独立主格结构
一.结构和定义
“独立主格结构”是由逻辑主语（名词或代词）+ 逻辑谓语（分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词或介词短语）构成。它不是句子只作为一种固定结构独立存在，一般用逗号与主句分开，只在句中作状语。前置时相当于一个省略了的、且主语与主句主语不同的状语从句；后置时相当于一个并列句。例如：
名词/代词(主格)+现在分词表示主动动作
Spring coming, it gets warmer and warmer. 春天来了，天气越来越暖和了。相当于：When spring comes,it gets warmer and warmer.
The rain having stopped, they went back to work. 雨停后，他就回去干活了。相当于：After the rain (had)stopped,they went back to work.
2. 名词/代词(主格)+过去分词表示被动动作
This done,he closed the door and went bed. 这事做完了，他就关门睡觉了。相当于：After this was done,he closed the door and went to bed.
He lay on his back in bed,his hands crossed under his
head.他头枕着双手仰面躺在床上。相当于：He lay on his back in bed,and his hands were
crossed under his head.
3.名词/代词（主格）+不定式表示将来动作
Here are the first two volumes,the third one to come out
next month. 这是头两卷，第三卷下个月出版。相当于：
Here are the first two volumes,and the
third one will come/is to come out next month.
The railway to be built soon,the houses along the line are being put down. 那条铁路马上就要建了，所以沿线的房屋正在拆除。相当于：Because the railway is (gong)to be built
soon,the houses along the line are
being put down.
We have divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to
sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工，他擦窗户，我扫地。We have divided the work: he is to clean the
windows and I am to sweep the floor.
4.名词/代词(主格)+副词、形容词、介词短语等表示状态
The farmhouse not far away from the village, we plannedd to walk along.既然农舍例村子不远，我们打算步行去。相当于：Since the farmhouse was not far away from the
village, we planned to walk
along.
My mother ill, I have to stay at home,looking after her. 因为妈妈病了，所以我只得留在家里照顾她。相当于：As my mother was ill, I have to stay at home,looking after her.
Hands in his pockets， he had a bad fall. 他当时两手插在口袋里，所以摔得很重。相当于：Becuase his hands were in his
pockets， he had a bad
fall.
The writer fought with his enimy, a pen his only
weapon. 作家和敌人战斗，唯一的武器就是笔。相当于：The writer fought with his enimy, and a pen was
his only weapon.(共15张PPT)
The subjunctive mood（虚拟语气）
used in continuing the story(读后续写)
Get your pens ready!
The subjunctive mood（虚拟语气）
●in sentence fill-ins(语法填空)
●in practical writing(应用文)
●in completing the story(读后续写)
条件从句
If 从句的谓语形式
主句的谓语形式
与过去事实相反
与现在事实相反
与将来事实相反
did (be常用 were)
had done
would/could/should/
might + do
would/could/should/
might+ have done
1.did
2.should+V.（原）
3. were to + V（原）
would/could/should
/might + do
虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法
1.如果我是你的话，我将接受去舞会的邀请。
If I were you, I would accept the invitation to the party.
=Were I you...
2. 如果你昨天晚上在那儿的话，就没有什么事情发生了。
If you had been there last night, nothing would have happened.
=Had you been there last night...
3. 如果你明天去参观学校的话，你就会看到史密斯教授。
If you were to visit the school tomorrow, you would see Professor Smith.
=Were you to visit the school tomorrow...
If you visited the school tomorrow...
If you should visit the school tomorrow... =Should you visit the school...
※如果if虚拟条件句中有were, had, 或者should等词时，可以省略if，把这些词放在主语前，形成倒装句。
4. 如果我今天早上出来的时候带着伞的话，现在就不会淋湿了。（从句说的是过去的事情，而主句说的是现在的事情）
If I had taken my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should/would not be wet now.
= Had I taken my umbrella with me...
5. If it were not for…,表示对现在事实的假设；
If it had not been for…,表示对过去事实的假设。
要不是互联网，一切都会变得很难。
If it were not for/But for/Without the Internet, everything would be very difficult.
要不是你的帮助，我当时无法成功。
Had it not been for/But for/Without your help, I wouldn’t have made it.
6. 但愿我能知道要发生什么事。
I wish I knew what was going to happen.
If only I knew what was going to happen!
7. 她多么希望当时要是在家就好了。
How she wished she had stayed at home then.
If only she had stayed at home then！
If it had not been for Dorothy, I would not have brains. I owed(欠) all my luck to her.--- The Wizard of OZ 绿野仙踪
Subjunctive mood used in stories
“If I _________________(not quarrel) with Tom and gone into the forest, I ___________(not be) trapped in the awful place now!” Jane was filled with regret and anxiety and gradually fell asleep with tears in her eyes. ----2016.10浙江高考续写：夫妻吵架 森林迷路
We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark. I was almost on the edge of break down. How I wished I ______________(not follow) the rabbit into the forest! / If only I _____________ (not follow) the rabbit into the forest!----2018.6浙江续写：骑马遇白兔
“If you had been more careful, Poppy would not have been lost!” I couldn’t contain my anger and shouted at Dad.--The Lost Dog
had not quarreled
would not be
had not followed
had not followed
regret
What emotion is conveyed
regret/ desperation
gratitude
anger
Alex decided to explore a cave at the edge of town, which parents warned them not to get in but kids were very curious about. What might happen
A cave adventure
One day Alex decided to explore a cave at the edge of his village. Parents warned children away from the cave but kids were extremely curious about it.
Brushing away grasses covering the big hole, Alex jumped into the cave. Crash! The ground collapsed (倒塌) and Alex was down into the depth of the cave. 他挣扎着站起来，发现左胳膊很疼，好像断了(as though). Above him was the hole, which was far out of his reach.
A cave adventure
One day Alex decided to explore a cave at the edge of his village. Parents warned children away from the cave but kids were extremely curious about it.
Brushing away grasses covering the big hole, Alex jumped into the cave. Crash! The ground collapsed (倒塌) and Alex was down into the depth of the cave. He struggled to his feet and found his arm was sore as if it had been broken. Above him was the hole, which was far out of his reach.
A cave adventure
How did Alex feel then
夸张
①被困在这个黑漆漆的吓人的洞里, Alex害怕又后悔。②要是他听妈妈关于这个洞穴的警告就好了 (if only) ！③此外，他多么希望他把手机带在身边(wish)! ④或者至少如果现在有个朋友和他在一起，他也不会这么害怕。
Trapped in the black scaring cave, Alex was filled with fright and regret.
①被困在这个黑漆漆的吓人的洞里, Alex害怕又后悔。
②要是他听妈妈关于这个洞穴的警告就好了 (if only) ！
③此外，他多么希望他把手机带在身边(wish)!
④或者至少如果现在有个朋友和他在一起，他也不会这么害怕。
If only he had listened to Mum’s warning about it!
Besides, how he wished he had brought his mobile phone with him.
Or at least if he had a friend with him now, he would not be so frightened.
Brushing away grasses covering the big hole, Alex jumped into the cave. Crash! The ground fell and Alex was down into the depth of the cave. He struggled to his feet and found his left arm hurt as though it had been broken. Above him was the hole, which was far out of his reach. Trapped in the black scaring cave, Alex was filled with fright and regret. If only he had listened to Mum’s warning about it! Besides, how he wished he had brought his mobile phone with him! Or at least if he had a friend with him now, he would not be so frightened.
心理描写
What would happened next
sb was filled with regret / anger ….
+ 虚拟语气句
Suddenly there was a noise high above the hole. Looking up, he saw a face. It was George, a classmate of his. “Help! George! Don’t climb down! Get help!” Nodded firmly, George ran off.
After what seemed like ages, there was light flickering in the distance and there came the faint voice. “Alex my boy! Don’t panic. We’re here to help you out.” It was Alex’s parents who came to his rescue together with George! Alex was fanally in his parents’ arms. ________________________________________________
How could Alex feel then
What might his think or say
relieved/ grateful
Summary
Subjunctive mood can be used to convey such emotions as regret, anger, desperation, gratitude, etc.
Sentence patterns：
If…(had done)…, …(would have done)…
How sb wished…(had done)……多么希望…！
If only …(had done)..要是…就好了！
…would rather …(sb had done)…宁愿/希望…
3. Writing pattern: sb was filled with regret / anger + 虚拟语气句
4. If it had not been for...(共7张PPT)
续写花式表达
副词（短语）
1-5:fearfully(with fear/fright), contentedly(with satisfaction), faintly, hurriedly, impatiently,
6-10: tiredly (in exhaustion), firmly(with determination), anxiously, disappointedly(in disappointment), accidentally,
11-15 firmly, worriedly, wildly, reluctantly/unwillingly, coldly/flatly,
16-20 desperately, blankly, restlessly/uneasily, hopelessly/desperately, greedily
21-25 harshly/sternly, helplessly/hopelessly, carelessly, bitterly, stubbornly, eagerly, excitedly(in/with excitement)
形容词作状语
1.greatly shocked/ stunned; numb with shock
2.Breathless/Flushed and breathless ,
3.Afraid of being scolded
4.unable to believe what had just happened.
5. Annoyed / Angry at her oversleeping,
6. glad to accept the suggestion,
7. Frustrated/Upset but unwilling to give up,
8. Overjoyed to see his friends safe and well,
9.unaware of the tiger hiding in the grass
现在分词作状语
1. Seeing the tears in Mark's eyes
2. Looking up with alarm/in panic
3. Hesitating for a while/After a short hesitation
4. not knowing what to do.
5. trying to be casual
6. staring at/never taking her eyes off the new captain.
7. leaving behind them a trail of footprints.
8. expecting him to
9. filling the air with
10. fearing/worrying/afraid he would not survive on his own.
1. stunned/totally shocked
2. Panicked
3. Startled by what he had just seen
4. Immersed in the fresh air
(be immersed in a festive atmosphere)
5. fascinated/spellbound/amazed by the beautiful scene of the sunset.
6. replaced by a flicker of suspicion
(a flicker of smile/hope/interest).
7. surrounded by silence and mist
8. obviously/apparently offended by...
9. satisfied ...
过去分词作状语
独立主格结构
1. His face crimson/bright red with anger
2. his blue eyes shining behind his glasses
3. concern (written) on his face
4. mouth hanging open/with their mouth wide open
5. his thoughts drifting back to his school days.
6. his mood lifting for the first time
7. his eyes still glued firmly to the ground.
8. sweat trickling/running down his neck
9. His initial shock fading
10. his voice rumbling like thunder,
上下文衔接
1. 不浪费一点时间/立刻
2. 不知怎么的/突然冒出来
3. 说完这番话
4. 毫不费力
5. 一句话也没说
6. 不假思索
7. Without the slightest hesitation
8. In an instant/In a flash
9. Sure enough
10. What was worse/To make things worse
11. 片刻之后
12. 思考片刻之后
13. Suddenly/All of a sudden
14. Actually
15. Surprisingly/To my surpriseIf I were a boy
如果我是一个男孩
Even just for a day
哪怕期限只有一天
I’d(would) roll out of bed in the morning
我会在清晨翻下床
And throw on what I wanted and go
套上一件舒心的衣服就出门
Drink beer with the guys
和哥们儿花天酒地
And chase after girls
在街上泡着心仪的美女
I’d kick it with who I wanted
喜新厌旧，不顾后果
And I’d never get confronted for it
随心所欲，无所顾忌
Cause they’d stick up for me
因为我的兄弟们帮我会处理好一切
If I were a boy
假如我是个男孩
I think I could understand
我想我会渐渐明白
how it feels to love a girl
如何去爱一个女孩
I swear I’d be a better man
我发誓我会成为一个更好的男人
I’d listen to her
我会聆听她的一切
cause I know how it hurts
因为我明白孤独一人那有多痛苦
when you lose the one you wanted
当你失去所爱之人
cause he’s taken you for granted
他对你冷若冰霜，把你给予的一切当作理所当然
and everything you had got destroyed!
于是你的一切都被看作一文不值
If I were a boy
如果我是一个男孩
I would turn off my phone
我会关闭我的手机
Tell everyone that it's broken
然后告诉所有人它坏掉了
so they think that I was sleeping alone
这样他们就会以为我总是独自入睡
I’d put myself first
我会永远把自己放在第一位
and make the rules as I go
世界仿佛是为我而生
cause I know that she’ll be faithful
因为我知道妻子会对我很忠诚
waiting for me to come home ( to come home)
每天都会耐心地为我等候
If I were a boy
假如我是个男孩
I think I could understand
我会试着去感受
how it feels to love a girl
爱上一个女孩是多么美妙
I swear I’d be a better man
但我发誓我会对她倾注我所有的爱
I’d listen to her
我会时刻关注她
cause I know how it hurts
因为我知道冷落是对一个人最残忍的惩罚
when you lose the one you wanted
当如果你所爱之人
cause he’s taken you for granted
他对你冷若冰霜，把你给予的一切当作理所当然
and everything you had got destroyed!
于是你的一切都被看作一文不值
It’s a little too late for you to come back
现在一切都似乎晚了
Say it's just a mistake
你解释说这只是一个误会
Think I forgive you like that
认为我还会像以前那般原谅你
If you thought I would wait for you
如果你觉得我还是那个当年为你停留的傻女孩
You got it wrong
那你就大错特错了
But you're just a boy
但你只是一个平凡的男孩
You don’t understand (and you don’t understand)
你永远不会明白，不会懂得
How it feels to love a girl
爱上一个女孩所要付出的代价
Someday you’ll wish you were a better man
曾经你不懂得如何去爱一个人
You don’t listen to her
你把她打入冷宫
You don’t care how it hurts
你永远不会理解她被冷落的伤痛
Until you lose the one you wanted
直到你失去了你的爱人
Cause you've taken her for granted
你仍然以为这是理所应当
And everything you had got destroyed
那么你曾经拥有的一切将不复存在
But you're just a boy
但你还是一个什么也不懂的男孩(共18张PPT)
The subjunctive mood（虚拟语气）
used in continuing the story(读后续写)
Get your pens ready!
The subjunctive mood（虚拟语气）
●in sentence fill-ins(语法填空)
●in practical writing(应用文)
●in completing the story(读后续写)
条件从句
If 从句的谓语形式
主句的谓语形式
与过去事实相反
与现在事实相反
与将来事实相反
did (be常用 were)
had done
would/could/should/
might + do
would/could/should/
might+ have done
1.did
2.should+V.（原）
3. were to + V（原）
would/could/should
/might + do
虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法
1.如果我是你的话，我将接受去舞会的邀请。
If I were you, I would accept the invitation to the party.
=Were I you...
2. 如果你昨天晚上在那儿的话，就没有什么事情发生了。
If you had been there last night, nothing would have happened.
=Had you been there last night...
3. 如果你明天去参观学校的话，你就会看到史密斯教授。
If you were to visit the school tomorrow, you would see Professor Smith.
=Were you to visit the school tomorrow...
If you visited the school tomorrow...
If you should visit the school tomorrow... =Should you visit the school...
※如果if虚拟条件句中有were, had, 或者should等词时，可以省略if，把这些词放在主语前，形成倒装句。
4. 如果我今天早上出来的时候带着伞的话，现在就不会淋湿了。（从句说的是过去的事情，而主句说的是现在的事情）
If I had taken my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should/would not be wet now.
= Had I taken my umbrella with me...
5. If it were not for…,表示对现在事实的假设；
If it had not been for…,表示对过去事实的假设。
要不是互联网，一切都会变得很难。
If it were not for/But for/Without the Internet, everything would be very difficult.
6. 要不是你的帮助，我当时无法成功。
Had it not been for/But for/Without your help, I wouldn’t have made it.
6. 但愿我能知道要发生什么事。
I wish I knew what was going to happen.
If only I knew what was going to happen!
7. 她多么希望当时要是在家就好了。
How she wished she had stayed at home then.
If only she had stayed at home then！
与现在事实相反，从句谓语用一般过去时 或过去进行时
与过去事实相反，从句谓语用过去完成时 或 would/could+have done
表示将来不大可能实现的愿望，用would/could+动词原形
从句时态只与从句所指的时间有关，与wish的时态无关
1. 一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望
I’d rather you went tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天走。
I’d rather you were happy. 我愿你快乐！
“Shall I open the window ” “I’d rather you didn’t.” 我看不要打开好。
2. 用过去完成时表达过去的愿望
I’d rather you hadn’t said it. 我真希望你没这样说过。
would rather +虚拟
1. 用过去式表示现在或将来：该是做什么事情的时候了
It’s time we ordered dinner.该叫菜了
It’s time you went to bed. 你该睡觉了。
2. 用过去进行时或should+动词原形（should 不能省略)：(早)该干某事了
It’s time we were going/should go. 我们该走了
It’s (high/about) time +虚拟
but for, without， but这些词，是一种含蓄的虚拟语气，也是解题的关键点，即见到他们你也要想到这题多半是考虚拟语气的。它们只是种标志，这时只有主句，没有从句，（不要和if类的虚拟混淆）
主句+would do(表对现在或者将来的虚拟)
主句+would have done（表对过去的虚拟）
例如：Without your timely help, we couldn't have finished our task. 如果没有你的及时帮助，我们可能完成不了任务。
If it had not been for Dorothy, I would not have brains. I owed(欠) all my luck to her.--- The Wizard of OZ 绿野仙踪
Subjunctive mood used in stories
“If I _________________(not quarrel) with Tom and gone into the forest, I ___________(not be) trapped in the awful place now!” Jane was filled with regret and anxiety and gradually fell asleep with tears in her eyes. ----2016.10浙江高考续写：夫妻吵架 森林迷路
We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark. I was almost on the edge of break down. How I wished I ______________(not follow) the rabbit into the forest! / If only I _____________ (not follow) the rabbit into the forest!----2018.6浙江续写：骑马遇白兔
“If you had been more careful, Poppy would not have been lost!” I couldn’t contain my anger and shouted at Dad.--The Lost Dog
had not quarreled
would not be
had not followed
had not followed
regret
What emotion is conveyed
regret/ desperation
gratitude
anger
Alex decided to explore a cave at the edge of town, which parents warned them not to get in but kids were very curious about. What might happen
A cave adventure
One day Alex decided to explore a cave at the edge of his village. Parents warned children away from the cave but kids were extremely curious about it.
Brushing away grasses covering the big hole, Alex jumped into the cave. Crash! The ground collapsed (倒塌) and Alex was down into the depth of the cave. 他挣扎着站起来，发现左胳膊很疼，好像断了(as though). Above him was the hole, which was far out of his reach.
A cave adventure
One day Alex decided to explore a cave at the edge of his village. Parents warned children away from the cave but kids were extremely curious about it.
Brushing away grasses covering the big hole, Alex jumped into the cave. Crash! The ground collapsed (倒塌) and Alex was down into the depth of the cave. He struggled to his feet and found his arm was sore as if it had been broken. Above him was the hole, which was far out of his reach.
A cave adventure
How did Alex feel then
夸张
①被困在这个黑漆漆的吓人的洞里, Alex害怕又后悔。②要是他听妈妈关于这个洞穴的警告就好了 (if only) ！③此外，他多么希望他把手机带在身边(wish)! ④或者至少如果现在有个朋友和他在一起，他也不会这么害怕。
Trapped in the black scaring cave, Alex was filled with fright and regret.
①被困在这个黑漆漆的吓人的洞里, Alex害怕又后悔。
②要是他听妈妈关于这个洞穴的警告就好了 (if only) ！
③此外，他多么希望他把手机带在身边(wish)!
④或者至少如果现在有个朋友和他在一起，他也不会这么害怕。
If only he had listened to Mum’s warning about it!
Besides, how he wished he had brought his mobile phone with him.
Or at least if he had a friend with him now, he would not be so frightened.
Brushing away grasses covering the big hole, Alex jumped into the cave. Crash! The ground fell and Alex was down into the depth of the cave. He struggled to his feet and found his left arm hurt as though it had been broken. Above him was the hole, which was far out of his reach. Trapped in the black scaring cave, Alex was filled with fright and regret. If only he had listened to Mum’s warning about it! Besides, how he wished he had brought his mobile phone with him! Or at least if he had a friend with him now, he would not be so frightened.
心理描写
What would happened next
sb was filled with regret / anger ….
+ 虚拟语气句
Suddenly there was a noise high above the hole. Looking up, he saw a face. It was George, a classmate of his. “Help! George! Don’t climb down! Get help!” Nodded firmly, George ran off.
After what seemed like ages, there was light flickering in the distance and there came the faint voice. “Alex my boy! Don’t panic. We’re here to help you out.” It was Alex’s parents who came to his rescue together with George! Alex was fanally in his parents’ arms. ________________________________________________
How could Alex feel then
What might his think or say
relieved/ grateful
Summary
Subjunctive mood can be used to convey such emotions as regret, anger, desperation, gratitude, etc.
2. Sentence patterns：
If…(had done)…, …(would have done)…
How sb wished…(had done)……多么希望…！
If only …(had done)..要是…就好了！
…would rather …(sb had done)…宁愿/希望…
If it had not been for...要不是...
3. Writing pattern: sb was filled with regret / anger + 虚拟语气句
