人教版（2019） 选择性必修第二册 Unit 4 Journey Across a Vast Land 知识点学案（无答案）
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人教（2019）选修二
Unit 4 知识点全面清单
1. airline [ e la n] n. 航空公司international airlines国际航空公司
2. bay [be ] n. 海或湖的 ) 湾 a parking bay停车位
3. craft [krɑ ft] n. 手艺 ; 工艺 ; 技艺 the writer's craft写作技巧
4. antique [ n ti k] n. 古物 ; 古董 a. 古老的 ; 古董的an antique shop古董店
5. pleasant [ pleznt] a. 令人愉快的 ; 友好的 please vt.使高兴;使满意 pleased adj.高兴的;满意的 pleasing adj.令人愉快的 pleasure n.愉悦;快乐 She was very pleased with her exam results.她对自己的考试成绩非常满意。
6. arise [ ra z] vi.( arose,arisen) 起身 ; 出现 ; 由 … 起 arise from/out of 由……引起/产生;从……中产生 The country’s present difficulties arise from/out of the shortage of petroleum.这个国家当前的困境是由石油短缺造成的【温馨提示】arise为不及物动词,表示“出现,发生时’如果主是,argument,argument,difficulty,misunderstanding,problem
quarrel,trouble等抽象名词,无被动语态。
原形 过去式 过去分词 现在分词
arise (vi. ) 出现; 发生 arose arisen arising
rise (vi. ) 升起; 起身; 增长; 上升 rose risen rising
raise (vt. ) 举起; 唤起; 提高; 饲养 raised raised raising
①As is known to us, the sun ____ in the east and sets in the west.
②_______people’s awareness of protecting the environment, we launched a campaign.
7. massive [ m s v] a巨大的 ; 非常严重的a massive rock a massive heart attack
8. literally [ l t r li] ad. 字面上 ; 真正地 literal a 字面上的; 原义的;
9. breath [breθ] n. 呼吸的空气 .(1)hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸
catch one’s breath喘息;恢复正常呼吸 lose one’s breath喘不过气来
take a deep breath深呼吸take sb’s breath away令人惊叹 out of breath上气不接下气
10. take sb ’ s breath away 令人惊叹They took a taxi to Lake Louise, where the blue water literally took their breath away with its exceptional beauty
11. bound [breθ] a. 准备前往 ( 某地 ); 一定会 be bound to do一定会做……;注定会做…… be bound for准备去…… When you are dealing with so many problems,mistakes are bound to happen. 当你处理那么多问题的时候,肯定会出错。
①Children are bound __(meet) with setbacks as they grow up, so their parents don’t have to worry about it. ②He got on a Russian plane bound ___ Berlin.
12. scenery [ si n ri] n 风景 ; 景色 The scenery is magnificent.景色壮丽。
13. awesome [ s m] a. 令人惊叹的 可怕的 ; 很好的 an awesome sight惊人的奇观
14. spectacular [spek t kj l (r)] a. 壮观的 ; 壮丽的 ; 惊人的 n. 壮丽的场面 ; 精彩的表演spectacular scenery壮丽的景色
15. peak [pi k] n.顶峰 ; 山峰 ; 尖形at the peak of her career.在她职业生涯的巅峰时期a mountain peak山峰
16. highlight [ ha la t] n.最精彩的部分 vt. 突出 ; 强调 ; 使醒目The highlights of the match will be shown later this evening.比赛最精彩的片段将于今晚稍后播出。
18. grizzly bear [ gr zli be (r)] n. 灰熊
19. drill [dr l] vi. ＆ vt. 钻 ( 孔 ); 打 ( 眼 )n. 钻 ( 头 ); 训练 ; 演习a hand drill手钻a fire drill消防演习
20. freezing [ fri z ] a. 极冷的 ; 冰冻的 freeze vi. ＆ vt.( froze,frozen) 结冰 ;( 使 ) 冻住 frozen adj.冷冻的;冷藏的 freezer n.冰柜;冷冻室 It’s so cold that even the river has frozen.天气冷得河都封冻了。 ①It isfreezing outside now, and more snow is falling on already frozen streets. (freeze) ②Between the outside and the inside walls of the bowl, there is some jelly, whichfreezes (freeze) when cooled.
23. mall [m l] n. also shopping mall 购物商场 ; 购物广场
24. prairie [ pre ri] n. 北美草原
25. anticipate [ pre ri] vt. 预料 ; 预见 ; 期望 .anticipate problems/difficulties预见问题/困难 anticipate doing sth预料做某事 It is anticipated that.. 人们预料It is anticipated that the research will have many different practical applications.预计这项研究将有许多不同的实际应用。
26. bunch [b nt ] n. 束 ; 串 ; 捆 bunches （扎在头两侧的）发辫 She wore her hair in bunches.她梳着两条辫子。
27. a bunch of 一束 ; 一串 ; 一群 ; 大量 a bunch of keys 一串钥匙
28. thunder [ θ nd (r)] vi. 打雷 ; 轰隆隆地响 n. 雷声 ; 轰隆声a roll of thunder
雷声隆隆Thunder crashed in the sky.霹雳在空中炸响。
29. frost [fr st] n. 霜 ; 严寒天气 ; 霜冻 vt. 使蒙上霜 .结霜a sharp/hard/severe frost酷寒frost damage霜冻害
30. curtain [ k rtn] n. 窗帘 draw/pull/close the curtains把窗帘拉上
31. border [ b d (r)] n.国界 ; 边界 ( 地区 ) a border town/state边疆的城镇 / 州
32. duration [dju re n] n. 持续时间 ; 期 a contract of three years' duration
三年期的合同
33. harbor [ hɑ b ] n. ( 海 ) 港 ; 港口 at this harbor在这个港口
34. enroll [ n r l] vi. ＆ vt.( 使 ) 加入 ; 注册 ; 登记 The school will enroll new students in August. 这所学校将于八月份招收新生.
35. quarry [ kw ri] n. 采石场
36. idiom [ di m] n. 习语 ; 成语 ;风格It was an old building in the local idiom.
这是一座具有当地特色的古建筑.
37. contrary [ k ntr ri , k n tre ri] a. 相反的 ; 相对立的 n. 相反的事实
38. contrary to 相反的 ; 相对立的on the contrary相反
Contrary to expectation,he didn’t win in the contest. 与预期相反,他在竞赛中没有获奖。
anyhow [ eniha ] ad. 无论如何 ( 结東交谈或转换话题时 ) 不过 ; 反正
anyway无论如何；即使如此somehow adv.以某种方式；不知怎么地
somewhat adv.有点；有几分
40. alongside [ l sa d] prep 在 … 旁边 ; 与 … 一起 ad 在旁边
41. proceed [pr si d] vi. 行进 ; 继续做 proceed with sth继续做某事
proceed to do sth继续做某事proceed towards/to朝……行进 We’re not sure whether we
still want to proceed with the sale.我们不确定是否还要继续促销。
43. shore [ (r)] n. 岸 ; 滨a rocky/sandy shore岩 / 沙岸a house on the shores of the lake湖畔的房子
44. astonish [ st n ] vt. 使十分惊讶 ; 使吃惊 （1）It astonishes sb that...令某人惊讶的是……(2)astonishing adj.令人惊讶的 astonished adj.感到惊讶的
be astonished at/by sth因/对某事感到惊讶 be astonished to do sth对做某事感到惊讶
astonishment n.惊讶to one’s astonishment使某人惊奇的是
知识微练】①It was __________ (astonish) that she should accept such a challenging job.
②To our great __________, he wasn’t __________ at the __________ news at all. (astonish)
45. misty [ m sti] a. 多雾的 ; 模糊的a misty morning薄雾弥漫的早晨
46. mist n. 薄雾 ; 水汽 in mist .在雾中
47. steel [sti l] n. 钢 ; 钢铁工业the iron and steel industry钢铁工业
48. dusk [d sk] n. 黄昏 ; 傍晚at dusk .
49. advertisement[ d v t sm nt] n 广告 ; 启事 advertise vt.& vi.为……做广告;做广告 advertiser n.广告商;广告人员 If you want to attract more customers,try advertising in the local paper. 如果你想要吸引更多顾客,就试试在当地报纸登广告。
50. accent [ ksent; ks nt] n. 口音a strong/broad accent浓重的口音
51. photographer [f t ɡr f (r)] n. 摄影师 ; 拍照者
52. owe [ ] vt. 欠 ( 账、债、情等 ).owe sth to sb 欠(某人情);把……归功于某人
owe it to sb that...把……归功于某人owing to因为;由于
I owe a debt of gratitude to all my family. 我很感激我的家人。
①It is owing to his optimism and perseverance that he was admitted into Peking University.
正是他的乐观和坚持使他被北京大学录取。
②I must say I owe all the achievements to the encouragement and help from you.
我必须说我所有的成就源于你的鼓励和帮助
53 toast[t st] n. 烤面包片 ; 吐司 ; 干杯vt. 为 … 干杯 vi 烤 ( 尤指面包 )a
piece of toast一块烤面包片wo slices/rounds of toast两片 / 两整片烤面包片
We toasted the success of the new company.我们为新公司的成功干杯。
54. cobblestone [ kɑb l ston] a. 铺有鹅卵石的
55. coherent [k h r nt] a. 有条理的 ; 清楚易懂的
二、重点短语
1..a number of “许多”,后接可数名词的复数形式。 He has a number of interests,ranging from playing chess to swimming.他的爱好很多,下棋、游泳都有涉猎。
“a number of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数形式;“the number of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
2.would rather宁愿,宁可; I would rather travel by train than by plane. 我宁愿乘火车也不愿乘飞机旅行.
(2)or rather更确切地说
other than除……之外(常用于否定句中) more than超过;多于 The form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself.这个表格不能由除你以外的任何人签字。
【提示】rather than连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。
3...in表示在某范围内,on指与某地毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外。
Changchun is in the northeast of China.长春在中国的东北部。(范围之内)
Mongolia is on the north of China.蒙古在中国的北面。(范围之外,接壤)
Japan is to the east of China.日本在中国的东面。(范围之外,不接壤)
【拓展】off表示“离……一些距离”或“离……不远的海上”。New Zealand lies off the eastern coast of Australia.新西兰位于澳大利亚的东海岸。(离开一段距离)
三、重点句型、句式
1.It was not until 9:30 a.m.that they finally reached the capital of Ontario,Toronto.
直到上午9时30分,他们才终于到达多伦多的首府安大略省。
【剖析】本句是一个强调句,强调的是句子的时间状语until 9:30。含有not...until...的句子的强调句为It is not until...that...,that后面的句子要用肯定形式。
2.They must have spent a pleasant evening together.他们在一起一定度过了一个愉快的夜晚。
【剖析】句中的must have been是must have done结构,表示对过去事情的肯定推测,译成“过去一定做过某事”,该结构只用于肯定句。
You must have read widely and put a lot of work into it.你过去一定进行了广泛阅读并投入了大量的工作。
【拓展】
(1)表示对过去发生的事情否定或疑问的推测要用can或could。
Mr Smith can’t have gone to Beijing,for I saw him in the library just now.
史密斯先生不可能去北京了,我刚才还在图书馆见过他。
(2)may/might have done也可表示对发生过的事情的推测,意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”,用于肯定句中。might与may意思相同,但可能性更小。
—What has happened to George ——乔治发生了什么事
—I don’t know.He may have got lost.——我不知道,他可能迷路了。
3.Chinese people have been coming here for more than a hundred years.
中国人来这里已经一百多年了。
【句式剖析】本句是一个现在完成进行时结构,表示动作从过去某时开始,一直延续到现在,可能刚刚结束,也有可能继续进行下去。
I’m sure you will do better in the test because you have been studying so hard this year.
我确信你将在这次考试中取得更好的成绩,因为这一年里你一直用功学习。
4.It is said that a person who travels far knows more. 人们说读万卷书不如行万里路。
【剖析】It是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句,在主语从句中有一个who引导的定语从句。It is said that...意为“据说……”。
It is thought that...据认为…… It is believed that...人们相信……
It is reported that...据报道…… It is hoped that...人们希望……
It is well-known that...众所周知……
四 、语法 过去分词作表语和状语
1.过去分词作表语的意义
【观察思考】
The girls were amazed to see such an open country.看到这样一个开阔的国家女孩感到惊奇
He seemed quite delighted at the news. 听到那个消息他似乎很高兴。
(3) The door remained unlocked when I went back home.我回家时门仍然未锁。
【探究总结】
过去分词除了放在be动词后,也可放在 remain、seem、get、feel、look、 become等之后作表语,表示主语所处的 状态 (动作/状态)。
2、过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别
【观察思考】
(1) The cup is broken. 杯子破了。(系表结构)
(2) The cup was broken by Tom. 杯子是汤姆打破的。(被动语态)
【探究总结】
过去分词作表语时, 强调主语所处的 状态，而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者, 强调 动作。 (动作/状态)
【应用实践】
翻译句子。 ①门是关着的The door is closed
②门被他关上了。The door was closed by him.
过去分词作表语;常见词汇
作表语的形容词体现的是形容词的特性，位于系动词(如be，get，become，feel，look，seem apear，keep，remain，stay等)之后，表示主语的状态或状况。
amused逗乐的，觉得好笑的 connected连接的
broken碎了的 closed关闭的
completed完成的 astonished吃惊的
covered覆盖的 crowded拥挤的
delighted高兴的 disappointed失望的
discouraged泄气的 dressed穿着的
drunk喝醉的 experienced有经验的
gone遗失的 lost丢失的
worried担忧的 interested感兴趣的
tired疲劳的 pleased高兴的
satisfied满意的 surprised吃惊的
married已婚的 known著名的
confused困惑的 embarrassed尴尬的
They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
They were frightened at the sad sight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
[即学活用]
①He is________(please) with the dish that I have cooked.
②To his teacher，the result of his exam is________(please)．
③He was________(frighten) of going alone into the empty house.
④The situation was________(frighten)，which made people in it________(fright)．
3.感觉类及物动词的动词-ing形式与过去分词作表语的区别
【观察思考】
(1) We were surprised at what he said at the meeting. 我们对他在会上讲的话很是惊讶。
(2)His words were discouraging, and that's why many people were discouraged. 他的话令人泄气,这就是很多人灰心丧气的原因。
(3)His look was puzzled because the problem was puzzling.他的表情很困惑,因为这个问题令人困惑不解。
【探究总结】
过去分词作表语多表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态,常译作“感到…的”;动词-in形式多表示事物具有的特性,常译作“令人……的”
过去分词作状语，可以表示时间、原因_、条件、伴随、让步和结果，相当于一个状语从句或and连接的并列结构。其逻辑主语为主句的主语，且与主句主语构成被动关系。
【应用实践】
(1)_______ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
A. Founding B. Founded C. Found D. It was founded
(2) When _____ for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding. A. asking B. he asking C. asked D. he asked
(3) _____ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
A. Used B. Using C. It is used D. It is using
（4）过去分词短语作状语时在句中的位置
【观察思考】
(1) Told that his mother was ill, Li Lei hurried home. 得知母亲病了,李雷赶紧回家。
(2) The old man walked into the room, supported by his son.老人在儿子的搀扶下走进房间。
【探究总结】 过去分词短语作条件、原因及时间状语时, 通常放在句首 (句首/句末)；作伴随、结果状语时, 通常放在_句末_(句首/句末)；作方式状语时,一般放在句末,有时也放在句首;作让步状语时,一般放在句首,有时也放在句末。
（5）.过去分词短语与动词-ing短语作状语的区别
【观察思考】
(1) Asked why he was late, he cried. 被问到他为什么迟到时,他哭了。
(2) Looking out of the window, I saw some students playing there.
我朝窗外望去,看见几个学生正在那边玩耍。
【探究总结】 过去分词短语与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的___被动 关系,即表示被动; 动词-ing短语与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系,即表示主动。（主谓/动宾）
五、写作小训练
得知你准备去英国旅游, 想了解有关英国的历史文化, 你的英国朋友写了一封简要的介绍文章, 内容包括: 1. 英国地理位置; 2. 英国历史地位。 注意: 词数80左右。
Step 1 写作技巧
1. 词汇提升(短语升级)
The full name of the UK is“The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland”, which is made up of four countries.
→The full name of the UK is“The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland”, which _________four countries.
2. 句式多变 (过去分词短语作状语)
The UK lies in the northwest of Europe and is separated from the Europe
Continent by the English Channel.
→__________the northwest of Europe, the UK is separated from the Europe
Continent by the English Channel.
3. 逻辑严谨(补充引导词)
Until today it is still a highly influential world power. Its capital London is
Europe’s largest and most international city.
→Until today it is still a highly influential world power ______ capital
London is Europe’s largest and most international city.
Step 2 妙笔成篇
The full name of the UK is“The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”, which consists of four countries-England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, among which England is the largest one. Located in the northwest of Europe, the UK is separated from the Europe Continent by the English Channel. As the first industrial country, the UK used to be the strongest country in the world from the 18th century to the early 20th century. Until today it is still a highly influential world power whose capital London is Europe’s largest and most international city.
Unit 4 知识点全面清单
1. airline [ e la n] n. 航空公司international airlines国际航空公司
2. bay [be ] n. 海或湖的 ) 湾 a parking bay停车位
3. craft [krɑ ft] n. 手艺 ; 工艺 ; 技艺 the writer's craft写作技巧
4. antique [ n ti k] n. 古物 ; 古董 a. 古老的 ; 古董的an antique shop古董店
5. pleasant [ pleznt] a. 令人愉快的 ; 友好的 please vt.使高兴;使满意 pleased adj.高兴的;满意的 pleasing adj.令人愉快的 pleasure n.愉悦;快乐 She was very pleased with her exam results.她对自己的考试成绩非常满意。
6. arise [ ra z] vi.( arose,arisen) 起身 ; 出现 ; 由 … 起 arise from/out of 由……引起/产生;从……中产生 The country’s present difficulties arise from/out of the shortage of petroleum.这个国家当前的困境是由石油短缺造成的【温馨提示】arise为不及物动词,表示“出现,发生时’如果主是,argument,argument,difficulty,misunderstanding,problem
quarrel,trouble等抽象名词,无被动语态。
原形 过去式 过去分词 现在分词
arise (vi. ) 出现; 发生 arose arisen arising
rise (vi. ) 升起; 起身; 增长; 上升 rose risen rising
raise (vt. ) 举起; 唤起; 提高; 饲养 raised raised raising
①As is known to us, the sun ____ in the east and sets in the west.
②_______people’s awareness of protecting the environment, we launched a campaign.
7. massive [ m s v] a巨大的 ; 非常严重的a massive rock a massive heart attack
8. literally [ l t r li] ad. 字面上 ; 真正地 literal a 字面上的; 原义的;
9. breath [breθ] n. 呼吸的空气 .(1)hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸
catch one’s breath喘息;恢复正常呼吸 lose one’s breath喘不过气来
take a deep breath深呼吸take sb’s breath away令人惊叹 out of breath上气不接下气
10. take sb ’ s breath away 令人惊叹They took a taxi to Lake Louise, where the blue water literally took their breath away with its exceptional beauty
11. bound [breθ] a. 准备前往 ( 某地 ); 一定会 be bound to do一定会做……;注定会做…… be bound for准备去…… When you are dealing with so many problems,mistakes are bound to happen. 当你处理那么多问题的时候,肯定会出错。
①Children are bound __(meet) with setbacks as they grow up, so their parents don’t have to worry about it. ②He got on a Russian plane bound ___ Berlin.
12. scenery [ si n ri] n 风景 ; 景色 The scenery is magnificent.景色壮丽。
13. awesome [ s m] a. 令人惊叹的 可怕的 ; 很好的 an awesome sight惊人的奇观
14. spectacular [spek t kj l (r)] a. 壮观的 ; 壮丽的 ; 惊人的 n. 壮丽的场面 ; 精彩的表演spectacular scenery壮丽的景色
15. peak [pi k] n.顶峰 ; 山峰 ; 尖形at the peak of her career.在她职业生涯的巅峰时期a mountain peak山峰
16. highlight [ ha la t] n.最精彩的部分 vt. 突出 ; 强调 ; 使醒目The highlights of the match will be shown later this evening.比赛最精彩的片段将于今晚稍后播出。
18. grizzly bear [ gr zli be (r)] n. 灰熊
19. drill [dr l] vi. ＆ vt. 钻 ( 孔 ); 打 ( 眼 )n. 钻 ( 头 ); 训练 ; 演习a hand drill手钻a fire drill消防演习
20. freezing [ fri z ] a. 极冷的 ; 冰冻的 freeze vi. ＆ vt.( froze,frozen) 结冰 ;( 使 ) 冻住 frozen adj.冷冻的;冷藏的 freezer n.冰柜;冷冻室 It’s so cold that even the river has frozen.天气冷得河都封冻了。 ①It isfreezing outside now, and more snow is falling on already frozen streets. (freeze) ②Between the outside and the inside walls of the bowl, there is some jelly, whichfreezes (freeze) when cooled.
23. mall [m l] n. also shopping mall 购物商场 ; 购物广场
24. prairie [ pre ri] n. 北美草原
25. anticipate [ pre ri] vt. 预料 ; 预见 ; 期望 .anticipate problems/difficulties预见问题/困难 anticipate doing sth预料做某事 It is anticipated that.. 人们预料It is anticipated that the research will have many different practical applications.预计这项研究将有许多不同的实际应用。
26. bunch [b nt ] n. 束 ; 串 ; 捆 bunches （扎在头两侧的）发辫 She wore her hair in bunches.她梳着两条辫子。
27. a bunch of 一束 ; 一串 ; 一群 ; 大量 a bunch of keys 一串钥匙
28. thunder [ θ nd (r)] vi. 打雷 ; 轰隆隆地响 n. 雷声 ; 轰隆声a roll of thunder
雷声隆隆Thunder crashed in the sky.霹雳在空中炸响。
29. frost [fr st] n. 霜 ; 严寒天气 ; 霜冻 vt. 使蒙上霜 .结霜a sharp/hard/severe frost酷寒frost damage霜冻害
30. curtain [ k rtn] n. 窗帘 draw/pull/close the curtains把窗帘拉上
31. border [ b d (r)] n.国界 ; 边界 ( 地区 ) a border town/state边疆的城镇 / 州
32. duration [dju re n] n. 持续时间 ; 期 a contract of three years' duration
三年期的合同
33. harbor [ hɑ b ] n. ( 海 ) 港 ; 港口 at this harbor在这个港口
34. enroll [ n r l] vi. ＆ vt.( 使 ) 加入 ; 注册 ; 登记 The school will enroll new students in August. 这所学校将于八月份招收新生.
35. quarry [ kw ri] n. 采石场
36. idiom [ di m] n. 习语 ; 成语 ;风格It was an old building in the local idiom.
这是一座具有当地特色的古建筑.
37. contrary [ k ntr ri , k n tre ri] a. 相反的 ; 相对立的 n. 相反的事实
38. contrary to 相反的 ; 相对立的on the contrary相反
Contrary to expectation,he didn’t win in the contest. 与预期相反,他在竞赛中没有获奖。
anyhow [ eniha ] ad. 无论如何 ( 结東交谈或转换话题时 ) 不过 ; 反正
anyway无论如何；即使如此somehow adv.以某种方式；不知怎么地
somewhat adv.有点；有几分
40. alongside [ l sa d] prep 在 … 旁边 ; 与 … 一起 ad 在旁边
41. proceed [pr si d] vi. 行进 ; 继续做 proceed with sth继续做某事
proceed to do sth继续做某事proceed towards/to朝……行进 We’re not sure whether we
still want to proceed with the sale.我们不确定是否还要继续促销。
43. shore [ (r)] n. 岸 ; 滨a rocky/sandy shore岩 / 沙岸a house on the shores of the lake湖畔的房子
44. astonish [ st n ] vt. 使十分惊讶 ; 使吃惊 （1）It astonishes sb that...令某人惊讶的是……(2)astonishing adj.令人惊讶的 astonished adj.感到惊讶的
be astonished at/by sth因/对某事感到惊讶 be astonished to do sth对做某事感到惊讶
astonishment n.惊讶to one’s astonishment使某人惊奇的是
知识微练】①It was __________ (astonish) that she should accept such a challenging job.
②To our great __________, he wasn’t __________ at the __________ news at all. (astonish)
45. misty [ m sti] a. 多雾的 ; 模糊的a misty morning薄雾弥漫的早晨
46. mist n. 薄雾 ; 水汽 in mist .在雾中
47. steel [sti l] n. 钢 ; 钢铁工业the iron and steel industry钢铁工业
48. dusk [d sk] n. 黄昏 ; 傍晚at dusk .
49. advertisement[ d v t sm nt] n 广告 ; 启事 advertise vt.& vi.为……做广告;做广告 advertiser n.广告商;广告人员 If you want to attract more customers,try advertising in the local paper. 如果你想要吸引更多顾客,就试试在当地报纸登广告。
50. accent [ ksent; ks nt] n. 口音a strong/broad accent浓重的口音
51. photographer [f t ɡr f (r)] n. 摄影师 ; 拍照者
52. owe [ ] vt. 欠 ( 账、债、情等 ).owe sth to sb 欠(某人情);把……归功于某人
owe it to sb that...把……归功于某人owing to因为;由于
I owe a debt of gratitude to all my family. 我很感激我的家人。
①It is owing to his optimism and perseverance that he was admitted into Peking University.
正是他的乐观和坚持使他被北京大学录取。
②I must say I owe all the achievements to the encouragement and help from you.
我必须说我所有的成就源于你的鼓励和帮助
53 toast[t st] n. 烤面包片 ; 吐司 ; 干杯vt. 为 … 干杯 vi 烤 ( 尤指面包 )a
piece of toast一块烤面包片wo slices/rounds of toast两片 / 两整片烤面包片
We toasted the success of the new company.我们为新公司的成功干杯。
54. cobblestone [ kɑb l ston] a. 铺有鹅卵石的
55. coherent [k h r nt] a. 有条理的 ; 清楚易懂的
二、重点短语
1..a number of “许多”,后接可数名词的复数形式。 He has a number of interests,ranging from playing chess to swimming.他的爱好很多,下棋、游泳都有涉猎。
“a number of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数形式;“the number of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
2.would rather宁愿,宁可; I would rather travel by train than by plane. 我宁愿乘火车也不愿乘飞机旅行.
(2)or rather更确切地说
other than除……之外(常用于否定句中) more than超过;多于 The form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself.这个表格不能由除你以外的任何人签字。
【提示】rather than连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。
3...in表示在某范围内,on指与某地毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外。
Changchun is in the northeast of China.长春在中国的东北部。(范围之内)
Mongolia is on the north of China.蒙古在中国的北面。(范围之外,接壤)
Japan is to the east of China.日本在中国的东面。(范围之外,不接壤)
【拓展】off表示“离……一些距离”或“离……不远的海上”。New Zealand lies off the eastern coast of Australia.新西兰位于澳大利亚的东海岸。(离开一段距离)
三、重点句型、句式
1.It was not until 9:30 a.m.that they finally reached the capital of Ontario,Toronto.
直到上午9时30分,他们才终于到达多伦多的首府安大略省。
【剖析】本句是一个强调句,强调的是句子的时间状语until 9:30。含有not...until...的句子的强调句为It is not until...that...,that后面的句子要用肯定形式。
2.They must have spent a pleasant evening together.他们在一起一定度过了一个愉快的夜晚。
【剖析】句中的must have been是must have done结构,表示对过去事情的肯定推测,译成“过去一定做过某事”,该结构只用于肯定句。
You must have read widely and put a lot of work into it.你过去一定进行了广泛阅读并投入了大量的工作。
【拓展】
(1)表示对过去发生的事情否定或疑问的推测要用can或could。
Mr Smith can’t have gone to Beijing,for I saw him in the library just now.
史密斯先生不可能去北京了,我刚才还在图书馆见过他。
(2)may/might have done也可表示对发生过的事情的推测,意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”,用于肯定句中。might与may意思相同,但可能性更小。
—What has happened to George ——乔治发生了什么事
—I don’t know.He may have got lost.——我不知道,他可能迷路了。
3.Chinese people have been coming here for more than a hundred years.
中国人来这里已经一百多年了。
【句式剖析】本句是一个现在完成进行时结构,表示动作从过去某时开始,一直延续到现在,可能刚刚结束,也有可能继续进行下去。
I’m sure you will do better in the test because you have been studying so hard this year.
我确信你将在这次考试中取得更好的成绩,因为这一年里你一直用功学习。
4.It is said that a person who travels far knows more. 人们说读万卷书不如行万里路。
【剖析】It是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句,在主语从句中有一个who引导的定语从句。It is said that...意为“据说……”。
It is thought that...据认为…… It is believed that...人们相信……
It is reported that...据报道…… It is hoped that...人们希望……
It is well-known that...众所周知……
四 、语法 过去分词作表语和状语
1.过去分词作表语的意义
【观察思考】
The girls were amazed to see such an open country.看到这样一个开阔的国家女孩感到惊奇
He seemed quite delighted at the news. 听到那个消息他似乎很高兴。
(3) The door remained unlocked when I went back home.我回家时门仍然未锁。
【探究总结】
过去分词除了放在be动词后,也可放在 remain、seem、get、feel、look、 become等之后作表语,表示主语所处的 状态 (动作/状态)。
2、过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别
【观察思考】
(1) The cup is broken. 杯子破了。(系表结构)
(2) The cup was broken by Tom. 杯子是汤姆打破的。(被动语态)
【探究总结】
过去分词作表语时, 强调主语所处的 状态，而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者, 强调 动作。 (动作/状态)
【应用实践】
翻译句子。 ①门是关着的The door is closed
②门被他关上了。The door was closed by him.
过去分词作表语;常见词汇
作表语的形容词体现的是形容词的特性，位于系动词(如be，get，become，feel，look，seem apear，keep，remain，stay等)之后，表示主语的状态或状况。
amused逗乐的，觉得好笑的 connected连接的
broken碎了的 closed关闭的
completed完成的 astonished吃惊的
covered覆盖的 crowded拥挤的
delighted高兴的 disappointed失望的
discouraged泄气的 dressed穿着的
drunk喝醉的 experienced有经验的
gone遗失的 lost丢失的
worried担忧的 interested感兴趣的
tired疲劳的 pleased高兴的
satisfied满意的 surprised吃惊的
married已婚的 known著名的
confused困惑的 embarrassed尴尬的
They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
They were frightened at the sad sight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
[即学活用]
①He is________(please) with the dish that I have cooked.
②To his teacher，the result of his exam is________(please)．
③He was________(frighten) of going alone into the empty house.
④The situation was________(frighten)，which made people in it________(fright)．
3.感觉类及物动词的动词-ing形式与过去分词作表语的区别
【观察思考】
(1) We were surprised at what he said at the meeting. 我们对他在会上讲的话很是惊讶。
(2)His words were discouraging, and that's why many people were discouraged. 他的话令人泄气,这就是很多人灰心丧气的原因。
(3)His look was puzzled because the problem was puzzling.他的表情很困惑,因为这个问题令人困惑不解。
【探究总结】
过去分词作表语多表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态,常译作“感到…的”;动词-in形式多表示事物具有的特性,常译作“令人……的”
过去分词作状语，可以表示时间、原因_、条件、伴随、让步和结果，相当于一个状语从句或and连接的并列结构。其逻辑主语为主句的主语，且与主句主语构成被动关系。
【应用实践】
(1)_______ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
A. Founding B. Founded C. Found D. It was founded
(2) When _____ for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding. A. asking B. he asking C. asked D. he asked
(3) _____ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
A. Used B. Using C. It is used D. It is using
（4）过去分词短语作状语时在句中的位置
【观察思考】
(1) Told that his mother was ill, Li Lei hurried home. 得知母亲病了,李雷赶紧回家。
(2) The old man walked into the room, supported by his son.老人在儿子的搀扶下走进房间。
【探究总结】 过去分词短语作条件、原因及时间状语时, 通常放在句首 (句首/句末)；作伴随、结果状语时, 通常放在_句末_(句首/句末)；作方式状语时,一般放在句末,有时也放在句首;作让步状语时,一般放在句首,有时也放在句末。
（5）.过去分词短语与动词-ing短语作状语的区别
【观察思考】
(1) Asked why he was late, he cried. 被问到他为什么迟到时,他哭了。
(2) Looking out of the window, I saw some students playing there.
我朝窗外望去,看见几个学生正在那边玩耍。
【探究总结】 过去分词短语与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的___被动 关系,即表示被动; 动词-ing短语与句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系,即表示主动。（主谓/动宾）
五、写作小训练
得知你准备去英国旅游, 想了解有关英国的历史文化, 你的英国朋友写了一封简要的介绍文章, 内容包括: 1. 英国地理位置; 2. 英国历史地位。 注意: 词数80左右。
Step 1 写作技巧
1. 词汇提升(短语升级)
The full name of the UK is“The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland”, which is made up of four countries.
→The full name of the UK is“The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland”, which _________four countries.
2. 句式多变 (过去分词短语作状语)
The UK lies in the northwest of Europe and is separated from the Europe
Continent by the English Channel.
→__________the northwest of Europe, the UK is separated from the Europe
Continent by the English Channel.
3. 逻辑严谨(补充引导词)
Until today it is still a highly influential world power. Its capital London is
Europe’s largest and most international city.
→Until today it is still a highly influential world power ______ capital
London is Europe’s largest and most international city.
Step 2 妙笔成篇
The full name of the UK is“The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”, which consists of four countries-England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, among which England is the largest one. Located in the northwest of Europe, the UK is separated from the Europe Continent by the English Channel. As the first industrial country, the UK used to be the strongest country in the world from the 18th century to the early 20th century. Until today it is still a highly influential world power whose capital London is Europe’s largest and most international city.