2022中考初中英语 语法专题一 名词 讲练（含答案）

语法专题一　名词
命题点1　名词词义辨析
名词词义辨析旨在考查学生在具体的语境中运用名词的能力。做题的关键是读懂语境，理解词义。
考法 　同类名词词义辨析
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1．(2021·山东济南学考)—What would you like, sir
—A cup of ________， please.
A．potato B．coffee
C．banana D．hamburger
2．(2020·山东济南学考)—What kind of ________ does your daughter like
—Tomatoes and potatoes.
A．fruits B．meat
C．vegetables D．drinks
3．(2019·山东济南学考)I'm going to the ________ tomorrow. I want to borrow a few books about science.
A．museum B．library
C．mountain D．hospital
4．(2018·山东济南学考)—Betty, would you like something to eat
—Yes. I'd like some________， please.
A．fish B．pear
C．water D．apple
5．(2017·山东济南学考)Helen doesn't like ________. She likes fruit and vegetables.
A．pear B．meat
C．carrot D．tomato
6．(2017·山东济南学考)—Jim is very sick. We must find a doctor.
—Let's take him to the nearest ________．
A．bank B．hospital
C．station D．restaurant
7．(2016·山东济南学考)—Mike, what club do you want to join
—Well, I want to join the ________ club. I love painting.
A．chess B．sports
C．art D．English
8．(2016·山东济南学考)—Excuse me. Is there a ________ near here I want to buy some drinks.
—Yes. Go along the street, and it's on your left.
A．zoo B．school
C．supermarket D．museum
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选词填空。
9．(2021·湖北武汉中考改编)The idiom(成语) “Mengzi's mother makes three moves” tells of a mother who did all she could to provide the best ________(environment/society) for her child.
10．(2021·浙江温州中考改编)Mike, a 7 year old boy, has a great talent for ________(art/music). He can draw nice pictures though he has never learned it.
11．(2021·天津中考)His beautiful music has brought ________ to people all over the world.
A．difficulty B．pleasure
C．weather D．danger
12．(2021·云南中考)Hi, Mom is a moving film. It has been on for several months in the ________．
A．museum B．bank
C．library D．cinema
13．(2021·江苏扬州中考)—We can always find something good in a bad ________ if we look for it.
—It's so true. Let's make full use of what comes.
A．situation B．direction
C．instruction D．competition
14．(2021·江西中考)Your leg looks really bad! I think you should send for a ________ about that.
A．pilot B．doctor C．singer D．postman
15．(2021·广西河池中考)—Lisa, could you help me buy some ________ on your way home
—OK, Mom.
A．egg B．beef
C．banana D．potato
考法 　不同类名词词义辨析
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1．(2018·山东济南学考)—What's your favorite ________？　
—I really love koalas very much.
A．sport B．animal C．subject D．vegetable
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2．(2021·甘肃武威中考)If the weather is nice, we could have a(n) ________ in the park.
A．picnic B．chance C．place D．idea
3．(2021·内蒙古包头中考)—Look! Mike does so well in his speech.
—Yes, he has a(n) ________ for public speaking.
A．eye B．gift
C．answer D．attention
命题点2　名词的数
1．可数名词
(1)可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，如stamp, stamps。
(2)可数名词可以被基数词、不定冠词(a/an)、many等修饰，如two tables, a girl, many books。
2．不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不可以被基数词或不定冠词(a/an)直接修饰，若表示数量，可用量词修饰。
(1)具体的量：数词＋表数量的名词＋of＋不可数名词a piece of bread一片面包
ten kilos of bamboo十千克竹子
(2)大概的量：表示量的限定词(用some, much, little, a little, a lot of等表示)＋不可数名词
some fruit一些水果
a lot of food许多食物
3．部分名词既可作可数名词又可以作不可数名词，但意义有所不同。例如：
名词 可数 不可数 名词 可数 不可数
chicken 小鸡 鸡肉 paper 报纸、文件 纸
fish 鱼 鱼肉 experience 经历 经验
orange 橙子 橙汁 room 房间 空间
fruit 水果(种类) 水果(总称) time 次数、倍数 时间
glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 life 生命 生活
light 电灯 光 work 作品 工作
【命题专家点拨】
可数名词复数形式的变化规则
种类 变化 例词
一般情况 加 s cake→cakesstudent→studentsbed→bedscomputer→computers
以s, x, sh, ch等结尾的词 加 es bus→busesclass→classeswatch→watchesbox→boxes
以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为i，再加 es baby→babiescity→citiescountry→countrieslady→ladies
以元音字母加y结尾的词 加 s toy→toysmonkey→monkeyskey→keys
以f(fe)结尾的词 变f(fe)为v，再加 es leaf→leaveswolf→wolvesknife→kniveslife→lives
以o结尾的词 表示有生命的名词，在词尾加 es tomato→tomatoespotato→potatoeshero→heroes
表示无生命的名词，在词尾加 s photo→photosradio→radioszoo→zoospiano→pianos
不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 woman→womenfoot→feettooth→teeth
单复数形式相同 sheep→sheepdeer→deer Chinese→ChineseJapanese→Japanese
其他形式 mouse→micechild→children
命题点3　名词所有格
名词所有格对判断句子含义，理解文章起到重要作用。
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名词所有格表示人或物的所有关系，有以下几种形式：
1．表示有生命的人或动物的名词所有格在单数名词后加“ 's”。
Mike's father 迈克的父亲
2．在以s结尾的复数名词之后只加“ '”。
my parents' hometown我父母的故乡
3．表示几个人共同拥有某物时，只在最后一个人名后加“ 's”；表示各自所有时，则需要在每个人名后都加“ 's”。　
Mary and Kate's room玛丽和凯特的房间(共有)
Jane's and Tom's books简和汤姆的书(各自所有)
4．在表示“店铺”“某某家”“诊所”的名词所有格后面，一般省去被修饰的表示地点的名词。
at the barber's (shop) 在理发店
at the doctor's (office) 在医院
5．表示无生命的事物的名词所有格，通常是由“of＋名词”构成。
the gate of the school学校的大门
the center of the city 市中心
6．表示时间、距离、城市、团体等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾加“ 's”构成所有格。
the future of China/China's future 中国的未来
the group's name/the name of the group 团体的名字
7．双重所有格。
英语中名词所有格有时可以在前面加of构成短语，这种结构称为双重所有格。
双重所有格有两种形式： of＋名词所有格； of＋名词性物主代词
a friend of my sister's 我姐姐的一个朋友
a dictionary of mine我的一部词典
参考答案
【命题点1】
考法1　1～5 BCBAB　6～8 BCC　9.environment　10.art
11～15 BDABB
考法2　1～3 BAB