：【知识运用】
(1)The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has________all over the country.
A．companies B．branches
C．organizations D．businesses
答案：B 本题题意：这家银行的总部在北京，但它的分公司遍布全国各地。branch表示“(公司)分支；分部；分行；分店”。(2)A Party________committee meeting will be called to block out a plan of action.
A．company B．branch
C．unit D．line
答案：B 本题题意：将要召开党支部委员会制订行动计划。a Party branch表示“党支部”。6．transform (v.)
1)～sth/sb(from sth)(into sth) 使改变形态
A generator transforms mechanical energy into electricity.
发电机将机械能变成电。
2)使改变外观(或性质)；使改观
The Smiths have transformed their garage into a guest house.
史密斯一家把他们的车库改成了客房。【知识拓展1】
transform...into... 把……变成……
①A steam engine transforms heat into power.
蒸汽机将热能转变成动力。
②I believe she would transform me into a talker.
我相信，她会把我这个沉默寡言的人变成个碎嘴子。【知识拓展2】
1)change...into/to... 使……变成……
They are changing desert into farmland.
他们正在使沙漠变为农田。
2)turn...into...使……变成……
They are turning waste land into paddy fields.
他们正在使荒地变为稻田。
3)convert...into...
They converted the garage into a theater.
他们将车库改成戏院。【词语辨析】
transform, convert
这两个动词都含有“使某物在形、性、状等方面改变”的意思。
1)transform指“人、物在性质上或形态上发生彻底或基本的变化”。
Water can transform a desert into a garden.
水能把一片不毛之地变成一座花园。
2)convert指“使某物从一种状态或情况转变为他种状态或情况”， 特指“使适于新的用途或目的而转变”。
We converted boxes into furniture.
我们把箱子改制成家具。【知识运用】
(1)A little paint will soon________this old car.
A．translate B．transform
C．transfer D．transport
答案：B 本题题意：只要喷上一点油漆就会马上使这部旧车变个模样。transform表示“使改变外观(或性质)；使改观”。(2)She used to be terribly shy, but a year abroad has completely________her.
A．converted B．transformed
C．translated D．turned
答案：B 本题题意：她过去十分腼腆，但在国外呆了一年以后完全变了。transform表示“使改变外观(或性质)；使改观”。
1．Ma ke sense
1)有道理；有意义；讲得通
I can't follow these instructions——they don't make sense.
我不理解这些指示——根本讲不通嘛。
2)是明智的；合乎情理
It would make sense to leave early.
早点离开是明智的。 3)表述清楚；易于理解；道理明显
John wasn't making much sense on the phone.
约翰在电话里说得不大清楚。
【知识拓展】
make sense of sth 理解，弄懂(不易理解的事物)
①I can't make sense of that painting.
我看不懂那幅画。
②Can you make sense of what this writer is saying?
你能了解这个作家在讲什么吗？【知识运用】
(1)I have read the material several times but it doesn't make any________to me.
A．meaning B．importance
C．sense D．significance
答案：C 本题题意：这些材料我已经读了几遍，但是我搞不清什么意思。make sense表示“有道理；有意义；讲得通”。(2)Please remember that it________to take care of your health.
A．makes sense B．makes out
C．makes clear D．makes it
答案：A 本题题意：请记住保持身体健康是明智的。make sense表示“明智的、合乎情理”。make out表示“看透，弄懂(某人)；理解，明白(事理)；看清，听清，分清，辨认清楚(特别是在有困难的情况下)”。例如：I can't make out what she wants. 我不明白她想要什么。make it表示“及时到达、成功”。例如：Stick to it and you'll make it. 坚持下去， 就会成功。(3)Even though the speaker had a strong accent，Henry could catch on to his story，but Tom couldn't______it at all.
A．get rid of B．make sense of
C．keep in touch with D．fit in with
答案：B 本题题意：尽管演讲者地方口音很重，但是亨利能听懂他的话，而汤姆却一点儿也听不懂。make sense of sth 表示“理解，弄懂(不易理解的事物)”。2．stay up
1)深夜不睡；熬夜
①Please don't stay up for me, I may be late.
不要迟睡等我，我可能会晚回来的。
②He stays up late most nights, reading business reports.
他常常熬夜看业务报告。2)不下降
①If his temperature stays up all day, call the doctor.
假如他的体温居高不下，就请医生吧。
②The temporary roof won't stay up much longer.
那临时屋顶挺不了多久。
【知识拓展】
1)stay away(from sb/sth)离开，不接近(某人)；不去(某处)
He told his children to stay away from dangerous electrical things.
他叫他的孩子们不要接近危险的电器。
2)stay in 待在家里；不外出
The doctor advised him to stay in for a few days.
医生劝他几天内不要外出。
3)stay out 待在户外；不在家；(晚上)不回家
The child stayed out all night.
那孩子彻夜未归。4)stay out of sth
(1)不介入；不干预
Please stay out of my business and I will stay out of yours.
请别管我的事，我也不干涉你的事。
(2)避开；远离
His father told him to stay out of trouble.
他父亲叫他避开是非之地。【知识运用】
(1)She________all night writing the paper with a pot of coffee at her elbow.
A．kept up B．made up
C．taken up D．stayed up
答案：D 本题题意：她熬了一整夜写论文，身边放着一壶咖啡。stay up表示“深夜不睡；熬夜”。(2)采用适当的介词或副词填空：
①Let's stay________tonight and read instead of going to a movie.
②I preferred to stay________in the cold rather than spending the night there.
③Owing to still very weak, she can not stay______late long time.
④Tell the noisy boys to stay________.
⑤To lose weight, you should stay________from rich food.⑥If you want to stay________trouble, you'd best not make any mistakes.
⑦My trousers only stay________if I wear a belt.
答案：① in 译文：咱们今晚不去看电影，呆在家里看书吧。
② out 译文：我宁可待在外面受冻，也不愿意在那里过夜。
③ up 译文：由于还很虚弱，她不能长时间熬夜。
④ away 译文：叫那些吵闹的男孩子们走开。
⑤ away 译文：你要减肥，就别吃油腻食品。
⑥ out of 译文：如果你不想找麻烦，你最好别犯任何错误。
⑦ up 译文：我这条裤子要是不系皮带就往下掉。3．take it easy 别急；沉住气；从容点
①Take it easy. We'll take care of everything.
别着急。一切由我们照料。
②Take it easy, there is no need to be nervous.
放松一点，没有必要紧张。【知识拓展】
1)take it/things easy 放松；休息；别过分劳累
①You've been working hard all afternoon, Steve. Sit down and take it easy for a few minutes.
斯蒂夫，你已经辛苦了一个下午，坐下放松一会儿。
②The doctor said that Bob would have to take things easy for a while after the operation.
医生说鲍勃手术之后要休息一段时间，不要劳累。2)take one's time(over sth)|take one's time to do sth/doing sth从容不迫；慢慢来
①It is better to take your time at this job than to hurry and make mistakes.
做这份工作还是慢慢来好些，不要匆忙弄出错误。
②It's an important decision for you, so take your time to think it over.
对你来说，这是一个十分重要的决定，仔细考虑一下吧。【知识运用】
(1)(2008重庆－34)—I am afraid I can't return the book to you before Friday.
—________.
A．Don't be afraid B．Be careful
C．Not at all D．Take your time
答案：D 本题题意：“恐怕周五之前我无法把书还给你了。”“别着急”。“take one's time(over sth)|take one's time to do sth/doing sth表示“从容不迫；慢慢来”。(2)(2008浙江－1) —Are you all right?
—________.
A．That's OK B．I think so
C．Take it easy D．It's very kind of you
答案：B 本题题意：“你好吗？”“我想是这样的(我想身体还不错)。”so用作 say, call, speak, tell, think, hope, expect, suppose, imagine, fear, hear, do等动词的宾语，指刚说过的事情，表示“这样，如此”。例如：He hopes to have a scholarship, and I hope so, too. 他希望能获得奖学金， 我也希望那样。(3)(2008辽宁－34) —My name is Jonathan. Shall I spell it for you?
—________.
A．If you don't mind B．Not at all
C．Take it easy D．Nice to meet you
答案：A 本题题意：“我名叫乔纳森。我为你拼写一下，好吗？”“那可太好了。”If you don't mind.用于欣然接受对方的帮助。(4)—What's wrong with your father?
—He has a bad cold.
—________and that I hope he feels better.
—Thanks. I'll tell him.
A．Well, tell him to take it easy
B．My pleasure
C．Don't mention it
D．Forget it答案：A 本题题意：“你父亲怎么了？”“他得了重感冒。”“告诉他不要着急，我希望他很快会好的。”“谢谢。我会转告的。”take it easy表示“别急；沉住气”。4．run out(of)用尽 耗尽(供应品)
①Could I have a cigarette? It seems to have run out.
给我支烟抽可以吗？我的烟好像抽完了。
②We are running out of petrol.
我们的汽油快用光了。【知识拓展1】
1)run out 用完，耗尽
The petrol is running out.
汽油快用光了。
2)give out 用光，耗尽
Their determination finally gave out/ran out.
他们最终没了决心。
3)use up用完， 耗尽
Don't use up all the soap. Leave me some to wash with.
不要把肥皂用尽，留一些给我洗。【知识拓展2】
1)run across sb/sth 偶然遇见(或看到)
I just thought you might have run across him before.
我刚刚在想你以前可能偶然碰见过他。
2)run after sb 追求
He has been running after her for months, but she isn't interested in him at all.
他追求她好几个月了，可她对他根本不感兴趣。3)run after sb/sth 追逐；追赶
Don't bother running after the bus; you'll never catch it.
别费劲去追赶那辆公共汽车了，你怎么也赶不上的。
4)run away(from...) 突然离开；逃离
Children who run away from home normally go to London.
逃离家庭的孩子一般都去伦敦。
5)run away from sth 避开；躲避；回避
You can't just run away from the situation.
这事你没法回避。
6)run into sb 偶然遇见，碰到某人
I unexpectedly ran into him on the street yesterday evening.
昨天晚上我在街上偶然碰见了他。7)run into sth
(1)途中遭遇(恶劣天气)
Their ship ran into a strong gale at sea.
他们那条船在海上遇到了大风。
(2)遇到(困难等)
You will certainly run into many difficulties，but you must not give up.
你一定会遇到很多困难，但不能放弃。8)run into sb/sth 撞上
Suddenly he lost control of his bike and ran into a lamppost.
他突然控制不住自己的自行车，一下子撞到了电线杆上。【知识运用】
(1)(2008江苏－31) —I'm still working on my project.
—Oh, you'll miss the deadline. Time is________.
A．running out B．going out
C．giving out D．losing out
答案：A 本题题意：“我仍然在做这个研究课题。”“哎呀，你要错过截止日期了。时间不多了。”run out表示“用完；耗尽”，不及物短语动词。(2)(2007福建－33)The news of the mayor's coming to our school for a visit was________on the radio yesterday.
A．turned out B．found out
C．given out D．carried out
答案：C 本题题意：市长来我们学校参观的消息昨天在广播电台中播放了。give out表示“公布，宣布，播放”。(3)What shall we use for power when all the oil in the world has________？
A．given out B．put out
C．held up D．used up
答案：A 本题题意：当地球上所有的石油用完后，我们将使用何种能源？give out表示“用光，耗尽”。(4)采用适当的介词或副词填空：
①Their food was running________fast so the climbers had to return.
②The policemen are running________a prisoner who escaped last night.
③When I ran________a problem while making my model airplane, I asked my father for help.
④Looking at all the accusing faces, she felt a sudden urge to run________.
⑤I ran________the article in yesterday's newspaper.⑥If you travel alone in that forest, you may run________danger.
答案： ① out 译文：食品很快就要用完了，因此登山者只好返回。
② after 译文：警察在追捕一名昨夜逃跑的犯人。
③ into 译文：当我在做飞机模型遇到困难时，我请我父亲帮忙。
④ away 译文：看着一张张脸上那责备的神情，她突然想赶快溜走。
⑤ across 译文：我在昨天的报纸上偶然发现了这篇文章。
⑥ into 译文：如果你独个儿在那片森林里行走，你会遇到危险的。5．make up
1)编造故事(或谎言等)
The boy made up a story; it was not true.
男孩编了个故事，这故事不是真的。
2)形成；构成
Women make up 40% of the student numbers.
女生占学生人数的40%.
3)化妆；化装
She made up her face to look prettier.
她把脸化了妆以便看上去漂亮些。4)补上(失去的东西)；作出补偿
Can I leave early this afternoon and make up the time tomorrow.
我今天下午早点走，明天补上这段时间，可以吗？【知识拓展】
1)make up one's mind 作出决定；下决心
They're both beautiful——I can't make up my mind.
两人都很漂亮——我难以决定。
2)make up for sth 弥补；补偿
Her enthusiasm makes up for her lack of experience.
她的热情弥补了她经验的不足。【词语辨析】
make up, make up for
两个短语动词均含有“弥补”之意。
1)make up 表达“弥补、补偿”之意时，其宾语是耽误了的事。
How can we make up to you for what you have suffered?
我们如何补偿你所遭受的损害？2)make up for 指用其他方式来平衡，其宾语为补偿的目的。
After all the delays, we were anxious to make up for lost time.
耽搁了这么久，我们急着想弥补失去的时间。
【知识运用】
(1)(2008浙江－14) American Indian________about five percent of the U．S. population.
A．fill up B．bring up
C．make up D．set up
答案：C 本题题意：美国的印第安人约占全国总人口的5%。make up表示“形成；构成”。(2)Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and________jokes.
A．turning up B．putting up
C．making up D．showing up
答案：C 本题题意：村里的每一个人都喜欢杰克，因为他擅长讲述和编故事。make up 表示“编造故事(或谎言等)”。(3)Happily for John's mother, he is working harder to________his lost time.
A．make up for B．keep up with
C．catch up with D．make use of
答案：A 本题题意：令约翰母亲感到高兴的是，约翰正在努力学习以弥补失去的时间。make up for lost time 表示“补回失去的时间”。6．bow to
1)向……鞠躬
①All the people in the court bowed to the queen when she entered.
女王进来时，宫中所有的人都向她鞠躬致意。
②The captain stepped up to the side of the carriage and bowed to the lady.
船长走到马车旁，向那女子鞠了一躬。2)屈从于
①I will bow to the decision of the committee though I disagree with it.
我虽然不同意委员会作出的决定，但我还是会服从的。
②Though I should have thought otherwise，I will bow to your judgement.
虽然我另有考虑，但我同意你的判断。【知识运用】
(1)The crowd approved the choice and Stumpy was wise enough to bow________the majority.
A．on B．with
C．to D．for
答案：C 本题题意：这个选择大伙儿都同意，斯顿皮也聪明地顺从了大家的意见。bow to 表示“屈从于”。(2)I can't agree with you but I________your greater experience and knowledge.
A．approve of B．lead to
C．bow to D．accuse of
答案：C 本题题意：虽然我不同意你的意见，但我佩服你经验和知识比我丰富。7．in particular
1)尤其；特别；格外
①I am interested in stories in general, and in detective stories in particular.
我总的来说对小说感兴趣，尤其是对侦探小说感兴趣。
②She stressed that point in particular.
她特别强调了那一点。2)特殊的；专门的；具体的
①—Is there anything in particular you'd like for dinner?
—No, nothing in particular.
“正餐你有什么特别喜欢的菜吗？”“没有， 什么都行。”
②He studies in particular the fishes of the Indian Ocean.
他专门研究印度洋的鱼类。【知识拓展1】
be particular(about/over sth)讲究；挑剔
①She is particular about/over what she eats.
她过分讲究吃。
②Chinese people are particular about/over the feelings and confidence that clothes bring out.
中国人讲究：穿出感觉来，穿出自信来。【知识拓展2】
1)in common 共有；共有
We have a kitchen in common.
我们的厨房是共用的。
2)in total总共
That will cost you 7.50 in total.
你总共要花7.50英镑。
3)in general
(1)通常；大体上
In general, the bus is here by 9 am.
通常公共汽车是9点前到达这里。(2)总的说来；从整体上看
In general her work has been good, but this essay is dreadful.
总的说来， 她的作品不错， 不过这篇文章糟透了。
4)in brief简言之；一言以蔽之
Please tell me what happened in brief, don't go into details.
扼要地告诉我发生了什么，不必讲得太详细。
5)in short 总之；简言之
In short, I am interested in all of the sports.
简而言之， 我对一切运动都感兴趣。【知识运用】
(1)In________， the northerners are keen on dumplings while the southerners are fond of rice.
A．common B．total
C．general D．Particular
答案：C 本题题意：总的说来，北方人喜爱饺子，然而南方人却喜爱米饭。in general (＝as a whole) 表示“总的说来；从总体上看”。(2)You must ensure that, in________， users can easily tell which items are selected and which are not.
A．common B．total
C．general D．particular
答案：C 本题题意：特别是，你必须确保用户能轻易地辨别哪些项目已经选定，哪些项目没有选定。in particular表示“尤其；特别；格外”。(3)It's a long letter, but in________， he says“No.”
A．short B．brief
C．general D．particular
答案：B 本题题意：这是封长信，但简单地说，他就是“不同意。”in brief表示“简言之；一言以蔽之。”
1．The poem may not make sense and even contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite.
童谣不一定有什么意义，甚至(有的)看来自相矛盾，但是它们容易学，也容易背。【知识剖析】
在they are easy to learn and recite中，不定式to learn and recite采用主动形式表示被动含义。不定式修饰作表语或补足语的形容词时，如果和句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的“动宾”关系，不定式通常采用主动形式表示被动含义；这是因为可以看作把for sb. 给省略了。常见的形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, expensive, convenient, impossible, interesting, pleasant, comfortable, nice, dangerous, fit, bad, good等。例如：①Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn.
有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很乏味。
②English is difficult to learn well in a short time.
英语难以在短时间内学好。
③Looking through the book, he found it difficult to understand.浏览了一下这本书，他发现这本书的内容很难懂。
④They found the subject hard to understand.
他们发现这个题目很难理解。
⑤This way made the problem easy to understand.
这种方法使这个问题容易理解了。
【知识运用】
(1)(2010四川－11) In many people's opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant ________.
A. to deal with B. dealing with
C. to be dealt with D. dealt with
答案：A 本题题意：在许多人看来，那家公司虽然规模相对较小，但很好打交道。不定式(短语)修饰担任表语或补足语的形容词时，不定式(短语)通常采用主动形式表示被动含义。(2)(2008全国1－26) I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good________.
A．to be breathed B．to breathe
C．breathing D．being breathed
答案：B 本题题意：在夏季，我喜欢早起。呼吸清晨的空气有益于身心。本句还可以转换为：It is so good(for us)to breathe the morning air. 不定式(短语)修饰作表语或补足语的形容词时，通常采用主动形式表示被动含义。(3)They found the lecture hard________； they all felt sleepy.
A．to be understood
B．for understanding
C．to understand
D．to have been understood
答案：C 本题题意：他们发现这个讲座的内容很难懂，所以他们都有恹恹欲睡的感觉。不定式修饰作表语或补足语的形容词时，如果和句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式通常采用主动形式表示被动含义。(4)The days________we spent together on the farm are not easy________.
A．when; to forget
B．which; to be forgotten
C．that; to forget
D．/; to be forgotten答案：C 本题题意：我们在农场一起度过的时光难以忘记。第一个空考查定语从句中的引导词，由于定语从句中谓语动词spent后缺少宾语，所以采用关系代词which/that引导；第二空考查“不定式修饰作表语或补足语的形容词时，如果和句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式通常采用主动形式表示被动含义”。
2．With so many different forms of poetry to choose from, students may eventually want to write poems of their own.
有了这么多可供选择的诗歌类型，学生们最终也许想自己作诗了。【知识剖析】
With so many different forms of poetry to choose from为with的复合结构，在句中担任原因状语。“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”所构成的复合结构在句中还可以担任定语。作状语时表示伴随情况或者原因。此外，在“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构中，补足语成分可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式，介词短语，形容词或副词等。1)with＋宾语＋现在分词(短语)
①When mother went into the house, she found her baby was sleeping in bed, with his lips moving.
当妈妈走进房子的时候，她发现自己的孩子正睡在床上，嘴唇一直在动。
②My aunt lives in the room with the windows facing south.
我姑妈住在那间窗户朝南开的房间。2)with＋宾语＋过去分词(短语)
①With more and more forests damaged，some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out.
由于越来越多的森林遭到破坏，一些动植物正面临着灭绝的危险。
②With his legs broken, he had to lie in bed for a long time.
他双腿都断了，只得长时间躺在床上。3)with＋宾语＋不定式(短语)
①With so many children to look after, the nurse is busy all the time.
有这么多的孩子需要照顾，保育员一直都很忙。
②With a lot of papers to correct, Mr. Li didn't attend the party.
李老师有许多试卷需要批改，所以没有参加聚会。
③With Li Ping to help us，I'm sure we can finish our task.
有李平来帮助我们，我敢肯定我们一定能完成任务。4)with＋宾语＋副词
①You should read with the radio off.
在看书的时候应该把收音机关掉。
②With the temperature up, we had to open all the windows.
气温上升，我们不得不打开所有的窗户。5)with＋宾语 ＋形容词
①With the window open, I felt a bit cold.
窗户开着，我感到有点冷。
②It was cold outside, the boy ran into the room with his nose red.
外面天气很冷，那个男孩跑进屋子时，鼻子红红的。6)with＋宾语＋介词短语
①The woman with a baby in her arms is getting on the bus.
怀里抱着婴儿的那位妇女正在上车。
②John starts to work very clearly in the morning and goes on working until late in the afternoon with a break at midday.
约翰早上开始工作，中午稍作休息后又接着工作到下午稍晚些时候。【知识运用】
(1)(2010山东－29) The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ________ for a meal to be cooked.
A. laid B. laying
C. to lay D. being laid
答案：A 本题题意：客厅干净、整洁，已经摆放了准备煮饭的餐桌。本题考查with复合结构的用法。动作lay(搁放)与名词table之间存在逻辑上的“动宾”关系，采用过去分词形式，表示动作上“被动”以及时间概念上的“完成”。(2)(2009海南－15)Now that we've discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions________？
A．taking B．take
C．taken D．to take
答案：C 本题题意：既然我们已经讨论了问题，人们对做出的决定感到满意吗？本题考查过去分词担任后置定语，表示逻辑关系上的“被动”，以及时间概念上的“完成”。(3)(2008福建－34) You have no idea how she finished the relay race________her foot wounded so much.
A．for B．when
C．with D．while
答案：C 本题题意：你简直无法想像她在脚伤如此严重的情况下是如何完成接力赛的。本题考查“with＋宾语＋宾补”(with的复合结构)的用法。(4)(2007安徽－29) John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work______， he gladly accepted it.
A．finished
B．finishing
C．having finished
D．was finished
答案：A 本题题意：约翰收到了晚餐邀请， 由于工作已经完成了，他高兴地接受了邀请。本题考查with的复合结构，即：with＋宾语＋宾补。本题采用过去分词担任宾补，表示一个已经完成的被动动作。(5)—Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work________my mind, I almost break down.
A．filled B．filling
C．to fill D．being filled
答案：B 本题题意：“快点吧，让我了解一下这个项目”。“抱歉，我脑子里有这么多的工作，我几乎就要崩溃了。”本题考查“with＋宾语＋宾补”，采用现在分词的一般式担任宾补，表示一个正在发生的主动动作。(6)________two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
A．With B．Besides
C．As for D．Because of
答案：A 本题题意：由于担心两门考试，本周末我得用功了。本题考查介词with后接复合宾语的用法。(7)It was a pity that the great writer died________his works unfinished.
A．for B．with
C．from D．of
答案：B 本题题意：真遗憾， 这位伟大的作家作品没有完成就去世了。本题考查with的复合结构， 形容词unfinished表示状态。
(8)With a lot of difficult problems________， the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A．to settle B．settling
C．settled D．being settled答案：A 本题题意：大量的难题需要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。本题考查with的复合结构；根据所提供的语境可知：由于总统新当选，众多的难题还没解决，属于现在和将来时间概念，采用不定式作补语。此外，difficult problems与动词settle之间尽管存在逻辑上的“动宾”关系，但由于句子的主语the newly-elected president恰好是动作settle的执行者，所以不定式采用主动形式表示被动含义。过去分词settled做宾补表示问题已经被解决；现在分词的被动式being settled作宾补虽然表达被动含义，但表示问题正在被解决。现在分词settling表示主动关系；动作正在发生。以上三者均不合题意。
课件54张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．The last ________ (部分) sums up all the arguments on either side.
2．The soil was washed away by the flood, exposing ________ (光秃秃的) rock.
3．Many ________ (空的) spaces are still left in the suburbs.
4．Plain, simple clothes are a ________ for school wear.
5．He gave me an apple in e________ for an orange.
答案：1.section 2.bare 3.blank 4.appropriate 5.exchangeⅡ.短语
1．作为交换________
2．对某事是适当的________
3．到……时候________
4．如此……以致……________
5．as...as one can ________
6．used to ________
7．by chance ________
8．be good at ________
答案：1.in exchange for 2.be appropriate to/for sth 3.by the time... 4.so...that... 5.尽可能 6.过去常常 7.偶然地；碰巧地 8.擅长于……
1．appropriate (adj.)～(for/to sth) 合适的；适当的
①She picked up a dress appropriate for the occasion.
她挑了一件适合该场合穿的衣服。
②Write in a style appropriate to your subject.
用与你的题目相称的体裁写。
③Is now an appropriate time to make a speech?
现在发表演讲是不是时候？【词语辨析】
appropriate, proper, fit, suitable
这些形容词均表示“适当的”或“适合的”之意。
1)appropriate指专门适合于某人或某事，语气较重，强调“恰如其分”。
His casual clothes were not appropriate for such a formal occasion.
他的便服，不适宜在这样正式的场合穿。2)proper往往侧重于符合某个标准或习惯。描写的是与伦理、风俗或礼仪相符而和谐的或是自然的， 含有生来就具备适宜性质的含义。
They'll visit the country again at a proper time.
他们将在适当的时间再次访问这个国家。
3)fit指具有适合于某个目的，某种工作或某种用途等必需的品质或条件。
After the interview, the employer concluded that she was fit for the job.
面试后老板下结论说她能胜任这项工作。4)suitable指具有适合于某种特定场合、地位或情况等的品质。
This toy is not suitable for young children.
这个玩具不适合小孩玩。【知识运用】
采用appropriate, proper, fit或suitable填空：
①This food is not________for your visitors.
②His mother has trained him to be a very________young man.
③The book was written in a style________to the age of the children.
④The house is not________for you to live in.
⑤The pages aren't in________order.
⑥He was just not________for the job.
⑦You will be informed of the details at the________time.答案：
①fit 译文：这食物对你的客人来说不合适。
②proper 译文：他的母亲已经把他训练成循规蹈矩的人。
③appropriate 译文：这本书的文体适合儿童阅读。
④fit 译文：那幢房子不适合你住。
⑤proper 译文：这些页数次序不对。
⑥suitable/fit 译文：他就是不适合干这份工作。
⑦appropriate/proper 译文：在适当的时候将把详情告诉你。2．exchange
1)v.
(1)～sth (with sb) 交换；交流；调换
We exchanged our opinions about the event at the meeting.
在会上，我们就此事交换了意见。
(2)～A for B 兑换；交易；更换
I'd like to exchange some pounds for dollars.
我想把一些英镑兑换成美金。2)n.
(1)[C & U] 交换；互换；交流；调换
An exchange of opinions is helpful.
相互交换意见是有益的。
(2)[C] 交谈；对话；争论
The Prime Minister was involved in a heated exchange with opposition MPs.
首相参与了和下院反对党议员的激烈辩论。(3)[U] 兑换；汇兑
What is the rate of exchange between the pound and the dollar?
英镑与美元的兑换率是多少？
(4)[C](不同国家或团体之间的)交流、互访
The technical cooperation and cultural exchanges between the two countries are daily on the increase.
两国之间的技术合作和文化交流正在与日俱增。【知识拓展】
1)in exchange for 以……换
He gave me an apple in exchange of an orange.
他给我一个苹果，交换一个橙子。
2)make an exchange 交换
When an owner is interested in others' property instead of his own, he accordingly tries to make an exchange.
当财产权利者对他们的某一财产产生兴趣，而对自己所拥有的财产失去经营价值时，他就想用自己的财产换取他所感兴趣的财产。3)on the stock exchange 在证券交易上， 在证券买卖上
Heavy gains were recorded on the Stock Exchange today.
今日股票价格大幅上升。
4)exchange words 争吵， 吵架
They exchanged angry words before the meeting but were finally persuaded to agree.
他们在会议前争吵起来， 经劝说最后言归于好。【知识运用】
(1)(2010湖北－30) It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money ________ favors to them.
A. in preference to B. in place of
C. in agreement with D. in exchange for
答案：D 本题题意：公职人员向人们索取礼品或金钱进行利益交换是违法的。in exchange for 表示“作为．..的交换；(以…)交换”。(2)This will give us an opportunity to talk about investment and________views. Do let me know if you can make it.
A．express B．transform
C．exchange D．switch
答案：C 本题题意：这将为我们论讨投资问题和交换意见提供良好的机会。望提前通知我您能否出席。exchange表示“交换；交流；调换”。3．blank (adj.)
1)空白的
He handed me a blank check.
他递给我一张空白支票。
2)空的；无图画(或标记、装饰)的
Suddenly the screen went blank.
屏幕突然变成一片空白。
3)没表情的、不理解的、不感兴趣的
I tried to tell her the truth, but she just gave me a blank look.
我想告诉她事实真相，但她只是莫名其妙地看看我。 3．blank (adj.)
1)空白的
He handed me a blank check.
他递给我一张空白支票。
2)空的；无图画(或标记、装饰)的
Suddenly the screen went blank.
屏幕突然变成一片空白。
3)没表情的、不理解的、不感兴趣的
I tried to tell her the truth, but she just gave me a blank look.
我想告诉她事实真相，但她只是莫名其妙地看看我。 【词语辨析】
blank, open, empty, hollow
这些形容词都有“空的”之意。
1)blank指上面没有写字、印刷或做记号的空白表面，或指上面留着准备被填写的空白处。
Write your name, address and telephone number in the blank spaces at the top of the page.
在这一页顶的空白处写上你的姓名、地址和电话号码。2)open指未被占有，从而可被别人得到的。
In front of us we saw a stretch of open fields.
我们看到在我们的身前是一片开阔的田野。
3)empty指空无一人或一物，或空洞无意义的。
The streets were almost empty.
街上几乎空无一人。
4)hollow指物体中间是空的。
This tree looks high and strong but actually its trunk is hollow.
这棵树看起来又高又壮，实际上树干是空的。【知识运用】
采用blank, open, empty或hollow填空：
①These chocolate eggs are all________.
②He didn't want to retire and lead a/an________life.
③Write on one side of the page and leave the other side________.
④I can't think where I've left my umbrella; my mind's a complete________！
⑤I'm not convinced your idea will work, but I'll keep a/an________mind for the moment.⑥Looking at a paper assignment, my mind often went________：ANY topics in ancient Greek history?
⑦The position is still________.
⑧If we politely request another table in an otherwise________restaurant, we expect to be accommodated.
答案：
①hollow 译文：这些巧克力蛋都是空心的。
②empty 译文：他不想退休过空虚的生活。
③blank 译文：在这页的一边写字， 另一边空着。
④blank 译文：我想不起来把伞丢在哪儿了， 一点印象都没有！
⑤open 译文：我还没想通是否你的意见可行，不过我先考虑一下。
⑥blank 译文：当我看着布置下来的论文时，脑子里往往是一片空白：有关古希腊史的“任何”题目？⑦open 译文：那个职位仍空缺着。
⑧empty 译文：在人少的餐馆，我们如果礼貌地要求换另一个座位时，我们希望服务员接受我们的要求。
虚拟语气(2)
1．虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用
1)主语从句
在it is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder, it is strange, it is natural, it is necessary, it is important, it is impossible, it is surprising, it is desired, it is suggested, it was ordered, it has been decided, it is demanded, it is insisted, it is requested等结构后面的主语从句中。①It is necessary that the problem(should)be discussed at once.
立刻讨论这个问题很有必要。
②It has been decided that the meeting(should)be put off.
已经决定推迟这个会议。2)宾语从句
一些含有假设，猜想，建议等意思的动词后面的宾语从句要用“should＋动词原形”结构，should往往可以省略。这类动词有：advise, arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, require, request, suggest等。
①She commanded that we(should)attack at once.
她命令我们必须立刻进攻。
②I demand that John go there at once.
我要求约翰必须立刻到那儿去。3)表语从句以及同位语从句
在名词suggestion, order, proposal, demand, plan, idea, desire, advice, decision等后面的表语从句或同位语从句中。
①My suggestion is that we(should)go and help him.
我的建议是我们应该去帮助他。
②It is our idea that she(should)go to America for further education.
我们的看法是她应该去美国进修。2．特殊结构
1)It's(high, about)time that...
①It is time that somebody taught you/should teach you to behave yourself.
该有人来教一教你怎样规矩一些。
②It's time I went and picked my girl from school.
我该去学校接我的女儿了。2)as if/though...
①He talked as if/though he had been there before.
他讲起话来就好像他以前去过那似的。
②I've loved you as if you were my son.
我一直爱你就仿佛你是我的儿子。
3)would rather sb did/had done...
①I would rather you came tomorrow than today.
我希望你是今天来而不是明天来。
②I would rather you had not made any comment on the issue at the meeting.
我宁愿你在会议上对这个问题不发表任何评论。4)I wish that sb did/had done/would do…(wish自身的时态并不影响从句谓语动词的形式。)
①I wish that I knew something about programming.
我希望我懂一点程序设计就好了。
②I wish I had not spoken like that.
我希望我没那样讲。
③I wish that you would get younger and younger.
但愿你越来越年轻。5)if only...
①If only I had not been busy last week!
要是上周我不忙该多好啊！
②If only she knew how I missed her.
但愿她知道我多想念她。
6)Would you mind if sb did...
①Would you mind if I opened the window?
如果我打开窗户，你不反对吧？
②Would you mind if I took one of the pictures?
我拿走一张画，你介意吗？语法专练
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1．(2010江苏－34) George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he ________ more on its culture.
A. focus B. focused
C. would focus D. had focused答案：B 本题题意：乔治打算讲一讲他们国家的地理，但是我宁愿他重点谈论一下他们国家的文化。如果主句中含有would rather, would sooner或would prefer，则宾语从句要用过去时表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表达希望或婉转的责备。2．—Would you have called her up had it been possible?
—Yes, but I________busy doing my homework.
A．was B．were
C．had been D．would be
答案：A 本题题意：“如果当时可能的话，你会给她打电话吗？”“是的，但是我当时忙于做作业。”本题通过虚拟语气结构考查时态。说话人客观陈述了发生在过去的一件事，采用一般过去时。3．Jane would never have gone to the party________that Mary would come to see her.
A．has she known B．had she known
C．if she know D．if she has known
答案：B 本题题意：如果简知道玛莉来看望她，她绝不会去参加聚会。在虚拟语气结构中，如果条件状语从句的谓语动词中含有were, had, should, 可以省略连词if, 把were, had, should放在主语前构成倒装结构。4．If I________it, I would do it in a different way.
A．am to do B．were to do
C．do D．have done
答案：B 本题题意：要是我来做这件事，我会用不同的方式来做。表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想，主句的谓语动词部分可以采用 should do, were to do或一般过去时的形式。5．Without air, there________no living things.
A．will be B．wouldn't have been
C．would be D．wasn't
答案：C 本题题意：如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。在虚拟语气结构中，有时假设的情况并不是采用条件状语从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语的形式来表示，这属于“含蓄条件句”的一种形式。在本考题中，without air相当于If there were not air，表达了一个与现在事实相反的假设，主句的谓语部分采用“would/should/might/could＋动词原形”。6．I was busy that day. Otherwise I________there with them.
A．will have gone B．had gone
C．have gone D．would have gone
答案：D 本题题意：我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。在虚拟语气结构中，有时假设的情况并不是采用条件状语从句表示出来，而是通过连词or, otherwise, but, however, but that等来表示某种假设。在本考题中，otherwise可以被 If I hadn't been busy that day，...所替换，表示与过去事实相反的一个假设。7．If he________my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.
A．didn't take B．hasn't taken
C．hadn't taken D．doesn't take
答案：C 本题题意：如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。在虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致，此时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式。这种现象称作“混合型虚拟条件句”。在本考题中，if从句表达了一个与过去事实相反的假设。8．The workers in France demanded that their pay________from the following week on.
A．would be raised B．was raised
C．be raised D．will be raised
答案：C 本题题意：法国工人要求从下周起提高他们的工资薪酬。在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词(如order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, desire, command, insist, advise等)动词后面的宾语从句中， 谓语动词应用(should)do形式。 9．His proposal that the system________was rejected.
A．shall be changed B．should be changed
C．was changed D．has been changed
答案：B 本题题意：他提的关于修改制度的建议被拒绝了。suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中，谓语部分采用虚拟语气结构，即：(should)＋动词原形。 10．You don't have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you________on business first.
A．went B．have gone
C．will go D．had gone
答案：A 本题题意：你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。would rather(that)sb did/had done...表示“宁愿某人……”，如果表示“现在或将来”时间概念，谓语动词采用一般过去时；表达“过去”时间概念，则采用过去完成时。11．If only they________me what they've decided.
A．told B．will tell
C．would tell D．tell
答案：C 本题题意：但愿他们能把决定告诉我。if only表示“只要；要是……就好，但愿”，用以表示对现在或未来的愿望，谓语部分采用“would/should/might/could＋动词原形”。如果用以表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词部分则采用过去完成时。例如：If only he'd remembered to buy some fruit. 他当时要是记得买些水果来该多好。12．We all insist that we________until we finish the work.
A．not to rest B．not rest
C．not resting D．should not have rested
答案：B 本题题意：大家都坚决要求不完工就不休息。insist表示“坚决要求”，其后的宾语从句的谓语部分采用“(should)＋动词原形”。注意：当insist表示“坚持说；固执己见”，以后的宾语从句的谓语部分采用“直陈语气”。例如：He insisted (that) he was innocent.他坚持说他是无辜的。13．I wish I________what was going to happen.
A．had known B．will know
C．knew D．would know答案：C 本题题意：但愿我能知道要发生什么事。在动词wish后的宾语从句中，从句通常省略连词that.表示对现在情况的虚拟时，宾语从句的谓语部分采用一般过去时或过去进行时(be动词一般用were)。注意：表示对过去情况的虚拟时，动词wish后的宾语从句的谓语部分采用“had＋过去分词”。例如：I wish/wished I hadn't spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。表示对将来的主观愿望时，动词wish后的宾语从句的谓语部分采用“would＋动词原形”， 此时主句的主语与从句的主语不相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。例如：I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。14．It seemed to suggest that he________happy to have given his life for his country.
A．were B．was
C．be D．should have been
答案：B 本题题意：这好像表明他为能为国捐躯而感到很高兴。suggest表示“暗示；表明；使想到；使认为；言下之意说”时，其后的宾语从句的谓语部分采用直陈语气。15．It is important that we________.
A．shall close the window before we leave
B．will close the window before we leave
C．must close the window before we leave
D．close the window before we leave答案：D 本题题意：我们离开之前把窗子关上，这是很重要的。在it is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder, it is strange, it is natural, it is necessary, it is important, it is impossible, it is surprising, it is desired, it is suggested, it was ordered, it has been decided, it is demanded, it is insisted, it is requested等结构后面的主语从句中，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常采用“should＋动词原形”结构，should可以省略。
课件29张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．e________ (v.) to give someone something in return for something that they give you
2．f________(adv.) used to say that a particular situation or state will always exist
3．s________ (vt.) to arrange for sth official to take place
4．p________ (n.) someone who plays the piano
5．v________ (n.) someone who plays the violin6．________ (adj.) 适当的；正当的→________ (adv.)
7．________(n.) 冠军称号→________ (n.) 冠军
8．________ (n.) 黑暗→________ (adj.) 黑暗的→________ (使)变黑/暗
9．________ (n.)暖和；温暖→________ (adj.) 暖和的
10．________ (n.)奖学金；学问→________(n.) 学者；奖学金获得者答案：1.exchange 2.forever 3.sponsor 4.pianist
5．violinist 6.appropriate; appropriately 7.championship; champion 8.darkness; dark; darken 9.warmth; warm 10.scholarship; scholarⅡ.短语
1．have ________ 玩得高兴
2．________ chance 碰巧，意外地
3．take it ________ 轻松；不紧张；从容
4．hold ________别挂断；继续；坚持；保持
5．________ the bottom of 在……的底部
6．________ oneself 独自地；独立地
7．try ________ 测试；试验
8．let ________ 发出；放走
答案：1.fun 2.by 3.easy 4.on 5.at 6.by 7.out 8.out
1．hold on|hang on
1)别挂电话；停一下
The line is busy; would you like to hang/hold on?
电话有人在打，请别挂断好吗？
2)抓紧
He hung/held on until the rope broke.
他抓紧着，直到绳子断了。3)(在逆境中)坚持，不放弃
Hang/Hold on at your present job until you can get another.
你在没有找到另一个工作前不要放弃目前的工作。
4)等一下；停一下
Now hang/hold on a minute——you can't really believe what you just said!
等一下——你不可能真的相信你刚才说的话吧！5)等待某事发生；等候
I haven't heard if I've got the job yet——they've kept me hanging on for days.
我是否得到了那份工作的事还没有消息——他们让我等了好几天了。
【知识拓展】
1)hang on sth 有赖于，取决于(某事物)
It all hang on whether he is willing to help us.
一切都取决于他是否愿意帮助我们。
2)hold/hang on to sth
(1)抓紧某物
The little girl hung/held on to her mother's hand while they crossed the street.
横过马路的时候， 小姑娘紧紧抓住她妈妈的手。(2)保留；不卖掉；不放弃
Let's hang/hold on to those old photographs——they may be valuable.
咱们留着这些旧照片吧——它们或许有价值。
3)hang out 常去某处；泡在某处
The local kids hang out at the mall.
当地的孩子常在商业街闲逛。
4)hang up 挂断电话
After I hung up I remembered what I'd wanted to say.
我挂断电话之后才想起来原本想说的话。【知识运用】
(1)(2008福建－ 29)________a moment and I will go to your rescue.
A．Go on B．Hold on
C．Move on D．Carry on
答案：B 本题题意：坚持一会儿，我将去援救你。 hold/hang on 表示“(在困境或危险中)坚持住；挺住”。(2)(2008江苏－23) —Is Peter there?
—________， please. I'll see if I can find him for you.
A．Hold up B．Hold on
C．Hold out D．Hold off
答案：B 本题题意：“彼得在吗？”“请稍等。我去看看能否找到他。”hold on表示“(电话用语)别挂断；等一下”。(3)We thought of selling this old furniture. But we've decided to________it. It might be valuable.
A．hold on to B．keep up with
C．turn to D．look after
答案：A 本题题意：我们原本想把这件旧家具卖掉。但是我们已经决定留下它。它或许有价值。hold on to 表示“保留；不卖掉；不放弃”。2．try sb/sth out(on sb)
1)试用某人
They're trying out a new presenter for the show.
他们正在为这个节目试用一位新的主持人。
2)测试；试验
The idea sounds fine, but we need to try it out in practice.
这个注意听起来不错，但我们要在实践中试验一下。【知识拓展】
1)try out for sth 参加……选拔(或试演)
I'm trying out for the basketball team.
我在争取加入那篮球队。
2)try sth on试穿(衣物)
Try the shoes on before you buy them.
鞋子要先穿上试一试再买。【知识运用】
(1)Several pairs of shoes were tried________， but none of them were satisfactory.
A．on B．out
C．for D．over
答案：A 本题题意：试了好几双鞋了， 但没有一双是令人满意的。try sth on表示“试穿(衣物)”。(2)Scientists________thousands of chemicals before they found the right one.
A．made out B．worked out
C．tried out D．turned out
答案：C 本题题意：科学家们试验了数千种的化学药品才找到一种合适的。try out表示“测试；试验”。3．let out
1)泄漏
I'll never tell you another secret if you let this one out.
假如你把这个机密泄漏出去，有秘密的事我再也不告诉你了。
2)发出(叫声等)
He let out a cry of pain as the nail went into his foot.
钉子扎进他的脚时，他痛苦地大喊了一声。3)使某人解脱
My flu let me out of attending the meeting.
由于患了流感；我参加不了那个会了。
4)(把衬衣、外套等)放大、放长、加宽
Mary's mother had to let out Mary's dress because she was growing so tall.
玛丽的母亲不得不把玛丽的衣服放大些，因为玛丽长得那么高。5)解雇；革职；开除
The shop closed down and all the men were let out.
店关了门，所有的员工都被辞退了。
6)租出去
In the park boats are let out for 3yuan per hour.
在公园里，可以以每小时3元的价格出租小游艇。
7)放出
Let me out！I'm locked in!
让我出来！我被锁在里面了！ 【知识拓展】
1)let down
(1)不能帮助，不能支持(某人)；使失望
The team felt that they had let the coach down.
队员们觉得他们让教练失望了。
(2)(使)略逊一筹，美中不足
She speaks French very fluently, but her pronunciation lets her down.
他法语讲得很流利，但美中不足的是发音不大好。(3)放下；降低；降下
Please let down the blinds.
请把百叶窗放下。
(4)(把衣服、裙子、外套等)放长，放出(褶边)
She let the dress down, several centimeters.
她把这件衣服放长了几厘米。2)let on (to sb)(对某人)说出秘密，泄密
①She was terrified at the information, but didn't let on.
她听到消息十分害怕，但没有泄露。
②I'm getting married next week, but please don't let on (to anyone) (about it), will you?
我就要结婚了， 但(这事)请不要泄露(给任何人), 行吗？【知识运用】
(1)He accidentally________he had quarreled with his wife and that he hadn't been home for a couple of weeks.
A．let out B．took care
C．made sure D．made out
答案：A 他无意中透漏出他和妻子吵了架，已经两三个星期没回家了。let out 表示“泄露”。(2)Don't let________the plan to the press.
A．in B．off
C．on D．out
答案：D 本题题意：别把这计划泄露给新闻界。let out表示“泄漏”，为及物性的动词短语。(3)He knew where the boy was but he didn't let______.
A．in B．alone
C．on D．out
答案：C 本题题意：知道那孩子在哪， 但是他没揭发。let on (to sb) 表示“(对某人)说出秘密，泄密”。课件44张PPT。
1．concern
1)v.
①影响，涉及，牵涉(某人)
This concerns the healthy growth of the children deeply.
这事对孩子们的健康成长关系极大。
②与……有关；涉及
Attend to what concerns you.
注意与你有关的事物。③让(某人)担忧
Please don't let my illness concern you.
请你不要担心我的疾病。
④～oneself with/about sth 对……感兴趣
There's no need to concern yourself with this matter; we're dealing with it.
你不用管这事了， 我们正在处理。2)n.
①[U & C]～(about/for/over sth/sb)|～(that...)(尤指许多人共同的)担心，忧虑
She expressed her deep concern about conditions at the factory.
她对工厂的状况表示深切的关注。
②[U] 关爱；关心
I was surprised by her lack of concern.
她的漠不关心令我很感意外。③[C] (对人，组织等)重要的事情
Stress at work is a matter of concern to staff and management.
工作压力是员工和资方都关切的事。
【知识拓展】
1)be concerned about/for 担心，忧虑；关心
①We are all concerned for/about her safety.
我们大家都担心着她的安全。
②He should be concerned for the welfare of the workers.
他应当关心工人的福利。2)be concerned with sth
①对……感兴趣(关注或关切)
I was mainly concerned with making something that children could enjoy.
我关心的主要是做出孩子们喜欢的东西来。
②与某事物有关； 涉及某事物
Her latest documentary is concerned with youth unemployment.
她最近的一部纪录片是关于青年人失业问题的。
3)be concerned over/at sth 为某事忧虑
Having suffered a heavy loss, we are all concerned over/at/about our company's future.
遭受了一次重大损失，我们都在为公司的前途忧虑。4)be concerned in sth和某事有牵连
The police are anxious to interview everyone concerned in last night's accident.
警察急于会见与昨晚事故有关的每个人。
5)as/so far as...concerned关于； 至于； 就……而言(尤其是表示令人不快的感觉或意见)
As far as I am concerned, you can do what you like.
就我而言，你想干什么就可以干什么。6)out of concern出于关心
Out of concern for her health, we suggested she take a week off work.
出于对她健康的关心，我们建议她休息一周。
【知识运用】
(1)The speech which he made________the project bothered me greatly.
A．being concerned B．was concerned
C．concerned D．concerning
答案：D 本题题意：关于这个项目他所说的那番话令我非常反感。本考题含有两个定语成分，其一为定语从句which he made，其二为介词短语concerning the project. concerning(＝about sth; involving sb/sth)表示“关于，涉及”；例如：He asked several questions concerning the future of the company. 他问了几个有关公司前途的问题。(2)The meeting was concerned______reforms and everyone present was concerned______his own interest.
A．with; for B．with; in
C．in; about D．in; with
答案：A 本题题意：这次会议的议题与改革有关。出席会议的每一个人都关心自身的利益。be concerned with sth表示“与某事物有关；涉及某事物”；be concerned about/for sth表示“使担心或挂念，使忧虑；关心”。(3)________on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is________major concern of the country.
A．The; 不填 B．The; a
C．An; the D．An; 不填答案：B 本题题意：讲英语的加拿大人和讲法语的加拿大人之间持续存在的分歧是加拿大全国关注的重大问题之一。介词短语between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians 后置作定语，修饰名词division，表示特指；concern 为单数可数名词，表示“(对人、组织等)重要的事情”，在此和不定冠词连用，表示“非特指的一个”，说明这只是令人关注的重大问题之一。
(4)(2008吉林市) Anything that________Mr. Green interests me.
A．concerns B．matters
C．belongs D．relates
答案：A 本题题意：任何与格林先生有关的事情，我都感兴趣。concern表示“与……有关；涉及”。2．abuse
1)n.
①[U] 辱骂；恶语
He greeted me with a stream of abuse.
他见到我就连声辱骂。
②[U& sing.]～(of sth) 滥用；妄用
They talked about how the uses and abuses of figures to prove things in politics.
他们谈到人们如何在政治问题上使用及滥用数字来混淆视听。③[U& pl.] 虐待
Child abuse is widespread in this country.
这个国家虐待孩子的情况很普遍。
2)v.
①滥用(以致危害健康)
He systematically abused his body with heroin and cocaine.
他因服用海洛因和可卡因一步一步地把身体搞垮了。
②滥用；妄用(权利、所知所闻)
He abused his power while in office.
他在职时滥用权力。③辱骂；对(某人)恶语相加；诋毁
Don't abuse your friends.
不要辱骂你的朋友。
④虐待；性虐待；伤害
Stop abusing the child.
住手， 不要伤害这孩子。
【知识运用】
(1)The government has set up a working party to look into the problem of drug________.
A．damage B．injury
C．abuse D．harm
答案：C 本题题意：政府已成立工作组调查滥用毒品问题。abuse表示“滥用、妄用”。(2)Do not________the confidence they have placed in you.
A．insult B．abuse
C．restore D．undertake
答案：B 本题题意：不要辜负他们对你的信任。abuse表示“滥用；妄用(权利、所知所闻)”。(3)We________land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us.
A．Employ B．abandon
C．abuse D．overlook
答案：C 本题题意：我们滥用土地，因为我们把它当作属于自己的商品。abuse表示“滥用”。3．stress
1)n.
①[U&C] 精神压力；心理负担；紧张
In fact, stress isn't a bad thing that is often supposed to be.
事实上，压力并不像人们所认为的那样是一件坏事。
②[U &C]～(on sth)压力
How much stress can the walls bear/take?
该墙能支撑多大的压力？③[U] 强调；重要性
I think the company places too much stress on cost and not enough on quality.
我认为公司对成本强调有余，而对质量重视不足。
④[U &C] (单词、音节)重音；重读
In the word “mother”， the stress is on the first syllable.
在“mother”这一字里，重音在第一个音节上。2)v.
①强调；着重
The English teacher stressed the importance of reading aloud.
英语老师强调了朗读的重要性。
②重读；用重音读
Stress the second syllable.
重读第二个音节。【知识拓展】
1)lay/place/put stress on 把重点放在……上；在……上用力
①The examination put a lot of press on him/put him under a lot of stress.
那次考试给了他很大的压力。
②She lay great stress on proper behavior.
她很强调行为端正。2)under/driven by the stress of 为……所迫；为……所驱使； 处境紧张(或困难)
Worrying over his job and his wife's health put him under a great stress.
忧虑自己的工作及妻子的健康问题使他陷于过度的紧张中。
【词语辨析】
stress, pressure
这两个名词均有“压力，重压，紧张”之意。
1)stress 侧重指承受外来的压力，也指由于某种原因而引起的心理、生理或情绪上的紧张。
Person may suffer from loneliness, fear, anxiety, or other emotional responses to stress.
人们可以因孤独、恐惧、焦虑或其它感情上压抑等而感到痛苦。2)pressure 在科学上，指单位面积上所受到的压力。用于引申时，指某事物所产生的压力或影响力等。
Do not put much pressure on the handle; it may break.
不要在把柄上太用力了，它会坏的。【知识运用】
(1)We have to lay great stress________politics at all times. This is a point many foreigners don't seem to understand.
A．in B．with
C．on D．for
答案：C 本题题意：我们到什么时候都得讲政治，外国人就是不理解这一条。lay/place/put stress on 表示“把重点放在……上； 在……上用力”。(2)采用stress或pressure的适当形式填空：
①She is constantly under________and it is affecting her health.
②Susan was completely weighed down by the______of examinations.
③In modern society, everyone is busy in working or studying. As a result, many people suffer from________and anxiety.
④Both diet and exercise affect blood________.答案：①pressure 译文：她经常负担很重， 因而影响了健康。
②stress 译文：苏珊被考试的压力压垮了。
③stress 译文：在现代社会里，每个人不是忙着工作就是读书。结果造成许多人有焦虑和过度紧张的困扰。
④pressure 译文：饮食和运动都对血压有影响。
start sb off(on sth)
1)使开始(做某事)
①What started her off on that crazy idea?
她怎么会有那么古怪的念头呢？
②Kevin started us all off laughing.
凯文把我们都逗笑了。2)帮助某人开始(某事)
①My mother started me off on the piano when I was three.
我三岁时母亲就让我开始练钢琴了。
②His father started him off farming.
他父亲指点他做农活儿。【知识拓展】
1)start off
①开始活动
The horse started off at a steady trot.
马稳步小跑起来。
②进行(或开展)起来
The discussion started off mildly enough.
讨论颇为温和地开展起来。
③首先进行；一开始是
We started off by introducing ourselves.
我们一开始先进行自我介绍。2)start out
①开始从事；着手(某工作)；从业
He asked some money from his parents to start out in business on his own.
他向父母要了些钱自己独立做生意。
②最初想要；起先打算
I started out to write a short story, but it soon developed into a novel.
我起先打算写一篇短篇小说，但很快就写成了长篇小说。③出发
They started out/off this morning.
他们今天上午出发了。
【知识运用】
(1)Don't mention her former husband's name to her. It will only start her________.
A．out B．off
C．over D．with
答案：B 本题题意：不要对她提起她前夫的名字．这只能让她生气。start sb off (on sth) 表示“使开始(做某事)”。(2)采用适当的介词或副词填空：
①She couldn't solve the problem because she started________on the wrong track.
②Don't start her________on one of her boring stories.
③He started________with one small factory, and now he's the head of an oil empire.
④I'll start________to write my paper tomorrow.
⑤Did he tell you when to start________？
⑥To start________we haven't enough money, and secondly we're too busy.答案：
①out 译文：她无法解决这个问题，因为她的路子一开始就不对头。
②off 译文：不要惹她说她那些乏味的故事。
③off 译文：他开始只是经营一家小工厂，如今已成为一个石油大企业的头儿。
④out 译文：我计划明天写读书报告。
⑤out/off 译文：他有没有告诉你什么时候出发？
⑥with 译文：一来我们的钱不够， 二来我们没时间。课件137张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．ban A．a state of mental or emotional strain or suspense
2．abuse B．to make sth stronger or become stronger
3．desperate C．feeling or showing great despair or ready to do anything regardless of danger4．strengthen D．to make a bad or wrong use of
5．stress E．to say that sth must not be done, seen, used, etc.
6．due F．feeling embarrassed and guilty because of sth you have done
7．automatic G．to leave a job, school etc., especially without finishing it completely
8．mental H．relating to the health or state of someone's mind9．quit I．done without thinking, especially because you have done the same thing many times before
10．ashamed J．owed to someone either as a debt or because they have a right to it
答案：1.E 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.J 7.I 8.H 9.G 10．FⅡ.短语
1．due ________ 由于……
2．give ________ 放弃，戒掉
3．become addicted ________ 对……有瘾
4．________ and ________ again 再三地，反复地
5．become accustomed ________ 习惯于……
6．do damage ________ 伤害，损伤
7．________ on 对……做出决定
8．throw ________ 扔掉，抛弃
9．feel ________ (doing) 想要(做)……
10．instead ________ 代替，而不是答案：1.to 2.up 3.to 5.over; over 5.to 6.to 7.decide 8.away 9.like 10.ofⅢ.语篇导读
根据课文内容完成下列短文。
Choose a day that is not __1__ to quit smoking. Make a list of all the __2__ you will get from stopping smoking. __3__ all your cigarettes at the end of the day before you plan to __4__. Reread the list of benefits you wrote when you __5__ smoking. Develop some other habits like walking, drinking some water, cleaning the house and so on to keep your mind and your hands __6__. If you feel __7__ or stressed, try to do some relaxation exercises like deep breathing. You can stop smoking with a friend. If you feel really bad, ask a doctor or __8__ for help. The most important thing is to __9__. Don't feel __10__ if you weaken because some people have to try many times before they finally quit smoking. Never give up and you will make it.
答案：1.stressful 2.benefits 3.Throw away 3.quit 5.feel like 6.busy 7.nervous 8.chemist 9.keep trying
10．ashamed
1．ban
1)v.
①明令禁止；取缔
The government has banned the use of chemical weapons.
政府已经禁止使用化学武器。
②～sb from sth/from doing sth 禁止某人做某事(或去某处等)
She's been banned from driving for six months.
已禁止她开车， 为期六个月。2)n.～(on sth) 禁令
①There is a ban on smoking in the theatre.
这剧院内禁止吸烟。
②The police lifted the ban against parking in this street.
警察取消了不准在这条街上停车的禁令。【词语辨析】
ban, forbid, prohibit
这三个动词均含有“禁止”之意。
1)ban语气最强，指权威机关明文取消或禁止严重危害公众利益的事或行为，含“严厉谴责”之意，只能用事物作其宾语。
Swimming is banned in this lake.
这个湖里不准游泳。 2)forbid通俗用语，指直接地、面对面地吩咐不许他人采取某种行动。
The doctor forbids him to smoke.
医生禁止他吸烟。
3)prohibit正式用词，多指通过法律手段或制订规则加以禁止。
The law prohibits stores from selling cigarettes to children.
法律禁止商店向儿童出售香烟。【知识运用】
采用prohibit, forbid或 ban的适当形式填空：
①The new military government has________strikes and demonstrations.
②Their father________them to go.
③The high cost of the machine______its widespread use.
④I can't________you/your seeing that man again.
⑤Women wear shorts are________from visiting the temple.
⑥They threatened to________the book.答案：
①banned 译文：新的军人政府禁止罢工和示威活动。
②forbade 译文：他们的父亲禁止他们去。
③prohibits 译文：这机器价格昂贵，很难普及使用。
④forbid 译文：我无法禁止你再和那个男人来往。
⑤prohibit 译文：禁止穿着短裤的妇女进入寺院。
⑥ban 译文：他们威胁要禁止该书。2．due (adj.)
1)～to sth/sb 由于；因为
The team's success was largely due to her efforts.
该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。
2)～(to do sth)|～(for sth) 预订；预期；预计
The boat is due to arrive at 12.
船预计在12点到。
3)到期
My rent isn't due till Wednesday.
我的租金星期三才到期。4)～(to sb) 应支付；应给予；应归于
That money is due to me, but I haven't got it yet.
那笔钱是应付给我的，而我至今还未拿到。
5)～(for) sth 应有；应得的
She was due for a rise.
她该加薪了。
【词语辨析】
due to, because of, thanks to, owing to, as a/the result of
这几个短语都可以用来表示“原因”。
1)due to用于较庄重的书面语中，侧重“起因于”，在句中多作表语，状语或后置定语。有人认为在动词之后或从句之首用owing to表示“因为”更合适，因为due为形容词。①The accident was due to/owing to his driving at high speed.
这起交通事故是由于他高速开车引起的。
②He was late owing to/due to the very heavy traffic.
他迟到是因为交通拥挤。
③Mistakes due to careless may have serious consequences.
由于疏忽大意造成的错误可能会带来严重的后果。2)because of 介词短语，用于名词、代词，形容词或宾语从句前，着重某种原因的理由，在句中通常作状语。
①The police are advising motorists to reduce speed because of the fog.
由于有雾，警察告诫驾车者减慢速度。
②Because of the storm he didn't go there.
因为暴风雨他没有去那儿。3)thanks to突出一种感激之情，含“多亏”意味。只能作状语；既可用于褒义又可用于贬义，表示讽刺的口吻。
①It was all a great success——thanks to a lot of hard work.
由于尽心竭力，这才获得了巨大的成功。
②Everyone knows about it now, thanks to you.
多亏了你，现在大家都知道了。4)owing to可以和due to换用，但在句中多作状语，也可作表语。作状语时修饰整个句子，可用于句首或句末，与句子的其他成分用逗号隔开。
①They could not cross the river owing to the flood.
由于洪水，他们不能过河。
②Owing to/Due to the heavy traffic, he was late.
因交通拥挤， 他迟到了。
③Tom's failing in the exam was owing to his careless.
汤姆由于粗心而考试不及格。5)as a/the result of表示“由于……；作为……的结果”，在句中作状语。
①His illness is a/the result of(eating)bad food.
他的病是吃了变质的食物的结果。
②He was late as a result of the snow.
他由于下雪迟到了。【知识运用】
(1)(2007浙江－19) The open-air celebration has been put off________the bad weather.
A．in case of B．in spite of
C．instead of D．because of
答案：D 本题题意：由于天气恶劣，户外庆祝活动被推迟了。because of表示“因为”。(2)Accidents________driving at high speed were very common that weekend.
A．due to B．because of
C．thanks to D．owing to
答案：A 本题题意：在那个周末，因高速驾驶造成的交通事故很多。due to可直接用于名词之后，担任定语。(3)(2008福建永安市)________what has recently been done to provide more buses for the people, a shortage of public vehicles(交通工具)remains a serious problem.
A．Except for B．Due to
C．Because of D．In spite of
答案：D 本题题意：尽管(政府)在最近已经作出了巨大努力，为市民提供更多的公共车辆，但是公共交通工具短缺仍旧是一个严重的问题。in spite of表示“尽管；虽然”。(4)Rose is________start school in January.
A．thanks to B．due to
C．owing to D．because of
答案：B 本题题意：罗斯一月份就要开始上学了。be due to do sth/be due for sth表示“预定；预期；预计(做)……”。(5)采用适当的介词填空：
①The plane is due________London at five.
②He was only taking back what was due________him.
③She's due________promotion soon.
④He had to withdraw due________a knee injury.答案：①at 译文：飞机定于五点到达伦敦。
②to 译文：他只是拿回了他应得的东西。
③for 译文：她不久就要晋升了。
④to 译文：他因膝伤不得不退出。3．tough (adj.)
1)艰苦的；艰难的；棘手的
He had a tough time getting into a good college.
他好不容易才进了一所好大学。
2)～(on/with sb/sth) 严厉的；强硬的；无情的
①They are very tough on drunk drivers.
他们对酒后驾车者十分严厉。
②Police have been getting tough with drivers.
警察最近对司机严厉起来了。
3)坚强的；健壮的；能吃苦耐劳的；坚韧不拔的
You need to be tough to survive in the jungle.
要在丛林中活下来就要有坚忍不拔的意志。4)剽悍的；粗暴的；粗野的
You think you're so tough, don't you?
你以为自己够厉害的，是不是？
5)坚固的；不易切开(或打破、撕破等)的
I bought a tough pair of shoes specially for the climb.
我专门为登山买了双结实的鞋子。
6)～(on sb)不幸的；倒霉的
It was tough on her being dropped from the team like that.
他就这样被队里刷了下来，真是倒霉。【知识运用】
(1)It's time to get________with football hooligans.
A．rough B．tough
C．strong D．firm
答案：B 本题题意：现在该对足球流氓采取强硬措施了。注意：be firm with表示“对……严格的”。例如：Parents must be firm with their children.父母对孩子一定要严格。(2)The government has promised to get tough________crime.
A．in B．on
C．at D．against
答案：B 本题题意：政府承诺对犯罪行为采取严厉措施。be/get tough (on/with sb/sth) 表示“采取坚决态度； 采用强硬手段”。 4．addicted (adj.)
1)～(to sth)上瘾；成瘾；有瘾
He became addicted to the drug.
他上了毒瘾。
2)入迷
The children are addicted to computer games.
孩子们对计算机游戏上了瘾。【知识运用】
(1)Harry is so________to alcohol that he'd sell his soul for a bottle of whisky.
A．accustomed B．devoted
C．buried D．addicted
答案：D 本题题意：哈里如此沉溺于喝酒，结果他会为一瓶威士忌而出卖灵魂。be addicted(to sth)表示“上瘾；成瘾；有瘾”。(2)It is easy for students to become addicted________the excitement of these programs and neglect their homework.
A．with B．in
C．on D．to
答案：D 本题题意：学生很容易沉溺于这些刺激的节目中，而忽视了他们的功课。be addicted(to sth)表示“上瘾；成瘾；有瘾”。5．accustomed (adj.)
1)～to sth/to doing sth 习惯于……
①I get accustomed to working inside the room of noise and excitement.
我习惯于在喧闹的房间里工作。
②She isn't accustomed to public speaking.
她不太习惯在公开场合讲话。2)通常的；惯常的
①He took his accustomed seat by the fire.
他在炉火边惯常坐的座位上坐了下来。
②He wandered far from the accustomed haunts of boys, and sought desolate places that were in harmony with his spirit.
他避开平常孩子们经常玩耍出没的地方，专找适合他此时心情的僻静地方。【知识拓展】
accustom (v.)～oneself/sb to sth 使习惯于……
①They had to accustom themselves to the hot weather.
他们不得不使自己习惯于炎热的天气。
②I have accustomed myself to working long hours.
我已习惯于长时间工作。【知识运用】
(1)Accustomed to________the steep mountains, he had no difficulty reaching the top.
A．climbing B．climb
C．having climbed D．have climbed
答案：A 本题题意：早已习惯了攀登陡峭的山峰，他毫不费力地登上了山顶。get accustomed to 表示“习惯于”，to 为介词。(2)Just smile and say that after a while you will use first names but you are________to being more formal when you first meet someone.
A．accustomed B．subjective
C．familiar D．associated
答案：A 本题题意：你可以向对方笑笑，说你已经习惯，初与人见面的时候总是比较拘谨，过一阵就会直呼其名字了。be accustomed to表示“习惯于”。6．quit (v.)
1)～(as sth)离开(工作职位、学校等)；离任；离校
①I'm going to quit next week.
我下星期辞职。
②He quit the show last year because of bad health.
去年他因为身体欠佳而退出了表演。2)停止；戒掉
①You must quit smoking. Most important of all, you should start taking exercise.
你必须戒烟，更重要的是，你该开始运动。
②We only just started. We're not going to quit now.
我们才刚刚开始，现在决不放弃。3)离开；迁出；搬离(住处)
①If he doesn't pay his rent, he will receive notice to quit.
如果他不付房租，他将被通知搬出去。
②We decided it was time to quit the city.
我们当时决定，该离开城市生活了。【词语辨析】
quit, pause, stop
这三个动词均含有“停止”之意。
1)quit指最终彻底停止某事，有时暗示遭到失败或面临挫折。
Many people think he has no reason to quit the job, But he did without hesitation.
很多人都认为他不应该辞去那份工作，但他却毫不犹豫地辞职了。2)pause指暂时的、瞬间的停顿，隐含有再进行之意。
He paused when he heard steps behind him.
他听到后面有脚步声便停了下来。
3)stop指动作、运行、进展等被停下来，含突然、断然的意味。
Why stop the entire process just because something is missing?
为什么停止整个过程，仅仅是因为遗漏了某些内容？【知识运用】
(1)If you want to look good, get plenty of rest, exercise every day, eat mostly raw fruits and vegetables——and quit________.
A．worrying B．to worry
C．being worried D．to be worring
答案：A 本题题意：如果你想气色好，就要充分休息，每天坚持锻炼，多吃生水果和蔬菜，而且别发愁。quit表示“停止；戒掉”，后接名词或动名词担任宾语。(2)采用quit, pause或stop的适当形式填空：
①When he had run up the hill, he________for a minute to rest.
②Will you________making that horrible noise!
③He got his present job when he________the army.
④I had to________the gathering in order to be home by midnight.
⑤Can't you______your son from getting into trouble?
⑥He________for a moment, and then continued his speech.答案：①paused/stopped 译文：他跑上小山时，停下来休息了一会儿。
②stop 译文：你别再弄出那种讨厌的响声来行不行！
③quitted/quit 译文：他退伍后得到现在这份工作。
④quit 译文：为了能在午夜前到家，我不得不离开聚会。
⑤stop 译文：你能不能制止你儿子别惹上麻烦？
⑥paused 译文：他停顿了一下然后继续讲话。7．effect (n.)
1)[C&U]～(on sb/sth) 效应；影响；结果
①This had a great effect upon the future of both mother and son.
这对母子俩的将来影响很大。
②I tried to persuade him, but with little or no effect.
我尽力劝他， 他根本不听。2)[C&U] (艺术家或作家所要创造的特定)外观；声响；印象；效果
①The general effect of the painting is overwhelming.
这幅画给人总的印象是很有气势。
②The stage lighting gives the effect of a moonlit scene.
舞台灯光产生月夜景色的效果。
【知识拓展】
1)bring/put/carry sth into practice 使生效；实行；实施
The new system will soon be put into effect.
新系统即将启用。
2)come/go into effect 生效；开始实施
The new seat-belt regulations came into effect last week.
新的安全带规则上周开始实施。3)have an effect/impact on/upon 对……有影响； 对……起作用， 产生效果
Her illness has had a bad effect on her work.
她的病对工作有很大的影响。
4)be of/to no effect 无效， 没有作用， 不中用
We warned them, but to no effect.
我们警告过他们，但完全没用。5)cause and effect 因果
It is difficult to relate cause and effect in this case.
这个案件中的动机与效果很难联系起来。
6)in effect
①实际上；事实上
The two methods are in effect identical.
这两种方法实际上是一样的。
②(法律或规则)在实施中；有效
The old tax regulations will remain in effect until next June.
旧税法到明年六月前仍然有效。7)take effect
①开始起作用；见效
The medicine quickly took effect.
药很快见效了。
②生效；开始实施
The contract takes effect as of October 1.
本合同从十月一日起生效。【词语辨析】
effect，affect, influence
这些词均含“影响”之意。
1)effect表示“影响”时，用作名词。
Punishment had very little effect on him.
惩罚对他没有什么效果。
2)affect指“产生的影响之大足以引起反应”，着重“影响”的动作， 有时含有“对……产生不利影响”的意思， 其主语通常是物而不是人。
This article will affect my thinking.
这篇文章将会影响我的思想。3)influence 侧重在思想、性格、行为等方面所产生的潜移默化的影响，也可指自然力的影响。
No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.
谁也不能避免受到广告的影响。【知识运用】
(1)Everything that happens has a cause and________.
A．affect B．impact
C．effect D．influence
答案：C 本题题意：事情发生了， 就会有它的前因后果。cause and effect 表示“因果”。(2)Any options users set should be remembered, so that the options remain________effect until manually changed.
A．with B．on
C．in D．upon
答案：C 本题题意：无论用户设置的选项是什么，程序都应该记住。 这样一直保留这些选项，直到用户手工将其改变。in effect表示“在实施中；有效”。(3)采用effect, affect或influence的适当形式填空：
①I don't want to________you. You must decide for yourself.
②The change in climate may________your health.
③Alcoholic drink can have a bad________on your body.答案：① influence 译文：我不想影响你。你必须自行决定。
② affect 译文：气候的变化可能影响你的健康。
③ effect/influence 译文：含酒精的饮料会对你身体有很坏的影响。8．strengthen (v.) 加强；增强；巩固
①The wind strengthened during the night.
夜里风刮得更大了。
②The current strengthened as we moved down the river.
我们顺流而下时， 水流更急了。
③Difficulty strengthens the mind, as labor does the body.
劳动强身体；艰难励意志。【词语辨析】
strength, energy, force, power
这些名词均有“力”之意。
1)strength指机体内部的能力，是依靠身体组织而存在的力，经使用就变为force. 它尤其指承受重物的力量。
For a small woman she has surprising strength.
她个子虽小但力大惊人。
2)energy用于人时，指工作时焕发出的精力或干劲。
His work seemed to lack energy.
他工作似乎缺乏干劲。3)force尤指人或物撞击或推动物体时所用的力。
He did it with a great force.
他用了很大的力才把它做完了。
4)power可以用来指人体某部位的力量，但一般不用来指搬动或握、托、支撑重物的力量。从物理学意义上讲，power更多指机械、爆炸或大自然的力量。
There was a lot of power behind that blow.
那一击的力量很大。【知识运用】
(1)Our object is to further________friendly relations between the two countries.
A．firm B．weaken
C．strengthen D．increase
答案：C 本题题意：我们的目标是进一步增进我们两国之间的友好联系。strengthen表示“加强；增强；巩固”。(2)(2006湖北－21) To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their______and weaknesses.
A．strengths B．benefits
C．techniques D．values
答案：A 本题题意：为了使队员们表现得更加出色，教练首先要了解他们的强项和弱点。strength表示“优势；优点；长处”。例如：Before using it, you should be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of the argument. 在使用一个论据之前，你应该明白它的有力之处和薄弱之处。(3)采用strength, energy, force或power 的适当形式填空：
①Sitting out here, you really can feel the________of the sun.
②I have hardly enough________left to move my feet.
③Young people usually have more________than the old.
④The solar cell can convert the________of sunlight into electric energy.⑤1,500-meter race is his________.
⑥The________of the explosion broke all the windows in the building.
⑦She lost her________of speech.
⑧The soldiers took the prisoners away by________.
答案：① power 译文：本题题意：坐在这里，你可以感到太阳的力量。power表示“力；力量；能量”。
② strength 译文：我连移动双脚的力气都几乎没有了。strength表示“体力；力气；力量”。
③ energy 译文：青年人通常比老年人精力充沛些。energy表示“精力；活力；干劲”。
④ energy 译文：太阳能电池能把阳光的能量转化为电能。energy表示“能源”。⑤ strength 译文：一千五百米赛跑是他的强项。strength表示“优势；优点；长处”。
⑥ force 译文：爆炸的力量震碎了这座建筑上的所有窗户。force表示“力；力量”。
⑦ power 译文：她失去了说话的能力。power表示“(身体、心智的)某种能力”。
⑧ force 译文：士兵们强行把犯人带走了。force表示“武力；暴力”。9．desperate (adj.)
1)(因绝望而) 不惜冒险的，不顾一切的，拼命的
A desperate man will stop at nothing to get what he wants.
一个亡命之徒为了达到自己的目的什么事都做得出来。
2)(行为)绝望的；孤注一掷的；铤而走险的
He was desperate when he lost all his money.
当他丢了所有的钱时，他绝望了。3)～(for sth)|～(to do sth) 非常需要；极想；渴望
He was desperate for work to provide for a large family.
他渴望有个工作，挣钱供养子女众多的家。
4)极严重的；极危险的；很危急的
They face a desperate shortage of clean water.
他们面临无污染水源的严重短缺。【知识运用】
(1)The man lost in the desert was desperate______water.
A．with B．over
C．for D．on
答案：C 本题题意：在沙漠中迷失方向的人极度渴望得到水。be desperate for sth表示“非常需要……；渴望……”。(2)Suddenly, he was awakened by a kind of________cry for help.
A．desperate B．hopeful
C．fantastic D．incredible
答案：A 本题题意：突然，他被一种绝望的呼救声吵醒了。a desperate cry for help表示“绝望的呼救声”。10．disappoint (v.)
1)使失望
Don't disappoint me by being late again.
别再迟到了，不要叫我失望。
2)使破灭；使落空
This disappointed his plans.
这件事打乱了他的计划。【知识拓展1】
1)disappointed (adj.)失望的；沮丧的；失意的
①She was disappointed to learn that she had failed the course.
她沮丧地得知那门课没有考及格。
②We are disappointed that you will not be able to come.
你不能前来，我们很失望。2)disappointing (adj.) 令人失望的；令人沮丧的；令人扫兴的
①The weather this summer has been disappointing.
今年夏天的天气一直使人不痛快。
②It was disappointing not to be able to go out after all.
结果不能出去，真扫兴。
【知识拓展2】
1)be disappointed about 为……失望
I'm disappointed about/at John not coming.
约翰没来，我很失望。
2)be disappointed at 因……失望
They're disappointed at/with the result.
他们对结果感到失望。3)be disappointed by 由于……而失望
I was slightly disappointed by her attitude.
她的态度让我有点失望。
4)be disappointed in 对……失望
He's disappointed in/with his daughter.
他对女儿很失望。
5)be disappointed with 对……失望
We're disappointed with/in the new car.
我们对这辆新车感到失望。【知识运用】
(1)Tom was no more______than disappointed________this news.
A．surprised; at
B．surprsing; at
C．surprised; with
D．surprising; with
答案：A 本题题意：汤姆听见那消息既不惊讶也不失望。surprised表示“感到惊讶的”，用来表示“人”所处的一种心理状态。此外，be disappointed at 表示“因……失望”。(2)采用适当的介词填空：
①My parents will be disappointed________me if I fail to get the master degree.
②Are you very disappointed________losing the game?
③I was disappointed________the attitude of the banks.答案：① in/with 译文：如果我得不到硕士文凭，我的父母将对我感到失望。
② about/at 译文：你是不是因为比赛输了而感到很失望？
③ by 译文：我对银行的态度感到失望。11．ashamed (adj.)
1)～(of sth/sb/oneself)|～(that...)|～(to be sth) 惭愧；羞愧；尴尬
①He is ashamed of/at his behavior/of having behaved so badly.
他为他的行为/他表现得那样恶劣感到惭愧。
②His daughter looked such a mess that he was ashamed of her.
他为女儿的邋遢样子感到害羞。③You should be ashamed of yourself for telling such lies.
你应该为说这些谎话而感到羞耻。
④I feel ashamed that I haven't written for so long.
我很久未曾写信， 甚为惭愧。
⑤The football riots made me ashamed to be English.
足球骚乱事件使我身为英国人汗颜得无地自容。2)～to do sth 因惭愧而不情愿；因尴尬而勉强
①He felt too ashamed to ask for help.
他不好意思请求帮助。
②I'm ashamed to let you see my paintings.
让你看我的画， 很难为情。
【知识拓展】
1)be ashamed about 因……而羞愧
I've done nothing to be ashamed about.
我没有做任何亏心事。
2)be ashamed at 因……感到羞愧
He was slightly ashamed at having run away.
他为自己逃跑感到有点羞愧。
3)be ashamed of 为……感到惭愧
She was ashamed of what she had done.
她为自己的所作所为感到惭愧。【知识运用】
(1)I behaved badly yesterday and I am ashamed______myself now.
A．of B．at
C．about D．over
答案：A 本题题意：我昨天表现不好，我现在感到很惭愧。be ashamed of表示“为……感到惭愧”。(2)She was ashamed________such a simple question.
A．asking B．to be asking
C．to ask D．having asked
答案：C 本题题意：她不好意思提这么简单的问题。be ashamed to do sth表示“因惭愧而不情愿做某事；因尴尬而勉强做某事”。
1．take sb off
1)换下；终止；取消
He was taken off after twenty minutes.
二十分钟后，他被替换下场。
2)(以诙谐的方式)模仿；学某人的样子
Mary can take off her English teacher perfectly.
玛丽模仿她的英文老师惟妙惟肖。【知识拓展】
1)take off
①(飞机等)起飞
The plane is taking off.
飞机要起飞了。
②匆匆离去；匆忙离开
He grabbed his bag and took off for the meeting.
他抓起包就匆匆忙忙地去开会了。
③(观念、产品等)突然大受欢迎；迅速流行
The new magazine has already taken off.
这份新杂志真是大受欢迎。2)take sth off
①脱下(衣服)；摘掉
Help me to take this handle off.
帮我取下这个把手。
②休假；休息
I took a week off in March and I'm taking Easter off, too.
我在3月份休息了一周，还要在复活节休假。
③取消；停演
The play was taken off after six performances.
这出戏演了6场后停演了。④剪掉(头发); 截去；切除(人体部位)
The surgeon took off his arm.
外科医生截除了他的手臂。
3)take sth off sth
①扣除，减去(款额，分数等)
As the cover of the book was torn, the bookseller took ￥5 off.
因为那本书的封皮已破，店主把书减价五元钱。②停止销售
Doctors recommended that the slimming pills should be taken off the market.
医生建议市场上应该停止销售这种减肥药片。
【知识运用】
采用适当的介词或副词填空：
①They no longer have to take________large numbers of temporary workers to do the harvesting.
②Watch that bird taking________from the branch!
③Don't trust that fellow; he'll take you________if he gets the chance.④They took the injured________in an ambulance.
⑤He would neither apologize nor take________what he had said.
⑥They took________the old house in order to build a new one.
⑦I'm sorry to have taken________so much of your valuable time.
⑧The 7 am express to London will be taken______next month.
答案：
① on 译文：他们再也不必雇用大量临时工来收割农作物。
② off 译文：注意看那只鸟从枝头飞起来！
③ in 译文：别相信那个家伙，他一有机会就会使你上当。
④ away 译文：他们用救护车把受伤的人运走。
⑤ back 译文：他既不肯道歉，又不肯收回他说过的话。⑥ down 译文：他们拆掉那老房子，以便建一幢新房。
⑦ up 译文：占用了你那么多宝贵时间，真抱歉。
⑧ off 译文：上午7点开往伦敦的快车下月将取消。
2．decide on/upon sth 决定；选定
①Peter decided on a blue sweater.
彼得选定了一件蓝色的运动衫。
②Then we shall decide on the steps to be taken immediately.
然后我们来决定应该立刻采取什么办法。【知识运用】
(1)First, we must________on the location of our new swimming pool.
A．concentrate B．determine
C．decide D．fix
答案：C 本题题意：我们先得给新游泳池选个地点。decide on/upon sth表示“决定；选定”。(2)It is always possible that the judge may decide______you.
A．on B．towards
C．off D．against
答案：D 本题题意：法官判你败诉总是有可能的。decide for/against sb表示“作出对某人有利/不利的裁决”。3．throw sth away
1)(＝throw sth out) 扔掉；丢弃；抛弃
①That's rubbish——you can throw it away.
那东西没用——你把它扔了吧。
②We should throw away the bad habits.
我们应该丢弃那些坏习惯。2)失去；错过；浪费；白费
①He threw away a chance to make a fortune by his stupidity.
由于愚蠢，他丧失赚大钱的机会。
②My advice was thrown away/wasted on him.
我对他的劝告全都浪费了。【知识拓展】
1)throw sth about乱抛
Don't throw litter about like that.
不要乱扔杂物。
2)throw...at...向……扔去
Stop throwing stones at that dog!
别再向那条狗扔石子了！
3)throw sth to sb向……投去
He quickly threw the ball to another player.
他迅速把球传给了另一名球员。4)throw up 呕吐
The smell made me want to throw up.
这味道使我想呕吐。
5)throw oneself into...投身于；热衷于；积极从事
Many women throw all of their energies into a career.
许多妇女把她们的全部精力投入到职业中。
6)throw oneself at sth/sb 冲向(人或物)；向……猛扑过去；撒娇；献媚；勾引某人
Tom throw himself at your sister at the party.
汤姆在晚会上极力向你妹妹讨好。【知识运用】
采用适当的介词或副词填空：
①He threw the ball________me, and I caught it.
②Qiqi wants to have a snow ball fight. He throws a snowball________his friend's garden. “I've got lots of snowballs to throw________you.” shouts Qiqi.
③Dick was so crazy ________Jane that he threw himself________her feet. Jane was swept off her feet and they're getting married next Tuesday.
④Oh, what a fool she was to waste her life, to throw________her chance of happiness.⑤He threw himself________work once he got back from his holidays.
⑥You shouldn't be throwing your money________！
⑦Don't throw waste-paper________.
⑧You are throwing your money________， buying such useless things.
⑨Margaret felt free to bring in the people she wanted and to throw________those she didn't.
⑩You're really going to throw ________ this delicious fruit? What a shame!? Upon seeing their ashen faces, Miss Amei said, “Did you throw________？
?The teacher kept throwing questions ________ him.
答案：
①to 译文：他把球扔给我，我接住了。
②into; at 译文：奇奇想打雪仗。他把一个雪球扔进了他朋友的院子里。“我要扔好多好多雪球给你。”奇奇喊着。
③about; at 译文：迪克实在是爱简，他完全拜倒在她的石榴裙下。这一下使得简感到飘飘然，不由自主了。他们竟然决定下星期二就结婚。
④away 译文：啊，她这样浪费生命，抛开幸福的机运，是多么愚蠢！⑤into 译文：他度假一回来就投身于工作。
⑥about/away 译文：你不应该乱花钱/浪费钱！
⑦about 译文：不要乱扔废纸。
⑧away/about 译文：你买这些没有用的东西是在浪费钱。
⑨out 译文：玛格丽特觉得可以毫无顾忌地任命自己想要任命的人，辞去自己不喜欢的人。
⑩away/out 译文：你真的要丢掉这美味的水果？真可惜！
?up 译文：阿美姑娘瞧他们脸色灰白，说：“吐了么？”
?at 译文：老师一直向他发问。4．feel like
1)想要
①I don't feel like a cup of tea.
我不想喝茶。
②We'll go for a walk if you feel like it.
如果你愿意， 我们去散散步。
③I feel like going to Europe for a visit next summer vacation.
我好想明年暑假去一趟欧洲。
④I felt like laughing at the joke.
听了这个笑话，我想笑。2)摸起来好像是……；觉得好像是……
①I'm holding something that feels like a potato.
我拿着一个摸上去像土豆的东西。
②She felt like a fool.
她觉得自己好像是个大笨蛋。
③He feels like that he has never been to such a place.
他感觉好像从未到过这样一个地方。
④It feels like rain soon.
好像马上就要下雨了。【知识拓展】
would like/love/prefer(to do sth)愿意(或喜欢)……
①It seems to me that he would like to go back home.
我觉得他好像想要回家。
②I would like to give you some advice in the name of a friend.
我愿意以朋友的名义给你一些建议。
③Is there any particular colour you would prefer?
你有什么特别喜欢的颜色吗？
④This baby would love to have you sing her to sleep.
这个孩子就喜欢你用催眠曲把她送入梦乡。【知识运用】
(1)—Do you feel like ________there or shall we take a bus?
—I'd like to walk. But since there isn't much time left, I'd rather we________a taxi.
A．to walk; hire B．walking; hire
C．to walk; hired D．walking; hired答案：D 本题题意：“你想步行去那儿，还是我们乘坐公共汽车去？”“我愿意步行去，可是既然没有多少时间了，我看还是租一辆出租车算了。”feel like doing sth表示“想要做某事：”。would rather(that)sb did/had done...表示“宁愿某人……”，如果表示“现在或将来”时间概念，谓语动词采用一般过去时；表达“过去”时间概念，则采用过去完成时。(2)Wait. We're not finished with you. Now you're going to find out what it______to get kicked off Mt. Everest!
A．feels like B．would like
C．would rather D．looks like
答案：A 本题题意：且慢，你的事还没有了结呢？现在要你尝尝在珠穆朗玛峰被一脚踢下来是什么滋味。feel like表示“觉得好像是……”。
1．Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.
每当你想要吸烟的时候，你就提醒你自己，你(已经)是不吸烟的人了。【知识剖析】
every time(that...)表示“每次”，是一个名词性词组，在复合句中引导时间状语从句。例如：
①He goes through the whole performance of checking the oil and water every time he drives the car.
他每次开汽车都总是不厌其烦地把油和水整个检查一遍。
②Every time you pay the rent, it is the exact same amount!
每次你付的租金数量是完全相同的！
【知识拓展】
1)the moment, any moment, the minute, the instant, every time, each time, any time，(the)next time, by the time, the first time, the last time等名词词组引导时间状语从句。
①You are welcome to come back any time you want to.
你想回来随时可回来。
②Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me.
他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。
③I recognized him the(very)moment I saw him.
我一看见他就认出来了。④Next time you come, do remember to bring your son here.
下次你来的时候，一定带你儿子同来。
⑤By the time we reached Beijing Gardens, the place was in chaos.
我们到达北京花园路时，发现那里一片混乱。
⑥The first time I got to the island, I was amazed by its beauty.
第一次到这座岛的时候，我就为它的魅力而感到惊异。⑦The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed.
她最后一次看到詹姆斯时，他躺在床上。
2)directly, immediately, instantly等副词引导时间状语从句。
①We came directly we got your telephone.
我们一接到你的电话就赶来了。
②They phoned immediately they arrived home.
他们到家后马上打了电话。
③I recognized her instantly I saw her.
我一看见她就把她认出来了。【知识运用】
(1)(2009北京－30) When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we ________ up, her voice had been full of life.
A．were hanging B．had hung
C．hung D．would hang
答案：C 本题题意：当我在电话中与我奶奶交谈时，她说话有气无力，但是当我们挂断电话的时侯，她的声音却充满了活力。by the time表示“到……的时候”，引导时间状语从句，其谓语动词通常采用一般现在时或一般过去时。(2)By the time Jane gets home, her aunt________for London to attend a meeting.
A．will leave B．leaves
C．will have left D．left
答案：C 本题题意：当简回家时，她伯母已经前往伦敦参加会议了。by the time表示“到……为止”，引导时间状语从句。当时间状语从句的谓语动词采用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词采用将来完成时。(3)—Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?
—Yes. I gave it to her ________I saw her.
A．while B．the moment
C．suddenly D．once
答案：B 本题题意：“欠玛丽的钱，你记得还上了吗？”“是的。一见到玛丽我就把钱还给了她。”名词词组the moment 用作从属连词，引导时间状语从句。注意：连词while引导时间状语从句时，谓语动词必须为延续性动词，而在本考题中give为瞬间性动词。(4)I thought her nice and honest ________I met her.
A．first time B．for the first time
C．the first time D．by the first time
答案：C 本题题意：我第一次见到她时，就认为她美丽，诚实。名词词组the first time引导时间状语从句。注意：for the first time在句中只能作时间状语。本题还可以表达为：I thought her nice and honest when I met her for the first time. (5)She was appearing in public ________the first time since her illness.
A．不填 B．in
C．for D．by
答案：C 本题题意： 她自从患病以来第一次公开露面。for the first time表示“第一次”，在句中担任状语。2．Go for a walk, clean your teeth, drink some water, clean the house; in fact, do anything to keep your mind and especially your hands clean.
去散散步、刷刷牙、喝点水、打扫房间。其实，只要能使你的脑，特别是你的手不得闲的事情，你都可以去做。【知识剖析】
keep your mind and especially your hands clean属于“keep＋宾语＋宾补”结构。在此结构中，keep表示“保持或继续处于……的状态”，用作宾补的结构除了形容词以外，还有现在分词、过去分词、介词短语名词以及副词，但不能采用不定式(短语)。例如：
①These toys will help to keep the baby amused.
这些玩具能让这个婴儿一直很快乐。(过去分词)
②Sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
对不起，让你久等了。(现在分词)
③Yang Ming's neighbours claim that they were being kept awake, night after night, and being driven mad by the noise.
杨明的邻居说他们连续很多晚上都睡不着觉，都快被这噪音逼疯了。(形容词)④He always keeps the car in good condition.
他一直使车处于良好状况。(介词短语)
⑤The exact date and location of the wedding are being kept a secret.
婚礼的确切时间和地点仍是个秘密。(名词)
⑥An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
一天一个苹果， 医生不上门。(副词)【知识运用】
(1)(2010上海秋－33) Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues ________ with her stories.
A. amused B. amusing
C. to amuse D. to be amused
答案：A 本题题意：露西很有幽默感，总是讲故事逗同事开心。keep sb amused 表示“逗乐；让某人开心”。例如：Playing with water can keep children amused for hours. 嬉水能让孩子们开开心心玩好几个小时。(2)(2009全国Ⅱ－16) They use computers to keep the traffic________smoothly.
A．being run B．run
C．to run D．running
答案：D 本题题意：他们使用计算机来保持交通畅通。keep表示“保持或继续处于…的状态”，后接形容词，现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、名词以及副词等担任宾语补足语，但不能采用不定式(短语)。此外，run表示“运转；运行”，通常用作不及物动词。例如：The machine won't run smoothly. 这台机器运转不灵。(3)He was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes ________.
A．open B．to be opened
C．to open D．opening
答案：A 本题题意：他瞌睡的很，两只眼睛都快睁不开了。本题考查“keep＋宾语＋宾补”结构；在题干中，“保持眼睛一直睁着”是一种持续进行的状态，采用形容词作宾补。此外，open the eye表示“张开眼睛”，名词the eye 与动作open之间存在逻辑上的“动宾”关系，排除表示主动含义的现在分词opening.课件59张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．It's i________ to read people's private letters without permission.
2．This p________ will help to settle your nerves.
3．The details are clearly set out in an a________.
4．In s________ of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through.
5．On the other hand, a brave person who dares to take r________ often succeeds.
答案：1.illegal 2.pill 3.appendix 4.spite 5.risksⅡ.短语
1．不顾；不管 ________
2．处境危险________
3．陷入；染上(坏习惯)________
4．冒着……的危险 ________
5．放弃________
答案：1.in spite of 2.at risk/in danger 3.get into 4.at the risk of 5.give upⅢ.完成句子
1．Don't let the children ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ (染上……的习惯)going to bed late.
2．One cannot be successful in business unless one is willing to ________ ________ ________ (冒险)．
3．________ ________ ________ ________ ________ (尽管有困难), we must carry the work to completion.
4．In Britain, ________ ________ ________ ________ (……是违法的)drive when you are drunk.
5．________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ (由你决定) when we will start.答案：1.get into the habit of 2.take a risk 3.In spite of the difficulties 4.it is illegal to 5.It is up to you to decide
risk
1)v.
①使……冒风险(或面临危险)
He risked his life when he saved the child from the fire.
他冒着生命危险把孩子从火中救出。
②～(doing)sth冒……的风险(或危险)
They knew they risked being arrested.
他们知道自己冒着被捕的危险。③～(doing)sth冒险做；(明知结果)而大胆做
The boatman was willing to risk ferrying them across.
船夫愿冒险渡他们过江。
2)n.
①[C & U]～(of sth)|～(that...)|～(to sb/sth) 危险；风险
There was some [a great, no]risk of her being taken in.
她有几分 [十分有，毫无]受骗的危险。②[C]～(to sth)危险人物；会带来风险的事物
The group was considered to be a risk to national security.
这伙人被认为是威胁国家安全的危险分子。
【知识拓展】
1)at risk (from/of sth) 有危险；冒风险
23 million people in Africa are at risk from starvation.
非洲有2,300万人正处于饥饿的危险中。
2)at the risk of doing sth (用以引出可能听上去愚蠢或冒犯人的话)冒着……的风险
At the risk of boring people to tears, I repeat the most important rule in painting.
冒着使人厌烦得要死的风险，我重复了最重要的绘画规则。3)run the risk(of doing sth)|run risks 冒……的危险；冒险(做某事)
She preferred not to run the risk of encountering his sister.
她宁可不冒与他姐姐发生冲突的危险。
4)take a risk|take risks 冒险(做某事)
That's a risk I'm not prepared to take.
我不愿意去冒这个险。5)in danger 在……危险之中
We should stay calm in danger.
我们在危险的时候应该保持冷静。
6)in danger of 有失去……的危险
You are in danger of catching a cold if you don't take any medicine.
如果你不吃药的话， 就有感冒的危险。【知识运用】
(1)(2007上海春－42) If your race car isn't insured, you may________ losing everything when it hits something solid.
A．delay B．deny
C．avoid D．risk
答案：D 本题题意：如果你的赛车没有投保，一旦它与坚硬的物体相撞，你可能冒着失去一切的风险。risk表示“冒……的风险(或危险)”。(2)We've been advised not to risk________in these conditions.
A．to travel B．travelling
C．being travelled D．to be lost
答案：B 本题题意：我们受到忠告，在这种条件下不要冒险出行。risk表示“冒险做；(明知结果)而大胆做”，后接名词或动名词担任宾语。
1．in spite of 不管；尽管
①They went out in spite of the rain.
尽管下着雨， 他们还是出去了。
②In spite of all his efforts he failed.
他已竭尽全力， 但仍然失败了。【知识拓展】
1)regardless of 不管；不顾；不理会
①I'll take the job regardless of the pay.
不管报酬多少我都要这份工作。
②They decorated the house regardless of cost.
他们不惜工本装修这栋房子。2)despite 不管；尽管；任凭
①They had a wonderful holiday, despite the bad weather.
尽管天气不好， 他们的假日还是过得极为愉快。
②Despite wanting to see him again, she refused to reply to his letters.
她尽管很想再见到他， 但却不愿给他回信。3)in the face of
(1)不顾(问题、困难等)
She showed great courage in the face of danger.
面对危险她表现出了巨大的勇气。
(2)(＝as a result of)因为；由于
We are powerless in the face of such forces.
面对这样强大的力量， 我们无能为力。 【知识运用】
(1)The boy went swimming in the deep lake________his mother's fears for his safety.
A．in the face of B．as a result of
C．regardless of D．in spite of
答案：C 本题题意：那个男孩不顾母亲对他安全的担扰，跑到深湖中游泳。regardless of 表示“不管；不顾；不理会”。(2)________the rainy weather, the streets were full of people on May Day.
A．In the face of B．As a result of
C．Regardless of D．In spite of
答案：D 本题题意：五一节那天，尽管下雨，街上还是挤满了人。in spite of表示“不管；尽管”。2．make up one's mind 作出决定；下定决心
①I've made up my mind to be a doctor.
我决心当医生。
②Have you made your mind up where to go for your holiday?
你已决定到什么地方去度假了吗？
③They're both beautiful—I can't make up my mind.
两人都很漂亮—我难以决定。【知识拓展】
1)bear/keep sth in mind|bear/keep in mind that… 将…记在心中；记起；考虑
①What kind of party do you have in mind?
你打算举办什么样的晚会？
②Do bear in mind that the tickets are usually sold very quickly.
记住，票通常卖得很快。2)bring/call sb/sth to mind
(1)想起；记起
She couldn't call to mind where she had seen him before.
她想不起来曾在哪里见过他。
(2)使想起；使记起
The painting brings to mind some of Qi Baishi's early works.
这幅油画使人们想起了齐白石早期的一些作品。3)come/spring to mind 突然记起(或想起)
I'm sure someone can help you, but no one immediately brings to mind.
我确信有人能帮助你，但一时又想不起来有谁。
4)on one's mind 挂在心上；惦念
I've got a lot on my mind at the moment.
眼下我有许多事要操心。
5)put/set/give/turn one's mind to sth|set one's mind on sth 集中精力做；下决心做
If he's set his mind on doing it, nothing will stop him.
他一旦下决心去做， 任何事情都挡不住他。6)open one's mind to 向……敞开思想；愿意接受
He opened his mind to the ways of the rest of the world.
他开放思想接受世界其他地方习俗。
7)read one's mind/thoughts 猜测；揣摩
I can read your mind like a book.
我可以像读书一样清楚地看到你的心理活动。
8)change her mind 改变主意
Tom changed his mind to play football after class.
汤姆改变主意下课后去踢足球。6)open one's mind to 向……敞开思想；愿意接受
He opened his mind to the ways of the rest of the world.
他开放思想接受世界其他地方习俗。
7)read one's mind/thoughts 猜测；揣摩
I can read your mind like a book.
我可以像读书一样清楚地看到你的心理活动。
8)change her mind 改变主意
Tom changed his mind to play football after class.
汤姆改变主意下课后去踢足球。9)bend one's mind/efforts to sth 致力于某事；专心致力于某事
He couldn't bend his mind to his studies.
他不能专心学习。
10)keep one's mind on sth专心于……；致力于……
Keep your minds on your work.
专心干你们的活吧！11)focus one's mind/attention on sth集中(精力、注意力、思想等)于……
They focused all their attention/minds on finding a solution to the problem.
他们集中全部注意力去寻找解决问题的办法。
12)apply oneself to|apply/give/set/bend one's mind to专心致力于……
The new comer applied his mind to the job.
新来的职员工作专心致志。
13)turn one's mind/thoughts/attention to把自己的心智、思想、注意力贯注在某事物上
He turned his mind back to the road again.
他把注意力回转到道路上。【知识运用】
(1)When I told her the house was still standing, she________her mind to come home right away.
A．made up B．took up
C．turned up D．showed up
答案：A 本题题意：她听见我说房子还在时，就决定马上回去了。make up one's mind 表示“作出决定；下定决心”。(2)What's more, I have come to understand a truth—nothing is difficult in the world if you put your________into it.
A．mind B．heart
C．brain D．thought
答案：B 本题题意：更重要的是我悟出了一个道理：世界上不论什么事，不管难与易，重要的是你敢于去做。put one's heart into sth(＝give/put/set/turn one's mind to sth) 表示“专心致力于……；全神贯注于……”。3．get into
1)养成某种习惯；习惯于
Don't let yourself get into the bad habit of smoking.
不要让自己染上抽烟的坏习惯。
2)(使)陷入，处于，达到
Can't you stop your son from getting into trouble?
你能不能制止你儿子别惹上麻烦？3)进入
How did the thieves get into the house?
这些窃贼怎么进入室内的？
4)(尤指费力地)穿上
As I have gained weight, I can't get into my best suit.
因为体重增加，我无法穿我那件最好的西装。
5)开始从事某职业
What's the best way to get into journalism?
进入新闻界的最佳途径是什么？6)参与，开始(某事)
Two players got into a fight and were sent to the penalty box for two minutes.
两名打架的球员被罚到惩罚席上坐二分钟。
7)对……产生兴趣
I'm really getting into jazz these days.
我最近真的开始喜欢爵士乐了。
8)开始熟悉；学会
You'll soon get into the way of doing it.
你很快就能学会做这件事。【知识运用】
(1)The children________the bad habit of switching on the television as soon as they came back from school.
A．got off B．got into
C．got across D．got in
答案：B 本题题意：孩子们养成了坏习惯，从学校一回来就打开电视机。get into表示“养成某种习惯；习惯于”。(2)—Are you coming on with us, Jack?
—I shouldn't, but what the hell. I'm going to________trouble when I get home, anyway.
A．get into B．look for
C．ask for D．make
答案：A 本题题意：“杰克，你和我们一起来吗？”“不。不过，管它呢，反正我一到家就会遇到麻烦。”get into表示“(使)陷入，处于，达到”。it的用法(1)
1)it指已提及或心目中的人或事物。
①This is our new car. I bought it yesterday.
这是我们的新车。我昨天买的。
②This suitcase looks heavy but actually it is very light.
这个皮箱看上去很重， 实际上很轻。2)指无生命物、动植物、性别不详的幼孩等。
①What a beautiful baby—is it a boy?
多漂亮的孩子啊—他是男孩吗？
②Go and open the door, Miss Green. It may be the police.
去开门，格林小姐，可能是警察。3)it表示“(已知的或暗含的)事实或情况”。
①When the factory closes, it (＝this event) will mean 500 redundancies.
工厂一旦关闭， 那就意味着要有500人遭遣散。
②Yes, I was at home on Sunday. What about/of it?
是啊， 我星期天在家来着。怎么了？4)it作无人称动词的主语，表示时间、气候、距离等。
①It was two miles to the island.
距离小岛有两英里远。
②It's quite warm at the moment.
现在天气很暖和。
5)it担任形式宾语，代替不定式短语或宾语从句，偶尔为动名词。动词like, dislike, enjoy, appreciate, love, hate, stop等可以构成V＋it when/if...形式。①She found it interesting to learn about their strategy.
她觉得学习他们的策略很有意思。
②You will find it very nice taking a walk early in the morning.
你会发现在清晨散步很好。
③I must make it clear that I'll always support it.
我必须申明我将永远支持你。
④I don't like it when you shout at me.
我不喜欢你对我大喊大叫。6)it 担任形式主语，代替不定式，动名词或主语从句。
①It is impossible to assess the problem.
无法估摸这个问题。
②It is no use trying.
试也白试。
③Does it matter what colour it is?
是什么颜色有关系吗？
④It appears that the two leaders are holding secret talks.
两位领导人好像在举行秘密会谈。⑤It isn't certain whether we shall succeed.
我们是否会成功还很难说。
7)it用于某些动词、介词后面，词义含糊，构成习惯语。
①Let's walk it.
我们走路去。
②You'll catch it from your father.
你会挨你父亲的骂。
③If we miss the bus, we'll have to foot it.
如果我们赶不上公共汽车，我们只好走路。
④Let's make a night of it.
让我们痛饮一晚吧。8)用在强调句型中(答语也要用it代替心目中的人)。
①It was Peter who lent us the money.
是彼得借了钱给我们。
②It's today that he's going.
他是今天走。
9)指代整个句子的内容。
①—We've been invited to the ball at the palace.
—Really? I can't believe it.
“我们被邀请去参加宫廷舞会。”“真的吗？我不相信。”②Stop it, you're hurting me.
快停下来，你把我弄痛了。
10)it表示“环境或情况；泛指的事物”。
①If it's convenient，I can see you tomorrow.
要是方便的话， 我明天可以见你。
②It's getting very competitive in the car industry.
汽车工业方面的竞争日益加剧。【知识运用】
(1)(2010辽宁－33) The fact that she was foreign made ________ difficult for her to get a job in that country.
A. so B. much
C. that D. it
答案：D 本题题意：她是外国人的事实使得她在那个国家很难找到工作。本题考查固定句式“make it＋形容词或名词＋不定式短语或宾语从句”的用法，其中it担任形式宾语。(2)(2009北京－35) Being a parent is not always easy, and being the parent of a child with special needs often carries with________extra stress.
A．it B．them
C．one D．him
答案：A 本题题意：作父母不容易，作为一个需要特殊需求的孩子的父母常常具有额外的压力。it指代动名词短语being the parent of a child with special needs.(3)(2009四川－3)I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don't have enough money to buy________.
A．one B．it
C．this D．that
答案：B 本题题意：我喜欢这所前面带有美丽花园的房子，可是我现在没有足够的钱把它买下来。it指代名词this house.
(4)(2008四川2－6) I admired the painting, and Ed said he would like me to have________as a gift from him.
A．one B．it C．this D．some
答案：B 本题题意：我欣赏这幅画，埃德说他愿意把它作为一份礼物送给我。it指代名词the painting.(5)(2008天津－9) —How much do I owe you for lunch?
—________. It's nothing.
A．You're welcome
B．Forget it
C．With pleasure
D．That's right
答案：B 本题题意：“午饭我要付你多少钱？”“算了吧。这没什么。”forget it表示“没关系；不必在意”。(6)(2007全国1－21)—Have you heard the latest news?
—No, what________？
A．is it B．is there
C．are they D．are those
答案：A 本题题意：“你听到最新消息了吗？”“没有，是什么？”it指代名词the latest news.(7)(2007山东－24)________worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.
A．This B．That
C．What D．It
答案：D 本题题意：他做事总是改变主意，这使我烦恼不已。it担任形式主语，代替后面被定语从句修饰的名词the way.其正常语序为The way he keeps changing his mind worries me.(8)(2007天津－1) He didn't make________clear when and where the meeting would be held.
A．this B．that
C．it D．these
答案：C 本题题意：会议何时何地举行，他没有明示。本题考查句式“make/feel/find＋it＋adj./n＋宾语从句”，其中it担任形式宾语。(9)________does not matter if we live a short life as long as we have been living a meaningful one.
A．This B．It
C．One D．What
答案：B 本题题意：只要生活得有意义，我们的寿命即使很短也没有关系。It doesn't matter为固定结构，其后有时可以跟一个从句。例如：It doesn't matter how you are dressed. 你穿得怎样并没关系。(10)Although I spoke to him a number of times，________was only to pass the time of day.
A．it B．which
C．what D．that
答案：A 本题题意：尽管我和他交谈过几次，但都是寒暄而已。it表示“(已知的或暗含的)事实或情况”。课件55张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．The ________ (男性的) voice is deeper than the female.
2．In my ________ (判断), we should accept their apology.
3．They picked the ones who had the best chance of ________ (存活)．
4．She was ________ (尴尬的) when they asked her age.
5．He was very ________ (笨拙的) when using the tool for the first time.答案：1.male 2.judgement 3.survival 4.embarrassed 5.awkward
Ⅱ.短语
1．in spite ________ 不顾；不管
2．________ risks/a risk 冒险
3．get ________ 陷入；染上(坏习惯)
4．________ risk 处境危险；遭受危险
5．________ breath 上气不接下气
6．________ one's mind 下定决心
答案：1.of 2.take 3.into 4.at 5.out of 6.make up1．prejudice [C & U]～(against sb/sth) 偏见；成见
①She has a prejudice against modern music.
她对现代音乐怀有偏见。
②I haven't got one particle of race prejudice.
我没有丝毫的种族偏见。 【知识运用】
(1)I want to make it clear that I have no________against you.
A．appreciation B．prejudice
C．amusement D．attraction
答案：B 本题题意：我要表明我对你没有偏见。prejudice表示“偏见；成见”。(2)Many dark-skinned visitors arrive in the United States fearing personal attack or expecting various degrees of racial________.
A．justice B．prejudice
C．culture D．introduction
答案：B 本题题意：许多黑肤色的游客到了美国，都害怕自己会受到攻击，或者出现不同程度的种族偏见。racial prejudice表示“种族歧视”。2．awkward (adj.)
1)令人尴尬的；使人难堪的
He felt awkward and uncomfortable.
他感到尴尬和不舒服。
2)难对付的；难处理的
He asked several awkward questions at the press conference.
他在记者招待会上提了几个难回答的问题。
3)不方便的
Aunt Lena came to visit us at an awkward time.
丽娜大婶在我们很不方便的时候来了。4)不优美的；难看的；不舒适的
He tried to dance, but he was too clumsy and awkward.
他试着跳舞，但是太笨拙，太别扭。
5)(因形状、设计而)产生困难的，危险的
The pan is an awkward shape.
这个锅的形状用起来不方便。【知识运用】
(1)There was an________silence, when no one knew what to say.
A．awkward B．discomfort
C．available D．incredible
答案：A 本题题意：当谁都不知道说什么时，就陷入了尴尬的沉默。an awkward silence表示“令人尴尬的沉默”。(2)The child feels awkward________strangers.
A．in B．at
C．with D．on
答案：C 本题题意：这孩子在陌生人面前觉得不自在。be/feel awkward with表示“对…感觉难为情的，(忸怩不安的或不自在的)”。注意：be/feel awkward at/in表示“在……方面不雅观的”。例如：He is awkward in his gait/at table tennis.他的步态不雅观。/他的乒乓球技巧拙劣。
1．come across
1)(偶然)遇见，碰见，发现
I came across this old photograph when looking for a book yesterday.
我昨天找书的时候，偶然发现了这张早年的照片。
2)(＝come over) 被理解；被弄懂
Your speech came across very well；everyone understands your opinion now.
你的发言清楚明了，现在大家都理解你的观点了。3)给人以……印象；使产生……印象
She came across well in interviews.
她在面试中常给人留下很好的印象。
4)～(with sth)(需要时)提供，供给，给予
The robber told the girl to come across with her purse.
强盗要那女孩交出钱包。
5)穿过(路、桥等)
Don't come across the street when there is heavy traffic.
车子多的时候不要过街。6)浮现在脑海中
A good idea came across my mind.
我的脑海中有了一个好主意。
7)过来； 过访
Why don't you come across to our house this evening?
今晚你何不到我们家来坐坐？ 【知识拓展】
1)come about (that...) 发生
The flood came about as a result of the heavy spring rains.
春季的大雨造成了洪水泛滥。
2)come from
(1)出生于；来自
What part of South America did she come from?
她出生在南美洲的哪个地方？ (2)始于；产自；来自
Knowledge comes from practice.
知识来自于实践。
3)come on
(1)(用于命令)快；加油；加把劲
Come on, children, or we'll be late!
快点， 孩子们， 不然我们就晚了！
(2)(表示知道某人所说的话不正确)
Oh, come on—you know that isn't true.
咳，得了吧，你知道那不是真的！4)come along(用于命令)赶快；加把劲
Come along or we'll miss the train.
快点， 不然就会赶不上火车。
5)come up
(1)(从土中)长出发芽
The sunflower seeds that we've sown have come up.
我们种的向日葵种子已经发芽了。
(2)被提及，被讨论
The subject came up in the conversation.
这个问题是在谈话中被提到的。(3)(太阳)升起
I like to get up early to watch the sun come up.
我喜欢早起看日出。
(4)发生
I'm afraid something urgent has come up.
恐怕有紧急事情发生。
6)come up with找到(答案)
She came up with a new idea for increasing sales.
她想出了增加销售量的新办法。7)come up(to sb) (为攀谈而)靠近，接近
He came up to the policeman and asked the way.
他走上前去向警察问路。
8)come up to表示“升到(某点)；达到(某标准)”
His performance didn't really come up to his usual high standard.
他没有真正表现出平日的高水平。9)come out
(1)出版，发行或发表
Her new novel will be coming out in time for the Christmas sales.
她的新小说将赶在圣诞节购物潮时发行。
(2)(太阳、月亮、星星)等出现，露出
The rain stopped and the sun came out.
雨停后太阳出来了。
(3)(花)盛开，开花
Some flowers have begun to come out in early spring.
早春时节，有些花已经开放了。(4)被获悉；为人所知
The secret will finally come out.
这个秘密终究要被人知道的。
(5)显示；显出
Her best qualities came out in a crisis.
她的优秀品质在危难之中显示了出来。
(6)出来
Come out and get some fresh air.
出来吸点新鲜空气。10)come around/round(to...)恢复知觉；苏醒
After this much-needed rain our crops will come around again.
有了这阵及时雨我们的庄稼就会缓过来了。
11)come at sb扑向(某人)
The man came at the boy with a stick.
那人拿着一根棍子向男孩扑过去。
12)come back 回来；返回；再度流行；再次成功
I'll come back in two hours.
我两小时后就回来。13)come back (to sb) 恢复记忆；回想起
The scene comes back to my mind.
那情景又浮现在我的脑海中。
14)come in/come into进入
Come into the garden and I'll show you my roses.
到花园里来，我给你看我的玫瑰花。【知识运用】
(1)(2007江苏－24)—Have you________some new ideas?
—Yeah. I'll tell you later.
A．come about B．come into
C．come up with D．come out with
答案：C 本题题意：“你想出新主意了吗？”“是的。我过会儿告诉你。”come up with表示“找到(答案)”。(2)采用适当的介词或副词填空：
①That magazine comes________once a month.
②Come________， and have it out in plain words.
③I hope you can come________with a better plan than this.
④How did it come________that the man is dismissed?
⑤Your speech came________very well; everyone understands your opinion now.
⑥When important questions come________，the members often lose their dignified ways and shout at each other.⑦Short skirts are coming________.
⑧The noise came________us from all sides.
⑨If you go on like this，you will come________nothing.
⑩The rain is wetting your dress; please do come________， he said.
?These creatures were believed to have come______outer space.
?Pour some water on his face he'll soon come______.答案：① out 译文：那个杂志每月出一期。
② on 译文：来，把它用明白的语言说出来。
③ up 译文：我希望你能提出比这更好的计划来。
④ about 译文：那个人被解雇了，怎么回事？
⑤ across 译文：你的发言清楚明了，现在大家都理解你的观点了。
⑥ up 译文：重要的问题一被提出来，议员们常常是失去了他们庄严的风度，互相争吵起来。
⑦ back 译文：短裙又开始流行起来。
⑧ at 译文：噪音从四面八方向我们扑来。⑨ to 译文：如果你继续这样下去，你将一事无成。
⑩ in 译文：“雨把您的衣服打湿了；请您务必进来，”他说。
? from 译文：据说这种生物来自外太空。
? round/around 译文：往他脸上泼些水——他很快就会醒过来。
2．think out 认真考虑；仔细盘算
①Let's think this out together——there must be a way to solve this.
让我们一起好好考虑一下吧， 一定有办法能解决这件事情的。
②I must think out a way of solving the problem.
我必须想出一个解决这个问题的办法。【知识拓展】
1)think about
(1)考虑到；关心；替……着想
Don't you ever think about other people?
难道你就从来没有考虑过别人吗？
(2)考虑；打算做某事
I should like to think about your suggestion before I give a definite reply.
我想先考虑一下你的建议， 然后给你一个明确的答复。(3)回想
She is thinking about her childhood days.
她在回想童年时代的生活。
2)think of sth/sb
(1)想像到
Can you think of why she should do such a thing?
你能想象得出她为什么干这样一件事吗？
(2)对……有看法
What do you think of my new shoes?
你认为我的新鞋子如何？
(3)想出；构思出
Can anyone think of a way to raise money?
谁能想出个集资的办法？(4)记得；想起
I know his face, but I can't think of where I've met him.
我看他面熟，可想不起在哪儿见过他了。
(5)为……着想；关心
He always thinks of other people first, never of himself.
他总是先想到别人，从不想到自己。
(6)考虑；打算做某事
When I said that, I was not thinking of her feelings.
我讲那话时，并没有考虑到她的感情。3)think over (尤指在作出决定前)仔细考虑；慎重思考
I've thought the plan over and decided not to join it after all.
我重新考虑了那个计划， 终于决定不参与其事。
4)think up想出；发明
We must think up a new way of dealing with him.
我们必须想出一个对付他的新办法。【知识运用】
采用适当的介词或副词填空：
①I'd never think________asking someone to lend me so much money!
②Jack's very good at thinking________excuses for not working.
③When you've thought things________， you'll probably realize that my idea is quite good after all.④I've got to think________something to wear for the fancy dress party.
⑤His arguments have obviously been well thought______.
⑥It's certainly an offer well worth thinking________.
答案：
①of 译文： 我从未想过要向别人借这么多钱！
②up 译文： 杰克很善于为自己不干活找借口。
③over 译文： 你把情况认真加以思考之后，就可能会意识到，我的想法毕竟是相当不错的。
④up 译文： 我得想出去参加化装舞会时应穿戴的东西。
⑤out 译文： 他的论点很明显是经过周密思考而产生的。
⑥about 译文： 这当然是很值得考虑的报价。
1．Unfortunately, people with HIV sometimes lose their friends because of prejudice.
不幸的是，由于偏见，HIV病毒携带者有时会失去他们的朋友。【知识剖析】
unfortunately 为句子副词(观点副词)，修饰整个句子，通常表达说话者或叙述者的观点。此类常见的有：admittedly, fortunately, unfortunately, frankly, happily(for sb), honestly, luckily, unluckily, naturally, officially, strangely enough等。它们通常位于句首，但有时放在句末也是可以的。常常用一个逗号将它与句子的其他部分隔开。例如：
①Unfortunately, we do not have the time to interview every applicant.
遗憾的是我们没有时间一一面试每位申请人。②Fortunately, no shots were fired and no one was hurt.
幸亏没人开枪，也没有人受伤。
③Honestly, Tom didn't get the money.
老实说，汤姆没有拿到钱。
④Frankly, I was pleased to leave.
老实说，我乐意离开。
⑤Strangely enough, it turned out we'd been at school together.
原来我们以前是同学，多奇怪。
【知识运用】
(1)She's lived in Spain for more than 10 years, but________she can't speak a word of Spanish.
A．strangely enough B．enough strangely
C．strange enough D．enough strange
答案：A 本题题意：她在西班牙已住了十多年，但奇怪的是她西班牙语一句也不会讲。副词enough修饰形容词或另一个副词时，需放在被修饰词之后。此外，表示感情或态度的副词(观点副词)可以修饰整个句子，通常位于句子的开头。(2)The police found my handbag and，________， nothing had been stolen.
A．happy B．happily
C．delighted D．naturally
答案：B 本题题意：警察找回我的手提包， 幸好没有被偷去什么。本题考查句子副词(观点副词)的用法。2．(If you inject drugs), do not share anything else that a person has used while injecting drugs.
(假如你要注射药物)，在注射药物时，不得共用患者所用的其它东西。【知识剖析】
while injecting drugs 为时间状语从句的省略形式，其完整形式为：..., while you are injecting drugs. 在英语中，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it，同时从句谓语又含有系动词be时，可将从句的主语和系动词be一同省略，而保留原连词，形成“连词＋分词(或形容词)”的形式。例如：①When you do this exercise, make changes in the sentence structure when (if) necessary.
做这个练习时，必要时可以改动句子结构。
②He is very good at painting, though(he is)very young.
他虽然年纪很轻，但很会画画。
③The boy looked as if(he was)afraid of nothing.
那男孩看来好像什么都不怕。 ④If(it is)necessary, we shall send a telegram home.
有必要，我们就往家里打电报。
⑤Whenever(it is)possible, he will come to my help.
他一有可能就来帮助我。
⑥While(you are)cycling, don't forget the traffic lights.
骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。
【知识运用】
(1)(2010全国Ⅱ－11) Though ________ to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.
A. surprising B. was surprised
C. surprised D. being surprised
答案：C 本题题意：虽然教授见到我们显得很惊讶，但是他热烈欢迎了我们。本题考查状语从句的省略，其完整形式为Though he was surprised to see us，...(2)(2010浙江－8) The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if ________ regularly, can improve our health.
A. being carried out B. carrying out
C. carried out D. to carry out
答案：C 本题题意：实验结果表明， 适度大运动量锻炼如果定期进行可以改善我们的身体健康。本题考查状语从句的省略，其完整形式为if it is carried out regularly，...(3)(2007全国1－28) We all know that，________， the situation will get worse.
A．not if dealt carefully with
B．if not carefully dealt with
C．if dealt not carefully with
D．not if carefully dealt with
答案：B 本题题意：我们都认识到，如果不小心应对，形势将会恶化。本题考查状语从句的省略，其完整形式为：if it is not carefully dealt with，...(4)(2007四川－35) The flowers his friend gave him will die unless________every day.
A．watered B．watering
C．water D．to water
答案：A 本题题意：除非每天浇灌，否则他朋友所送的花将会死掉。本题考查状语从句的省略，补充完整为unless they are watered every day.(5)When________different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
A．compared B．being compared
C．comparing D．having compared
答案：C 本题题意：在比较不同的文化时，我们经常只是关注其差异，而忽略了它们之间的许多共性。本题考查状语从句的省略，补充完整为：When we compare different cultures，...(6)When________help, one often says “Thank you.” or “It's kind of you.”
A．offering B．to offer
C．to be offered D．offered
答案：D 本题题意：当得到来自他人的帮助时，我们常常说“谢谢。”或“谢谢你。”本题考查时间状语的省略。补充完整为：When he or she is offered help, one often says “Thank you” or “It's very kind of you”. 此外也可以理解为过去分词作时间状语。课件17张PPT。
consume (v.)
1)消耗、耗费(燃料、能量、时间等)
She consumed most of her time in reading.
她把大部分时间都花在读书上。
2)吃；喝；饮
The kids soon consumed all the food on the table.
孩子们一会儿功夫便把桌上的食品全部吃光。
3)～sb (with sth) 使充满(强烈的感情)
The boy was consumed with curiosity.
那男孩充满好奇心。4)烧毁；毁灭
The fire consumed half the village.
大火吞噬了半个村庄。【知识运用】
(1)Each year Americans________a high percentage of the world's energy.
A．exhaust B．digest
C．absorb D．consume
答案：D 本题题意：每年美国人都消耗掉世界能源的很大比例。consume表示“消耗；耗费(燃料、能量、时间等)”。(2)The man is________with the idea of going abroad.
A．covered B．addicted
C．consumed D．accustomed
答案：C 本题题意：这人一心想着出国。consume sb (with sth)表示“使充满(强烈的感情)”。
depend on/upon
1)～sb/sth 依靠；信赖
You can depend on him.
你可以信赖他。
2)确信；相信；指望
We can depend on his arriving here on time.
我们可以相信他会准时到来。
3)～sb/sth(for sth)需要、依靠(提供资金、帮助等)
Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.
小孩依赖他们的父母供给衣食。4)～sth 受……的影响；由……决定；取决于
A lot will depend on how she responds to the challenge.
在很大程度上将取决于她对这一难题的反应。【知识拓展】
1)rely on/upon
(1)依赖；依靠
Now that you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents.
既然你长大了，就不应该依靠你的父母。
(2)信任；信赖
You may rely on me to help you.
你可以信赖我会帮助你的。2)That depends|It(all)depends.那得看情况。
—How many people use each screen?
—It/That all depends.
“每个屏幕有多少人使用？” “这要看情况。”
【知识运用】
(1)(2001上海－50)I'm planning to hold a party in the open air, but I can make no guarantees because it________the weather.
A．links with B．depends on
C．connects to D．decides on
答案：B 本题题意：我计划举办一次露天聚会，可是我不能做出承诺一定举办，因为这完全要视天气状况而定。depend on sth 表示“受……的影响；由……决定；取决于”。(2)(2010江苏－27) —Do you think their table tennis team will win the first place at the coming Asian Games?
—________. Ours is much stronger than theirs.
A. Of course B. It depends
C. Don't mention it D. By no means
答案：D 本题题意：“你认为他们的乒乓球队会在即将举行的亚运会上获得冠军吗？ ” “绝无可能。我们球队的实力比他们强多了。” by no means表示“绝不；一点也不”。(3)—How often do you eat out?
—________， but usually once a week.
A．Have no idea
B．It depends
C．As usual
D．Generally speaking
答案：B 本题题意：“你们多久出去吃一次饭？” “视情形而定吧，通常每周一次。” That/It (all)depends.表示“那得看情况”。课件132张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．________ to use something up, especially fuel, energy or time; to eat or drink sth
2．________ to look quickly at sth/sb
3．________ happening or chosen without any definite plan, aim or pattern
4．________ a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing
5．________ a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction or many people are injured or die
6．________ (n.) 现象→________ (pl.)7．________ (vt.) 反对；反抗；与(某人)较量→________ (adj.)反对的；对立的
8．________ (n.)结果；后果；影响→________ (adj.)→________(adv.)因此；所以
9．________(vt.) 陈述；说明→________ (n.)声明；陈述
10．________ (adj.) 平稳的；持续的；稳固的→________ (adv.)平稳地；持续地
答案：1.consume 2.glance 3.random 4.trend 5.catastrophe 6.phenomenon; phenomena 7.oppose; opposed 8.consequence; consequent; consequently 9.state；statement 10.steady; steadilyⅡ.短语
1．come ________ 发生；造成
2．quantities ________大量的
3．go ________ 上升；增长；升起
4．result ________ 导致
5．be opposed ________ 反对……
6．________ if 即使
7．keep ________ 继续
8．in the range ________ 在……范围内
9．glance ________ (粗略地)看一下，扫视
10．subscribe ________ 同意；赞成；订购答案：1.about 2.of 3.up 4.in 5.to 6.even 7.on 8.of 9.at 10.toⅢ.语篇导读
Read the text carefully and fill in the blanks.答案：1.fossil fuels 2.315 parts 3.100 4.sea level 5.droughts 6.diseases 7.disappearance 8.quicker 9.more 10.animals
1．random (adj.) 随意的；任意的；未经事先考虑的；胡乱的
①He was not listening and made a random answer to the teacher's question.
他不在听讲，对教师的问题瞎答一通。
②The list is arranged in a random order.
名单排列不分先后。
③I asked a few random questions of Ellen as we sat there.
当我们坐在那里的时候，我随便问了爱伦几个问题。【知识拓展】
at random 随意地；胡乱地；任意地
①He asked questions at random.
他胡乱问了些问题。
②He took a book at random off the shelf.
他随意从书架上拿下一本书。【知识运用】
(1)The teacher might suddenly address individual students________.
A．at random B．at ease
C．at least D．at most答案：A 本题题意：老师可能随意突然地与个别学生谈话。at random表示“随意地；胡乱地；任意地”。at(one's) ease表示“舒适；自由自在；无拘无束”。例如：The dentist soon put the small girl at ease. 牙医很快使小女孩的情绪放松了。at (the) least表示“至少”。例如：He smoked at least half a packet of cigarettes a day.他每天至少抽半包烟。at (the) most表示“至多”。例如：It will take two hours at most to get there. 最多两小时便可到达那里。
(2)The terrorists fired into the crowd________random.
A．in B．at
C．on D．with
答案：B 本题题意：恐怖分子向人群胡乱射击。at random表示“随意地；胡乱地；任意地”。2．subscribe(v.)
1)～(to sth) 订阅；订购(报刊等)
I subscribed to a morning paper.
我订阅了一份晨报。
2)～(to sth) 定期缴纳(会员费)；定期(向慈善机构)捐款；定期捐助
How much did you subscribe (to the disaster fund)?
你(向赈灾基金)捐了多少钱？
3)申请；预订；报名
The tour of Qingdao is fully subscribed.
去青岛旅游的名额已经满了。【知识拓展】
subscribe to 同意；赞成
①It's not an opinion I tend to subscribe to.
这个观点我不太赞同。
②It is not a theory that is commonly subscribed to.
一般人并不赞成这个理论。【知识运用】
(1)The magazine is trying to get more readers to______.
A．describe B．sacrifice
C．subscribe D．contribute
答案：C 本题题意：该杂志正大力发展新订户。subscribe表示“订阅；订购(报刊等)”。(2)The company subscribe________the view that if you can encourage children to use your products, they will continue to use them when they are adults.
A．to B．with
C．for D．on
答案：A 本题题意：公司赞成这样的观点，即如果能够鼓励儿童使用你的产品，他们长大后就会继续使用这些产品。subscribe to 表示“同意；赞成”。3．tend (v.)
1)～to do sth往往会……；常常就……
①I tend to go to bed earlier during the winter.
我在冬天常睡得较早。
②Recent laws have tended to restrict the freedom of the press.
新法例有限制新闻自由的趋势。
③It tends to rain here a lot in summer.
这里夏天较为多雨。2)～to/towards sth趋向；走向；倾向；趋于
①Modern furniture design tends to simplicity.
现代家具设计越来越简单。
②We're tending towards the view that all students should study English.
我们倾向于认为所有的学生都应该学习英语。【知识运用】
(1)She________get angry when others disagree with her.
A．contributes to B．leads to
C．tends to D．means to
答案：C 本题题意：别人不同意她的看法时，她很容易生气。tend to do sth 表示“往往会……；常常就……”。(2)Our organization will tend________the improvement of society.
A．to B．in
C．on D．with
答案：A 本题题意：我们的组织将为社会风气的改善作出贡献。tend to/towards sth 表示“趋向；走向；倾向；趋于”。4．trend (n.)～(towards sth) 趋势；趋向；倾向；动态；动向
①Prices are on the upward/downward trend.
物价有上涨/下跌的趋势。
②The event changed the trend of public opinion.
这件事改变了舆论的趋向。【知识运用】
(1)The________at the moment is towards a more natural and less made-up look.
A．direction B．advantage
C．trend D．practice
答案：C 本题题意：现在流行的是外表上更注重少加装扮的自然美。trend 表示“趋势；趋向；倾向；动态；动向”。(2)They are following the American trend________more flexible working conditions.
A．for B．towards
C．on C．with
答案：B 本题题意：他们跟随美国的趋势，向更加灵活的工作条件转变。trend 表示“趋势；趋向；倾向；动态；动向”，通常和介词towards连用。5．oppose (v.) 反对(计划、政策等)；抵制；阻挠
①I made a proposal, and nobody opposed.
我提出了一项建议，没有人反对。
②They opposed the government's new policies.
他们反对政府的新政策。
③I would oppose changing the law.
我将反对改变这个法规。
④The husband strongly opposed his wife's going there alone.
丈夫极力反对妻子单独去那个地方。【知识拓展】
opposed (adj.)
1)～(to sth) (人)强烈反对
She seems very much opposed to your going abroad.
她好像很反对你出国。
2)(意见、看法等)截然不同
Our views are diametrically opposed on this issue.
在这个问题上，我们的观点大相径庭。【词语辨析1】
oppose, deny
这两个动词都含“否定，否认”，“反驳，反对”之意。
1)oppose指“对某人、某事采取积极行动来反对”， 着重动作，尤指“反对一种观念、思想、计划等”。
He opposed the proposal to build a new hall.
他反对修建新礼堂的建议。
2)deny坚定地否认某事为真实的。侧重否认意见或言论的真实性，尤指否定他人的指控或责难。
He denied knowing anything about it.
他否认知道此事。 【词语辨析2】
oppose, object, resist
这些动词都含“反对”的意思。
1)oppose为常用词， 指“对某人、某事采取积极行动来反对”，尤指“反对一种观念、思想、计划等”，侧重对抗。
The old man can't bear anyone in the family to oppose him.
这位老人决不能容忍家里有人违抗他。 2)object 常指“用言论或论据等表示反对”， 着重“个人嫌厌”和“(由于与个人有关因此)提出反对意见”。
I really object to being charged for parking at the hospital.
我坚决反对医院收取停车费。
3)resist侧重指对现实中遭遇到的攻击压力积极反抗。
They successfully resisted pressure from their competitors to increase prices.
他们成功地顶住了竞争对手提高价格的压力。【知识运用】
(1)After the professor，________out the project, made a comment on the report, the media focused on it.
A．was opposed to carry
B．opposed to carry
C．opposed to carrying
D．opposed carrying
答案：C 本题题意：反对执行这个方案的这位教授在报告中对此方案作了评论之后，媒体才关注到该方案。本题考查形容词短语在句中担任后置定语，相当于非限制性定语从句who was opposed to carrying out the project.注意：be opposed to doing sth表示“强烈反对做……”。(2)采取oppose, deny, object或resist的适当形式填空：
①He________having seen these watches before.
②We are firmly________to the practice of power politics between nations.
③He couldn't________showing off his new car.
④Many local people________to the building of the new airport.答案：
① denied 译文：他否认曾经见过这些手表。
② opposed 译文：我们坚决反对在国与国之间实行强权政治。
③ resist 译文：他忍不住炫耀起了他的新车。
④ object 译文：很多当地的居民反对修建新机场。6．consequence (n.)
1)[C, often pl.] 结果；后果
①Nobody can tell what the consequences may be.
没有人能说出可能的后果。
②The practice had far-reaching environmental consequences.
这种做法对环境造成了深远的影响。
③This could have serious consequences for the economy.
这可能会给经济带来严重的后果。2)[U] 重要性
①This matter is of great consequence to all of us.
对于我们来说这件事非常重要。
②Is it of any consequence to you?
对你重要吗？【知识拓展】
1)in consequence(of sth)|as a consequence(of sth)由于；作为……的结果
①She was found guilty, and lost her job in consequence (of it)．
她被判有罪， 因而失去了工作。
②It rained yesterday and in consequence the match was canceled.
昨天下雨了， 结果比赛被取消。③As a consequence of smoking, my father coughs frequently.
因为吸烟的缘故，我父亲经常咳嗽。
④As a consequence, diplomas will become weaker and more ornamental as the years go by.
结果，随着岁月的流逝，文凭将逐渐失去权威性，而更加成为装饰品。
2)take/bear/accept the consequences 承担后果
①You must accept the full consequences of your behaviour.
你必须承担你的行为所引起的全部后果。
②If you behave so foolishly, you must be ready to take the consequences.
如果你这样愚昧下去，你必须准备自食其果。【知识运用】
(1)He twisted his ankle in skiing, with the________that he was unable to take his exams.
A．consequence B．conclusion
C．inference D．condition
答案：A 本题题意：他滑雪时扭伤了脚踝，结果他无法参加考试。consequence表示“结果；后果”。(2)________a consequence of being in hospital, Shelly decided that she wanted to become a nurse.
A．In B．As C．On D．For
答案：B 本题题意：由于在医院的缘故，谢莉决定当一名护士。as a consequence of| in consequence of 表示“由于；作为…的结果”。7．state
1)n.
(1)[C] 状态；状况；情况
Everything was in a state of disorder.
一切都处于紊乱状态。
(2)[C] 国家， 政府
We must pay taxes to the State.
我们必须向国家纳税。
(3)[C] 州； 邦
In America, the law varies from state to state.
美国各州的法律都不同。2)v. 陈述；说明；声明
①He stated his problem clearly.
他把问题叙述得很清楚。
②He stated that he had never seen the accused man.
他说他从未见过被告。
③It is stated that the fire started in a cottage.
据说火是从一间小屋里烧起来的。
④Please state exactly what you did.
请准确地说明你都干了些什么。 ⑤They stated themselves to be members of a secret society.
他们宣称自己是一个秘密社团中的成员。
⑥They stated the diamond to have been stolen.
他们宣称钻石已被偷了。
【词语辨析】
state, condition, situation
这三个词都含有“情况”的意思。
1)state强调“人、事物以及围绕人、事物的原有状态”，但不着重于“这种状态和具体原因或条件的关系”。
He is in a good state.
他身体健康。2)condition指“由于一定的原因、条件或环境所产生的特定情况”。强调原因、环境以及人、事物的关联。
His condition will not permit him to travel.
他的情况不允许他旅游。
3)situation指“多种具体情况造成的综合状态”， 常着重“这种状态的影响或和处于该状态的事物的关系”。
We are in difficult situation.
我们处于困境。【知识运用】
(1)The house was in a poor________of repair when we bought it.
A．state B．condition
C．situation D．position
答案：A 本题题意；我们买来的时候，这房子失修已久了。be in a good/bad state of repair表示“处于良好/糟糕的保养状况”。(2)(2008湖北－22) The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly________.
A．atmosphere B．state
C．situation D．phenomenon
答案：A 本题题意：这两个国家的最高领导人正在友好的气氛下举行会谈。in a friendly atmosphere表示“在友好的气氛(或氛围)中”。8．range
1)v.
(1)～from A to B|range between A and B (在一定范围内)变化；变动
The temperature ranges between 30 and 40 degrees centigrade.
温度在摄氏三十度与四十度之间。
(2)～(from A to B)(从……到……)之间的各类事物
She has had a number of different jobs, ranging from chef to swimming instructor.
她做过许多不同的工作，从厨师到游泳教练。(3)(按一定位置或顺序)排列；排序
The cards were ranged in alphabetical order.
卡片以字母顺序排列。
(4)徘徊；漫步；四处移动
We ranged the woods looking for a place to set up our tents.
我们在树林里东走西跑， 找个地方搭帐篷。2)n.
(1)[C, usually sing.]～(of sth) 一系列
The area offers a wide range of activities for the tourist.
该地区为游客提供各种各样的活动。
(2)(变动或浮动的)范围，界限，区域
Several cars are available within this price range.
在这个价格范围内， 有好几种汽车可供选购。
(3)[C] (产品)类，种
For more information about our product range, call your local branch.
如想得到更多关于我们产品种类的信息，请致电当地分店。(4)[C & U] 视觉(或听觉)的范围
The child was now out of her range of vision.
这孩子已经走出了她的视线。
(5)[C& U] 射程；射击距离
These rockets have a range of 30 to 40 miles.
这些火箭射程为30～40英里不等。
(6)山脉
The two countries are separated by a range of mountains.
这两个国家被一条山脉隔开。【知识拓展】
1)beyond range(of sth)超出范围
This car is beyond the range of most people's pockets.
这种车大多数人买不起。
2)in/within range(of sth)在可及的范围内；在视觉(或听觉)范围内
Are we within range of the local transmitter?
我们在本地发射机的有效范围之内吗？ 3)out of range(of sth)超出……的范围；在视觉(或听觉)范围之外
The cat stayed well out of range of the children.
这只猫离孩子们远远的。
【知识运用】
(1)(2010湖北－21) This restaurant has become popular for its wide ________ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.
A. division B. area
C. range D. circle
答案：C 本题题意：这家餐厅越来越出名，因为它为各类人群提供了多元化的食物。a wide range of表示“各式各样的”。(2)Harry stayed up against the wall, out of________of the security guards.
A．range B．section
C．version D．knock
答案：A 本题题意：哈里紧贴着墙，不让警卫看到。range表示“视觉(或听觉)的范围”。9．glance
1)v.
(1)瞥一眼；匆匆一看；扫视
She glanced shyly at him and then lowered her eyes.
她羞怯地偷看了他一下， 随即垂下眼帘。
(2)～at/down/over/through sth 浏览；粗略地看
The Personnel Manager glanced down the list of names of the applicants.
人事部经理浏览了一下申请人名单。2)(n.)～(at sb/sth) 匆匆一看；一瞥；扫视
①Have you got time for a glance at this report?
你有没有时间浏览一下这份报告？
②She walked off without a glance in my direction.
她扬长而去， 都不朝我这儿看一眼。【知识拓展】
(1)at a (single) glance 立刻；一眼；(只)看一眼
She saw at a glance what had happened.
她一眼就看出发生了什么事。
(2)at first glance乍一看；乍看之下
At first glance the problem seemed easy.
乍一看，问题似乎很简单。【词语辨析】
glance, glare, stare, gaze
这些动词都有“看；瞧”之意。
1)glance指匆匆地或粗略地一看，侧重心不在焉地、匆忙地看一眼。
He glanced at his watch and then looked at the sky.
他看了看手表，然后又看了看天空。
2)glare指用愤恨、凶狠或含敌意的眼光死死看着某人。
They stood there, glaring at each other.
他们站在那，互相怒视着对方。3)stare侧重因惊奇、好奇、粗鲁无礼等而睁大眼睛看，含有“惊奇”、“傲慢”或“茫然”的意思。
He stared at the word trying to remember what it meant.
他盯着这个单词，努力想记起它的意思。
4)gaze指出于羡慕、感兴趣、关心或惊异而长时间目不转睛地看。含有“惊叹”；“羡慕”或“入迷”的意思。
The child gazed at the toys in the shop window.
孩子眼睛盯着商店橱窗里的玩具。【知识运用】
采用glance, glare, stare或gaze的适当形式填空：
①The child________the stranger up and down.
②She looked at him with an angry________.
③He________at the envelope and recognized his uncle's handwriting.
④She turned to________admiringly at her husband.
⑤I________through your personnel file last night.
⑥I looked at her and she________angrily back.
⑦She________along the road to see if he was coming.
⑧She was________into the distance/into space.⑨The climbers stood on the top of the mountain，________at the splendid view.
⑩He had to wear sunglasses because of the________of the sun.
答案：
①stared 译文：那孩子上下打量着这个陌生人。
②glare 译文：她生气地瞪着他。
③glanced 译文：他瞥了一眼那个信封，认出是他叔父的笔迹。
④gaze 译文：她转过身来赞赏地凝视她的丈夫。
⑤glanced 译文：昨晚我粗略地看了一下你的人事档案。
⑥glared 译文：我看着她，她生气地回瞪了我一眼。
⑦glanced 译文：她沿路扫视着，看他是否要来了。⑧staring 译文：她凝视着远方。
⑨gazing 译文：登山队员们站在山顶， 凝视壮丽的景色。
⑩glare 译文：因为阳光耀眼，他只好戴墨镜。
10．steady (adj.)
1)(发展、增长等)稳步的；持续的；匀速的
We are making slow but steady progress.
我们虽然是缓慢但是在稳步前进。
2)稳定的；恒定的
Have you got a steady boy-friend?
你有关系固定的男朋友吗？3)稳的；平稳的；稳固的
Though over eighty, he is still very steady on his legs.
虽然年过八十，他的脚步还是很稳。
4)沉稳的；可靠的
Mr. Smith is a solid, steady young man.
史密斯是一个坚定踏实的年轻人。
【知识运用】
(1)She was trembling with excitement but her voice was________.
A．peaceful B．steady
C．still D．silent
答案：B 本题题意：她激动得发抖， 但声音却很平稳。steady表示“稳的；平稳的；不摇晃的；受控制的”，表示“声音平稳”，也可以采用形容词calm. 例如：Although she was frightened, she answered with a calm voice. 虽然她害怕， 但还是用平静的声音回答。(2)Share prices have held________over the last few days.
A．calm B．steady
C．still D．silent
答案：B 本题题意：股价过去几天来一直保持稳定。hold/remain steady表示“保持稳定”。11．tendency (n.)
1)[C]～(for sb/sth)(to do sth)|～(to/towards sth) 倾向；偏好；性情
①He has a tendency to forget things.
他有忘事的倾向。
②There's a growing tendency for women to marry later.
女性越来越倾向于晚婚。2)[C]～(for sb/sth)(to do sth)|～(to/towards sth) 趋势；倾向
①Prices continue to show an upward tendency.
物价呈继续上升的趋势。
②There is a growing tendency among employers to hire casual staff.
雇主雇佣临时职员有增加的趋势。【知识运用】
(1)He had a________to shrink up whenever attention was focused on him.
A．advantage B．tendency
C．motivation D．excitement
答案：B 本题题意：当别人注意他时，他就会退缩一旁。have a tendency to/towards表示“有……的倾向”。(2)The________on the part of the children is to blame their parents for everything.
A．tendency B．drift
C．attitude D．behaviour
答案：A 本题题意：子女一方的倾向，就是所有事情都责怪父母。tendency on the part of 表示“……表现出的倾向”。
1．heat up
1)变热；变暖
①The big room will not heat up easily.
这间大房间不容易变暖。
②The iron heats up under the sun.
铁在阳光照射下温度会升高。2)使变热；使变暖
①I wanted my bath heated up a little more.
我要洗澡水再加热一点。
②Would you go into the kitchen and heat up some coffee?
请去厨房热些咖啡好吗？
3)沸腾， 使变得激烈
①The hall will soon heat up once the crowd arrive.
随着人群的到来大厅很快就沸腾起来。
②The election campaign heated up in that state.
该州竞选运动激烈起来了。【知识运用】
(1)The room was rather cold when we arrived, but soon began to________.
A．take up B．turn up
C．heat up D．stay up
答案：C 本题题意：我们到达时屋里很冷，但很快就热起来了。heat up表示“变热；变暖”。(2)You'd better________the tomato soup up.
A．warm B．heat
C．hot D．iron
答案：B 本题题意：你最好把番茄汤热一下。 heat up表示“使变热；使变暖(即：加/煮热…)”。2．come about (that...) 发生
①How did it come about that the man is dismissed?
那个人被解雇了，怎么回事？
②The argument came about because they were talking about politics.
争论是因为他们谈论到政治而引起的。【词语辨析】
come about, take place, happen, occur, break out
这些词语都可表示“发生”之意。
1)come about (that) 中性词语， 既可以用于表达正面事物的发生，又可用于表达负面事物的发生。
How did it come about that he knew where we were?
他是怎样知道我们在什么地方的呢？
2)take place按照事先的安排或计划而发生某事。
The evening party will take place on New Year's Eve.
晚会将在除夕那天举行。3)happen普通用词，泛指一切客观事物或情况的发生，强调动作的偶然性。
A funny thing happened in the subway yesterday.
昨天地铁里发生了一件有趣的事。
4)occur较正式用词，可指意外地发生，也可指意料中的发生。
That plane crash occurred only minutes after take-off.
空难在起飞几分钟后就发生了。5)break out 仅用于负面事物；表示战争、火灾、疾病，地震等猛地爆发、突然发生。
It was almost midnight that a fire broke out in the neighborhood.
昨天快半夜了这儿附近发生了火灾。
【知识运用】
(1)(2006湖北－25) It's already 10 o'clock. I wonder how it________that she was two hours late on such a short trip.
A．came over B．came out
C．came about D．came up
答案：C 本题题意：已经10点了。我想知道为什么在这样的一次短途旅行中她竟然晚了两个小时。come about (that) 表示“发生”。(2)(2006广东－25) I was still sleeping when the fire________， and then it spread quickly.
A．broke out B．put out
C．came out D．got out
答案：A 本题题意：火灾发生时，我正在睡觉；后来火灾迅速蔓延开来。break out表示“(战争、火灾、疾病，地震等)猛地爆发、突然发生”。(3)Please tell me how the accident________. I am still in the dark.
A．came by B．came upon
C．came to D．came about
答案：D 本题题意：请告诉我车祸是如何发生的，我还不大明白。come about (that)表示“发生；产生”。3．go up
1)(价格、温度等)上涨，上升
Prices of fruit and vegetables have already gone up.
水果和蔬菜的价格已经上涨了。
2)升起
Many people came to watch the balloon go up.
许多人来看汽球升空。
3)被兴建；被建造
Supermarkets are going up everywhere.
到处都建起了超级市场。【知识拓展】
1)go against
(1)对某人不利；不利于某人
I am afraid the case will go against you.
我担心这案件对你不利。
(2)反抗(或反对)某人(或某事)；与……相背
I don't know why everything seems to go against me.
我弄不懂为什么事事都好像在跟我作对。
(3)违反；与…不符(或相反)
What you have done goes against your parents' wishes.
你所做的事与你父母的愿望相反。2)go ahead
(1)走在前面；先走
You go ahead and I am coming.
你先走一步，我就来。
(2)发生；进行
They are going ahead rapidly in their capital construction in the city.
他们城市的基本建设进展很快。3)go ahead (with sth) (尤指经某人允许，或有人表示怀疑或反对后)开始做；着手做
(1)—May I ask you a question?
—Yes，go ahead.
“我可以问你一个问题吗？”“可以，问吧！”
(2)The teacher told the students not to write on the paper yet, but John went ahead and wrote his name.
老师还没叫学生在纸上写，约翰就已开始写了他的名字。4)go beyond 超过(或超出)某事物
(1)All the people present were wild with joy, for the results of the experiment went beyond their expectation.
所有在场的人都高兴得发狂，因为实验结果好得出乎意料。
(2)The control of the children is going beyond my power.
要我管住这些孩子实在是无能为力。5)go by
(1)(时间)逝去；过去
This event will be forgotten as time goes by.
随着时间的推移，此事将被遗忘。
(2)遵循(或依照)某事物；以某事物来判断
If you ride a bicycle, you must go by the traffic rules.
你如果骑车，就必须遵守交通规则。
(3)走过
You've missed the bus; it just went by.
你错过了这趟公共汽车，它刚开走。(4)(机会等)轻易地放过
Don't let this opportunity go by.
不要错过这个机会。
6)go in for
(1)参加考试(或竞赛)
I am going in for an entrance examination next year.
我明年参加入学考试。
(2)对某事物有兴趣；爱好
I don't go in for loud popular music.
我不喜欢喧闹的流行音乐。7)go on
(1)(灯)亮；通(电)；开始运行
What time do the illuminations go on tonight?
今晚彩灯何时开亮？
(2)(时间)流逝；过去
As the months went on, he became impatient.
一个又一个月过去，他逐渐变得不耐烦了。
(3)(情况、形势)继续下去，发生
If he goes on like this he'll lose his job.
如果他继续这样下去，他会丢掉差事的。(4)发生
What's going on here?
这儿发生什么事啦？
(5)(短暂停顿后)继续说
She hesitated for a moment and then went on.
她犹豫了一会儿，然后继续往下说。
(6)～(with sth) (尤指停顿或中断之后)继续做(某事)
We'll stop here for today and go on with the text next time.
今天我们就讲到这儿，下次接着讲课文。(7)～doing sth 不停地做某事；接着做没做完的事
I asked Jane a question but she went on reading and didn't answer.
我问简一个问题，但她继续看书不回答。
(8)～to do sth (完成某事后)接着做另一事
After he had given an account of the difficulties, he went on to suggest ways of overcoming them.
他先说明困难，接着建议如何克服这些困难。 8)go through
(1)(法律、合同等正式)通过、接受、达成
The law has now gone through.
这项法律已获通过。
(2)仔细察看某事物；检查某事物；审查某事物
We must go through the account books together; there's still some money missing.
我们必须检查所有账簿，因为还有部分款项无着落。
(3)(尤指反复地)仔细研究，仔细琢磨
Let's go through the details of the examination.
让我们详细讨论一下有关考试的具体问题吧。(4)经历；遭受
You will never know what she went through to educate her children.
你永远也不会知道她为了教育孩子，吃了多少苦。
(5)穿过
The rain has gone through my overcoat.
雨水渗透了我的大衣。9)go without 没有……而勉强应付；没有……也行
①There's no money for a holiday this year; we'll just have to go without.
今年没钱去度假了，我们只能将就着不度假了。
②He went without food for three days.
他一连3天没吃东西。【知识运用】
(1)(2009四川－1)—May I open the window to let in some fresh air?
—________
A．Come on B．Take care
C．Go ahead! D．Hold on!
答案：C 本题题意：“我可以打开窗子放点清新空气进来吗？”“行。”go ahead (with sth)表示“(尤指经某人允许，或有人表示怀疑或反对后)开始做，着手做”。(2)(2007江苏－34)—Do you think that housing price will keep________in the years to come?
—Sorry, I have no idea.
A．lifting up B．going up
C．bringing up D．growing up
答案：B 本题题意：“你认为房价在近年会继续上涨吗？” “抱歉，我不知道。” go up表示“(价格、温度等)上涨，上升”。(3)采用适当的介词或副词填空：
①I'd like to go________for a more advanced examination if I can.
②It goes________my nature to get up early in the morning.
③If there's no sugar you will have to go________； it won't do you any harm anyway.
④They went________many hardships during the war.
⑤It's no use going________the customs of a country that you are visiting.⑥You go________and tell them that we will be there shortly.
⑦That's going________a joke.
⑧Three years have gone________since we came to this university.
⑨Father said mother had gone to the hospital, and went________to say that Grandmother was coming to take care of us.
⑩This article is bound to go________in price.
答案：
①in 译文：如果有可能的话，我还想通过更高层次的考试。
②against 译文：我生性不习惯早起。
③without 译文：假如没有糖，你就对付一下，无论如何这对你毫无害处。
④through 译文：他们在战争年代里历尽千辛万苦。
⑤against 译文：反对你所访问国家的风俗习惯是没有用处的。
⑥ahead 译文：你先走一步，告诉他们我们随后就到。⑦beyond 译文：那样开玩笑未免太过火了。
⑧by 译文：我们进这所大学已3年了。
⑨on 译文：父亲说母亲住院了，接着他又说祖母将来照料我们。
⑩up 译文：这种物品肯定会涨价的。
4．build up
1)增高；加强
He tried to build up his strength.
他试图增进体质。
2)建立；开发
He has built up his reputation.
他使自己逐渐出了名。
3)增强……的体质；使更加强壮
You need more protein to build you up.
你得多吃蛋白质才能增强体质。【知识运用】
(1)(2009浙江－16)Practising Chinese kung fu can not only________one's strength, but also develop one's character.
A．bring up B．take up
C．build up D．pull up
答案：C 本题题意：练习中国功夫不仅能增进体质，而且还能培养一个人的高尚品质。build up表示“增进；加强”。(2)He has________a remarkable physique by following these exercises.
A．put up B．taken up
C．built up D．showed up
答案：C 本题题意：他通过这些锻炼练出了非常健康的体格。build up表示“增高；加强”。5．keep on
1)继续
He kept on talking.
他讲个不停。
2)继续雇用(某人)
He kept Bob on as a manager.
他继续留用鲍勃当经理。【知识运用】
(1)I'm glad you began at once, and hope you will______.
A．keep up B．keep on
C．keep off D．keep out
答案：B 本题题意：你们立刻开始行动了，我真高兴。希望你们能持之以恒。keep on表示“继续”。(2)采用适当的介词或副词填空：
①Every home and office needs the latest electronic equipment to keep________with the times.
②Their spirits kept________well in spite of hardships.
③Urgent business kept me________attending the meeting.
④Keep the child________from the water's edge.
⑤Whatever your argument, I shall keep________my decision.
⑥The doctor recommended that the exact nature of the woman's illness should be kept________from her.⑦The children have been warned to keep________the fields while the crops are growing.
⑧If this storm keeps________，the crops will be destroyed.
⑨The number of deaths might be much smaller if we taught little children how to keep________danger.
⑩Turn left at the corner and keep________as far as the church.
答案：
①up 译文：每个家庭和办公室都需要最新的电子设备以赶上时代的步伐。
②up 译文：虽然很艰苦，但他们精神很饱满。
③from 译文：我因为有急事，所以没有参加会议。
④away 译文：不要让孩子靠近河边。
⑤to 译文：不管你怎么争辩，我都将坚持我自己的决定。
⑥back 译文：医生建议不要让那个妇女知道她所患疾病的确切性质。⑦out of 译文：已经告诫孩子们不要在庄稼生长的时候走进庄稼地。
⑧up 译文：这场风暴要是持续不停，庄稼就要被毁了。
⑨out of 译文：如果我们教育小孩怎样避免危险的话，死亡的数目可能会减少很多。
⑩on 译文：到街角向左拐， 一直向前走到教堂。
1．There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.
毫无疑问，地球是在变暖，而地球变暖正是人类活动导致而成的，并非是一种无规律的自然现象。【知识剖析】
There is no/little/some doubt that...表示“毫无疑问；无疑”后接两个that引导的同位语从句。在第二个that分句中含有强调句型It is...that...。注意：当doubt前有否定词修饰时，其后常接that引导的同位语从句；当doubt前无否定词修饰时，其后常接whether引导的同位语从句。此外，There is doubt后也可以接介词about/as to引导的短语。例如：①There is no doubt that we will succeed in designing the project.
毫无疑问，我们能把这项工程设计出来。
②In many Japanese industries there is no doubt about the high quality of management.
日本的许多工业部门无疑具有较高的管理水平。
③There is no doubt as to whom will be elected.
谁会当选，是毫无疑问的。④There is some doubt (as to/about) whether Peter will come on time.
彼得是否会按时来还是个问题。
⑤There is little doubt that he will succeed.
他肯定会成功。
【知识运用】
(1)Some researchers believe that there is no doubt________a cure for AIDS will be found.
A．which B．that
C．what D．whether
答案：B 本题题意： 部分研究人员认为，艾滋病的治疗方法毫无疑问会被人类发现。There is no doubt that...为固定结构，表示“对……没有怀疑，疑虑”。(2)I don't doubt________Jane will continue to work here.
A．if B．whether
C．that D．which
答案：C 本题题意：简明年会继续在这儿工作，这事儿肯定无疑。doubt用作动词，在否定句和疑问句中，后接that引导的宾语从句。(3)There is surely some________as to whether it is true or not.
A．doubt B．wonder
C．problem D．matter
答案：A 本题题意：是真是假还有疑问。本题考查There is some doubt that...句式的用法。2．Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries.
即使我们开始减少二氧化碳和其他温室气体的含量，在(未来)几十年或几个世纪内，气候仍会持续变暖。【知识剖析】
even if/though 表示“即使；纵使”，引导让步状语从句，相当于 no matter whether. 例如：
①They couldn't, even if they would, get out of trouble by themselves.
即使他们想(摆脱)，也无法独立摆脱困难。
②Even if I fail this time, I would try again.
即使我这次失败了，我还要再试试。
③We should practice economy even if we are rich.
即使我们富裕了也仍应该厉行节约。【知识拓展1】
even if 和even though两者之间略有差异。even though引导的句子所说的是事实，有退一步设想的意思；多用于书面语。even if引导的句子所说的不肯定，含有强烈的假设性。例如：
①Even if he is poor, she loves him.
即使他很穷，她还是爱他。(他贫困与否不一定)。
②Even though he is poor, she loves him.
尽管他很穷，她还是爱他。③He will not let out the secret even if he knows it.
纵使他知道这个秘密，他也不肯说出来。(他对秘密知道与否不一定)
④He will not let out the secret even though he knows it.
他虽然知道这个秘密，却不肯说出来。
【知识拓展2】
1)even so 尽管如此；即使这样
There are a lot of spelling mistakes; Even so, it's quite a good essay.
尽管有许多拼写错误，它仍不失为一篇佳作。
2)even when 即使当……的时候
She was always optimistic, even when things were at their worst.
她即使在最糟糕的时候也总是非常乐观。3)even now/then 甚至到现在(或那样)；即使是这样(或那样)；尽管如此(或那样)
I've shown him the photographs but even now he won't believe me.
我把照片给他看了，即便是这样他仍然不相信我。
【知识运用】
(1)(2010安徽－29) The engineers are so busy that they have zero time for outdoor sports activities, ________ they have the interest.
A. wherever B. whenever
C. even if D. as if
答案：C 本题题意：工程师们都忙得没有时间进行户外体育活动了， 即使他们感兴趣。even if引导让步状语从句。(2)(2007浙江－ 8)Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, ________they knew it to be valuable.
A．as if B．now that
C．even though D．so that
答案：C 本题题意：他们中的许多人对他的建议充耳不闻，即使他们知道这建议是有价值的。even though/if引导让步状语从句，表示“即使；纵然；虽然”。(3)Allow children the space to voice their opinions，________they are different from your own.
A．until B．even if
C．unless D．as though
答案：B 本题题意：给予孩子空间，让他们发表自己的看法，即使他们的观点与你的观点不同。even if/even though引导让步状语从句。(4)Your uncle seems to be a good driver；______， I wouldn't dare to travel in his car.
A．even so B．even though
C．therefore D．so
答案：A 本题题意：你叔叔看起来是位好司机。虽然如此，我不敢乘坐他的车。even so 表示“尽管如此；即使这样”。 (5)A guide knows that you will require a hotel room when you travel to another city，________you don't ask explicitly.
A．even so B．even if
C．even then D．even when
答案：D 本题题意：当你在另一个城市旅行，甚至在你并没有明确要求时，导游就知道你需要一个旅馆房间。even when 表示“即使当……的时候”。课件42张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．The ________ (平均的)age of the boys here is ten.
2．She has a ________ (倾向) to make over her ideas to match his.
3．Has anybody ever seen any beings from ________ (外部的) space?
4．The result is the ________ (存在) of a gap between expectations and realities.
5．Systems which may find ________ (普遍的)use in the future are also discussed.答案：1.average 2.tendency 3.outer 4.existence 5.widespread
Ⅱ.短语
1．重视，强调________
2．有做某事的倾向________
3．产生；成立________
4．平均________
5．大体上；基本上________
答案：1.put/place emphasis on 2.have a tendency to do sth. 3.come into existence 4.on the/an average 5.on the whole
average
1)adj.
(1)平均的
The average age of the boys in this class is fifteen.
这个班级中男生的平均年龄为十五岁。
(2)典型的；正常的
40 hours is a fairly average working week for most people.
对大多数人来说，一周工作40小时是相当正常的。(3)普通的；平常的；一般的
It was an average piece of work.
那是一件普通的产品。
2)n. [C&U]
(1)平均数
The average of 4, 6 and 8 is 6.
4,6,8的平均数是6。
(2)平均水平；一般水准
The amount of snow this year has been below average.
今年的降雪量低于平均水平。【知识拓展】
on(the/an)average 平均； 一般而言
①We made a loss today, but on average we make a profit.
今天结算亏损，但是平均起来，我们还是赚钱。
②He is weak at English, but on average his marks are not bad.
他的英语虽差，但平均成绩不差。【词语辨析】
average, regular, normal, ordinary, natural
1)average通常用来形容优劣难分的平庸或折衷情况，也指理论上的平均标准。
The average temperature in Oxford last month was 18C.
牛津上月的平均气温是18C.
2)regular指已有模式、有规律或定期的。
I wish my working hours were more regular.
我的工作时间能更正常一些就好了。3)normal指不超过某种限度、符合某种标准或常规。
The doctor said the child's temperature was normal.
医生说孩子体温正常。
4)ordinary强调一般性和普通性，含不突出的意味。
On ordinary days I get up at eight o'clock, but on my birthday I was up early.
平时我八点起床，但是我在生日那天起得早。
5)natural侧重某人或某物的行为符合其固有特性。
It is natural that such a hardworking student should pass the exam.
这么用功的学生考试及格是很自然的事。【知识运用】
(1)(2010江西－35) Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000, a (n) ________ of 40,000 per year.
A. average B. number
C. amount D. quantity
答案：A 本题题意：持有驾驶执照的毕业生，去年的数量达到了20万，年均4万。average表示“平均数”。例如：They went to the theatre on an average of 10.3 times a year. 他们平均每年去剧院10.3次。(2)(2007天津－9) A new________bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate two months ago.
A．normal B．usual
C．regular D．common
答案：C 本题题意：定时发往天津机场的新的公交班车两个月前开始为公众服务了。regular表示“定时的；规则的；有规律的；间隙均匀的”。(3)采用average, regular, normal, ordinary或natural填空：
①The novel describes the way of life of the________people there.
②It is________to laugh when you are happy.
③After a week of festivities, life returned to______.
④There was nothing special about the meal; it was________.
⑤Her breathing became deeper, more________.答案：
① ordinary 译文：这部小说描写那里的普通人的生活方式。
② natural 译文：高兴时笑是正常的。
③ normal 译文：一星期的欢庆之后，生活又恢复常态。
④ average 译文：饭菜没什么特别， 挺平常的。
⑤ regular 译文：她的呼吸越来越深，越来越均匀。
on the whole 总的说来；大体上；基本上
①On the whole, children begin walking when they are about one year old.
一般来说，小孩1岁左右开始走路。
②On the whole，our stay there was quite enjoyable.
总的说来，我们待在那里是很开心的。【知识拓展】
1)as a whole
(1)作为一个整体
Is the collection going to be divided up or sold as a whole?
这批收藏品是零卖还是一起卖？
(2)总体上
There are some areas of poverty, but the country as a whole is fairly prosperous.
这个国家有些地区比较贫困， 但总的来说是相当富裕的。2)in general
①通常；大体上
In general, Alexander was a peaceful, loving man.
总的来说，亚历山大是个平和的、有爱心的人。
②总的说来；从总体上看
In general, your suggestion is good.
你的建议总的来说是好的。【知识运用】
(1)A healthy economy is in the best interests of society________.
A．as a result B．after all
C．in reality D．as a whole
答案：D 本题题意：健康发展的经济总的来说对社会最有利。as a whole表示“总体上”。(2)________we're happy living here，but it is a long way away from my parent' home.
A．On the whole B．As a whole
C．In general D．In brief
答案：A 本题题意：总的说来，我们住在这儿很愉快，但就是离我父母家太远了。on the whole表示“总的说来；大体上；基本上”。in brief“简而言之；简单地说”。it的用法(2)
1．强调句型
1)强调句型可以强调除谓语动词以外的任何句子成份。一般说来，如果被强调部分是人时，用连词that或who；如果被强调部分是物，只能用连词that。强调句型应避免使用when, where, which 等连词。①It was playing computer games that cost the boy a lot of time he ought to have spent on his lessons.
玩电脑游戏用掉了这个孩子本来应该花在功课上的许多时间。
②It is during his spare time that Tom has been studying the situation for several months.
几个月以来，汤姆一直利用自己的空闲时间研究局势。
2)that/who后的动词的人称和数的变化要与前面的名词或代词一致。
①It was I who/that was to blame.
该受责备的人是我。
②It was only I who am willing to go to the film.
愿意去看电影的人只有我。
3)强调句型的疑问形式。
①Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?
第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？
②Is it Mr. Li who guided the company through the difficulties.
是王先生带领公司渡过难关的吗？4)强调句型的特殊疑问句形式。
①Where is it that you are going for your holidays?
你打算到哪儿去度假？
②How was it that you climb to the top of that building?
你是如何爬上楼顶的？5)强调句型中的特殊形式： It is not until...that...；It is because...that...
①It was not until he entered the classroom that he realized that he had forgotten to do the homework.
直到走进教室，他才意识到忘了做作业。
②It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go to work.
是因为她妈妈病了她才没有去上班。
6)在强调句型中，作主语的关系代词who/that可以省略。
①It is he(that/who)worked out the maths problem.
是他算出了这道数学题。
②It is I(that/who)am teaching them the English song.
是我在教唱这首英语歌曲。 2．it指时间时可以用于以下句型：
1)It＋be＋时间段＋since...
It is five years since he left here.
他离开这儿已有五年了。
2)It＋be＋时间段＋before...
It wasn't long before I had my first bite.
没一会儿我就第一次等到了鱼来咬饵。
3)It is time for sth/for sb to do sth/that...
It's time for bed.
该睡觉了。语法专练
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1．(2009江西－27) It was________he came bank from Africa that year________he met the girl he would like to marry.
A．when; then B．not; until
C．not until; that D．only; when
答案：C 本题题意：直到那一年他从非洲回来，他才遇到了一位他想与之结婚的女孩。本题考查强调句型的用法。强调句型强调了not until句式。2．(2009浙江－4) —I've read another book this week.
—Well, maybe________is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
A．this B．that
C．there D．it
答案：D 本题题意：“本周我又读了一本书。”“你读了多少并不重要，重要的是你读了些什么。”本题考查强调句型的用法。强调句型强调了not...but...句式。3．(2008全国2－20) It was in New Zealand________Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith.
A．that B．how
C．which D．when
答案：A 本题题意：正是在新西兰，伊丽莎白第一次与史密斯先生相遇。本题考查强调句型的用法，强调了地点状语in New Zealand.4．(2008天津－8) It was along the Mississippi River________Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.
A．how B．which
C．that D．where
答案：C 本题题意：马克·吐温的童年时光大多数是在密西西比河沿岸度过的。本题考查强调句型的用法，强调了地点状语along the Mississippi River.5．(2008重庆－22)It was not until midnight________they reached the camp site.
A．that B．when
C．while D．as
答案：A 本题题意：直到午夜他们才到达营地。本题考查强调句型强调not until句式——It is/was not until...that...；注意下列句式转换：①They didn't reach the camp site until midnight. ②Not until midnight did they reach the camp site.6．(2007山东－30)—Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm________we worked.
A．that B．there
C．which D．where
答案：D 本题题意：“你在哪里认识了她？” “在我们工作的农场”。本句考查强调句型，但题干中所给的句子是一个不完整的句子，其补充形式为：It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her. 所填的where用来引导定语从句，修饰先行词farm，同属于被强调部分。 7．(2007江西－34) I don't mind her criticizing me, but________is how she does it that I object to.
A．it B．that C．this D．which
答案：A 本题题意：我并不介意她的批评，但是我反对她的批评方式。本题考查强调句型的用法。强调句型强调了短语动词obeject to的宾语how she does it.8．(2007浙江－10) It________we had stayed together for a couple of weeks________I found we had a lot in common.
A．was until; when B．was until; that
C．wasn't until; when D．wasn't until; that
答案：D 本题题意：我们在一起待了两三周之后，我才发现我们有许多共同之处。本题考查强调句型的用法，强调句型强调了not until句型，其原句为：I didn't find we had a lot in common until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks. 还可以表达为：Not until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks did I find we had a lot in common.9．(2007重庆－27) It is not who is right but what is right________is of importance.
A．which B．it
C．that D．this
答案：C 本题题意：重要的是：不是谁正确而是什么是正确的。本题考查强调句型，强调了not...but...句式。10．(2007上海春－32) It is imagination______makes the world colourful, full of vigour and vitality.
A．where B．what
C．that D．when
答案：B 本题题意：想象使整个世界丰富多彩，充满生机和活力。本题考查了强调句型，被强调部分为句子的主语imagination.11．(2007浙江－16)—He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller.
—When was________？
—________was in 2000 when he was still in college.
A．that; This B．this; It
C．it; This D．that; It答案：D 本题题意：“他的第一部作品出版了。事实表明那是一本畅销书。”“那是何时发生的事？”“2000年，当时他还在上大学。”在第一空中，that指已提到过或已知的人或事物，表示“那，那个”。第二空考查“强调句型”，但句子不完整，其完整形式为：It was in 2000 when he was still in college that He got his first book published.
12．I just wonder________that makes him so excited.
A．why it does B．what he does
C．how it is D．what it is
答案：D 本题题意：我只是想知道什么事使他如此兴奋。本题考查强调句型在宾语从句中的应用。课件48张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．He has made an important c________ to this company's success.
2．On b________ of my colleagues and myself, I thank you.
3．They are preparing for the p________ of a new musical.
4．Lack of demand will slow down our economic g________.
5．There are many lights and e________ instruments on the computer console (控制板)．6．They decided to establish a(n) ________ (核的) power station.
7．Many people ________ (主张) building more hospitals.
8．A ________ (漫不经心的) newspaper reader wouldn't like articles on politics every day.
9．I looked at the map to ________ (使恢复) my memory of the road.
10．I felt I did not have to make such a ________ (承诺) to them.
答案：1.contribution 2.behalf 3.presentation 4.growth 5.electrical 6.nuclear 7.advocate 8.casual 9.refresh 10．commitmentⅡ.短语
1．和……意见不同________
2．等等________
3．在此情况下________
4．so long as ________
5．put up with ________
6．on behalf of ________
答案：1.be in disagreement with 2.and so on 3.under the circumstances 4.只要 5.忍受；容忍 6.代表……一方；作为……的代言人
1．advocate
1)(v.) 拥护；支持；提倡
①I advocate a policy of gradual reform.
我拥护逐步改革的政策。
②He advocates reforming the prison system.
他主张改良监狱制度。
③Zhang Shizhao advocated that the press law should be cancelled to protect the freedom of press.
章士钊认为，要保护新闻自由就应取消报律，新闻不立法。 2)n.
(1)～(of/for sth/sb) 拥护者；支持者；提倡者
They are advocates of free trade.
他们是自由贸易的倡导者。
(2)辩护律师；辩护人
He will be his own best advocate.
他自己就是最好的辩护人。【知识运用】
(1)I________separate classes for students to learn Chinese in different ways.
A．swear B．advocate
C．plot D．register
答案：B 本题题意：我建议我们分班授课，让不同的学生以不同的方式学习汉语。advocate表示“拥护；支持；提倡”。(2)It is________that to build a healthy and progressive culture atmosphere for students, the whole society should unite to do the work of teaching the next generation well.
A．supported B．defended
C．advocated D．demanded
答案：C 本题题意：呼吁全社会共同担负起教育下一代的任务，为青少年营造一个健康向上的文化氛围。advocate表示“拥护；支持；提倡”。2．circumstance (n.)
1)[C, usually pl.] 条件；环境；状况
In normal circumstances, I would have resigned immediately.
在正常情况下，我本会马上辞职的。
2)[pl.] 境况；境遇；(尤指)经济状况
They have been living in reduced circumstances since John lost his job.
约翰失业后，他们一直生活拮据。3)[U] 命运；客观环境
He had to leave the country through force of circumstances.
为环境所逼，他不得不离开这个国家。
【知识拓展】
1)in/under the circumstances 在这种情况下；既然如此
I planned to leave the next day but under the circumstances I decided to stay another night.
我原计划第二天离开的，但在这样的情况下，我决定又住了一夜。
2)in/under no circumstances 决不；无论如何不
I made up my mind that under no circumstances would I agree to such a decision.
我决心在任何情况下都不同意这样的决定。【知识运用】
(1)Try to put yourself in his shoes. Would you have behaved any differently________the circumstances?
A．at B．for C．on D．in
答案：D 本题题意：你设身处地替他想想，在这种情况下，你会有什么不同的表现吗？in/under the circumstances 表示“在这种情况下；既然如此”。(2)She was determined under no________to return to Paris.
A．condition B．state
C．situation D．circumstances
答案：D 本题题意：她下了决心无论如何不回巴黎。in/under no circumstances 表示“决不；无论如何不”。
1．on behalf of sb|on one's behalf
1)代表(或代替)某人
I'm asking you on behalf of my sister.
我代表我妹妹邀请你。
2)因为某人；为了某人
He spoke on behalf of the plan.
他为这项计划辩护。
3)为帮助某人(＝in behalf of sb| in sb's behalf)
They campaigned on/in behalf of the victims of the war.
他们为这场战争的受害者发起运动。【知识拓展】
传统上in behalf of 和 on behalf of 有着不同的意思。in behalf of (＝for the benefit of; in the interest of)用于美语，表示“为了…；为了…利益”。on behalf of (＝as the agent of; on the part of) 表示“作为…的代理人；代表…”。 但这两种意思相当接近，因此经常被弄混，连一些名作家也时常混用。【知识运用】
(1)________my colleagues and myself, I thank you.
A．In return for
B．In exchange for
C．On top of
D．On behalf of
答案：D 本题题意：我代表我的同事和我本人向你表示感谢。on behalf of sb表示“代表(或代替)某人”。(2)My husband could not be here tonight, but I want to thank you on his________.
A．demand B．behalf
C．request D．condition
答案：B 本题题意：我丈夫今晚因故不能前来， 我代表他向你们致谢。on one's behalf| on behalf of sb表示“代表(或代替)某人”。2．put up with 容忍；忍受
①She could hardly put up with that fellow any longer.
她再也不能忍受那家伙。
②I cannot put up with all this noise.
我无法忍受这些噪音。【知识运用】
(1)It's too delightful of you to be so nice to him, and________all his tiresome stories.
A．come up with B．keep touch with
C．keep pace with D．put up with
答案：D 本题题意：你对他那么好，那么耐心地听他的无聊故事真叫人高兴。put up with表示“容忍；忍受”。(2)No longer able to________my toothache, I went to consult a dentist.
A．get into trouble B．break away
C．put up with D．fit in with
答案：C 本题题意：我再也忍受不住牙痛，于是就去请牙科医生诊治。put up with 表示“容忍；忍受”。3．turn up
1)到达；来到；露面
He said he would come, but hasn't turned up yet.
他说他会来的，但是还没有到。
2)(尤指失去后偶然)被发现
Don't worry about the letter——I'm sure it'll turn up.
别为那封信担心，我相信会找到的。
3)偶然出现；到来
He's still hoping something will turn up.
他仍然在希望会有机会出现。【知识拓展】
1)turn sth up 开大；调高(音量)
Please turn the radio up; I'd like to listen to the news.
请把收音机音量开大一些，我想听听新闻。
2)turn against sb|turn sb against sb(使)与……反目成仇，变得敌对
Why did they suddenly turn against you?
他们为什么突然转而反对你？3)turn around/round|turn sb around/round (使)翻身，转身，翻转
The bus had to back up and turn round.
那辆公共汽车不得不先往后退， 然后再掉头。
4)turn sb away(from sth) 把某人拒之门外；不准某人进入
Hundreds of people were turned away from the theatre.
数以百计的人未能获准进入剧场。
5)turn back|turn sb/sth back (使)原路返回；往回走
They walked for two hours and then turned back.
他们走了两小时后又返回来了。6)turn sb/sth down 拒绝；顶回(提议，建议或提议人)
I am afraid your request for a pay rise was turned down again.
恐怕你们要增加工资的要求又一次被拒绝了。
7)turn sth down 把……调低；关小
Please turn the radio down; I am trying to sleep.
请将收音机音量调小，我想睡觉了。
8)turn sth in 上交；呈交；提交
Our papers have to be turned in one week before the examination.
我们的论文必须在考试前一周交上去。9)turn sth on 接通(电流、煤气、水等)；打开
You should light the gas as soon as it is turned on.
一扭开煤气管， 你就应该点燃煤气。
10)turn out
(1)……地发展(或发生)；结果……
Despite our worries everything turns out well.
尽管我们都很担心，结果一切都顺利。
(2)原来是；证明是；结果是
What he had said turned out false.
他的话结果证明是假的。11)turn sb/sth out 制造；生产
The school has turned out some good scholars.
该校培养出了一些优秀的学者。
12)turn sth out 关掉(等或热源)；熄灭
Remember to turn out the lights when you go to bed.
临睡前别忘了关灯。
13)turn over 翻身；翻转
The car turned over three times after the crash.
撞车后，小汽车翻了3个跟斗。14)turn sth over to sb把……移交给(他人管理)
When the company president resigned, he turned control over to his associate.
公司总裁辞职时，把管理权让给了副总裁。
15)turn to sb/sth 向……求助(或寻求指教等)
She often turns to the book for guidance.
她经常参考那本书。【知识运用】
(1)(2008全国2－ 9) —What are you reading, Tom?
—I'm not really reading, just________the pages.
A．turning off B．turning around
C．turning over D．turning up
答案：C 本题题意：“汤姆，你在读什么？”“我其实没看什么，只是翻翻书而已。”turn over表示“翻动(书页); 使翻转”。 (2)采用适当的介词或副词填空：
①He turned________his best friends.
②We have turned______four applicants already.
③All the missing documents had turned________.
④He was turned________for advice by all sorts of people.
⑤Please turn the lights________for me; it's getting dark.
⑥We've come too far; turn the car________and go back.⑦Since the original owner was now too old to hold on to his business, he turned it________to his son.
⑧We'd better turn________； it's getting dark.
⑨Don't forget to turn________your gun when you leave the army.
⑩Because the hall was full, many people were turned________.
答案：
① against 译文：他对最好的朋友也采取了敌对态度。
② down 译文：我们已拒绝了四位申请者。
③ up 译文：所有曾丢失的文件都找到了。
④ to 译文：各种各样的人都向他求教。
⑤ on 译文：天黑了，请帮我打开灯 。
⑥ round/around 译文：我们已经走了很远， 把车掉过头来往回开吧。
⑦ over 译文：原来的主人因年迈而不能继续从业，就转交给他儿子了。⑧ back 译文：我们最好还是往回走吧， 天快黑了。
⑨ in 译文：离开部队时，别忘了把枪交上来。
⑩ away 译文：由于大厅已满， 许多人被拒于门外。
It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using it——if not, turn it off!
在用电器设备时你可以让它开着，如果不用就把它关掉！【知识剖析】
so/as long as 表示“只要”，引导条件状语从句。例如：
①It matters little who does it so long as it is done.
只要事情做了，谁做都行。
②I don't care, so long as she let me be with her.
只要她让我和她在一起，我才不在乎呢。
③You may borrow this book, so long as you keep it clean.
这本书你只要能保持整洁，就可以借给你。【知识拓展】
条件状语从句有两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句(即虚拟条件句)。能引导真实条件句的连词除了so/as long as外，还有if, unless, suppose/supposing (that), providing/provided that, given(that), on condition that, only if等。例如：
①If you are tired, we will go straight home.
如果你疲倦了，我们就直接回家。
②I won't go to the party unless I'm invited.
除非我被邀请，否则我不会去参加晚会的。③You can go there on condition that you don't come back late for dinner.
你可以去那儿，条件是回来吃饭不能太晚。
④Supposing that there is no pure water; what shall we drink?
假如没有纯净的水，人们喝什么？
⑤I will go providing /provided that you go too.
如果你也去，我就去。⑥Only if I get a job will I have enough money to go to school.
我只有找到了工作才有足够的钱上学。
⑦Given that he can get another chance, he will surely succeed.
如果他能再一次得到机会的话，他肯定会成功的。【知识运用】
(1)(2010江西－22) —Our holiday cost a lot of money.
—Did it? Well, that doesn't matter ________ you enjoyed yourselves.
A. as long as B. unless
C. as soon as D. though
答案：A 本题题意：“休假花了不少钱。” “是吗？嗯，那没多大关系，只要你玩得开心就行。” as long as引导条件状语从句。(2)(2010全国1－30) The little boy won't go to sleep ________ his mother tells him a story.
A. or B. unless
C. but D. whether
答案：B 本题题意：这个小男孩儿不会去睡觉，除非他妈妈给他讲故事。unless引导条件状语从句。(3)(2010山东－28) The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, ________ accompanied by an adult.
A. once B. when
C. if D. unless
答案：D 本题题意：学校规章规定：除非有成年人陪同，否则学生在校期间不能外出。unless引导条件状语从句，采用了省略形式—“连词＋过去分词”结构。(4)(2010上海秋－39)________ our manage objects to Tom's joining the club, we shall accept him as a member.
A. Until B. Unless
C. If D. After
答案：B 本题题意：除非经理反对汤姆加入俱乐部，否则我们将接纳他为会员。unless引导条件状语从句。(5)(2010辽宁－31) I agree to his suggestion ________ the condition that he drops all charges.
A. by B. in C. on D. to
答案：C 本题题意：我同意他的提议，条件是他撤销所有的指控。on (the) condition that表示“只要；以．..为条件下”，引导条件状语从句。(6)(2009北京－22) You may use the room as you like________you clean it up afterwards.
A．so far as B．so long as
C．in case D．even if
答案：B 本题题意：你可以随便使用这个房间，只要你用过后把它打扫干净就行了。so/as long as表示“只要”，引导条件状语从句。注意：as you like表示“随你的便”。例如：Stay as long as you like.你愿停留多久皆可。(7)(2009陕西－13) My parents don't mind what job I do________I am happy.
A．even though B．as soon as
C．as long as D．as though
答案：C 本题题意：只要我快乐，我的父母并不介意我做什么工作。as/so long as表示“只要”，引导条件状语从句。课件26张PPT。
1．erupt (v.)
(1)(火山)爆发；(岩浆、烟等)喷出
An active volcano may erupt at any time.
活火山随时可能喷发。
(2)～(into sth) 突然发生；爆发
Violence has erupted on the streets.
大街上突然发生了暴乱。
(3)～(in/into sth) 突然发出(尤指叫喊)
My neighbor erupted in anger over the noise.
噪声使我的邻居勃然大怒。【知识拓展】
eruption [C & U] 爆发
①A few days later, Vesuvius was in violent eruption.
几天以后，维苏威火山猛烈爆发了。
②Signs of dangerous social eruption, actually were few.
具有危险性的社会骚动迹象是很少的。【知识运用】
(1)No one knows when the social volcano below modern society will________.
A．crack B．break
C．erupt D．pour
答案：C 本题题意：谁也不知道埋在现代社会下的社会火山何时爆发。erupt表示“突然发生；爆发”。(2)The wisdom of Chinese people will________like a volcano.
A．break B．rush
C．pour D．erupt
答案：D 本题题意：中国人的智慧就会像火山一样释放出来。erupt表示“(火山)爆发；(岩浆、烟等)喷出”。2．compare (v.)
1)～A and B|～A with/to B 比较；对比
It is interesting to compare their situation and/with ours.
把他们的状况与我们的相比很有意思。
2)～with/to sb/sth 与……类似(或相似)
This school compares with the best in the country.
这所学校可与全国最好的学校媲美。
3)～A to B 表明……与……相似；将……比作……
A teacher's work is often compared to a candle.
教师的工作常被比作蜡烛。 【知识拓展】
1)compare notes(with sb)(与……)交换看法(或意见等)
He is now comparing notes with his co-workers about the job.
他现在就工作问题与同事交换意见。
2)beyond/without/past compare 无与伦比；举世无双
She is lovely beyond compare.
她真是可爱得无与伦比。
3)compared to/with 与……相比(在句中担任状语)
Compared with/to our parents, we are indeed very fortunate.
与我们的父辈相比，我们确实很幸运。【词语辨析】
compare, contrast
这两个动词均含“比较”之意。
1)compare侧重比较两个或更多东西的异同优劣，强调相同或类似之处。
Compare this with that, and you will see which is better.
将这个与那个比较一下，你就会知道哪个比较好了。
2)contrast指比较两个或更多东西之间的差异，侧重不同点。
Her actions contrasted sharply with her promises.
她的行动与她的诺言有天壤之别。【知识运用】
(1)(2009重庆－ 25) Michael's new house is like a huge palace，________with his old one.
A．comparing B．compares
C．to compare D．compared
答案：D 本题题意：与旧房子相比，迈克尔的新房子看起来就像一座大宫殿。compared to/with表示“与…相比，”在句中担任状语。(2)I________the copy with the original, but there was not much difference.
A．matched B．compared
C．met D．measured
答案：B 本题题意：我比较了复印件和原件，但是差别不是很大。compare表示“比较；对比”。(3)—She shouldn't have done that sort of thing.
—Whatever she did was reasonable，________to what you had done.
—Besides, it's none of your business. Get down to________your work.
A．comparing; doing B．comparing; do
C．compared; doing D．compared; do答案：C 本题题意：“她本来不应该做那类事情。”“与你的所作所为相比，她无论干什么都是合理的。”“这件事与你无关。开始工作吧。” compared to/with表示“与…相比”，在句中担任状语。此外，get down to表示“开始做某事；开始认真注意(或对待)某事”，to为介词，后接名词或动名词担任宾语。
Yet, however weak we are, we are not completely powerless.
然而，无论我们的力量有多弱小，我们却并非完全脆弱无力。【知识剖析】
however在本句中，表示“无论到什么程度，不管多么”，与形容词或副词连用，引导让步状语从句。例如：
①She leaves her bedroom window open, however cold it is.
无论天气多么冷， 她都敞着卧室的窗户。
②However long a vacation is, I always feel I want a few days more.
无论假期有多长，我总觉得想再多几天休息休息。③He will never pass the examinations, however hard he works.
无论他怎样努力，他永远无法通过考试。
④However tired you may be, you must do it today.
不管怎样累， 你也得今天做。
【知识拓展】
however的其他用法：
1)(conj.) 不管怎样；无论如何
①However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.
不管我用什么方法煮鸡蛋，小孩还是不肯吃。
②Dress however you like.
你喜欢怎么穿就怎么穿。2)(adv.) 然而；不过；仍然
①I'd like to go with you; however, my hands are full.
我很想和你一块儿去，可是我忙不过来。
②He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however.
他说事情就是那样，不过他错了。
③However, I will do it in my own way.
可是，我将照我的方式去做。
3)(用以强调疑问词 how)(口语)到底[究竟] 如何
①However did you manage it?
这件事你究竟如何处理的？(表惊讶)
②However did you go yourself?
你一个人究竟是怎么去的？(表感动)【知识运用】
(1)(2008上海－40)________well prepared you are, you still need a lot of luck in mountain climbing.
A．However B．Whatever
C．No matter D．Although
答案：A 本题题意：在登山运动中，无论你准备得多充分，你仍然需要大量的运气。however与形容词或副词连用，表示“无论到什么程度；不管多么”，引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter how.(2)(2008辽宁－28)________hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off this loaf of bread.
A．Whatever B．Whenever
C．Wherever D．However
答案：D 本题题意：无论我饿得多厉害，我似乎从来没有吃完过一个大面包。however后接形容词或副词，引导让步状语从句。(3)(2006陕西－20) This is a very interesting book. I'll buy it，________.
A．how much may it cost
B．no matter how it may cost
C．however much it may cost
D．how may it cost
答案：C 本题题意：这是一本非常有趣的书。无论花多少钱，我都要买。本题考查“however＋形容词或副词”引导让步状语从句的用法。选项B可以修改为：no matter how much it may cost.(4)We have not yet won；________， we shall try again.
A．then B．instant
C．however D．but
答案：C 本题题意：我们还没有取胜， 不过我们还要再试一下。however 和but都表示转折关系；但however为连接性副词，用在句中时其前后通常都有标点符号“逗号”存在；或者是前面有分号，后面用逗号。课件86张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．________ next to or at the side of sth
2．________ to choose sb for a job or position of responsibility
3．________ a raised line of water that moves across the surface of the sea, ocean, ect.
4．________ a set of clothes made of the same fabric, including a jacket and trousers/pants or a skirt
5．________ a mountain with a large hole at the top, through which hot rocks and ash sometimes rise into the air from inside the earth6．________ all the special tools, machines, clothes etc. that you need for a particular activity
7．________ a structure from which water is sent up into the air, which is often in a small pool
8．________ complete or total
9．________ the possibility that something will develop in a certain way, or have a particular effect
10．________ real, especially as compared with what it is believed, expected or intended
答案：1.alongside 2.appoint 3.wave 4.suit 5.volcano 6．equipment 7.fountain 8.absolute 9.potential 10.actualⅡ.短语
1．share sth ________ sb 与某人分享某物
2．compared ________ 和……比起来
3．be suitable ________ 适合……
4．make one's way ________ 前往……
5．be appointed ________ 被任命为……
6．burn ________ the ground 全部焚毁
7．as ________ as 和……一样，除……以外还……
8．protect... ________ 保护……免受……
9．________ the distance 在远方
10．be enthusiastic ________ sth/sb. 对某物/人充满热情答案：1.with 2.with/to 3.for 4.to 5.as 6.to 7.well 8．from 9.in 10.about/overⅢ.语篇导读
请根据课文内容，填充表格。答案：1.alongside 2.volcano 3.database 4.predict 5.eruption 6.shaking 7.bright 8.fountained 9.crater 10.way
1．alongside(prep. & adv)
1)在……旁边；沿着……的边
①The rain ran in shallow runnels alongside the path.
雨水流进路边的小河沟里。
②The police car pulled up alongside.
那辆警车在旁边停下。
2)与……一起；与……同时
①If you stay alongside of me, you won't get hurt.
你若在我身边，就不会受伤害。
②Nick caught up with me and rode alongside.
尼克赶上了我，并排驾车行驶。【知识运用】
(1)She walked________Jack until they came to Thirty-nine street.
A．along B．alongside
C．besides D．next
答案：B 本题题意：她轻快地走在杰克身边，一直走到第三十九条街。alongside表示“在…旁边”。(2)Pulled by the jeep, he ran________for a few paces, his feet hardly touching the ground.
A．alongside B．through
C．down D．beneath
答案：A 本题题意：他被车拖着，脚不沾地地向前跑了几步。在介词用法里alongside 后可以选择性地跟 of.2．appoint (v.)
1)～sb(to sth)|～sb(as sth) 任命；委任
①We must appoint a new teacher at once to the mountain school.
我们必须立即委派一名新教师到那山村小学去。
②He appointed Williams as his deputy in the city of York.
他任命威廉姆斯作为他在约克市的代理人。2)安排，确定(时间、地点)
①They appointed a place to exchange stamps.
他们约定一个地方交换邮票。
②They appointed ten o'clock as the time for the conference.
他们将会议时间定在十时。【知识拓展】
appointment (n.)
1)[C]～(with sb) 约会；预约；约定
I have an appointment with them in the evening.
今晚我与他们有个约会。
2)[C&U]～(as/to sth) 任命；委任
The appointment of a new judge was reported in the newspaper.
报上报导了任命一位新法官的消息。【知识运用】
(1)The time________for the meeting was ten o'clock.
A．elected B．appointed
C．voted D．assigned
答案：B 本题题意：约定的开会时间是十点。appoint表示“安排，确定(时间、地点)”，过去分词短语appointed for the meeting担任后置定语，修饰名词time.(2)They appointed him________captain of the English team.
A．for B．with
C．on D．as
答案：D 本题题意：他们任命他为英格兰队队长。appoint sb as/to be...表示“任命某人为……”。3．evaluate (v.) 估值；评价；评估
①I can't evaluate his ability without seeing his work.
我没有看到他的工作情况， 无法评论他的能力。
②We need to evaluate how well the policy is working.
我们需要对这一政策产生的效果作出评价。【词语辨析】
evaluate, estimate, value, rate
这些动词均有“估价，估计”之意。
1)evaluate指使判断绝对准确，但多用于对人物的某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的市场价值。
The study will assist in evaluating the impact of recent changes.
这项研究将有助于评价近来发生的变化所产生的影响。
2)estimate通常指由个人作出的主观估价。
Can you estimate its length/how long it is?
你能估计其长度吗？3)value侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所作的估计。
He valued the house for me at 80000.
那所房子他给我估价80000英镑。
4)rate专指评定价值等级的高低。
She is highly rated as a novelist.
她这位小说家受到很高的评价。【知识运用】
采用evaluate, estimate, value或rate的适当形式填空：
①The gardener________that it would take him four hours to weed the garden.
②The hotel，________four star, had no hot water and no sink plugs.
③The research project has only been under way for three months, so it's too early to________its success.
④The company has recently been________at $6 billion.答案：
①estimated 译文： 园丁估计他给花园除草需要四个小时。
②rated 译文： 这家被评为四星级的宾馆没有热水和浴缸塞子。
③evaluate 译文： 这个研究项目进行了不过三个月，所以要对它的成绩作出评价为时尚早。
④valued 译文： 那家公司最近被估价60亿元。4．wave
1)n.
(1)[C] 海浪；波浪；波涛
Huge waves were breaking on the shore.
巨浪拍打着海岸。
(2)[C] 汹涌的行动(或思想)态势；心潮；风潮
A wave of panic spread through the crowd.
一阵恐慌传遍了人群。
(3)[C] 挥臂；挥手；招手；摆手
She gave a wave as she left the house.
她离开家时挥了挥手。(4)涌现的人(或事物)；涌动的人(或物)
It was not long before their peace was disturbed by the next wave of visitors.
他们还没消停多久就又来了一批来访者。
2)v.
(1)～(at/to sb)|～sth (at sb)|～sth (about/around) 挥手；招手；摆手；挥臂
He waved(to us)when he saw us.
他看见我们时(向我们)挥了挥手。(2)挥手指引，挥手示意(方向)
She waved vaguely in the direction of the house.
她含糊地朝房子的方向挥了挥手。
(3)挥动，挥舞(手中之物)
He came out waving the document at the crowd.
他出来时向人群挥舞着文件。
(4)(一端固定地)飘扬，飘动，摇晃，起伏
The flag waved in the wind.
旗帜在风中飘扬。【知识运用】
(1)I felt so close to him and felt a________of emotion pass over me as I hugged him.
A．series B．chain
C．consequence D．wave
答案：D 本题题意：此刻，我感到心与他贴得多么近呀，拥抱他时，我感觉到情感在我身上流过。wave表示“汹涌的行动(或思想)态势；心潮；风潮”。(2)They________hats and handkerchiefs in welcome to the returning hero.
A．pulled B．threw
C．waved D．picked
答案：C 本题题意：他们挥动帽子和手帕欢迎凯旋归来的英雄。wave表示“挥动，挥舞(手中之物)”。5．absolute (adj.)
1)完全的；全部的；绝对的
His story was an absolute lie.
他的所述是十足的谎言。
2)(口语中尤用以强调)地道的；确实的；无疑的
There's absolute rubbish on television tonight.
今晚的电视节目简直糟糕透顶。
3)肯定的；确实的；无疑的
The police have absolute proof of his guilt.
警方有他犯罪的确凿证据。【知识拓展】
absolutely (adv.)
1)(强调真实无误) 绝对地；完全地
It's absolutely pouring down.
大雨真是倾盆而下。
2)(强调同意或允许)当然，对极了
—Don't you agree?
—Oh, absolutely!
“你同意吧？”“噢， 当然！”3)～not(强调不同意或不允许)当然不；绝对不行
Absolutely not! Native speakers make a lot of grammar mistakes, especially if they come from a home where nonstandard English is spoken.
当然不是！他们同样犯很多错误，尤其是来自一个说不标准英语的家庭的人。
【知识运用】
(1)The people of our various nationalities enjoy the________equality before the law.
A．total B．essential
C．absolute D．thorough
答案：C 本题题意：我国各族人民在法律面前享有绝对的平等。absolute表示“完全的；全部的；绝对的”。 (2)I think the answer's right but I'm not________sure about it.
A．exactly B．absolutely
C．particularly D．specially
答案：B 本题题意：我认为这答案是正确的， 但是没有绝对的把握。absolutely表示“(强调真实无误) 绝对地；完全地”。6．suit (v.)
1)对(某人)方便；满足(某人)需要；合(某人)心意
Would Friday morning suit you?
星期五早上对你合适吗？
2)(尤指服装、颜色等)相配；合身
It's too expensive and anyway the colour doesn't suit you.
这个太贵，而且颜色也不适合你。
3)(通常用于否定句)适合；适宜；有利于
This climate doesn't suit me.
这种气候对我很不相宜。【知识拓展】
1)suit sth to sth/sb 使适合(或适应)某事物(或某人)
He can suit his conversation to whoever he's with.
无论跟谁说话，他都能说到一块儿。
2)be suited (to/for sb/sth)
①合适；适宜；适当
Her speech was well suited to the occasion.
她的讲话在这个场合十分得体。
②般配的
He and his wife are well suited (to each other)．
他和妻子十分般配。【词语辨析】
suit, fit, meet, satisfy
这些动词均有“适合；满足”之意。
1)suit 常用于指“适合；中意”，多指符合需要、口味、性格、条件、地位等，尤其用来指衣着的式样与人相配。
If you want to go by bus, that suits me fine.
你要是想坐公共汽车去， 那对我很方便。2)fit多用来指“大小、形状、位置等适合”，含有“吻合”的含义。
Her height fitted her for basketball.
她身材高适合打篮球。
3)meet指最低限度地达到预期的标准，或强调要达到这个标准的困难。
The firm has done its best to meet us on that point.
公司在那方面已尽了最大的努力来符合我们的要求。4)satisfy指完全达到预定的条件、要求、标准或期望、心愿等。
She has satisfied the conditions for entry into the college.
她已符合进入这所学院的条件。
【知识运用】
(1)(2008天津－13) Her shoes________her dress; they look very well together.
A．suit B．fit
C．compare D．match
答案：D 本题题意：她的鞋子与衣服相匹配；整体效果非常好。match表示“与……相配；般配”。(2)—How about eight o' clock outside the cinema?
—That________me fine.
A．fits B．meets
C．satisfies D．suits
答案：D 本题题意：“八点钟，电影院外见面如何？” “正合我心意” suit表示“对(某人)方便；满足(某人)需要；合(某人)心意。”7．potential
1)(adj.) 潜在的；可能的
①Every seed is a potential plant.
每粒种子都可能长成植物。
②The dispute has scared away potential investors.
这一争端吓走了潜在的投资者。
2)(n.)
(1)[U]～(for sth/for doing sth) 可能性；潜在性
She recognized the potential for error in the method being used.
她意识到在所采用的方法中可能出错。(2)[U] 潜力；潜质
She has acting potential, but she needs training.
她有表演潜力，但需要训练。【知识运用】
(1)These________effects must be monitored carefully.
A．buried B．likely
C．potential D．portable
答案：C 本题题意：这些潜在的影响必须仔细地加以研究。potential表示“潜在的；可能的”。(2)Does this proud and historic little state really measure up to its________？
A．comfortable B．potential
C．possibility D．opportunity
答案：B 本题题意：这个自豪而具有历史意义的小州是否有真正无愧于自己的潜力？potential表示“潜力；潜质”。8．actual (adj.)
1)真实的；实际的
①The actual cost was much higher than we had expected.
实际成本比我们预料的高得多。
②What he told us was an actual happening.
他告诉我们的是一件真实事情。2)(强调事情最重要的部分)真正的；……本身
①The wedding preparations take weeks but the actual ceremony takes less than an hour.
准备婚礼要几周，而婚礼仪式本身还不到一小时。
②It was they that were out of harmony with the actual world, not she.
和实际世界格格不入的，本是他们，不是她自己。
【词语辨析】
actual, real, true
这些形容词均有“真的，真实的，实在的”之意。
1)actual指事物的实际存在，并非出自主观臆造。
①What were his actual words?
他实际上是怎么说的？
②All actual objects are concrete.
一切实际存在的物体都是具体的。2)real暗指某事物是真实的、货真价实的或表面看不出虚假的，或指看上去或宣称与事实吻合的事物。
①This is a real experience, not a dream.
这是一次真实的经历， 并不是做梦。
②My mother showed real sympathy for my predicament.
妈妈对我所处的困难表示出真正的同情。3)true暗指与事实、现实或事物的真实状态相一致，口语中多用。
①Is it true you're getting married?
你要结婚是真的吗？
②Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.
标出下列说法是对还是错。【知识运用】
(1)(2009安徽－24)—Do you think it's a good idea to make friends with your students?
—________， I do. I think it's a great idea.
A．Really B．Obviously
C．Actually D．Generally
答案：C 本题题意：“你认为与自己的学生交朋友是个好主意吗？”“说实在地，我认为是个好主意。”actually表示“(礼貌地纠正他人)实际上，事实上”。 (2)采用actual, real或 true填空：
①The pickpocket was caught in the________commission of a crime.
②His dream will come________sooner or later.
③The TV play was based on________life.
④In the physical world, the________location of a thing is the means to finding it.
⑤Is this________leather or plastic?
⑥She is not the________owner of this house.答案：
①actual 译文：这扒手是在一次作案时被当场捉住的。
②true 译文：他的理想迟早会实现。
③real 译文：那出电视剧是根据现实生活写成的。
④actual 译文：在物理世界里，事物的实际位置意味着找到它的手段。
⑤real 译文：这是真皮的还是塑料的？
⑥true 译文：她不是这所房子的真正所有人。
1．burn to the ground烧光，烧成平地
①The building was burned to the ground.
该建筑物已全部焚毁。
②Seattle had a major fire nearly 100 years ago when most of the city was burned to the ground.
约一百年前，西雅图市发生了一场大火灾，整个城市变成废墟。【知识运用】
(1)On October 8,1871, a huge fire started near Chicago's downtown area and________four square miles to the ground before it was extinguished.
A．burned B．blazed
C．blared D．flamed
答案：A 本题题意：在1871年10月9日，芝加哥市区附近发生了一场大火，在大火被扑灭前，已经延烧将近四平方英里的范围。burn to the ground表示“烧光，烧成平地”。(2)One day their house caught fire and speedily burned________the ground, with all the splendid furniture, books, pictures, gold, silver and precious goods it contained.
A．onto B．to
C．with D．from
答案：B 本题题意：一天，他们的房子着了火，一下子连同其中所有的高级家具，书画和金银财宝全都化为乌有。burn to the ground表示“烧光，烧成平地”。2．in the distance在远处；在远方
①I could see the bus coming in the distance.
我看见公共汽车从远处开来了。
②In the distance you can see the cows quietly eating the grass.
远处，你可以看见牛在悠闲地吃草。【知识拓展】
1)at/from a distance 离一段距离； 从远处；遥远的； 久远的
The oil-painting looks better at a distance.
这幅油画远看起来更美一些。
2)be distant towards/with sb对某人冷淡
She's always very distant with Ann.
她对安妮总是很冷淡。3)keep sb at a distance 对……冷淡；同……疏远；与……保持一定的距离
She always keeps me at a distance.
她总是对我疏远。
4)keep one's distance (from sb/sth) (与．..) 保持距离； 疏远；避免(与．..)亲近；避免介入
I would keep my distance from that dog, if I were you!
我要是你， 就离那条狗远一点！【知识运用】
(1)Sadly they saw the shores of England disappear______the distance.
A．at B．in
C．within D．beyond
答案：B 本题题意：他们黯然看着英国的海岸在远处消失了。in the distance表示“在远处；在远方”。(2)________a distance she was a beauty but closing up things came apart a little.
A．From B．In
C．Within D．Beyond
答案：A 本题题意：稍微远点看，是个美人儿，只是靠近就有点走样。at/from a distance表示“离一段距离； 从远处”。(3)The railway station is at a________of two miles away from our school.
A．length B．distance
C．way D．space
答案：B 本题题意：火车站离我们学校二英里路程。at a distance of... 表示“距离……；时隔……”。例如：At a distance of decades I am staggered by our thoughtlessness in those years.事隔几十年后，回顾那些年头醉生梦死的状况，着实使我惊愕不已。3．make one's way
1)艰难地向前走
As soon as he saw us, Henry made his way through the crowd to greet us personally.
亨利一看见我们就从人群中挤过来，亲自迎接我们。
2)自力更生；自食其力
She was anxious to finish school and make her own way in the world.
她渴望早点毕业，好在社会上谋生。【知识拓展】
1)feel one's way 谨慎小心地进行
He felt his way across the room when the lights went out.
灯熄之后他摸索着走过房间。
2)fight one's way 奋斗前进；打开一条道路
We fought our way through the enemy line.
我们从敌军中杀出一条血路来。3)find one's/the way to/into 设法赶到/进入
It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.
他费了不少的劲才找到回家的路。
4)force/push/squeeze one's way 挤(出去)；冲(出去)
They forced their way through a crowd.
他们在人群中挤过去。【知识运用】
(1)Disappointed, bewildered, ashamed, he made his________slowly from the opera house and stood on the steps outside, thoughtful, his head bent.
A．road B．path
C．way D．line
答案：C 本题题意：他意气消沉，心里发慌，觉得惭愧，慢慢的走出歌剧院的场子，站在外面台阶上，低下了头思量。make one's way表示“艰难地向前走”。(2)采用动词的适当形式填空：
①Americans admire the self-made person Abraham Lincoln, who________his way to the top.
②Mr. Smith couldn't understand how the stranger________his way.
③A number of them________their way into the office of the headmaster.
④As day broke, General Zhao Yun discovered that Liu Bei's wife and son were missing. Zhao gathered 30 troops and________his way back onto the battlefield to look for Liu's wife, Madam Mi, and son, A Dou.⑤Naturally, the people of the town felt very sorry for this little boy when they saw him, completely blind，________his way along the streets with his cane.
答案：
①fought 译文：美国人崇拜亚伯拉翰·林肯，一个自食其力，奋斗前进而达到顶峰的人。
②found 译文：史密斯先生不能理解这位陌生人是如何找着路的。
③forced/pushed/squeezed 译文：他们中的一些人强行闯入校长的办公室。
④fought 译文：天亮时，赵云发现走散了糜夫人母子，急集合三十骑，又杀回乱军中寻找。
⑤feeling 译文：很自然，当镇上的居民看见这个双目完全失明、拄着手杖在街上行走的小男孩时都很为他难过。
1．The lava that flows slowly like a wave down the mountain causes far more damage because it buries everything in its path under the molten rock.
而顺着山坡下流的火山熔岩所造成的损失却大得多，这是因为火山岩浆所流经的地方，一切东西都被掩埋在熔岩下面了。【知识剖析】
far more damage 属于程度副词修饰比较级的用法。在英语中，可以用来修饰比较级的词语有：a little, a bit, much, no, still, far, by far, even, rather, a great/good deal, a lot, hardly, any, slightly, somewhat等词。此外，名词词组two years, two meters，ten times等，分数或百分数57%, two－thirds等也可以用来修饰比较级。注意：very 不能用来修饰比较级，但可以修饰形容词原级或最高级。例如：①She's much better today.
她今天好多了。
②You seem even more beautiful than usual today.
你今天好像比平时更漂亮。
③Tom is tall, but Mary is taller still/still taller.
汤姆很高， 但是玛丽更高。
④He is able to fun_ction far better than usual.
他能发挥比平常好得多的作用。
⑤She had got to know him a good deal better.
她需要进一步了解他。【知识运用】
(1)(2008全国1－28) You're driving too fast. Can you drive________？
A．more slowly a bit
B．slowly a bit more
C．a bit more slowly
D．slowly more bit
答案：C 本题题意：你开车太快了。你能稍慢一点吗？比较级前可用any, much, far, rather, even, still, a lot, a little, a bit, a great deal, by far等表示程度。(2)(2007全国2－9) After two years' research, we now have a________better understanding of the disease.
A．very B．far
C．Fairly D．quite
答案：B 本题题意：经过两年的研究，我们现在对于这种疾病有了更深入的了解。本题考查far修饰比较级的用法。其余三个词通常用来修饰形容词或副词的原级。(3)(2006江苏－33)I wish you'd do________talking and some more work. Thus things will become better.
A．a bit less B．any less
C．much more D．a little more
答案：A 本题题意：我希望你少说多做，这样情况将会更好些。本题考查a bit修饰比较级的用法。根据逻辑关系，排除选项C以及选项D；any 在修饰比较级时，通常用于疑问句，否定句或if从句中，表示“少许；稍微”。例如：Don't go any closer. 别再走近。(4)(2006全国3－14)—Did you take enough money with you?
—No, I needed________I thought I would.
A．not so much as B．as much as
C．much more than D．much less than
答案：C 本题题意：我需要的钱远比我预料的数额要多。本题考查much修饰比较级的用法。2．I was fast asleep when suddenly my bed began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my window.
我在熟睡中突然感到床铺在摇晃，接着我听到一阵奇怪的声音，就好像一列火车在我的窗外行驶一样。【知识剖析】
在并列句when suddenly my bed began shaking中，并列连词when表示“其时，当时，当场”。例如：
①We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain.
我们在户外一直玩到太阳下山， 那时天下起雨来了。
②The Queen's last visit was in May, when she opened the new hospital.
女王上次来访是在五月份， 她那时主持了这座医院的落成典礼。③I was taking a bath when the light went out.
我正在洗澡，这时灯灭了。
④I was about to go out when it began to rain.
我正要出去，这时天下起雨来。
【知识拓展】
并列连词when常用于以下结构：
1)be about to do...when...
I was about to phone him when he walked into the room.
我正要给他打电话，他进屋了。
2)be on the point of doing sth...when...
I was on the point of going to bed when you rang.
你来电话时我正要睡觉。3)be doing...when...
I was standing there lost in thought when I was called from behind.
正当我站在那里沉思的时候，有人从背后叫我。
4)had just done...when...
He had just drifted off to sleep when the phone rang.
他刚迷迷糊糊地睡下，这时电话铃就响了。【知识运用】
(1)(2010全国2－7) Tom was about to close the window ________ his attention was caught by a bird.
A. when B. if
C. and D. till
答案：A 本题题意：汤姆正要关窗户，突然一只鸟引起了他的注意。be about to do….when…表示“刚要(正打算)…，突然……”。(2)I was on the point of going to bed________there was a knock at the door.
A．when B．as
C．while D．until
答案：A 本题题意：我正要睡觉，突然有人敲门。when表示“其时，当时，当场”，引导并列句。(3)Saturday is the day________I get my hair done.
A．when B．as
C．while D．until
答案：A 本题题意：星期六是我做头发的日子。when表示“(用于时间的表达方式之后)在那时，其时”。(4)Why bother to paint it________you can photograph it with the same effect?
A．when B．while
C．as D．although
答案：A 本题题意：既然拍照也能达到同样的效果，你干吗要费事去画它？when表示“考虑到；既然”，相当于considering that.(5)I'm saying it now________I should have told you long ago.
A．when B．while
C．as D．since
答案：A 本题题意：我早就应该告诉你了，可是我现在才说。when引导让步状语从句。注意：while也可以引导让步状语从句，但须前置。例如：While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved. 尽管我承认有问题存在， 但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。课件98张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．I am very ________ (不舒服的) lying on this hard, cold floor.
2．Let me see all the official ________ (证件) concerning the sale of this land.
3．He ________ (射击) at the bird, but missed it.
4．He was ________ (未察觉的) of his mistakes.
5．A ________(小说家) creates characters and a plot.
答案：1.uncomfortable 2.documents 3.shot
4．unconscious 5.novelistⅡ.短语
1．be unconscious of ________
2．shoot at ________
3．find out ________
4．find oneself... ________
5．take...by surprise ________
答案：1.未意识到…… 2.朝……射击 3.查明，弄明白，搞清楚 4.发现自己是/在…… 5.使……吃惊；突袭
1．precious (adj.)
1)珍奇的；珍稀的
Pandas are precious creatures.
熊猫是珍贵的动物。
2)宝贵的；珍贵的
You should make good use of every precious minute to study.
你应很好利用宝贵的每一分钟去学习。3)受珍爱的；受珍惜的
Grandma's letter began, “Dear Jeffrey, I am leaving you one of my most precious treasures——my memories.”
外祖母写给我的信是这样开始的，“亲爱的杰弗里，我留给你我最为珍爱的财富——我的回忆。”
4)(表示气愤)宝贝似的
She talks about nothing except her precious car!
她说话离不开她那宝贝汽车！【词语辨析】
precious, valuable
这两个形容词均含“贵重的，有价值的”之意。
1)precious指具有极大价值，无法以金钱衡量，或因本身的品质而具有极大的价值。
①I will think them as precious words.
我会把它们当成珍贵的话。
②The foundations of the city walls were decorated with every kind of precious stone.
城墙的根基是用各样宝石修饰的。2)valuable物品指有相当价值，可高价出售的；非物品指重要的或有用、有益。
①This dictionary will be very valuable to you/for studying English.
这本字典对你/学习英语将很有帮助
②The flaw in this vase makes it less valuable.
这个花瓶因为有点缺陷，不那么值钱了。【知识运用】
(1)Treasured memories live and grow more________with time. May those beautiful yesterdays help to ease today's sorrow.
A．precious B．valuable
C．expensive D．priceless
答案：A 本题题意：珍爱的记忆与时光同在且日益珍贵，愿那些美好的昨天帮助你减轻今天的悲哀。precious表示“受珍爱的；受珍惜的”。(2)They carried out criticism and self-criticism and made many________proposals.
A．precious B．valuable
C．expensive D．priceless
答案：A 本题题意：他们进行了批评和自我批评，提出了许多有价值的建议。valuable表示“很有用的； 很有价值的； 很重要的”。2．unconscious (adj.)
1)无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的
She remained unconscious for several hours.
她不省人事有好几个小时。
2)(感情、思想等) 无意识的；自然流露的
It is difficult to live with such mixed feelings, so they fade away into the unconscious mind and only return in troubled dreams.
这些混杂的情感很难让人接受，所以它们被淡忘于潜意识里，只有在扰人的梦境中才会重现。3)～of sb/sth 未察觉的；未意识到的；未注意的
They were so quiet that he was completely unconscious of their presence.
他们非常安静，他完全不知道他们在场。【知识运用】
(1)After she hit her head she was________for several minutes.
A．absent-minded B．unconscious
C．unaware D．senseless
答案：B 本题题意：她把头碰了一下后昏迷了几分钟。unconscious表示“无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的”。(2)The new worlds Freud explored were inside man himself. For the________mind is like a deep well, full of memories and feelings.
A．absent-minded B．unconscious
C．unaware D．senseless
答案：B 本题题意：弗洛伊德探索的新世界是人自身的内心世界，因为潜意识就像一口深井，装满了各种记忆和情绪。unconscious 表示“(感情、思想等) 无意识的；自然流露的”。3．shoot (v.)
1)～(sth)(at sb/sth)|～sth(from sth)开(枪或其他武器))；射击；发射
He enjoys riding, fishing and shooting.
他喜欢骑马﹑钓鱼和射击。
2)射杀；射伤
He shot the bird with his gun.
他用枪打鸟。
3)发射(子弹等)
The searchlight shot a long ray across the sky.
探照灯射出一道长长的光柱划过天空。4)～sth at sb|～sb sth 突然把……投向
They shot angry glances at her.
他们对她投以愤怒的目光。
5)拍摄；摄影
The new movie was shot in Africa.
这部新的影片是在非洲拍摄的。
6)～(at sth) 射门；投篮
He shot two goals in the game.
在比赛中，他进了两个球。【知识拓展】
shot
1)[C]～(at sb/sth) 射击；开枪(或开炮)
Two of her shots hit the centre of the target.
她有两枪打中靶心。
2)[C] (针对对手，多为一系列之一的)一席话，一击
His remark was meant as a shot at me.
他的话是冲着我来的。
3)[C]击球；射门；投篮
The striker had/took a shot at goal.
前锋射门。【知识运用】
(1)The wonderful________of goals are usually shown again in slow motion.
A．gains B．shots
C．scores D．obtains
答案：B 本题题意：精彩的射门镜头常常用慢镜头重映。shot表示“击球；射门；投篮”。(2)Hearing the sad news, he felt the tears________from his eyes.
A．shooting B．rushing
C．floating D．flowing
答案：A 本题题意：一听到令人伤心的消息，他就感到泪水从眼中涌了出来。shoot表示“射出；放出；抛出”。Revise the -ing form(复习-ing形式)
(1)动名词
Ⅰ.动名词的句法功能：
1．主语
①Reading French is easier than speaking it.
法语读比说容易。
②Checking information is very important.
核实情况的工作很重要。【知识拓展】
1)不定式与动名词作主语的差异：
动名词作主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式作主语常表示某次具体的行为。
①Collecting information about children's health is his job.
收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。
②It's necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.
与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。2)常用动名词做主语的句型有：
①It's no good/use/fun doing...
It's no use pretending you didn't know.
你装糊涂是无济于事的。
②It's(a)waste of time doing...
It's a waste of time doing that.
做那种事是浪费时间。③It's worthwhile doing...
It's worthwhile taking the trouble to explain a job fully to new employees.
给新雇员详细解释一下工作要求， 费点事也是值得的。
④There is no point/denying/telling in doing...
There is no point in complaining. They can't do anything to help you.
抱怨于事无补，他们没办法帮助你。3)常用不定式作主语的句型有：
①It's difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do...
It is important for students to attend all the lectures.
所有的课学生都应该去听， 这是很重要的。
②It's kind(good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave)of sb. to do...
It wasn't very polite of you to serve yourself without asking.
你也不问一声就自己吃起来是不太礼貌的。2．表语
①He works in a bank, but his hobby is building model boats.
他在银行工作，但他的业余爱好是做船舶模型。
②His job is selling newspapers.
他的工作是卖报。【知识拓展】
1)动名词作表语是对主语内容的解释，主语与表语位置可以互换，动名词常用于口语中。
Her job is teaching English to Chinese students.
她的工作是教中国学生英语。
2)不定式作表语，通常表示具体的，特别是将来的某次行为。
The next step is to search the titles for more information.
下一步是查标题，以获得更多的信息。3．宾语
①I have no objection to hearing your story again.
再听一遍你的故事，我没有异议。
②He avoided answering my questions.
他避而不答我的问题。【知识拓展】
1)在英语中，下列动词或动词短语只接动名词作宾语：avoid, advise, allow, admit, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, excuse, escape, forbid, miss, mind, practise, permit, suggest, finish, risk, imagine, keep, understand, be busy, be worth, feel like, give up, can't stand, can't help, care for, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent...from, keep...from, stop...from, protect...from, set about, be engaged in, spend...(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。①Why have they delayed opening the school?
他们为什么延期开学？
②We shall appreciate hearing from you again.
我们恭候佳音。
③I don't care for standing in queues.
我不喜欢排队。
④He put off making a decision till he had more information.
他推迟到获得详情之后再决定。2)在love, like, prefer, hate后，如果表示一般倾向性，多用动名词担任宾语；如果指特定的具体动作，多用不定式担任宾语。
①He hates leaving the office and going on holiday.
他不愿离开办公室去度假。
②I hate to disturb you.
我很遗憾来打扰你。
③He likes walking in the snow with his wife.
他喜欢和妻子在雪中散步。
④I like to play football this afternoon.
今天下午我想踢足球。3)动词begin, start, continue既可与不定式也可与动名词连用，二者并无含义上的差别，但表示“知道或理解”的动词以及动词matter后面用不定式更普遍些。
①I began working/to work.
我开始工作了。
②He continued living/to live above the shop.
他仍然住在商店的楼上。
③I am beginning to understand/see/realize why he acted as he did.
我现在刚刚开始懂得/看出/明白他为什么那样做。4)在remember, forget, stop, try, regret, mean等动词后，既可以后接不定式，又可以动名词担任宾语，但含义并不相同。
a. remember doing sth/to do sth 记得做过某事/记住去做某事
①I remember reading/having read about the earthquake in the papers.
我记得在报纸上看到过关于这次地震的消息。
②Remember to lock the door.
别忘了锁门。b. forget doing sth/to do sth 忘记了做过某事/忘记要去做某事
①I'll never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time.
我永远忘不了和我小学校长初次见面的情景。
②Don't forget to turn off the light when you leave the room.
你离开房间时别忘了关灯。 c. stop doing sth/to do sth 停止做某事/停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
①Will you stop making that horrible noise!
你别再弄出那种讨厌的响声来行不行！
②He stopped to look at the view.
他停下来看看那里的风景。d. try doing sth/to do sth 尝试做某事(看一看会发生什么情况)/努力(试图)做某事
①They tried putting wire netting all round the garden.
他们试着用铁丝网把花园全围了起来。
②They tried to put wire netting all round the garden.
他们想用铁丝网把花园全围起来。e. regret doing sth/to do sth 对做过的事表示后悔/对要做的事表示抱歉或遗憾
①I regret spending/having spent/to have spent so much money.
我很后悔花了这么多钱。
②I regret to tell you that I can't go to your birthday party.
我很遗憾地告诉你我不能去参加你的生日晚会了。f. mean doing sth/to do sth 意味着(意思是)…/打算做某事
①Culture means trying to perfect oneself and one's own mind.
修养意指努力使自己和自己的心灵趋于完善。
②I mean to stay here, if I can.
若是能留下， 我想留在这儿。g. go on doing sth/to do sth继续做原来做的事/做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
①Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习。
②After he had finished his maths, he went on to do his physics.
做完数学后，他接着去做物理。h. be afraid doing sth/to do sth担心出现…的状况、结果/胆怯而不敢去做某事
①She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
②She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。4．定语
①The patient on the operating table is his grandfather.
躺在手术台上的病人是他的祖父。
②The passengers are waiting in the waiting room.
乘客们正在候车室等候。【知识拓展】
动名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词的用途，含有“供作……之用”的意思。例如：There is a swimming pool in our school. 我们学校有一个游泳池。a swimming pool 相当于a pool which is used for swimming.
Ⅱ.动名词的基本形式：
1．一般式：表示现在的行为。
①Learning a foreign language is very useful to me.
学一门外语对我来说很有用。
②The twin brothers always enjoy going to the concert.
这一对双胞胎弟兄俩对听音乐会总是兴致勃勃。2．完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。
①He denied having been there.
他否认曾经到过那儿。
②The safe showed no signs of having been touched.
保险箱没有被人动过的痕迹。3．被动式：动名词的逻辑主语是这个动作的承受者。
①They narrowly escaped being killed in the fire.
他们险些在大火中丧生。
②I remember being taken to Paris as a small child.
我记得我在儿时被带到巴黎过。
③He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper.
他被罚不让吃晚饭就去睡觉。4．否定式：由not＋V-ing构成。
①I regret not being able to help you.
我很后悔没有能够帮助你。
②The child made her mother angry by not taking her medicine.
这个女孩不吃药使她妈妈很生气。(2)现在分词
Ⅰ.现在分词的句法功能：
1．定语
①We can see the rising sun.
我们可以看到东升的旭日。
②The children practicing playing the violin over there will give a performance next week.
在那边练习拉小提琴的孩子将在下周演出。【知识拓展】
1)现在分词作定语通常放在所修饰的名词前面，所修饰的代词后面；分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面。
①The moving parts of this machine should be oiled regularly.
这部机器的运转部件应该上油。
②There is nothing interesting.
没有有趣的东西。
③Will those teaching the children from abroad come to the headmaster's office?
那些教国外孩子的老师请到校长办公室来好吗？2)现在分词与动名词作定语存在差异：动名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词的用途；现在分词与所修饰的词之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。
①He goes to the reading room every day.
他每天都去阅览室读书。
②There are three types of tigers living in China.
目前中国有三种虎。
③The issue being discussed at the meeting is of importance.
会议上正在讨论的问题非常重要。2．表语
①He remained standing beside the table.
他依然站在桌旁。
②The news that he brought us was very interesting.
她给我们带来的消息非常激动人心。【知识拓展】
现在分词作表语，表示主语的性质或特征。
①The story sounds very moving.
这个故事听起来很感人。
②It is astonishing to me that he should be absent.
他竟然缺席会议，使我感到惊愕。3．补足语
①I find his attitude absolutely astonishing.
我觉得他的态度令人震惊。
②I'll soon have your car moving again.
我很快就会使你的车重新发动起来。
③We were kept waiting for quite a long time.
让我们等了好长时间。
④The boy was caught stealing apples from the garden.
有人撞见这个男孩偷园里的苹果。【知识拓展】
1)现在分词作补语，表示动作正在进行；不定式作补语表示动作已经发生了，是整个事件的全过程。
①I saw him crossing the road.
我看见他正在过马路。(在路上走着)
②I saw him cross the road.
我看见他过了马路。(从这边到了那边)2)分词作补语可分为以下两种情况。表示感觉的动词see, watch, notice, find, listen to, feel, observe, look at 等以及使役动词have, keep, make等。
①I heard her singing when I passed by her room.
当我路过她的房间时，我听到她正在唱歌。
②I found the topic being discussed everywhere then.
我发现人们那时到处讨论这个话题。
③I can't have you insulting Tom like that.
我不能容忍你这样侮辱汤姆。4．状语
现在分词和分词短语可以在句子中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随状况。
1)原因状语
现在分词作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。现在分词作原因状语时，要特别注意现在分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作的时间关系。①当现在分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或近于同时发生时，要使用现在分词的一般式。
Fearing that the police would recognize him he never went out in daylight.
＝As he feared that the police would recognize him he never went out in daylight.
因为害怕警察认出他来，他从不白天出门。
②当现在分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生时，采用现在分词的完成式。
Having talked with John, I realized my mistake.
和约翰谈话之后，我意识到了自己的错误。2)时间状语
现在分词短语作时间状语，相当于when, while引导的时间状语从句。现在分词短语作时间状语时，可以转变为一个时间状语从句。现在分词的完成式作状语的情况经常出现，应注意现在分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作的时间关系。
①主语所做的一个动作紧接着所做的另一个动作，第一个动作常常用现在分词来表示，而且分词必须放在前面。能够用于这种用法的动词都是瞬间动词。
Hearing the news, they couldn't help jumping.
听到这个消息时，他们禁不住跳了起来。②主语同时做出两个动作时，通常其中的一个动作可以由现在分词来表示，这时分词既可以放在动词不定式之前，也可以放在之后。此外，现在分词(短语)前面一般加when或while.
When leaving the station, he waved again and again to me.
离开车站的时候，他向我频频挥手。③当分词的动作完成以后，主句的动作才发生时，采用现在分词的完成形式作状语，放在句子前面，译作“在……之后”，此时它可以置换为“after＋动名词”这一结构。
Having turned off the TV set, he began to go over his lessons.
＝After turning off the TV set，he began to go over his lessons.
关掉电视机以后，他便开始复习功课。3)方式状语和伴随状语
现在分词作方式状语和伴随状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它表示分词的动作和主句的动作同时发生。
①He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper.
他坐在扶手椅上读报纸。
②He sent me an e-mail, hoping to get further information.
他给我发了封电子邮件，希望得到进一步的信息。4)结果状语
现在分词短语用作结果状语，通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种自然的结果。
①The snow lasted a week, resulting in serious traffic confusion in the whole city.
雪下了一个星期，造成整个城市交通瘫痪。
②The plate dropped from her hands, breaking it into pieces.
盘子从她手中掉了下来，成了碎片。5)条件状语
①(If)Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
如果玩一整天，你就会浪费了宝贵的时间。
②Staying here for some time, you'll find the people here are friendly.
如果在此呆上一段时间，你会发现这儿的人们很友好。6)让步状语
①Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
尽管雨下得很大，很快就会天晴。
②Whether waking or sleeping, he was devoted to the subject.
无论他是醒着还是睡着了，他都沉溺于这个主题。
Ⅱ.现在分词的形式：
1．一般式：表示与谓语动作同时发生。
①She sat by the window, enjoying the beautiful sights outside.
她坐在窗边，欣赏着窗外的风景。
②Walking around the city, we were impressed by the city's new look.
在城里走时，城市的新容给我们留下了深刻的印象。2．完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前；此外，如果第一个动作持续一段时间时，也必须用分词的完成式。
①Having finished his homework, he went out.
做完作业后，他出去了。
②Having been his own boss for such a long time，he found it hard to accept orders from another.
自己当老板已经这么久了，他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。3．被动式：一般式表示与谓语动作同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
①Being asked to give a performance, Mary couldn't very well refused.
有人请玛丽表演节目，她不好拒绝。
②Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip?
人家给了她这样一个好机会，她怎么能轻易放过？4．否定式：
①Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.
由于不知道她的地址，我们没法和她联系。
②Not having received her reply, they telephoned her.
由于没有收到她回音，他们给她打了电话。语法专练
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. (2010北京－21)________ at my classmates' faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
A. Looking B. Look
C. To look D. Looked
答案：A 本题题意：看着同学们那一张张面孔，我察觉到了他们眼神中所流露出来的同样的兴奋神情。本题考查现在分词短语担任时间状语，表示与谓语动作同时发生的一个主动动作。2．(2010上海秋－35)________ the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.
A. Approaching B. Approached
C. To approach D. To be approached
答案：A 本题题意：走近市中心，我们看到一个石头雕像，约10米高。本题考查现在分词短语担任时间状语，表示一个与谓语动作同时发生的主动动作。3. (2010四川－17) The lawyer listened with full attention，________ to miss any point.
A. not trying B. trying not
C. to try not D. not to try
答案：B 本题题意：律师全神贯注，试图抓住问题的要害。本题考查现在分词短语担任方式和伴随状语以及动词不定式否定式的用法。4. (2010浙江－20) The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and ________ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.
A. being weighed B. to weigh
C. weighed D. weighing
答案：D 本题题意：交通规则指出，四岁以下以及体重不超过四十磅的儿童必须坐在儿童安全座椅上。现在分词短语weighing less than 40 pounds担任后置定语，修饰名词young children，相当于定语从句who/that weigh less than 40 pounds.5. (2010福建－25) Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, ________ supplies to Yushu, Qinghai province after the earthquake.
A. sending B. to send
C. having sent D. to have sent
答案：A 本题题意：地震发生后，大量的救援人员昼夜不停地为青海省玉树县提供补给。现在分词短语sending supplies to Yushu担任方式或伴随状语，表示句子的主语所发出的一个与谓语动作work同时发生的主动动作。6．(2009上海－35) Bill suggested________a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.
A．having held B．to hold
C．holding D．hold
答案：C 本题题意：在假期期间能为上海世博会做些什么，比尔建议召开一次会议。suggest doing sth 表示“建议做某事”。7．(2009全国2－34) ________twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.
A．Being bitten B．Bitten
C．Having bitten D．To be bitten
答案：B 本题题意：被我们的狗咬了两次，那位邮递员拒绝给我们送信，除非我们把狗换掉。本题考查过去分词担任原因状语。相当于原因状语从句As he was bitten twice，...注意：由过去分词转化而来的形容词在句中担任状语或后置定语时，不能和being连用。例如：Einstein walked along the street, lost in thought. 爱因斯坦漫步街头，沉浸在思索之中。8．(2009天津－9)________by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.
A．Being encouraged B．Encouraging
C．Encouraged D．Having encouraged
答案：C 本题题意：受技术进步的鼓舞，很多农场主已经在自己的土地上建立了风能农场。本题考查分词担任原因状语，由于动作encourage与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的“动宾”关系，且动作已经完成，所以采用过去分词形式。9．(2009湖南－21)Every evening after dinner, if not________from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.
A．being tired B．tiring
C．tired D．to be tired
答案：C 本题题意：每天晚饭过后，若非工作劳累，我都花费一些时间去遛狗。本题考查过去分词短语担任状语，相当于状语从句if I am not tired from work，...10．(2009湖南－25)At the age of 29, Dave was a worker，________in a small apartment near Boston and________what to do about his future.
A．living; wondering B．lived; wondering
C．lived; wondered D．living; wondered
答案：A 本题题意：29岁时，戴夫是一名工人，住在波士顿附近的一套小公寓里，不知道将来能够做什么。第一空考查现在分词担任定语，起补充说明作用，相当于非限制性定语从句．.., who lived in a small apartment near Boston.第二空考查现在分词担任伴随状语，表示一个与动作live同时发生的主动动作。11．(2009福建－32)________not to miss the flight at 15：20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
A．Reminding B．Reminded
C．To remind D．Having reminded
答案：B 本题题意：有人提醒经理不要错过了15：20的航班，他匆忙赶往机场。本题考查分词短语担任时间状语。动作remind与句子的主语the manager 之间存在逻辑上的“动宾”关系，且发生在谓语动词set out for之前，所以用过去分词形式。12．(2009福建－34) In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, ________ the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.
A．marking B．marked
C．having marked D．being marked
答案：A 本题题意：2009年4月，胡主席在青岛检阅了海军舰队，以纪念中国人民解放军海军成立60周年。本题考查分词短语担任后置定语，起补充说明作用，相当于非限制性定语从句．.., which marked the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.13．(2009辽宁－22)When we visited my old family home, memory came________back.
A．flooding B．to flood
C．flood D．flooded
答案：A 本题题意：当我们参观老家住宅时，往事涌上心头。本题考查分词短语担任方式或伴随状语。动作flood与句子的主语memory之间存在逻辑上的“主谓”关系，且与谓语动作came同时发生，所以采用现在分词形式。再如：He came running here with one hand holding a knife.他手上握着刀向这里跑来。14．(2009浙江－3)________and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.
A．To be tried B．Tired
C．Tiring D．Being tired
答案：B 本题题意：安迪和鲁比最先到达泰山山顶，筋疲力尽，气喘吁吁。本题考查形容词tired以及short of breath在句中担任伴随状语。注意：由过去分词转化而来的形容词在句中担任状语，后置定语或者补足语，表示人所处的状态，其前不加being.15．(2009四川－10)________many times, he finally understood it.
A．Told B．Telling
C．Having told D．Having been told
答案：D 本题题意：被告知多次之后，他终于明白了。本题考查分词担任时间状语。动作tell与句子的主语he之间存在逻辑上的“动宾”关系，且动作发生在谓语动词understood之前，原则上既可以采用现在分词的完成式的被动形式，也可以采用过去分词形式，但由于状语many times的存在，只能采用现在分词的完成式的被动形式。16．(2009江苏－32) Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school.________the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad.
A．Attend B．To attend
C．Attending D．Having attended
答案：C 本题题意：贵宾朋友们，欢迎到我们学校来。出席今天上午50周年庆典的是来自国内外的校友们。第二句话为倒装句，正常语序为：Our alumni from home and abroad are attending the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning.17．(2008江西－24) I hear they've promoted Tom, but he didn't mention________when we talked on the phone.
A．to promote B．having been promoted
C．having promoted D．to be promoted
答案：B 本题题意：我听说他们已经晋升了汤姆的职位，但是我们在电话中交谈时，他并没有提及晋职这件事。本题考查非谓语动词的用法。mention 表示“提到；写到；说到”，后接动名词担任宾语。此外，考虑逻辑关系，采用被动式。例如：Whenever I mention playing football, he says he's too busy. 我一跟他提踢足球的事， 他就说太忙。18．(2008上海春－32) As a new driver, I have to practise________the car in my small garage again and again.
A．parking B．to park
C．parked D．park
答案：A 本题题意：作为一名新司机，我不得不在我的小车库里反复练习停车。practise后接动名词担任宾语。19．(2008福建－22)________in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.
A．Waiting B．To wait
C．Having waited D．To have waited
答案：C 本题题意：排队等了半小时之后，这位老人突然意识到他把支票忘在汽车里了。本题考查现在分词(短语)在句中担任时间状语。现在分词所表示的动作wait发生在谓语动词realize之前，所以采用完成式；此外，时间状语for half an hour也起到了暗示作用。注意：不定式(短语)在句中只担任目的、原因或结果状语。20．(2008山东－35) Lucy's new job paid twice as much as she had made________in the restaurant.
A．working B．work
C．to work D．worked
答案：A 本题题意：露丝的新工作的薪金是过去她在餐馆工作时薪金的两倍。本题考查现在分词短语working in the restaurant担任时间状语，相当于时间状语从句when she worked in the restaurant.注意：不定式(短语)在句中担任目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。21．(2008天津－4)________their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
A．To throw B．Thrown
C．Throwing D．Being thrown
答案：C 本题题意：把帽子抛入空中，获胜球队的球迷发出了胜利的呐喊。本题考查现在分词短语在句中担任方式或伴随状语。动作throw与句子的主语the fans之间存在逻辑上的“主谓”关系，且与谓语动词let out同时发生。22．(2008安徽－30)________in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A．To walk B．Walking
C．Walked D．Having walked
答案：B 本题题意：3月的一天下午，他漫步在田野中，感受着春天的温暖。本题考查现在分词在句中担任时间状语，相当于时间状语从句When he was walking in the fields on a March afternoon，...; 注意：动作walk与谓语动作feel同时发生，所以采用现在分词的一般式。23．(2008陕西－14)________around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird's Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
A．Having shown B．To be shown
C．Having been shown D．To show
答案：C 本题题意：我们被引领参观了游泳场馆“水立方”之后，又被带去参观2008年奥运会的主场馆“鸟巢”。本题考查现在分词担任时间状语，相当于时间状语从句After we had been shown/was shown around the Water Cube，…；根据逻辑关系，排除选项A。 注意：不定式在句中只能担任目的状语，原因状语或结果状语。24．(2008重庆－29)________to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
A．Fail B．Failed
C．To fail D．Having failed
答案：D 本题题意：电话联系不上他们，我们改发了一封电子邮件。本题考查现在分词(短语)在句中担任时间状语，相当于状语从句：After we (had) failed to reach them on the phone，...; 动作fail与句子的主语we之间存在逻辑上的“主谓”关系，且发生在谓语动词sent之前，采用现在分词的完成式。25．(2008湖南－34) Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried________alone, but she didn't like it and moved back home.
A．living B．to live
C．to be living D．having lived
答案：A 本题题意：苏珊不想依赖父母而要自立。她曾尝试独立生活，但她不喜欢这种生活又搬回家中。try doing sth表示“尝试做某事”。try to do sth表示“试图(或尽力)做某事”。 26．(2008江苏－29)—They are quiet, aren't they?
—Yes. They are accustomed________at meals.
A．to talk B．to not talk
C．to talking D．to not talking
答案：D 本题题意：“他们很安静，对吗？” “是的，他们习惯了吃饭时不说话。”be accustomed to sth/doing sth 表示“习惯于”，其中to为介词。27．(2007安徽－30) —Robert is indeed a wise man.
—Oh, yes. How often I have regretted________his advice!
A．to take B．taking
C．not to take D．not taking
答案：D 本题题意：“罗伯特的确是一个明智之士。” “啊，是呀。没有采纳他的建议，我时常为此而后悔！” regret doing sth表示“对所做过的事感到遗憾或后悔”。28．In my mind，________that famous university will be the only way to become a world-class writer.
A．attending B．attended
C．attend D．having attended
答案：A 本题题意：在我看来，进入一所名牌大学就读是成为一位世界知名作家的唯一途径。本题考查动名词短语作主语。29．Can you imagine his________a novel?
A．write B．writing
C．to write D．wrote
答案：B 本题题意：你想像得到他写小说吗？ 本题考查动词imagine后接动名词或动名词的复合结构作宾语。30．They have just come here to get down to________the roads.
A．repair B．having repaired
C．being repaired D．repairing
答案：D 本题题意：他们刚刚来到这儿从事修路工作。get down to sth/doing sth表示“开始做某事；开始认真注意(或对待)某事”；其中to为介词，后面应该接动名词作宾语；此外，逻辑主语they和repaire构成逻辑上的主动关系，所以用动名词的一般式。课件53张PPT。Ⅰ.词汇
1．This river is dangerous to ________ (游泳) in.
2．They are the people from ________ (不同的) cultures.
3．The crowd ________ (惊慌) at the sound of the explosion.
4．I ________ (保证) that you'll enjoy yourself.
5．Please accept this gift in a________ of all you've done for us.
6．I was a ________ about the children when they didn't come back home from school.7．The long hot climb made him s________.
8．The whole house t________ when the train went by.
答案：1.bathe 2.diverse 3.panicked 4.guarantee 5.appreciation 6.anxious 7.sweat 8.trembledⅡ.短语
1．因……而颤抖 ________
2．匆匆看一遍 ________
3．渴望做……________
4．处于恐慌状态之中________
5．a diversity of ________
6．have a gift for ________
7．vary from...to... ________
8．It's reported that... ________答案：1.tremble with/at... 2.glance through 3.be anxious to do... 4.be in a panic 5.各种各样的 6.具有……天赋 7.由……到……不等 8.据报道……
1．vary (v.)
1)(大小、形状等)相异，不同，有别
The translation varies a little from the original.
那篇翻译与原文有些出入。
2)～(with sth)|～(from sth to sth)|～(between A and B) (根据情况)变化，变更
The temperature varies from time to time.
温度常常变化。3)变更；(略做)改变
Teachers should vary their lessons to make them more interesting.
为了增加趣味，教师应该使自己的课多样化。
【知识运用】
(1)(2006上海－43)Try not to start every sentence with “the”．________the beginnings of your sentences.
A．Vary B．Decorate
C．Form D．Describe
答案：A 本题题意：不要总用the开头造句，应该使句子开头多样化。vary表示“(根据情况)变化， 变更，改变”。(2)As opinions________on that point, no decision can be reached.
A．vary B．change
C．alter D．stick
答案：A 本题题意：在那一点上， 大家意见纷纷， 莫衷一是。vary 表示“(大小、形状等)相异，不同，有别”。2．appreciation (n.)
1)[U]欣赏
She shows little or no appreciation of good music.
她对于好音乐鲜有或没有欣赏的能力。
2)[U &sing.]～(of sth) 理解；体谅；同情
At the centre of book's success is Twain's appreciation of children.
本书获得成功的关键在于吐温能够理解儿童。
3)[U]～(of/for sth) 感激；感谢
We showed our appreciation with flowers.
我们用花表示谢意。4)[C]～(of sth)(尤指艺术方面的) 鉴定，评价，评估
His appreciation of her chances of getting the promotion was correct.
他对她晋升机会所作的估计是对的。【知识拓展】
appreciate (v.)
1)欣赏；赏识；重视
You can't fully appreciate foreign literature in translation.
看翻译作品很难欣赏到外国文学的精髓。
2)感激；感谢；欢迎
They deeply appreciated his kindness.
他们对他的好意深表感谢。3)理解；意识到；领会
I appreciate your problem, but I don't think I can help you.
我理解你的困难， 但却爱莫能助。
【知识运用】
(1)(2006山东－24) I'd appreciate________if you would like to teach me how to use the computer.
A．that B．it
C．this D．you
答案：B 本题题意：如果你愿意教我如何使用电脑，我将不胜感激。表示“喜欢、怨恨”的动词like, dislike，love, hate，appreciate以及动词stop常与形式宾语it连用，构成 “V＋it＋when/if...”句式。此类用法与我们所熟悉的的it作形式宾语不同的是，在it后面没有形容词或名词担任宾语补足语。(2)I would appreciate________back this afternoon.
A．you to call B．you call
C．your calling D．you're calling
答案：C 本题题意：今天下午你若回电，我将不胜感激。appreciate后接动名词的复合结构作宾语。(3)(2000上海－50) I wrote him a letter to show my________of his thoughtfulness.
A．achievement B．agreement
C．attention D．appreciation
答案：D 本题题意：我给他写了一封信，表达了对他关怀体贴的感激之情。appreciation表示“感谢”；例如：We showed our appreciation with flowers.我们用花表示谢意。(4)He was given a rise in________of his excellent work.
A．admiration B．gratitude
C．consideration D．appreciation
答案：D 本题题意：由于欣赏他的工作出色而给他提薪。in appreciation of...表示“作为对……的感谢，为……感谢。”3．guarantee (v.)
1)保证；担保；保障
①We cannot guarantee the punctual arrival of trains in foggy weather.
我们不能保证火车在雾天正点到达。
②I can guarantee it's true; I saw it myself.
我能保证那是真的——我亲眼看见的。
③We guarantee to deliver within a week.
我们保证一周内送到。2)承诺对……负法律责任
I guarantee that he will appear in court.
我保证他会出庭。
3)～sth(against sth)给予书面保证；提供保修单
This iron is guaranteed for a year against faulty workmanship.
这种熨斗如有工艺缺陷可保修一年。4)使必然发生；确保
These days getting a degree doesn't guarantee you a job.
如今获得学位并不能保证你就有工作。
5)肯定……必然发生
You can guarantee(that)the children will start being naughty as soon as they have to go to bed.
孩子一到该上床睡觉时就不听话了。
【知识拓展】
be guaranteed to do sth 肯定会；必然会
①With tickets going for as much as $ 1,750, the production is almost guaranteed to turn a profit.
由于票价高达1750美元，演出几乎可以肯定盈利。
②Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick.
就连看看大海的图片也准会让我犯晕。【知识运用】
(1)Many shopkeepers______satisfaction to customers.
A．serve B．suit
C．guarantee D．secure
答案：C 本题题意：许多店主对顾客许诺定让他们满意。guarantee表示“保证；担保；保障”。(2)Now alongside her Harvard Ph.D., she has a Class A commercial driver's license——a diploma that's________to land her a job.
A．determined B．guaranteed
C．contented D．satisfied
答案：B 本题题意：现在，除哈佛大学博士学位外，她还拿到了商用载货车一级驾照——这一文凭为她找到一份工作提供了保证。be guaranteed to do sth 表示“肯定会；必然会”。
1．glance through/at/down/over sth 浏览；粗略地看
①He glanced through the provincial news, and then placed the paper on the tea table.
他翻看了本省新闻，把报纸放在茶几上。
②Sam took the letters from Lord, glanced through them and read aloud.
萨姆从洛德手中接过那些信，很快地浏览一遍，并大声念出来。【知识运用】
(1)Next door, the little general store had a few copies of that day's newspaper on sale. The boys picked up a copy and________it.
A．glanced through B．looked into
C．got through D．went through
答案：A 本题题意：隔壁的那家杂货铺里有当天的报纸，孩子们拿起一份来，匆匆地看了一遍。glance through表示“浏览；粗略地看”。(2)She________through the letter, which was formal in its wording.
A．glared B．glanced
C．gazed D．stared
答案：B 本题题意：她匆匆看了一遍信，这是封言辞非常正式的信。glance through表示“浏览；粗略地看”。2．give birth to
1)生孩子；产仔
①She gave birth to a fine healthy baby.
她生了个漂亮健康的婴儿。
②How often does your dog give birth to puppies?
你的狗隔多久下一窝小狗？
2)产生；形成
①It gave birth to many unpleasant stories.
这又引出了许多令人不快的故事。
②The inflation gave birth to a smoldering feeling of discontent.
通货膨胀引起了一种郁积的不满情绪。【知识运用】
(1)The toolbar________the button, a happy marriage between a button and an icon.
A．stuck to B．gave birth to
C．looked forward to D．referred to
答案：B 本题题意：工具栏的出现带来了图标按钮，它是按钮和图标之间一次愉快的联姻。give birth to表示“产生；形成”。(2)Women exposed to air pollution during pregnancy are more likely to give birth________children with heart defects, researchers reported on Saturday.
A．to B．on C．with D．for
答案：A 本题题意：周六，有研究人员报告，接触污染空气的孕妇很可能生下患有心脏缺陷的孩子。give birth to表示“生孩子；产仔”。
1．Among the rare animals are cranes, black bears, leopards and tigers.
珍稀动物有白鹤、黑熊、豹子和虎。【知识剖析】
为了使上下文紧密衔接，本句话把表语among the rare animals置于句首，句子的主语和谓语采用了完全倒装结构。在英语中，如果主语较长或句子结构较复杂，担任表语的形容词、分词、不定式、介词短语或副词等可以置于句首，采用完全倒装结构。例如：①Gone are the days when he was looked down upon.
他被人瞧不起的日子已经一去不复返了。
②In the armchair lay a cat, half asleep.
一只猫躺在椅子上，半睡半醒。
③Standing around the teacher were her students.
老师周围站着的都是她的学生。
④Also discussed were the problems we had met with in our studies.
同时还讨论了我们在学习中碰到的问题。
⑤First to unfold was the map of the world.
首先要打开的是世界地图。【知识拓展】
完全倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构还有：
1．There be句型(be可换成live, lie, stand, remain, exist, come, go, seem/appear/happen/used to be等表示“存在”的词)。
①There entered a strange little man.
走进来一个奇怪且身材又矮小的人。
②Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
从前，海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。2．地点状语后面如有表示位置的动词lie, live, sit, stand或表示转移的动词come, go，rise时，用作主语的名词可以放在动词之后，构成完全倒装结构。主语是代词则不能倒装。①In the cottage lives a family of six.
在这幢小茅舍里住着一家六口。
②Near the bridge was an old cottage.
在桥的附近有一幢古老的小茅舍。
③Next to this one is another grand hotel which is beautifully decorated.
这家饭店隔壁还有一家装修华丽的大饭店。
④On either side of the great avenue stood many block buildings.
这条大街的两侧都耸立着许多综合楼。
3．在以here, there, off, out, in, up, down, away, now, then, on等表示方向、位置或时间副词开头的句子中，如果谓语是come, go等转移动词以及动词be, 且主语为名词时，通常使用倒装结构。注意：主语若是人称代词，则不能采用倒装结构。①Here comes a taxi!
有辆出租车来了！(注意这里不可用进行时。)
②Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.
下雨了，伞都撑了起来。
③Away flew the bird.
那鸟飞走了。
④Suddenly, in came a man with a mask on his face.
突然进来一个蒙着面具的人。
4．such位于句首。
①Such are the fortunes of war.
这些就是战争的机会。
②Such were his last words.
他最后的话就是这些。【知识运用】
(1)(2010重庆－33) At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River ________， one of the ten largest cities in China.
A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies
C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie
答案：A 本题题意：重庆位于长江和嘉陵江的交汇处，是中国十大城市之一。表示地点的介词短语，常将其放在句首，构成完全倒装，用于强调。注意，此时的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。(2)(2010陕西－17) John opened the door. There ______ he had never seen before.
A. a girl did stand B. a girl stood
C. did a girl stand D. stood a girl
答案：D 本题题意：约翰打开门，(只见)门口站着一位他从来没有见过的女孩。在There be句型中，动词be可以被live, lie, stand, remain, exist, come, go, seem to be, appear to be, happen to be, used to be等替换。(3)(2009福建－25) For a moment nothing happened. Then________all shouting together.
A．voices had come B．came voices
C．voices would come D．did voices come
答案：B 本题题意：片刻沉寂之后，人们同时高声呐喊起来。在以here, there, off, out, in, up, down, away, now, then, on等表示方向、位置或时间副词开头的句子中，如果谓语是come, go等转移动词以及动词be, 且主语为名词时，通常使用倒装结构。注意：主语若是人称代词，则不能采用倒装结构。(4)At the foot of the mountain________.
A．a village lie B．lies a village
C．does a village lie D．lying a village
答案：B 本题题意： 山脚下有个村庄。表示地点的介词短语在句首， 为表达生动或使句子均衡而采用完全倒装。2．It is said that this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people.
据说这个男孩就是满族人的祖先，他具有语言天赋和很强的说服力。【知识剖析】
It is said that...为固定结构，表示“据说……”， 其另外一种形式为：People say that...或．..is said to be/do...；不定式部分根据具体情况可以采用一般式，进行式或完成式三种形式。例如：
①It is said that he possesses a fortune of more than two thousand million dollars./He is said to possess a fortune of more than two thousand million dollars.
据说他的财产价值超过20亿美元。②It is said that money, or love of money, is the root of all evil./Money, or love of money, is said to be the root of all evil.
有人说钱或爱钱是万恶之源。
③It is said that he has been concerned in the crime./He is said to have been concerned in the crime.
据说他与本案有牵联。
④It is said that Tom is writing a novel./Tom is said to be writing a novel.
据说汤姆正在写小说。【知识拓展】
1)It is believed that...人们相信
It is believed that some of them are, like our sun, circled by a number of planets.
人们认为：它们有一些像我们的太阳一样，被许多行星所环绕。
2)It is expected that...人们期望(是可能发生的，是可以预期的)
It is expected that John will be back by ten.
约翰在十点以前回来是预料中的事。3)It is thought that...人们认为……
It is generally thought that traveling abroad can enrich one's knowledge.
一般认为出国旅游可增广见闻。
4)It is reported that...据报导……
It is reported that the car accident took place sometime yesterday.
据报导，那场车祸是在昨天某个时候发生的。
5)It is known that... 众所周知……
It is known that family names come first in China.
大家都知道，在中国，姓放在名字前面。【知识运用】
(1)(2009全国2－6)It is often________that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.
A．said B．to say
C．saying D．being said
答案：A 本题题意：人们常说，人天生就会说话。It is said that...为固定结构，表示“据说……”。(2)(2007重庆－28) Leonardo da Vinci (1452～1519)________birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.
A．is said to be buying
B．is said to have bought
C．had said to buy
D．has said to have bought
答案：B 本题题意：据说达文西(1452～1519)把买来的鸟儿放置在笼子中，为的是获得释放他们的乐趣。本题考查sb/sth is said to do sth结构；达文西“买鸟，放鸟”这件事情发生在人们谈论之前，采用不定式的完成式。(3)(2006湖北－33) AIDS is said________the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.
A．that it is B．to be
C．that is has been D．to have been
答案：D 本题题意： 据说艾滋病在过去的几年里已经对那个地区中的男性和女性的健康构成最大的挑战。本题考查固定句型It is said that...的变式．..be said to do. 此外，根据时间状语 over the past few years可以确定使用不定式(短语)的完成式。
