2022年高考英语语法--高效提升学案（含答案 20份打包）

2022年高考英语语法--动词的时态和语态及解题指导
动词的时态常和语态、主谓一致结合在一起进行考查。然而,英语时态多达16种,常用的也有8种之多,且近几年的高考在考查时态时,形式灵活多样,多体现在上下文语境中,且融多个考点于一题, 这样无形中增加了试题的难度。其实，纵观近几年的时态语态题，我们不难发现其命题的三个角度：一是直接给定时间状语，考生可直接根据所给时间状语作出选择;二是给定时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根据时间状语进行选择;三是题干中不提供任何时间状语，而给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子，考生必须仔细分析语境，才能作出判断并选择最佳答案。
二、习题练习与技巧点播
答题时，研读题干，搜索出尽可能多的“时间参考信息”，如：haven’t said, was doing等，这些表达中都含有时间信息，发现和有效利用这些信息是解决问题的关键。解决时态和语态问题，要遵循如下解题思路：
① 这个动作可能发生在什么时间 题干句中可参照的时间信息有那些
② 这个动作处于什么时态，是进行中，还是已经结束(完成) 限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些
③ 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动
只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题的答案，试题的正确答案也就水落石出了。具体技巧如下：
(一)根据题干中的时间标志词选择时态
1.---The window is dirty.
--- I know. It ________ for weeks.
A.hasn’t clean 　B.didn’t clean
C.wasn’t cleaned D.hasn’t been cleaned
答案：D 根据时间状语for weeks可知道用现在完成时，表示已经有好几周没擦窗了。并且主语It (即the window)与clean 是被动关系，故选D
2.Scientists think that the continents always where they today.
A.aren’t; are B.aren’t; were C.weren’t; are D.weren’t; were
答案：C 本题考查时态。由第二个空后的时间状语today可知第二个空应使用现在时态，故淘汰B、D两项，又因为句子内容是在不同时期的continents的位置进行对比，因此，应选择C项。
3.They on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we it as no good results have come out so far.
A.had been working; are still working
B.had worked; were still working
C.have worked; were still working D.have worked; are still working
答案：A 此题考查的是时态问题。从before引导的从句中的过去时态可知主句的时态应为过去完成时。故排除C、D。now一词提示用现在进行时，表示“他们一直工作了一周”，强调动作的连续。故答案为A。
4.The country life he was used to greatly since 1992.
A.change B.has changed C.changing D.have changed
答案：B句中有since引导时间状语，这说明主句应为完成时，淘汰A、C。又因主语life为单数，淘汰D项，故选B。
5.With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth each year.
A.is washing away B.is being washed away
C.are washing away D.are being washed away
答案：D句意为“随着更多森林被毁，每年有许多良田被冲”。本题考查主谓一致及被动语态问题。a large quantity of /large quantities of 后既可以加不可数名词也可以加复数名词，其谓语动词与quantity的数保持一致。
6.--________David and Vicky ________married
--For about three years.
A.How long were;being B.How long have;got
C.How long have;been D.How long did;get
答案C 从答语For about three years判断，该题问的是动作持续了多久，用现在完成时，排除A、D选项。get married强调的是结婚这一动作，不能延续，排除B。be married表示已婚的状态，可以延续。
[命题角度]
动词时态须与句中时间状语一致。高考题常在题干中加入具体情景,以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力。
[应对策略]
敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境,选择出正确的动词时态。
(二)根据主从句时态呼应的原则选择时态
7.When the old man to walk back to his house, the sun itself behind the mountain.
A.started; had already hidden B.had started; had already hidden
C.had started; was hiding D.was starting; hid
答案：A 此题考查的是时态问题。此题句意为“当老人开始往家走时，太阳已经下山了”。太阳落山的动作发生在开始往家走之前，即从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时。故选A。
8.--- What would you do if it tomorrow
--- We have to carry it on , since we’ve got everything ready .
A.rain B.rains C.will rain D.is raining
答案：B 在条件状语从句(if，as long as，even if)、时间状语从句(when，until，before，the moment…)中往往用一般现在时表示将来。
9.They on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we it as no good results have come out so far.
A.had been working; are still working B.had worked; were still working
C.have worked; were still working D.have worked; are still working
答案：A 此题考查的是时态问题。从before引导的从句中的过去时态可知主句的时态应为过去完成时。故排除C、D。now一词提示用现在进行时，表示“他们一直工作了一周”，强调动作的连续。故答案为A。
10.As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when and see him.
A.you will come B.will you come C.you come D.do you come
答案：A本题考查宾语从句的语序和时态。根据宾语从句应使用陈述语序，淘汰B、D 两项，又因为宾语从句come和see发生的时间为将来的动作就直接选用将来时态。只有在状语从句中才可以用一般现在时表示将来的动作，而宾语从句中不可，因此淘汰C。
[命题角度]
近年来的高考试题一般不再单纯考查主从句的时态呼应,而是将其放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查,也会结合强调结构等其它语法现象进行考查。
[应对策略]
在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点:
①在时间、条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时态表示一般将来时态,一般过去时态表示过去将来时态,用现在完成时态表示将来完成时态。
② 正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。
③ 解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则: 如果主句动词为现在时态,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态; 如果主句动词为过去时态,则从句动词须用合适的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时态)。
(三)根据具体的语言环境选择时态
11.Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science_________ that people who don’t sleep well will soon get ill.
A.showed B.will show C.has shown D.is showing
答案：C用现在完成时，关键词是recent。
12.The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I before.
A.was having B.have C.have ever had D.had ever had
答案：C在句子的情景中,表示“从来没有尝过这么美味的咖啡”。故选C
13.(05全国)The hero’s story differently in the newspapers.
A.was reported B.was reporting C.reports D.reported
答案：A句意为“那位英雄的故事与在报纸上报道的不一样”。根据句意可判断英雄的事迹被报道为过去的事，所以用过去时的某个语态，排除C项;B、D两项为主动语态，不符合题干要求。
14.Now that she is out of job, Lucy ______ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A.had considered B.has been considering
C.considered D.is going to consider
答案：B 根据所提供的情景but she hasn’t decided yet 说明了Lucy 还在考虑这件事，要用现在完成进行时，表示动作还在继续。
[命题角度]
近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化。
[应对策略]
捕捉信息,理解情境,综合运用,灵活答题。2022年高考英语语法解析--动词不定式的用法
　　1 不定式作宾语
　　动词+ 不定式
　　afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake
　　The driver failed to see the other car in time.　司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
　　I happen to know the answer to your question.　我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
　　2) 动词+不定式;动词+宾语+不定式
　　ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish
　　I like to keep everything tidy.　我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
　　I like you to keep everything tidy.　我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
　　I want to speak to Tom.　 我想和汤姆谈话。
　　I want you to speak to Tom.　 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
　　3) 动词+疑问词+ to
　　decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
　　Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
　　There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
　　注意
　　疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
　　2. 不定式作补语
　　1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
　　advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn
　　a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.　父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
　　b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
　　Find 的特殊用法
　　Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
　　I found him lying on the ground.
　　I found it important to learn.
　　I found that to learn English is important.
　　典型例题
　　The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
　　A. lying　 B. lie　 C. lay　 D. laying
　　答案：A. find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
　　2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
　　acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find,　guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
　　We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
　　典型例题
　　Charles Babbage is generally considered　___ the first computer.
　　A. to invent　B. inventing　 C. to have invented　 D. having invented
　　答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
　　3) to be +形容词
　　seen, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean
　　The book is believed to be uninteresting.　人们认为这本书没什么意思。
　　4) there be+不定式
　　believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, understand
　　We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
　　注意
　　有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
　　We regard Tom as our best teacher.　我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
　　Mary took him as her father .　玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
　　1) It's easy (for me) to do that. 我做这事太容易了。
　　easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
　　the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
　　It's so nice to hear your voice.　听到你的声音真高兴。
　　It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
　　2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
　　kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
　　It was silly of us to believe him.　我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
　　It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.　他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
　　注意
　　1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
　　2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
　　3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型
　　(对)To see is to believe.　百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.
　　It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
　　1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult,　 interesting, impossible等：
　　It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
　　2) of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
　　It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
　　for 与of 的辨别方法
　　用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：You are nice.　(通顺，所以应用of)。He is hard.　(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
　　4. 不定式作表语
　　不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
　　My work is to clean the room every day.
　　His dream is to be a doctor.
　　5. 不定式作定语
　　不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
　　I have a lot of work to do.
　　So he made some candles to give light.2022年高考英语语法解析--动词时态考查热点透视
近几年高考试题侧重对动词各种用法的考查，其中又以考查动词时态为重中之重。为了帮助同学们备考，以试题，对高考常考的时态的概念及考点进行分析归纳。
一、对一般现在时的考查
1)考查其基本概念：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对同学们进行干扰。如：
1. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which ________ the Pacific, and we met no storm.
A. was called B. is called
C. had been called
D. has been called
2. Although he has lived with us for years, he ___ us much impression.
A. hadn’t left
B. didn’t leave
C. doesn’t leave
D. hasn’t left
2)考查一般现在时的替代用法：在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before 等引导的时间状语从句，在以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：
3. — What would you do if it _____ tomorrow
— We have to carry it on ,since we’ve got everything ready.
A. rain B. rains
C. will rain D. is raining
二、对一般过去时的考查
一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。如：
4. More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent
B. were sent
C. had sent
D. had been sent
三、对现在进行时的考查
现在进行时由“be+现在分词”，被动结构为“am\is\are+being+过去分词”构成。如：
5. — What’s the terrible noise
— The neighbours ____ for a party.
A. have prepared
B. are preparing
C. prepare
D. will prepare
注①表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词have, hear, see, like, contain, belong to, have on, understand, know 等一般不用进行时。
②进行时与always, often, forever, constantly等连用，表示一种感情(如赞扬、厌烦等)。
③现在进行时与一般现在时的区别是：前者表示动作的暂时性而后者表示动作的长期性。
四、对过去进行时的考查
1)把过去进行时放在when, while, as 等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景;动作时间短的用一般过去时，表达新的信息。
6. —You were out when I dropped in at your house.
—Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport.
A. was waiting
B. had waited
C. am waiting
D. have waited
2)把过去进行时放在某特定的语境中考查。
7. —Has Sam finished his homework today
—I have no idea. He ____ it this morning.
A. did B. has done
C. was doing D. had done
3)考查过去进行时与一般过去时的比较。
8. Shirely ________ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote
C. had written
D. was writing
五、对现在完成时的考查
1)现在完成时不仅表示动作在说话之前已经完成，而且强调动作对现在的影响或表示经验。
9. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents ____ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.
A. were deciding
B. have decided
C. decided
D. will decide
10. Millions of pounds’ worth of damage ___by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.
A. has been caused
B. had been caused
C. will be caused
D. will have been caused
2)现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并有可能继续下去，常与for或since 等短语连用。如：
11. —The window is dirty.
— I know. It ________ for weeks.
A. hasn’t cleaned
B. didn’t clean
C. wasn’t cleaned
D. hasn’t been cleaned
注：由终止性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy, borrow, see等构成的完成时不能与for或since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。如：I haven’t met him for two years.
3)考查现在完成时与一般过去式的区别：一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式等，与现在不发生联系，且句中一般有表示过去的时间状语;而现在完成时只说明现在的情况，对现在有影响。如：
12. —Where _________ the recorder I can’t see it anywhere.
— I ____ it right here. But now it’s gone.
A. did you put; have put
B. have you put; put
C. had you put; was putting
D. were you putting; put
六、对现在完成进行时的考查
现在完成进行时是由“have / has been+现在分词”构成，表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。它与现在完成时的区别如下：
1)现在完成时强调的是完成的动作，而现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作，这个动作刚停止或仍在继续。如：
I have written an article. (已完成)
I have been writing an article. (还在写)
2)有些延续性动词，如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay等因现在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。如：
I have lived here for ten years. = I have been living here for ten years.
另外注意的是：表短暂动作的动词(finish, marry, get up, come, go等)一般不能用现在完成进行时。
13. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ____ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. had considered
B. has been considering
C. considered
D. is going to consider
七、对过去完成时态的考查
过去完成时，经常以“过去”为背景，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，常用此时态。如：
14. — George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding
—No, I ___. Did they have a big wedding
A. was not invited
B. have not been invited
C. hadn’t been invited
D. didn’t invite
过去完成时的常见考点有：
1)把过去完成时放在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。如：
15. When the old man ___ to walk back to his house, the sun ___ itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden
B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding
D. was starting; hid
2) 把过去完成时放在by + 时间点或by the time + 从句的句子里考查。如：
16. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium ___ in Beijing.
A. would be completed
B. was being completed
C. hasn’t been completed
D. had been completed
3)把过去完成时放在scarcely (hardly)…when…和no sooner…than结构中考查。
17. He____ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.
A. has no sooner got
B. no sooner got
C. will no sooner get
D. had no sooner got
4)把过去完成时放在主句是过去式的宾语从句中考查。如：
18. —Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
—Oh! I thought they ___ without me.
A. went B. are going
C. have gone D. had gone
5)表愿望的动词think, hope, want, mean 等动词用过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的打算或意图。如：
19. Tom ____ of visiting his grandmother, but the bad weather made him change his mind.
A. has thought B. thought
C. had thought
D. had been thought
6)把过去完成时放在某些固定句式中考查。如：“It was + 时间段 + since引导的从句”和“It was the first time + 从句”等.
20. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I____ a good drink.
A. had enjoyed
B. was enjoying
C. enjoyed
D. had been enjoyed
八、对将来时态的考查
一般将来时的谓语动词形式有be going to+动词原形;will / shall+ 动词原形; be to + 动词原形所在的句中一般有时间状语;但be about to do不可与段时间状语连用。
常见考点如下：
1)把将来时放在祈使句中考查。由于祈使句具有假设条件意义，后一分句在这一条件下要产生的结果，所以要用将来时。如：
21. Let’s keep to the point or we ____ any decisions.
A. will never reach
B. have never reached
C. never reach
D. never reached
2)某些移动性动词或趋向动词如leave, start, go ,arrive, come, stay，finish等用进行时可表示将来意义。如：
22. —Are you still busy
—Yes, I ____ my work, and it won’t take long.
A. just finish
B. am just finishing
C. have just finished
D. am just going to finish
3)考查“be going to+动词原形”与“will + 动词原形”的区别：前者表示已经决定或安排要做的事，而后者表示“临时决定去做某事”。如：
23. — Did you tell Julia about the result
—Oh, no, I forgot. I ______ her now.
A. will be calling
B. will call
C. am going to call
D. am to call
4)考查“be going to+动词原形”可表示有某迹象表明必然或很可能发生的事情。如：
24. Look at these clouds.
______.
A. It’ll rain
B. It’s going to rain
C. It’ll be raining
D. It is to rain
5)考查将来进行时的用法，表示将来一段具体时间内正在进行的动作。
25. At this time tomorrow _______ over the Atlantic.
A. we’re going to fly
B. we’ll be flying
C. we’ll fly
D. we’re to fly
6)考查将来完成时的用法，指将来某一时刻已完成的动作，用于将来完成时的时间状语如下：
by the time+从句;by the end of + 将来时间的名词;by+将来时间名词等。
26. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt ______ for London to attend a meeting.
A. will leave B. leaves
C. will have left D. left2022年高中英语语法总结：反意疑问句
1.当陈述部分的主语是I，而句子又用来征询对方的意见时，附加疑问句中的主语用you。如：
I find English very interesting, don’t you
I don’t like that film, do you
2.当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, nobody, no one, somebody等合成代词时，附加疑问句中的主语通常用they。但亦可用he，尤其是nobody, no one等作主语，具有否定概念时。如：
Somebody phoned while I was out, didn’t they
Everyone enjoyed the party, didn’t they
Nobody wants to go there, does he
3.当陈述部分的主语是不定代词everything, nothing, anything, something时，附加 疑问句中的主语一般用it，不用they。如：
Everything seems all right now, doesn’t it
Nothing is kept in good order, is it
Something must be done to stop pollution, isn’t it
4.当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this, that或these, those时，附加疑问句中的主语分别用it和they。如：
This is important, isn’t it
That isn’t correct, is it
These are your friends Tom and Jack, aren’t they
5.如果陈述部分是以代词one作主语，附加疑问句中的主语在正式场合用one，非正式场合用you,在美国英语中，在非正式场合还可以用he。如：
One can’t be too careful, can one 或can you
One should do his duty, shouldn’t he
6.如果陈述部分用I’m…结构，附加疑问部分一般用aren’t I。如：
I am strong and healthy aren’t I。
7.当陈述句为there be结构时，附加疑问句中的主语也用there。如：
There’s no help for it, is there
There’s something wrong, isn’t there
8.陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如：
Bob rarely got drunk, did he
Few people know him, do they
She seldom goes to the cinema, does she
如果陈述部分的否定词带有否定前缀，那么，该陈述部分作肯定处理，附加疑问部分一般仍用否定形式。如：
He was unsuccessful, wasn’t he
Tom dislikes the book, doesn’t he
9.当陈述部分为主从复合句时，附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。如：
She says that I did it, doesn’t she
I told them not everybody could do it ,didn’t I
但当陈述部分的主语是I，谓语是think, believe, suppose, expect这类动词时，附加疑问部分则往往与从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。
I suppose that he’s serious isn’t he
I don’t think she cares, does she
10.当陈述部分是并列句，附加疑问句则需和就近的分句的主语和谓语一致。如：
Xiao Lin has been writing letters all afternoon but he should finish them now, shouldn’t he
11.在由“祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, won’t you, would you,有时也可用can you, can’t you, why don’t you, could you等。如：
Don’t open the door, will you
Give me some cigarettes, can you
Take a rest, why don’t you
但是，以let’s开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句，如果含义是allow us，不包括听话人在内，疑问部分用will you。如：
Let’s have a basketball match this afternoon, shall we
Let us go out for a rest, will you
12.当陈述部分带有情态动词must表示“必须”时，疑问部分用mustn’t。如：
You must work hard next term, mustn’t you
I must answer the letter, mustn’t I
但若表推测这层含义时，不能用must，而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构(即must之后的动词)以及含义采用相应的动词形式。如：
You must have made a mistake, haven’t you
They must have seen the film last week, didn’t they
He must be in the library, isn’t he
13.当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，疑问部分可用usedn’t或didn’t。如：
The old man used to smoke, didn’t he 或usedn’t he
Tom used to live here, usedn’t he 或didn’t he
14. 当陈述部分带有情态动词ought to时，疑问部分用oughtn’t或shouldn’t。如：
He ought to know the answer, oughtn’t he
We ought to read this book, oughtn’t we 或shouldn’t we
15.当陈述部分含有had better时，疑问部分用had。如：
You’d better finish your homework now, hadn’t you
16.感叹句后的附加疑问句的谓语动词需用be的现在时，且常用否定形式。如：
What a clever boy, isn’t he
What a lovely day, isn’t it
17.陈述句子中的主语为动词不定式短语、动名词短语或其他短语时，疑问部分的主语通常用it。如：
Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesn’t it
Between six and seven will suit you, won’t it
Where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has it
18.在口语和非正式文体中，为了加强语气，只是表示某种惊奇、怀疑、反感、讽刺等感情而并不是为了寻求回答，这时前后两部分的肯定、否定是一致的。如：
Oh, he is a writer, is he
You’ll not go, won’t you
19.陈述句中的谓语动词是wish，表示愿望时用may，且用肯定形式。如：
I wish to have a chance to learn English, may I
20.当陈述部分带有表示“所有”含义的动词have(has)时，疑问部分既可用have形式，也可用do形式。如：
You have a new bike, haven’t you(或don’t you)
She doesn’t have any money in her pocket, does she 2022年高考英语语法解析--情态动词考查热点透视
情态动词是高考考查的重点语法项目之一，下面通过一些考题出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析，以便同学们复习掌握。
一、情态动词表推测
1. 肯定的推测一般用must, should, may(might)或could(不用can)，其中，must的语气最强，译为“肯定”、“准是”、“想必是”;should的语气次之，译为“很可能”、“应该”，指按常理推测;may(might)，could的语气最弱，译为“也许”、“可能”。
①Helen _______ go on the trip with us but she isn’t quite sure yet.
A. shall B. must
C. may D. can
②—I’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.
—It ___ Harry’s. He always wears green.
A. has to be B. will be
C. mustn’t be D. could be
③I have lost one of my gloves. I _______ it somewhere.
A. must drop
B. must have dropped
C. must be dropping
D. must have been dropped
④If I ____ plan to do anything I wanted to ,I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.
A. would B. could
C. had to D. ought to
Key: C D B B
2. 否定推测分为两种情况：
1)语气不很肯定时，常用may not, might not或could not，译为“可能不”、“也许不”。
You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ______ not like the design of the furniture.
A. must B. shall
C. may D. need
Key： C
2)否定语气较强时，则用can’t，译为“根本不可能”、“想必不会”，表示惊异、怀疑的感彩。
①—Do you know where David is I couldn’t find him anywhere.
—Well. He ______ have gone far——his coat’s still here.
A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t
C. can’t D. wouldn’t
②— Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there
— No, it _______ be him I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses.
A. can’t B. must not
C. won’t D. may not
Key: C A
3. 疑问句中的推测，往往用can或could。
Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How ______ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony A. can B. should
C. may D. must
Key：A
4. 对已发生事情的肯定推测常用“must, may, might等+完成式”;否定推测常用“can, could, may, might等+完成式”。
①I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They _______ at least 150 kilometers an hour.
A. should have been doing
B. must have been doing
C. could have done
D. would have done
②He _______ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by seaside. A. should B. must
C. wouldn’t D. can’t
③—Tom is never late for work. Why is be absent today
—Something ________ to him.
A. must happen
B. should have happened
C. could have happened
D. must have happened
④ My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he_____your lecture.
A. couldn’t have attended
B. needn’t have attended
C. mustn’t have attended
D. shouldn’t have attended
Key: B B D A
二、“情态动词+完成式”
1. “should(ought to)+完成式”表示本应该做某事而实际上没有做。其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。
①—I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.
— You________ her last week.
A. ought to tell
B. would have told
C. must tell
D. should have told
②Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach, I _____ so much fried chicken just now.
A. shouldn’t eat
B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t have eaten
D. mustn’t eat
Key: D C
2. “could+完成式”表示本来能够做成某事的但结果没能做成，含有遗憾的意味。
He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free.
A. could B. would
C. must D. need
Key：A
3. “needn’t+不定式的完成式”表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事。例如：
You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.你本不需要浇花的，因为天就要下雨了。
— Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
— Thanks. You ______ it. I could manage it myself.
A. needn’t do
B. needn’t have done
C. mustn’t do
D. shouldn’t have done
Key: B
情态动词考查热点透视(2)
三、常见的情态动词
1. shall用于一、三人称疑问句表示征求对方意见;用于二、三人称陈述句表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。
①“The interest be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides，” declared the judge.
A. may B. should
C. must D. shall
②—Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.
— You ______ have my computer if you don’t take care of it.A. shan’t B. might not
C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
③ — The room is so dirty. ______ we clean it
— Of course.
A. Will B. Shall
C. Would D. Do
Key: D A B
2. must用于疑问句，表示责备、抱怨的感彩，意思为“偏偏，偏要”;mustn’t表示禁止，是说话人强有力的劝告。
①John, look at the time. _______ you play the piano at such a late hour
A. Must B. Can
C. May D. Need
②Tom, you leave all your clothes on the floor like this!A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t
C. needn’t D. may not
Key: A B
3. needn’t表示“没有必要”。
— Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.
— She ______. I’ve already borrowed one.
A. can’t B. mustn’t
C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
Key: C
4. would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。
When he was there, he ___ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.
A. would B. should
C. had better D. might
Key: A
5. 表示经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to，而不能用could。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _____ get out.
A. had to B. would
C. was able to D. could
Key：C
6. 考查情态动词用作答语的情况
①—Write to me when you get home.
— _______.
A. I must B. I should
C. I will D. I can
② — Could I call you by your first name
—Yes, you ______.
A. will B. could
C. may D. might
Key：C C
巩固练习：
1. Michael ______ be a policeman, for he is much too short.
A. needn’t B. can’t
C. should D. may
2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ____ for her.
A. had to write it out
B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out
D. ought to write it out
3. Jack _____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me.
A. mustn’t have arrived
B. shouldn’t have arrived
C. can’t have arrived
D. needn’t have arrived
4. Sir, you ______be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.
A. mustn’t B. can’t
C. won’t D. needn’t
5. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _______ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.
A. should B. can
C. must D. will
6. — Is John coming by train
— He should, but he _____ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can
C. need D. may
7. It has been announced that candidates _______ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
A. can B. will
C. may D. shall
8. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman ______ be so rude to a lady.
A. might B. need
C. should D. would
9. —Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
—_______.
A. I don’t B. I won’t
C. I can’t D. I haven’t
10. I didn’t see her in the meeting-room this morning. She ______ at the meeting.
A. mustn’t have spoken
B. shouldn’t have spoken
C. needn’t have spoken
D. couldn’t have spoken
答案与解析
1. B 从第二个分句“他太矮了”可以推知说话者持否定态度，needn’t意思是“没有必要”，与语境不符。
2. C 根据句意“我已经告诉她怎样到那儿，但是或许我应该给她写下来”可知，说话者含有“后悔、遗憾”的意味，应使用“情态动词+完成式”形式，“must+完成式”表示对过去的肯定推测，“should+完成式”才表示虚拟意义。
3. C 根据第二分句“否则的话他就会给我打电话了”可知“Jack肯定还没到”，“can’t+完成式”意思是“根本不可能”。
4. A 从第二分句可知，这是妇女和儿童专用候车室，因此你“不准”坐在这儿。mustn’t表示“禁止，不准”。
5. B can在此表示许可。
6. D 从后一句“他喜欢开车”可知说话者把握不大。must not不表示推测，can not的语气太绝对，意思是“根本不可能”。
7. D shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等意思。
8. C should在此表示惊讶的感彩，意思是“竟然”。
9. B 对祈使句的肯定回答用I will;否定回答用I won’t。
10. D 根据句意“我今天上午在会议室没见到她”， 所以“她根本不可能在会上发言”。表示“根本不可能”用can’t/couldn’t have done形式。2022年高考英语语法解析--主谓一致精讲精练
　　
　　知识要点：
　　在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定，则要看句子的意思。多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。
　　1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
　　1)The book is on the table.
　　2)He is reading English.
　　3)To work hard is necessary.(It is necessary to work hard.)
　　4)How you get there is a problem.
　　2、复数主语跟复数动词。如：
　　Children like to play toys.
　　3、在倒装句中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here,there开头，be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。如：
　　1)There is a dog near the door.
　　2)There were no schools in this area before liberation.
　　3)Here comes the bus.
　　4)On the wall were two famous paintings.
　　5)Here is Mr Brown and his children.
　　4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短语，谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如：
　　1)Jane, Mary and I are good friends.
　　2)He and my father work in the same factory.
　　3)His sister, no less than you, is wrong.
　　4)The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.
　　5)He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.
　　6)Every picture except these two has been sold.
　　7)Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.
　　8)Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.
　　9)Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.
　　5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and后面的名词没有冠词。如：
　　1)The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.
　　这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。
　　2)Bread and butter is their daily food.
　　面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。
　　3)The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.
　　那位作家和那位工人明天将来我们学校。(两个人)
　　6、and连接的并列单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
　　1)Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.
　　所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。
　　2)No teacher and no student is absent today.
　　今天没有老师和学生缺席。
　　3)Many a student is busy with their lessons.
　　许许多多的学生都忙着复习他们的功课。
　　7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
　　1)Each takes a cup of tea.
　　2)Either is correct.
　　3)Neither of them likes this picture.
　　8、由every, some, any, no构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
　　1)Is everyone here
　　2)Nothing is to be done. 没有什么要干的事儿了。
　　9、关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：
　　1)Those who want to go please sign their names here.
　　2)Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.
　　3)He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.
　　10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。如：
　　1)Three years is not a long time.
　　2)Ten dollars is what he needs.
　　3)Five hundred miles is a long distance.
　　11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待(如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等)，动词用单数形式。如：
　　1)The United States is in North America.
　　2)The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。
　　3)“The Arabian Nights”(《天方夜谭》)is an interesting book.
　　12、有些集体名词如family, team, group, class, audience(听众，观众)，government等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词则用单数形式;如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：
　　1)My family is going to have a long journey.
　　我家要进行一次长途旅行。
　　2)My family are fond of music.
　　我家人都喜欢音乐。
　　3)The class has won the honour.
　　这班获得了荣誉。
　　4)The class were jumping for joy.
　　全班同学都高兴得跳了起来。
　　13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主语时，既可表示复数意义，也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如：
　　1)All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。
　　2)All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。
　　3)Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。
　　14、the + 形容词(或分词)作主语时，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。如：
　　1)The young are usually very active. 年轻人通常是很活跃的。
　　2)The wounded are being taken good care of here now.
　　现在伤病员们在这里受到了很好照顾。
　　15、or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or, not only…but (also)连接的是主语，谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如：
　　1)Either you or I am going to the movies.
　　2)Not only you but also he is wrong.
　　16、不可数名词没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
　　1)Water is a kind of matter.
　　2)The news at six o’clock is true.
　　17、集合名词如：people, police ,cattle等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
　　1)The police are searching for him.
　　2)The cattle are grassing (吃草)。
　　18、population当人口讲时，谓语动词用单数形式;当人们讲时，谓语动词用复数。如：
　　1)The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
　　2)One third of the population here are workers.
　　19、the number of + 名词复数，是表示“…的数字”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式;a (large / great) number of + 名词复数，表示许多，作主语时;谓语动词用复数形式。
　　1)The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.
　　2)A number of students have gone for an outing.
　　20、means, politics, physics, plastics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
【主谓一致 专项训练】
　　1、Nothing but cars_________ in the shop.
　　A.is sold B.are sold C.were sold D.are going to sell
　　2、No one except Jack and Tom_________ the answer.
　　A.know B.knows C.is knowing D.are known
　　3、Seventy percent of the students in our school_________ from the countryside.
　　A.is B.are C.comes D.are coming
　　4、_________ of the money used up.
　　A.Three-five, are B.Three-fifths, have been
　　C.Three-fifths, has been D.Third-fifths, is
　　5、The number of the people who _________ cars increasing.
　　A.owns, are B.owns, is C.own, is D.own, are
　　6、One of Marx’s works _________ written in English in the 1860s.
　　A.was B.were C.would be D.are
　　7、The sheets for your bed _________ washing.
　　A.needs B.are needing C.want D.are wanting
　　8、On each side of the street_________ a lot of trees.
　　A.stands B.grow C.is standing D.are grown
　　9、Some person_________ calling for you at the gate.
　　A.are B.is C.is being D.will be
　　10、All that can be eaten _________ eaten up.
　　A.are being B.has been C.had been D.have been
　　11、Tom’s teacher and friend_________ Mr. Smith.
　　A.are B.is C.are being D.has
　　12、Your new clothes fit you, but mine _________ me.
　　A.doesn’t fit B.don’t fit C.doesn’t fit for D.don’t fit for
　　13、Neither he nor I _________ for the plan.
　　A.am B.are C.is D.were
　　14、Many a student_________ that mistake before.
　　A.has made B.have made C.has been made D.had made
　　15、Peter, perhaps John, _________ playing with the little dog.
　　A.is B.are C.were D.seems
　　16、Laying eggs_________ the ant queen’s full-time job.
　　A.is B.are C.has D.have
　　17、Between the two buildings _________ a monument.
　　A.stand B.stands C.standing D.is standing
　　18、I, who ____ your good friend, will share your joys and sorrow.
　　A.am B.is C.are D.was
　　19、The United Nations_________ in 1945.
　　A.were found B.were founded C.was founded D.was found
　　20、 _________ were also invited to the party.
　　A.Mr Smith B.The Smith C.The Smiths D.Smiths
　　21、The glass works_________ in 1959.
　　A.were set up B.was set up C.were put up D.were built
　　22、Three hours with your girl friend________ to be a short time.
　　A.seem B.seems C.is seeming D.has seemed
　　23、It was reported that six including a boy_________ .
　　A.was killed B.were killed C.was killing D.had killed
　　24、The police_________ a prisoner.
A.is searching for B.are searching for
C.is searching D.are searched for
　　25、Deer_________ faster than dogs.
　　A.run B.runs C.are running D.will run
　　26、The wounded _________ good care of here now.
　　A.is taken B.are being taken C.are taking D.is taking
　　27、The whole class _________ greatly moved at his words.
　　A.was B.were C.had D.is
　　28、Over 80 percent of the population of China _________ peasants.
　　A.was B.is C.are D.will be
　　29、There _________ a knife and fork on the table.
　　A.seems to be B.seem to be C.is seeming to be D.are
　　30、Those who _________ singing may join us.
　　A.are liking B.likes C.enjoy D.is fond of
　　31、His family _________ music lovers.
　　A.all are B.are all C.is D.are being
　　32、A professor and a writer_________ present at the meeting.
　　A.was B.is C.were D.had been
　　33、The pair of shoes_________ worn out.
　　A.was B.were C.have been D.had been
　　34、The students in our school each_________ an English dictionary.
　　A.have B.has C.had D.are having
　　35、More than one answer _________ to the question.
　　A.have been given B.has been given C.were given D.had given
36、The boy sitting by the window is the only one of the students who _________ from the countryside in our school.
A.are B.is C.were D.was
　　37、Our family _________ a happy one.
　　A.is B.are C.was D.were
　　38、Most of the mistakes _________ because of carelessness.
　　A.were made B.are made C.has been made D.were making
　　39、Most of his time_________ in reading novels.
　　A.are spent B.is spent C.were spent D.was spending
　　40、The rest of the novel_________ very interesting.
　　A.were B.are C.is D.seem
　　41、I know that all _________ getting on well with her.
　　A.was B.is C.are D.were
　　42、When and where this took place _________ still unknown.
　　A.are B.were C.is D.has
　　43、Not only the workers but also the machine_______ not there.
　　A.are B.were C.is D.has
　　44、Very few _________ his address in the town.
　　A.knows B.know C.are knowing D.has known
　　45、Ten thousand dollars _________ a large sum of money.
　　A.are B.is C.were D.seem
　　46、Twenty miles _________ a long way to cover.
　　A.were B.are C.is D.seem to be
　　47、Nine plus three _________ twelve.
　　A.makes B.make C.is making D.are making
　　48、There are two roads and either_________ to the station.
　　A.leads B.lead C.are leading D.is leading
　　49、My father, together with some of his old friends,_________ there already.
　　A.have been B.has been C.had been D.will be
　　50、My family as well as I_________ glad to see you.
　　A.am B.are C.is D.was
　　
【答案】：
　　1、A 因有连词but，所以谓语形式跟Nothing一致，用第三人称单数。见讲解4。
　　2、B 同上 3、B 见讲解2。 4、C 见讲解16。
　　5、C 定语从句看被修饰的先行词：the number of作主语用单数形式。见讲解9，19。
　　6、A 见讲解1。 7、C 见讲解2。 8、B 倒装句，要看后面的主语。见讲解3。
　　9、B some person指“某人”是第三人称单数。见讲解13。
　　10、B 主语“all”指的是“food”，所以代不可数名词，是第三人称单数。见讲解13。
　　11、B Tom’s teacher and friend，因friend前没有冠词，所以实际指的是同一个人。 见讲解5。
　　12、B 根据前一分句的意思，第二分句中的mine指的是“my new clothes”，因 此主语是复数。
　　13、A neither…nor…连接主语，动词与后面的主语保持一致。见讲解15。
　　14、A 见讲解6。 15、A 见讲解4。 16、A 见讲解1，动名词作主语。 17、B 倒装，见讲解3。 18、A 见讲解9。 19、C 见讲解11。
　　20、C 因谓语动词是复数，所主语应是复，The Smiths是指史密斯一家人。
　　21、B works在此句中是指工厂，所以是单数。 22、B 见讲解10。
　　23、B six在这儿指的是人，因此用复数形式。 24、B 见讲解17。
　　25、A deer, sheep是单、复数同形，根据后面的dogs，前面的deer应是复数(单 数前应有a)。 26、B 见讲解14。 27、B 见讲解12，因人才能受感动，所以the whole class是指全班的成员。 28、C 见讲解18。 29、A 见讲解5。刀、*是一副而论，所以看作单数。 30、C 见讲解9。 31、B 见讲解12。 32、C 见讲解4，注意与第11题比较。
　　33、A 因此句主语是pair，所以用单数。
　　34、A 因此句主语是the students，所以用复数。如果each作主语，谓语动词则用 第三人称单数形式。如：Each of the students / Each student has an English dictionary.
　　35、B 此句中的主语是one answer，所以谓语动词应与它保持一致。
　　36、B 根据句意，这个男孩是学校中唯一来自农村的学生，自然后面的定语从句 的主语是单数，所以谓语动词用单数形式，又因主从句时态保持一致，故B 是唯一正确答案。
　　37、A 见讲解12。 38、A 见讲解2。39、B 见讲解16。
　　40、C 这部小说的剩余部分，还没超出“一”，用单数。
　　41、C 见讲解13，不定代词all在此句中代“与她相处的人”，所以是复数。
　　42、C 见讲解1，when and where this took place是一个从句。
　　43、C 见讲解15。 44、B few在此代人，是复数。 45、B 见讲解10。
　　46、C 同上。 47、A 同上。 48、A 见讲解7。 49、B 见讲解4。 50、B 同上。2022年高考英语语法梳理--定语从句复习指导
　　(一)定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导
　　1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as
　　2、关系副词：when, where, why
　　关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用， 同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
　　e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.(关系代词who在从句中作主语)
　　The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom在从句中作介词with的宾语)
　　3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1)当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语;2)当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ，可作主语或宾语;3)先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语;4)whose用作定语，可指人或物;5)关系副词when(指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where(指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语)，why(指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语)。
　　(二)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
　　1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。
　　e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定语从句，意思就不完整)
　　2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。
　　e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译)
　　(三)使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题
　　1、that与which的区别。
　　1)用that而不用 which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …;②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰;③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰;④先行词既有人又有物时。
　　e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
　　The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
　　This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
　　Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。
　　2)用which而不用 that的情况：①引导非限制性定语从句;②代表整个主句的意思;③介词 + 关系代词。
　　e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。
　　This is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。
　　3)as引导定语从句时的用法
　　①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。
　　e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
　　Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
　　②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。
　　e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。
　　3)as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别
　　①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as;反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
　　e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.
　　He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
　　②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。
　　e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.
　　2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。
　　e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。
　　The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
　　3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。
　　e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.
　　4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。
　　e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded.
　　5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。
　　e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
　　6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略;介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。
　　e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.2022年高中英语语法总结:非谓语动词用法分析说明
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3)不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
(2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
(3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明　　作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
注：动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.
这类词常见的有：
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
3.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视
afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算
begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏
appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法
cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装
ask问 dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划
bother扰乱;烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿
care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备
decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许
start开始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝
decide决定 learn学习 vow起
contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议
seek找，寻觅 try试图
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使
allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿
announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使
bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求
assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示
advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求
authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐
bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒
beg请求 induce引诱 report报告
compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤
command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示
drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉
direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱
entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫
enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说
encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教
entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望2022年高中英语语法--倒装句复习讲解练习
(一)倒装句的意义
1、适应一定的语法结构的需要，主要是指疑问句句型结构的需要。
e.g. May I come in
Was the People’s Liberation Army founded in 1927
2、为了强调某一部分，而把这部分放到句首，构成倒装。
e.g. Never have I been late for school this term.
So early did he come to school that no other students came.
(二)倒装的使用情况
1、在 “there be” 结构里，there是引导词，主语在be后。
e.g. There is a box on the table.
2、在疑问句中。
e.g. Is she singing in the classroom
What does your mother do
3、在here, there等副词开头的某些句子里(要用一般现在时态)。如果主语是人称代词，主语和主要动词的词序不变。(完全倒装)
e.g. There goes the bell.
Here is an apple for you.
There she comes.
4、重复倒装句型，用在以so, nor, neither开头，表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句，表示“也一样”、“也这样”;nor, neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不，也不这样”。
e.g. I am watching TV. So is she.
My parents didn’t watch TV last night. Neither (Nor) did I.
5、直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。(完全倒装)
e.g. “Very well,” said the French student.
“Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please.” said he.
6、在以never, little, hardly, not only, few, not, seldom等否定副词开头的句子中，采用部分倒装。如不放在句首就不要倒装。
e.g. Little did he say at the meeting.
Never shall I forget the day when I joined the Army.
比较：I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army.
7、用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。
e.g. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk.
Only in this way can we learn English well.
注意：如果only后的词组不是状语，不需倒装。
e.g. Only Wang Lili knows this.
8、为了表达生动，有时把表地点、方位的副词，如 up, down, out, away, in等放在句首，同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。若主语为人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置不变，只将副词放在句首。(完全倒装)
e.g. Away hurried the boy.
Out rushed the girl.
9、在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。
e.g. Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you.
Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad.
Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
10、as引导让步状语从句时要倒装(形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语)。
e.g. Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me.
Child as he is, he seems to know everything.(child前不加冠词)
Hard as he worded, he made little progress.
11、用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。
e.g. May you succeed!
Long live the People’s Republic of China!
12、So + 形容词、副词及such 置于句首时要倒装。
So happy did he feel. Such was me.
练习：倒装句
1. Not until I began to work ____ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn’t I realize B. did I realize C. I didn’t realize D. I realized
2. Only by practising a few hours every day ____ be able to master the language.
A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you
3. If you don’t go, neither ____.
A. shall I B. do I C. I do D. I shall
4. No sooner ____ to the station ____ the train left.
A. had I got, when B. I had got, than C. had I got, than D. did I get, when
5. ---- Your father is very strict with you. ---- ____. He never lets off a single mistake of ours
A. So he is B. So is he C. He is so D. So does he
6. ____ today, he would get there by Sunday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave
7. Never in my life ____ such a thing. A. I have heard or have seen
B. have I heard or seen C. I have heard or seen D. did I hear or see
8. ---- Here ____! Where is Xiao Liu ---- There ____.
A. comes the bus, is he B. comes the bus, he is C. the bus comes, is he D. the bus comes, he is
9. ____ , I will not buy it.
A. Much as do I like it B. As much I like it C. Much as I like it D. As I like it much
10. ---- I like football. I don’t like volleyball. ---- ____.
A. So do I B. Neither do I C. So it is with me D. So is it with me
11._____ the expense, I _____ to Italy.
A. If it were not, go B. Were it not for, would go
C. Weren't it for, will go D. If it hadn t been, would have gone
12. So _____ in the darkness that he didn' t dare to move an inch.
A. he was frightened B. was he frightened C. frightened he was D. frightened was he
13.—In modem times, girls like beautiful clothes.
—Yes, _____ and boys. After all, our life has greatly improved.
A. so do they; so do you B. so they do; so you do
C. so do they; so you do D. so they do; so do you
14.—You have an English class every day except Sunday. --- _____.
A. So we have B. So we do C. So have we D. So do we
15.1 wonder if your wife will go to the ball. If your wife _____, so _____ mine.
A. does; will B.will; does C.will; would D.does; do
16. Only after I read the text over again _____ its main idea.
A. that I knew B.did I knew C. 1 could know D. I did know
17.—You seem to have learned all the English words by heart.
A.Sol do B.Sodol C. So I have D. So have 1
18. —I seldom watch TV, but listen to the radio a lot.
A. So do I B. Neither do I C. I m the same D. So it is with me
19. So excited _____ that he couldn't say a word.
A. he seemed B. did he seem C. was he seeming D. he did look
20. Jimmy was so nervous not a single word _____ down in the dictation.
A. he wrote B. he was written C. did he write D. was he written
21. Little ______ when 1 took the trip where it would lead me.
A. have I known B. had I known C. do 1 know D. did I know
22. —Have you ever seen anything like that before — ____.
A. No, I never have seen anything like that before
B. No, never I have seen anything like that before
C. No, never have 1 seen anything like that before
D. No, I have seen anything like that before never
23. _____ , 1 would accept the invitation and go to the party.
A. Were I you B. Was I you C. Had I been you D. Would 1 be you
24. You should work less _____.
A. and neither should I B. and so should I C. and nor should I D. and so I should
25. _____ and caught the mouse.
A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumped C. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat
26. Not only _____ a promise, but also he kept it.
A. did he make B. he made C. does he make D. has he made
27. His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. _____.
A. So is his aunt B. So has his aunt C. So his aunt does D. So it is with his aunt
28. Not once _____ their plan.
A. did they change B. they changed C. changed they D. they did change
29.—Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother —I don't know, and ______ .
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
30. Not until he arrived home _____ he find that this wallet had been stolen.
A. did B. would C. when D. that
31. —This is one of the oldest trees in the world. — _____ such a big tree.
A. Never I have seen B. I haven't never seen C. Never have I seen D. I have seen never
32. Nowhere else in the world _____ cheaper tailoring(裁缝业, 成衣业)than in Hong Kong.
A. a tourist can find B. can a tourist find
C. a tourist will find D. a tourist has found
33. _____ succeed in doing anything.
A. Only by working hard we can B. By only working hard we can
C. Only we can by working hard D. Only by working hard can we
34. _____ that we all went out, lying in the sun.
A. So fine was the weather B. So was the fine weather
C. The weather was so fine was D. So the weather was tine
35. ____ a nice man ____ that we all believe him.
A. So; did he seem B. So; he seemed
C. Such; he seemed D. Such; did he seem
36. —You seem to be an actor. —_____. I have played many parts in a lot of films.
A. So do I B. So am I C. So I do D. So I am
37. Not only ____ working hard, but also ____ very polite.
A. the boy is; he is B. is the boy; he is
C. the boy is; is he D. is the boy; is he
38. _____ , he never seems able to do the work beautifully.
A. Try as he does B. As he tries
C. Try as does he D. As try he does
39.—I cannot see the picture well from here. — _____.
A. Neither can t I B. Neither I can
C. I can't neither D. Neither can I
40.— You ought to have given them some advice — _____, but who cared what I asked
A. So ought you B. So 1 ought
C. So it was D. So I did
41. So carelessly _____ that he almost killed himself.
A. he drives B. does he drive C. did he drive D. he drove
42. Little _____ about his own health though he was very ill.
A. he cared B. did he care C. he cares D. does he care
43. Well ____ know him and well ____ know me.
A. I did; he did B. did I; he did C. did I; did he D. I did; did he
44. No sooner ____ they rushed out into the street.
A. did they hear the news than B. did they hear the news when
C. had they heard the news than D. had they heard the news when
45. Little wonder _____ up their hands in dismay.
A. have some thrown B. some have thrown C. thrown some have D. have thrown some
46. _____ , he would have passed the exam.
A. If he were to study B. If he studied hard
C. Had he studied hard D. Should he study hard
47. We were lucky enough, for no sooner _____ home _____ it rained.
A. we returned; and B. we had returned; when
C.did we return; when D. had we returned; than
48. So little _____ agree on the plan that they could not settle their difference.
A. did they B. do they C. they did D. they did not
49. _____ he realized it was too late to return home.
A. No sooner it grew dark than B. Hardly did it grow dark when
C. It was not until dark that D. It was until dark that
参考答案
语法复习七：倒装句
1~5 BDACA 6~10 CBBCC 11~15 BDDBA 16~20 BADBC 21~25 DCABC
26~30 ADABA 31~35 CBDAD 36~40 DBADD 41~45 CBCCB 46~49 CDAC2022年高中英语语法解析：代词的用法详解
一. 人称代词
1. 主格和宾格
1) 通常，人称代词主格用做主语或表语;宾格用做动词或介词的宾语。句子的结构如有变化，也应能加以分析，确定选用哪种形式。例如：
It was he who told a lie.
It’s not me (who / whom) he wants. (作宾语)
This is a secret;it's between you and me.(作介词宾语)
2) 人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格。例如：
He is taller than me / I (am). I don't swim so well as her / she (does).
2. 两种所有格
人称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类：
① 形容词性的，如my, her, your, their等;
② 名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：
1) 漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：
I have done my homework.(不能说 * I have done homework.)
We clean our classroom every day.(不能说 * We clean classroom every day.)
2) 误用代词，混淆两种类型的物主代词，因为汉语中无此区别。例如：
That dictionary is not mine.(不能说 * That dictionary is not my.)
Mine is here.(不能说 * My is here.)
注意：形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。例如
What's her name I am your friend.
名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句子成分。如：
Your pen is black;mine is blue.(作主语)
You haven't got a bike You may use mine.(作宾语)
但是its一般不能单独使用。需要时可以用its own。如：
That's the cat's basket. It's its own.
3. 代词做短语动词宾语时的位置
当短语动词由“动词+副词”构成时，代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间，名词则不受此限制。如：
He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked the word up in the dictionary.
He looked it up in the dictionary.
但如果是由“动词+介词”构成的介词动词，代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。例如：
He's been looking for them all this morning.
二 反身代词
反身代词作句中宾语时，表示动作返回到主语本身。或者说，句子的主语和宾语是同一个人或物。例如：
He hurt himself.(作动词宾语)
Dick bought himself a new coat.(作间接宾语)
I heard Jane talk to herself.(作介词宾语)
2. 强调用法
反身代词用作同位语时，在句中起强调作用，其位置也比较灵活。例如：
I went to see the mayor myself.(强调主语)
We spoke to the mayor himself.(强调宾语)
The mayor himself met us at the door.(紧随主语之后)
The mayor met us at the door himself.(在句末)
3. 使用反身代词时的常见错误
反身代词一般不可用作句子中的主语、表语或定语。如：
* Ourselves can do it.(误作主语)
We can do it ourselves. 我们自己能干。
* I could hardly imagine that the car was himself.(误作表语)
I could hardly imagine that the car was his own. 简直难以想象那汽车是他自己的。
* That's myself problem.(误作定语)
That's a problem of my own.那是我自己的问题。
注意：在少数习惯表达中反身代词可不受语法限制。
I'm not myself today. (我今天不在状态/感觉不好。)
In office myself, I helped her get a job.
(我帮她在我自己的办公室找了一份工作。)
三. 不定代词
1. 用some还是用any
1) 一般说来，some用于肯定;any用于否定，例如：
There are some letters for you. There aren't any letters for me.
2) 疑问句中，一般用any，如问话人心中已经有“数”，或认为对方会做出肯定回答时，用some。试比较：
Have you any apples (I can't see any.)
Could I have some of those apples (which I can see.)
3) 注意其它方式的否定因素也可决定应该用any，如：
I don't think there are any letters.(主句动词否定转移，从句中用any。)
The boy solved the problem without any difficulty. (介词without含否定意味。)
4) any在表示“任何(人或物)”时，可用于肯定句中：
Oh! Any book will do;I just want something to read on the train.
5) 当说话人心中有“数”(尽管可能不是具体数字)时，否定句中也用some，如：
Some boys haven't done their homework.(肯定有人没做，尽管不一定知道是多少人。)
6) any可用条件从句中，表示情况不明或未定，如：
Let me know if you need any help.(不知道对方是否需要帮助。)
试比较： Let me know if you need some help.(知道能如何提供帮助。)
2. all和both
1) all和both后面的of可有可无。
All / Both (of) the desks are new.
注：Both the desks... = Both of the desks... = Both desks...(the或of the可有可无)
2) 注意下列两种句子里all/both的位置：
They all / both agree with me. I agree with them all / both.
句中all或both直接跟在代词(主格或宾格)之后作同位语;其它不定代词不能这样用。
3) all/both同频度副词一样，可位于句中(主、谓语之间或谓语动词结构之中)，如：
They all / both came. They were all / both waiting.
(注;each也能这样用，其它不定代词都不能。)
3. either与neither
either指“两者之中任何一个”，neither指“两者都不”通常与单数动词连用。但在非正式英语中也可与复数动词连用。例如：
You've got two answers. Either is correct. Neither is wrong.
There are trees on either/each side of the street.
Neither of the books is worth reading.(=Neither of the books are worth reading)
4. nobody, no one, nothing和none
nobody和no one指人，作单数，后面不能接of 短语,例如：
Nobody/No one knows why she was late again.
Nobody was hurt in the match，were they (反意疑问句中，可用复数代词they来代替。)
nothing指物，作单数;none指人或物，作单救或复数均可。none既可用于可数名词，也可用于不可数名词, 例如：
None of the money on the table is mine.
None of his reasons was/were true.
There's nothing on the table but a blue cap.
Of all my classmates， none likes dancing.
5. every与each
5. every与each
every强调的是“全体”;each则强调的是具体“每一个”。例如：
On every/each side of the square there were soldiers.
(The square has more than two sides。every side = each side =all sides表示“每边、各边”。) 试比较：
On either/each side of the road there were soldiers.
(The road has only two sides. either side= each side = both sides，表示二者之中“每一边”。)
此外，each可作名词性代词，如：
Each has two books.(each作主语)
We each are satisfied with our own rooms.
(each作同位语，常位于主语和谓语动词之间，谓语动词及代词等应与主语一致。)
We are satisfied with our own rooms each. (each作同位语时，也可置于句末。)
6. other, the other和another
1) other表示“另外的(人或物)”，“其他的(人或物)”，其复数形式为others。例如：
There are other ways of doing this exercise.
Lei Feng was always ready to he1p others.
2) the other表示两者之中的“另一个(人或物)”，其复数形式为the others，例如：
He has a pen in one hand and a book in the other.。
Only three of the students were in the classroom;the others were all on the playground.
当other泛指“别人”时，前面不加定冠词：
We must always be ready to help others.
3) another表示不定数目中的“另一个或类似的下个(人或物)”，还可与数词连用，表示“再，又”的意思。例如：
How about another cup of tea
The strike may last another two weeks.
7. one
1) one只可用于指代可数名词，其复数形式是ones。例如：
If you can't find your pen，use the one on the table.
What nice shirts!which one/ones shall we buy
2) one/ones通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代词以及a(n)，own，several和名词所有格后面。例如：
His knife seems sharper than mine.(不能用 my one代替mine)
They don't like this town;they want very much to go back to their own.(不能用 * their own one代替their own 或 their own country)
但是，当one/ones前面还带有形容词时，则例外。如：
Have you any knives I need a sharp one.
My old dictionary isn't as good as John's new one.
3) the/this/that one与that：
that可以指代不可数名词，而one不能。如：
The weather in Wuhan is much warmer than that in Tianjing. (that不能用the one取代) that后面常接of短语，例如：
This dictionary is more expensive than that one.(that one=that dictionary. one一般不省略)
The window of your room is much bigger than that of mine.(that=the window，它后面有of短语，一般不用the one替代)
有时候the one和that可以互相取代，如：
The gold ring is in that box --- the one(=that)with the key in the lock.
4) one可以泛指人，相当于you，we，people，其所有格为one's。例如：
One should do one's/his duty.2022年高中英语语法专题--名词性从句复习指导及练习
名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。
(一)引导名词性从句的连接词
1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。
2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。
3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略;if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。
注意：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether 和if(是否)，as if(好象)在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if 和as if都用不上时，才用that作连接词(that本身无任何含义)。
(二)主语从句
1、主语从句在复合句作主语。
e.g. Who will go is not important.
2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。
e.g. It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.
3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。
e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.
(三)表语从句
1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。
e.g. The question was who could go there.
2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。
e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.
(四)宾语从句
1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。
e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.
2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。
e.g. I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..
I’m interested in what you’ve said.
3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。
①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。
e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.
②用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。
e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.(此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解)
③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if;不直接连用，可换。
e.g. I don’t know whether or not the report is true.
I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.
④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。
e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.
They don’t know whether to go there.
Please come to see me if you have time.
(五)同位语从句
同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词(如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等)之后，说明该名词的具体内容。
e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
练习：名词性从句
一、判断下列各句哪句含有名词性从句，并指出是什么从句：
1. China is no longer what it used to be.
2. The truth that the earth turn around the sun is known to all.
3. It was snowing when he arrived at the station.
4. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all.
5. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
6. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.
7. That is where Lu Xun used to live.
8. He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about.
9. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school
10. I wonder why she refused my invitation.
二、用适当的连词填空：
1. I can’t decide ____________ dictionary I should buy.
2. That’s ____________ he refused my invitation.
3. I am very interested in ____________ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.
4. ____________ we need is more time.
5. The fact ____________ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody.
6. ____________ and ____________ they will meet has not been decided yet.
7. Please tell me ____________ you are waiting for.
8. Is that ____________ you are looking for
9. Would you please tell me ____________ the nearest post office is
10. I don’t know ____________ he will agree to the plan or not.
三、选择填空：
1. Do you see _____ I mean
A. that B./ C. how D. what
2. Tell me_____ is on your mind.
A. that B. what C. which D. why
3. We must stick to _____ we have agreed on.
A. what B. that C. / D. how
4. Let me see _____.
A. that can I repair the radio B. whether -I can repair the radio
C. I can repair the radio D. whether can I repair the radio
5. Keep in mind _____.
A. that the teacher said B. what did the teacher say
C. that did the teacher say D. what the teacher said
6. Could you advise me _____
A. which book should I read first B. what book should I read first
C. that book 1 should read first D. which book I should read first
7. He was criticized for _____.
A. he had done it B. what he had done C. what had he done D. that he had done it
8. Would you kindly tell me _____
A. how can I get to the Beijing Railway Station
B. how I can get to the Beijing Railway Station
C. where can I get to the Beijing Railway Station
D. whether can I get to the Beijing Railway Station
9. Mrs. Smith was very much impressed by _____.
A. what had she seen in China B. that she had seen in China
C. what she had seen in China D. which had she seen in China
10. We took it for granted ___
A. that they were not coming B. that were they not coming
C. they were coming not D. were they not coining
11. I really don't know _____
A. I should do next B. what should I do next
C. what I should do next D. how I should do next
12. I'm afraid _____.
A. the little girl will have to be operated on
B. that will the little girl have to operate on
C. the little girl will have to operate on
D. that will the little girl have to be operated on
13. She walked up to _____ .
A. where did I stand B. where I stood
C. I stood there D. where I stood there
14. Can you tell me _____
A. who is that gentleman B. that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D. whom .is that gentleman
15. We'll give you _____.
A. that do you need B. what do you need
C. whatever you need D. whether do you need
16. They want us to know _____ to help us.
A. what can they B. what they can C. how they can D. how can they
17. We must put _____ into practice.
A. what we have learned B. that we have learned
C. that have we learned D. what have we learned
18. Did she say anything about _____
A. that the work was to be done B. how was the work to be done
C. that was the work to be done D. how the work was to be done
19. He was never satisfied with _____.
A. what she had achieved B. had what she achieved
C. she had achieved D. that she achieved
20. These photographs will show you _____.
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
21. Peter insisted _____ he pay the bill.
A. on that B. what C. that D. on which
22. They urged _____ the library open during the vacation.
A. when B. where C. why D. that
23. We wish we could have learned _____ when we were at high school.
A. what you did B. that you had done
C. that what you did D. what did you do
24.1 will describe to you _____ I saw when there.
A. what B. that C. which D./
25. From _____ I should say he is a good worker.
A. what 1 know of him B. that I do know of him
C. what do I know of him D. that do I know of him
26. I will give this dictionary to __ wants to have it.
A. whomever B. anyone C. whoever D. someone
27._____ they will come here hasn' t been decided yet.
A. What B. That C. When D. Where
28. _____ was said here must be kept secret.
A. Who B. The thing C. Whatever D. Where
29. It is still a question _____ we shall have our sports meet.
A. if B. that C. what D. when
30. I'm going anyway. _____ she will go is up to her to decide.
A. If or not B. Whether or not C. If D. That
31. It is strange _____ she have left without saying a word.
A. that B. what C. why D. how
32. It is very clear _____ our policy is a correct one.
A. what B. that C. why D. where
33. _____ Mr Zhang said is quite right.
A. That B. When C. What D. Whether
34. It has been decided _____ he will be sent there.
A. if B. whether C. why D. that
35. It doesn' t matter _____he' s come back or not.
A. if B. whether C. that D. when
36. It's a great pity _____ we won’t be able to finish the task on time.
A. when B. that C. why D. where
37. It happened _____ I wasn't there that day.
A. when B. why C. where D. that
38._____ you have done might do harm to other people.
A. What B. That C. Which D. The things
39. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn oft the lights.
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D.Who
40._____ the 2000 Olympic Games won't be held in Beijing is known to all.
A. Whether B. If C. Whenever D. That
41. _____ fails to see this will make a big mistake.
A. That B. Whoever C. Whether D. Whether or not
42. __ we need more equipment is quite obvious.
A. What B. Whether C. That D. Whatever
43. Has it been announced _____
A. when are the planes to take off B. that are the planes to take off
C. where are the planes to take off D. when the planes are to take off
44. That is _____ we all support his idea.
A. what B. why C. where D. when
45. That’s _____ we should do.
A. that B. what C. how D. why
46. _____ is troubling me is _____ I don’t understand _____ he said
A. What; that; what B. What; what; what
C. That; that; what D. Why; that; which
47. Things were not _____ they seemed to be.
A. when B. why C. that D. what
48. That’s _____ I want to say.
A. all what B. what C. all which D. what that
49. That’s _____ .
A. where our differences lie B. our differences lie there
C. where do our differences lie D. that where our differences lie
50. That is _____ .
A. where lived he there B. where did he live
C. where he lived D. that where he lived
51. The questions is _____.
A. whether is it worth doing B. that if it is worth doing
C. whether it is worth doing D. if it is worth doing
52. Water will continue to be _____ it is today next in importance to oxygen.
A. how B. which C. what D. as
53. That's_____.
A. how did I become a teacher B. how I became a teacher
C. how a teacher I became D. that I became a teacher
54. They are just _____.
A. that what shall I have B. what shall I have
C. that I shall have what D. what I shall have
55. It looked ____.
A. as if it was going to rain B. that as if it was going to rain
C. as if was it going to rain D. as if that it was going to rain
56. That's_____.
A. how she did it B. that how did she do it.
C. how did she do it D. what she did it
57. That is _____ we decided to put the discussion off.
A. where B. which C. that D. why
58. That’s _____ I lived when I was ten years old.
A. where B. at which C. there where D. when
59. My suggestion is _____ we should send a few comrades to help them.
A. if B. that C. when that D. that where
60. The idea _____ all people are selfish is wrong.
A. what B. that C. why D. if
61. We heard the news _____ our team had won.
A. that B. what C. whether D. why
62. The fact _____ he hadn’t said anything surprised us all.
A. why B. if C. that D. whether
63.I have no idea _____ she will be back.
A. that B. where C. that when D. when
64. We must keep in mind the fact _____ China is still a developing country.
A. whether B. that C. why D. when
65. They have no idea at all _____.
A. where he has gone B. where did he go
C. where has he gone D. which place he has gone
参考答案
语法复习三：名词性从句
一、1、表语从句;2、同位语从句;3、不是;4、主语从句;5、同位语从句;6、不是;7、表语从句;8、宾语从句;9、不是;10、宾语从句
二、1. which; 2. why; 3. how; 4. What; 5. that; 6. when, where; 7. who(m); 8. what; 9. where; 10. whether
三、1~5 DBABD 6~10 DBBCA 11~15 CABCC
16~20 BADAB 21~25 CDAAA
26~30 CCCDB 31~35 ABCDB 36~40 BDACD
41~45 BCDBB 46~50 ADBAC
51~55 CCBDA 56~60 ADABB 61~65 ACDBA2022年高中英语语法专题--定语从句复习指导附练习
(一)定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导
1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as
2、关系副词：when, where, why
关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用， 同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.(关系代词who在从句中作主语)
The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom在从句中作介词with的宾语)
3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1)当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语;2)当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ，可作主语或宾语;3)先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语;4)whose用作定语，可指人或物;5)关系副词when(指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where(指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语)，why(指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语)。
(二)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。
e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定语从句，意思就不完整)
2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。
e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译)
(三)使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题
1、that与which的区别。
1)用that而不用 which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …;②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰;③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰;④先行词既有人又有物时。
e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。
2)用which而不用 that的情况：①引导非限制性定语从句;②代表整个主句的意思;③介词 + 关系代词。
e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。
This is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。
3)as引导定语从句时的用法
①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。
e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。
e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。
3)as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别
①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as;反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.
He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。
e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.
2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。
e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。
e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.
4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。
e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded.
5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。
e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略;介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。
e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.
练习、定语从句
一、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句：
1. The fan is on the desk. You want it.
2. The man is in the next room. He brought our textbooks here yesterday.
3. The magazine is mine. He has taken it away.
4. The students will not pass the exam . They don’t study hard.
5. The woman is our geography teacher. You saw her in the park.
6. The letter is from my sister. I received it yesterday.
7. The play was wonderful. We saw it last night.
8. The train was late. It was going to Nanning.
9. The boy is my brother. He was here a minute ago.
10. The tree is quite tall. He is climbing it.
11. Here is the girl. Her brother works in this shop.
12. That’s the child. We were looking at his drawing just now.
13. This is the boy. His sister is a famous singer.
14. I want to talk to the boys. Their homework haven’t been handed in.
15. Is that the woman Her daughter is in my class.
16. He used to live in a big house. In front of it grew many banana trees.
17. They passed a factory. At the back of the factory there were rice fields.
18. The soldier ran to the building. On the top of it flew a flag.
19. In the evening they arrived at a hill. At the foot of the hill there was a temple.
20. She came into a big room. In the middle of it stood a large table.
二、根据句子意思，在第一个空白处填入介词，在第二个填入关系代词whom或which:
1. The person ________ ________ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.
2. The pencil ________ ________ he was writing broke.
3. Wu Dong, ________ ________ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.
4. The two things ________ ________ Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.
5. Her bag, ________ ________ she put all her books, has not been found.
6. The stories about the Long March, ________ ________ this is one example, are well written.
三、选择填空：
1. The man ____ visited our school yesterday is from London.
A. who B. which C. whom D. when
2. The woman ____ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.
A. whose B. who C. whom D. which
3. Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.
A. that B. which C. what D. as
4. Do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily
A. when B. where C. which D. who
5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera ____ he lost last week.
A. which B. that C. whom D. as
6. Those ____ want to go please sign their names here.
A. whom B. which C. who D. when
7. Where is the man ____ I met this morning
A. when B. where C. which D. who
8. Who is the woman ____ is sweeping the floor over there
A. who B. / C. that D. when
9. The man ____ you talked just now is a worker.
A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who
10. The man ____ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbour.
A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which
11. The doctor ____ is leaving for Africa next month.
A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking
C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking
12. The man ____ around our school is from America.
A. which you showed B. you showed him C. you showed D. where you showed
13. He talked about a hero ____ no one had ever heard.
A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who
14. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions ____ were asked in French.
A. where B. who C. in which D. which
15. Have you read the book ____ I lent to you
A. that B. whom C. when D. whose
16. Finally, the thief handed over everything ____ he had stolen to the police.
A. that B. which C. whatever D. all
17. The foreign guests, ____ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.
A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those
18. This is the very letter ____came last night.
A. who B. which C. that D. as
19. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask ____ knows better than I.
A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one
20. This is the school ____ we visited three days ago.
A. where B. / C. when D. what
21. This is the factory ____ we worked a year ago.
A. where B. that C. which D. on which
22. Nearby were two canoes ____ they had come to the island.
A. which B. in which C. that D. /
23. Jack is pleased with ____ you have given him and all ____ you have told him.
A. that, what B. what, that C. which, what D. that, which
24. Do you work near the building ____ colour is yellow
A. that B. which C. its D. whose
25. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help.
A. whom B. who C. to whom D. form whom
26. Is this school ____ we visited three years ago
A. the one B. which C. that D. where
27. Is this the school ____ we visited three years ago
A. the one B. where C. in which D. /
28, How many students are there in your class ____ homes are in the country
A. whose B. who C. whom D. which
29. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ____ came as a surprise.
A. it B. which C. that D. he
30. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage ____ already seven other people.
A. when there were B. which there were C. that there were D. where there were
31. I live in the house ____ windows face south.
A. which B. whose C. where D. in that
32. ---- What game is popular with them ---- The ____ most is tennis.
A. game they like it B. game they like C. best game they like D. best game they like it
33. They stayed with me three weeks, ____ they drank all the wine I had.
A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which
34. The room ____ Mr White lives is not very large.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
35. Don’t forget the day ____ you were received into the Youth League.
A. when B. that C. at which D. where
36. I’ve finished writing the novel, ____ is to be published next month.
A. that B. what C. which D. when
37. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, ____ was unexpected.
A. which B. as C. that D. it
38. ____ we is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn.
A. What B. As C. That D. Which
39. The old man had three sons, all of ____ died during World War Ⅱ.
A. whose B. that C. whom D. who
40. I have bought two pens, ____ write well.
A. none of which B. neither of which C. both of which D. all of which
41. Do you know the reason ____ she has changed her mind
A. why B. which C. for that D. of which
42. He failed in the exam, ____ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.
A. which B. what C. it D. that
43. During the week ____ he tried to collect materials for his article.
A. following B. followed C. to follow D. that followed
44. ____ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.
A. It B. Which C. As D. That
45. He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, ____ his father expected.
A. that was what B. what was that C. and which was D. which was what
46. We should read such books ____ will make us better and wiser.
A. when B. as C. whose D. what
47. You must show my wife the same respect ____ you show me.
A. when B. as C. whose D. what
48. He is absent ____ is often the case.
A. what B. which C. who D. as
49. It is the first time ____ I have come to your city.
A. that B. which C. what D. when
50. Who ____ has the same idea as it will do it in this way.
A. who B. that C. whom D. which
51. I shall never forget those years ____ I lived in the country with the farmers, ____ has a great effect on my life.
A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who
52. This is the only book ____ I can find.
A. that B. which C. it D. with which
53. I don’t like ____ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
54. That is one of those books that ____ worth reading.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
55. This is the only one of the students whose handwriting ____ the best.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
56. There was ____ to prevent the accident.
A. something could do B. anything we could do
C. nothing we couldn’t do D. nothing we could do
参考答案
语法复习四：定语从句
一、1. The fan that you want is on the desk. 2. The man who brought our textbooks here yesterday is in next room. 3. The magazine which he has taken away is mine. 4. The students who don’t study hard will not pass the exam. 5. The woman you saw in the park is our geography teacher. 6. The letter I received yesterday is from my sister. 7. The play that we saw last night was wonderful. 8. The train which was going to Nanning was late. 9. The boy who was here a minute ago is my brother. 10. The tree he is climbing is quite tall. 11. Here is the girl whose brother works in this shop. 12. That’s the child whose drawing we were looking at just now. 13. This is the boy whose sister is a favous singer. 14. I want to talk to the boy whose homework hasn’t been handed in. 15. Is that the woman whose daughter is in my class 16. He used to live in a big house, in front of which grew many banana trees. 17. They passed a factory, at the back of which there were rice fields. 18. The soldier ran to the building, on the top of which flew a flag. 19. In the evening they arrived at a hill, at the foot of which there was a temple. 20. She came into a big room, in the middle of which stood a large table.
二、1. to whom; 2. with which; 3. with whom; 4. about which; 5. in which; 6. of which
三、1~5 ABACD 6~10 CDCCA 11~15 CCADA 16~20 ACCAB 21~25 ABBDC
26~30 ADABD 31~35 BBDCA 36~40 CABCC 41~45 AADCD 46~50 BBDA2022年高考英语语法知识梳理--表语从句和主语从句
表语从句 一、表语从句的连接词
一、表语从句的连接词
1.从属连词that引导的表语从句
The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦的是我把他的地址弄丢了。
The fact is that he doesn’t really try.事实是他没有做真正的努力。
2.从属连词whether引导的表语从句
The question is whether we can catch the early bus.问题在于我们是否能赶上早班车。
What they want to know is whether he is capable of holding that important post.
他们想知道的是他是否有能力保住那一重要职位。
3.连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句
This is what we want.这正是我们所需要的。
The problem is who can complete the difficult task.问题是谁能完成这项困难的任务。
That is why she had a day off yesterday.这就是她昨天请一天假的原因。
The problem is where we should stay.问题是我们应该呆在哪里。
【提示】
①That’s because ...意为“这是因为……”，强调原因。
That’s because he didn’t understand me.那是因为他没有理解我。
②That’s why ...意为“这是为什么……”，强调结果。
That’s why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。
③The reason （why ...）is that ...意为“原因是……”。
The reason why I got angry with me was that he didn’t understand me.
我难过的原因就是他不理解我。（why引导的定语从句）
4.从属连词as，as if/as though引导的表语从句
Things are not always as they seem to be.事物并不总是如其表象。
He looks as if/as though he’s tired.他好像累了。
表语从句 二、表语从句的常用句式
二、表语从句的常用句式
1.It+seem/appear+that ...
It appeared that he was talking to himself.好像他在自言自语。
It seemed that he didn’t recognize me.他似乎没认出我来。
It seemed/appeared that he had made mistakes in his work.好像他在工作中犯了错误。
2.It+系动词+as if/as though ...
It looks as if we are going to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。
She seemed as though she couldn’t understand why Laura was there.
看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。
It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere.
我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。
主语从句 一、主语从句的连接词
一、主语从句的连接词
1.从属连词that引导的主语从句
That you’re leaving is a pity.很遗憾你要离开。
That he is still alive is a wonder.他还活着，真是奇迹。
2.从属连词whether引导的主语从句
Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。
Whether they would support us was a problem.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
3.连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句
Who has broken the glass is unknown.谁打破了玻璃现在还不知道。
What he did last night is being investigated.他昨天晚上干了些什么正在调查之中。
How it was done was a mystery.这是如何完成的是一个谜。
When he was born is unknown.他生于何时还不知道。
主语从句 二、it作形式主语
二、it作形式主语
1.that引导的主语从句
（1）It+be+名词+that
It is a good thing that ……是好事情　　　　It is a fact that 事实是……
It is a pity/a shame that 真遗憾……　　　　It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是……
It is a question that ……是个问题　　　　　It is common knowledge that ……是常识
It is good news that ……是好事情　　　　　 It is one’s belief that 某人认为……
It’s a pity that he didn’t come.很遗憾他没来。
It is a mystery how he is going to do it.他打算如何做是个谜。
（2）It+be+形容词+that
It is certain that 肯定……　　　　　　　　It is important that 重要的是……
It is impossible that 不可能……　　　　　 It is likely that 很可能……
It is obvious/clear that 很明显……　　　　It is surprising that 令人惊讶的是……
It is natural that ……那是自然的　　　　　It is necessary that 有必要……
It is possible that 很可能……　　　　　　 It is strange that 很奇怪……
It is possible that he has stolen the car.很可能他偷了小汽车。
It is certain that he will leave for Beijing tomorrow.明天他肯定要去北京。
It is quite clear that he has read the book.很显然，他读过这本书。
（3）It+be+过去分词+that
It is agreed that 大家同意……　　　　　　It is argued that 大家争论……
It is assumed that 假定……　　　　　　　 It is believed that 大家相信……
It has been decide that 大家决定……　　　It is hoped that 大家希望……
It is （well）known that 家喻户晓……　　 It is reported that 据报道……
It is recommended that 据推荐……　　　　 It is rumored that 谣传……
It is said that 据说……　　　　　　　　　It is suggested that 有人建议……
It is supposed that 大家推测……　　　　　It is thought that 大家认为……
It must be remembered that 务必记住……
It is taken for granted that ……被视为当然
It’s decided that the meeting will start at 8 in the morning.定于明天上午八点开会。
It is suggested that you （should）spend more time in studying English.
你应该花更多的时间学习英语。
【提示】 在以上三种句式中，主语从句用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。
（4）It+不及物动词+that
It appears that 好像是……　　　　　　　　　It happens that 碰巧是……
It occurs to sb.that ...某人突然想起……　　It seems that 好像是……
It strikes sb.most that 令某人印象深刻的是……
It turns out that 结果是……
It happened that I had no money on me.碰巧我身上没带钱。
It seems that your plan is more practical.你的计划似乎更切实可行。
It appears that everybody is here.Let’s start.看来大家都到了，咱们开始吧。
It turns out that our team has won the game.结果是我们队赢了这场比赛。
It really matters that you haven’t turned up.你没来，这的确很有影响。
It occurred to me that we should get in touch with the manager.
我突然想起我们应该与经理联系。
2.whether引导的主语从句
It makes little difference whether we go or stay.我们去还是留没有多大差别。
It’s not yet settled whether I am going to America.我去不去美国还没定。
It was a problem whether they would support us.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
3.连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句
It is unknown who has broken the glass.谁打破了玻璃现在还不知道。
It is being investigated what he did last night.他昨天晚上干了些什么正在调查之中。
It is unknown when he was born.他生于何时还不知道。2022年高考英语语法知识梳理--宾语从句全解
宾语从句 一、宾语从句的连接词
一、宾语从句的连接词
1.从属连词that引导的宾语从句
We are glad （that）so many old friends will attend our tea party.
我们非常高兴，这么多老朋友要来出席我们的茶话会。
The headmaster said （that）the school reports had been sent off.
校长说成绩通知单已发出。
2.从属连词 whether，if引导的宾语从句
Nobody knows whether/if it will rain tomorrow.没有人知道明天是否下雨。
I asked him whether/if he was coming.我问他来不来。
【比较】
①Please let me know whether you like it.
请告诉我你是否喜欢。（whether引导宾语从句）
②Please let me know if you like it.如果你喜欢，请告诉我。（if引导状语从句）
3.连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
连接代词 who whom whose what which whoever whomever whatever
　　　　 whichever
连接副词 where when how why
I don’t know who/whom you mean.我不知道你指谁。
Please tell me which you like.告诉我你喜欢哪一个。
You don’t know when you are lucky.你身在福中不知福。
I asked how he was getting on.我问他情况怎样。
He knows where they live.他知道他们住哪里。
宾语从句 二、宾语从句与主句的时态一致
二、宾语从句与主句的时态一致
1.主句是一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语从句的时态可以是所需要的任何时态。
She says （that）she works from Monday to Friday.
她说她从周一至周五上班。（从句是一般现在时）
She says （that）she went to Mount Emei last week.
她说上周去了峨眉山。（从句是一般过去时）
2.主句是过去时，宾语从句的时态只能用相应的过去时态。
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.
他说昨天下午没有课。（从句是一般过去时）
He promised her that he was going to take care of the baby.
他向她许诺会去照看这个婴儿。（从句是过去将来时）
宾语从句 三、宾语从句的用法
三、宾语从句的用法
1.作及物动词宾语
I can’t imagine how he did it.我不能想象，这件事情他是怎么干的。
They couldn’t understand why I refused.他们不能理解我为什么拒绝了。
2.作介词宾语
It all depends on how we solve the problem.这完全要看我们如何解决这问题。
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
【提示】 介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether 而不用if引导。
3.作形容词宾语
I wasn’t sure who was going to speak.我不敢肯定谁要发言。
She was not aware how dangerous it would be.她并不知道该有多么危险。
【提示】 宾语从句的语序需用陈述句语序。2022年高考英语语法知识梳理--定语从句全解
定语从句注意事项 一、关系代词的区别
一、关系代词的区别
1.只用that不用which的情况
（1）先行词是all，much，little，few，something，anything，everything，none，nothing等不定代词时
All that she lacked was training.她所缺少的是训练。
Is there anything （that）I can do for you？ 有什么事要我做吗？
There is little （that）I can do to make up for lost time.我做什么都无法弥补时间的损失。
There is not much that ought to be done right now.现在没有太多的事情要做。
（2）先行词被any，the only，the very，the same等限定词修饰时
Give me any book that you would recommend.给我你要推荐的书。
These are the very points that puzzle me.正是这几点难住了我。
（3）先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的电影中最好的一部。
This is the first time that I’ve heard of him.这是我第一次听到关于他的情况。
（4）先行词中既有人又有物时
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.
他们谈论他们参观过的那些学校和老师们。
The man and the car that you want to see are all here.你想见的人和车都在这里。
（5）主句是以who或which 开头的特殊疑问句时。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate？ 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which of the books that refers to the importance of education？
哪本书提到了教育的重要性？
2.只用which不用that的情况
（1）引导非限制性定于从句时
Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。
Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.
足球是很有趣的运动项目，全世界都在踢。
（2）介词位于关系代词之前时
I’m looking for a container in which I can put all these peaches.
我想找一个能放下这些桃子的容器。
Copper is one of the metals with which we are most familiar.
铜是我们最熟悉的金属之一。
（3）先行词本身就是that时
What’s that which was flying in the sky just now？ 刚才在天空中飞的是什么东西？
I don’t like that which he did.我不喜欢他做的那件事。
（4）先行词是不明性别的baby，child时。
Have you noticed that child which has lost his way？ 你注意到那个迷路的孩子了吗？
The baby which the nurse has just brought in is John’s child.
护士刚抱来的那个婴儿是约翰的孩子。
3.只用who不用that的情况
（1）先行词是指人的不定代词如one，ones，anyone，everyone，none，all时
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。
We don’t want anyone who can’t afford the tuition fee to drop out of school.
我们不想让任何交不起学费的人辍学。
（2）those who“那些……的人”句式中
Those who have good manners will be highly respected.
那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。（复数）
He who laughs last laughs best.谁笑到最后谁笑得最美。（单数）
（3）非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时
Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.
我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长烹调。
Then he met Mary，who invited him to a party.
后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。
4.as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
（1）as引导的从句可置于句首、句中、句末，而which 只能置于句末。
As you will find out，all is now settled.你会发现，一切都已搞定了。
David，as you know，is a photographer.戴维是个摄影师，你是知道的。
Li Ming is late，as is often the case.李明迟到了，这事经常发生。（不可用which）
（2）as 具有“正如、像；由……而知；与……一致”等意义。
Shakespeare is a famous writer，as we all know.莎士比亚是著名作家，这众人皆知。
She is very patient，as is shown in her work.
她很有耐心，正如她工作中所表现出来的一样。
（3）which引导的定语从句往往表示由于主句的原因所产生的结果。
Crusoe’s dog died，which made him very sad.克鲁索的狗死了，这使得他很难过。
Bamboo is hollow，which makes it very light.竹子是中空的，因此它很轻。
（4）as 多用于固定搭配中
as can be seen 看得出来　　　　　　　　as is announced 据宣布
as is expected 正如所料想的那样　　　　as has been explained 正如所解释的那样
as has been said before 如前所述　　　 as is natural 很自然地
as often happens 这情况常发生　　　　　as is reported 据报道
as is shown 如……所示　　　　　　　　　 as is well-known 众所周知
as you know 如你所知　　　　　　　　　 as you see 如你所见
定语从句注意事项 二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1.形式不同：限定性定语从句不用逗号隔开；非限定性定语从句必须用逗号隔开。
2.作用不同：没有限定性定语从句，主句句意不完整；去掉非限定性定语从句，主句句意仍然完整。
He is the man who helped me.
他就是帮助过我的那个男人。（去掉从句主句，句意不完整）
I have two sisters，who are both doctors.
我有两个姐妹，她们都是医生。（去掉从句，句意也完整）
3.关系词不同
（1）that不用于非限制性定语从句中。
（2）whom 在限制性定语从句中可用 who 代替，在非限制性定语从句中则不能。
This is the girl who I met in the street.这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。
Do you know Tom，whom we talked about？
你认识汤姆吗？我们谈到过他。（whom不能用who代替）
（3）非限制性定语从句不能用why引导，要用for which代替why。
【辨析】我把理由告诉了他们，为什么我不去开会。
【正】I told them the reason，for which I didn’t attend the meeting.
【误】I told them the reason，why I didn’t attend the meeting.
定语从句注意事项 三、定语从句与同位语从句的区别
三、定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1.that引导的定语从句和同位语从句
The news that he had landed on the Moon spread all over the school campus.
他在月球上登陆的消息传遍了校园。（同位语从句：that只起连接作用，不可省略。）
The news that we heard spread all over the school campus.
我们听到的消息传遍了校园。（定语从句：that作heard的宾语，可省略）
2.what，how，whether不能用于引导定语从句，但可引导同位从句
Have you any idea what time it starts？ 你知道什么时候开始吗？
You have no idea how worried I was.你不知道我多着急。
There is some doubt whether he will come.他是否来还不一定。
定语从句注意事项 四、定语从句中的主谓一致
四、定语从句中的主谓一致
1.先行词的人称和定语从句中的谓语动词要一致
I，who am your colleague，will share the work with you.
我是你的同事，要和你分担这项工作。（先行词是I，who后用am）
He，who is my neighbor，has a deep sympathy for me.
他是我邻居，对我极表同情。（先行词是he，who后用is）
They，who are here now，are not aware of the danger.
他们在这里，没有觉察到危险。（先行词是they，who后用are）
2.先行词的数和定语从句中的谓语动词要一致
The recorder that has been given to me is home-made.
给我的那一台录音机是国产的。（先行词the recorder为单数，定语从句中用has）
I didn’t meet the guests who were here last week.
我没有见到上星期在这里的客人。（先行词the guests为复数，定语从句中用were）
3.as或which作主语指代整个主句时，动词要用单数
He comes early，as is always his habit.他来得早，这是他的习惯。
He jumped with joy，which was good news to us.
他高兴得跳起来，这对我们来说是好消息。
【提示】
①“one of the+复数名词”后的定语从句中，谓语动词用复数。
This is one of the questions that have been raised by the audience.
这是听众提出的许多问题中的一个。
②当one 被the，the only，the very修饰时，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。
The Schoolmaster is the only one of his short stories that is not well written.
《校长》是他唯一的一篇写得不好的短篇小说。
【高考演练】
1.【安徽】The exact year________Anglela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
A.when B.where C.why D.which
【答案】D 考查定语从句。本题先行词为year，在定语从句中作及物动词spent的宾语，因此选用关系代词which。故选D。
2.【北京】I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week，________my classmates recommended to me.
A.who B.which C.when D.where
【答案】B 考查定语从句。根据题干信息，定语从句的先行词为book，定语从句中缺乏宾语，加逗号后为非限制性定语从句，故选B。
3.【福建】Students should involve themselves in community activities________they can gain experience for growth.
A.who B.when C.which D.where
【答案】D 考查定语从句。句意：学生应该使他们自己参与到社区活动中来，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长经验。根据句意可知，所填词引导定语从句，先行词是activities，并且从句中的主谓宾成分是齐全的，且不需要表示时间，故选D。
4.【湖南】I am looking forward to the day________my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
A.as B.why C.when D.where
【答案】C 考查定语从句。句意：我一直期待着我的女儿能读懂这本书，明白我对她的感情的那一天。when引导定语从句，修饰先行词day，在从句中作时间状语。故选C。
5.【江苏】The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication，especially at work________a good impression is a must.
A.which B.when C.as D.where
【答案】D 考查定语从句。句意：这本书在我的日常交流方面给予了我很大帮助，尤其是在必须给别人留下一个好印象的工作中。分析句子结构可知，先行词为抽象名词work，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导。故选D。
6.【江西】Among the many dangers________sailors have to face，probably the greatest of all is fog.
A.which B.what C.where D.when
【答案】A 考查定语从句。句意：在水手们必须面对的许多危险中，也许最大的是雾。此题易误选C项，原因是没有分析清楚从句的句子成分。which 在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词dangers，同时在从句中作face的宾语。故选A。
7.【山东】A company________profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
A.which B.whose C.who D.why
【答案】B 考查定语从句。句意：一个来自国内市场的利润在下降的公司可能会寻找国外机会。a company是先行词，其后是定语从句，定语从句的主语是profits，缺少定语，故选B。
8.【陕西】Please send us all the information________you have about the candidate for the position.
A.that B.which C.as D.what
【答案】A 考查定语从句。先行词是information，指物，关系词在从句中作及物动词have的宾语，且先行词用不定代词all修饰，关系词只能用that，故选A。
9.【四川】Until now，we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children，________is quite unexpected.
A.that B.which C.who D.it
【答案】B 考查定语从句。句意：到现在为止，我们已经为那些贫穷的孩子们筹集到了五万英镑，这是完全没有预料到的。此处which指代整个主句内容，引导非限制性定语从句，which 在定语从句中作主语。故选B。
10.【天津】English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，________uses it differently.
A.all of which B.each of which C.all of them D.each of them
【答案】B 考查定语从句和主谓一致。句意：英语是一种被好几种不同文化共同使用的语言，每一种文化使用它时都是不同的。首先A 项和C项中的all 暗示空格后用use，故排除A、C；根据空格后的uses 使用的是一般现在时，可知空格处需用单数名词或代词，可选B、D；再根据uses是谓语动词，可知空格处是主语，只有each of which 能作主语，并构成了定语从句。故选B。
11.【浙江】I didn’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade，________I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.
A.when B.where C.which D.why
【答案】A 考查定语从句。句意：我直到五年级才成为一名真正的攀登者，那一年我爬上树枝去够一只被卡的风筝。该句中的先行词是the fifth grade，此处先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，应该用关系副词when。故选A 项。
12.【重庆】We’ll reach the sales targets in a month________we set at the beginning of the year.
A.which B.where C.when D.what
【答案】A 考查定语从句。此处先行词targets 被in a month 所扰，考生容易错把month 当成先行词而误选C。targets 在定语从句中作set的宾语，所以关系词应用which或that。故选A。
13.【重庆】Sales director is a position________communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
A.which B.that C.when D.where
【答案】D 考查定语从句。句意：销售总监是一个交际能力和销售能力同等重要的职位。被修饰的词position是先行词，它是一个抽象的地点状语，应用where引导。which和that 在定语从句中作主语或宾语；when 在定语从句中作时间状语。故选D。
14.【湖南】Care of the soul is a gradual process________even the small details of life should be considered.
A.what B.in what C.which D.in which
【答案】D 考查定语从句。句意：对心灵的关爱是一个渐进的过程，在这个过程中，甚至生活中的小细节都应该考虑在内。本题考查定语从句，修饰先行词process，且定语从句不缺主语和宾语，in which相当于in the process，故D项正确。A项和B项中的what不可以引导定语从句。C项which 必须在从句中作主语或宾语。故选D。
15.【山东】Maria has written two novels，both of________have been made into television series.
A.them B.that C.which D.what
【答案】C 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：玛丽亚已经写了两部小说，它们都被拍摄成电视连续剧了。分析句子结构可知，novels是定语从句的先行词，指物时引导词要用that或which，又因为介词of后面不能接that来引导定语从句，此处的非限制性定语从句只能用which来引导；them与what 都不能作定语从句的引导词，故排除。故选C。
16.【福建】The air quality in the city，________is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.
A.that B.it C.as D.what
【答案】C 考查定语从句。句意：正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。as“正如，就像”引导定语从句，先行词为air quality。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，it不能引导定语从句，what不能引导定语从句。故选C。
17.【安徽】A lot of language learning，________has been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A.as B.it C.which D.this
【答案】A 考查定语从句。句意：正如已经发现的那样，大量的语言学习发生在出生后的第一年，所以在那一时期父母应该多和孩子交谈。根据句子结构可知，本题是考查引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，在句中作主语，指代主句整个句子的内容。as可引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如”；it不能用于定语从句；which虽然也能用于非限制性定语从句，但常常放在整个主句之后；this也不能用于定语从句。故选A。
18.【全国Ⅱ】That evening，________I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.
A.that B.which C.what D.when
【答案】B 考查定语从句。句意：那天晚上我工作到很晚，后面我会告诉你更多关于那天晚上的事。该空引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作about的宾语，所以只能用which；that不能引导非限制性定语从句；what不能引导定语从句；when可以引导非限制性定语从句，但是在从句中只作时间状语。故选B。
19.【北京】When deeply absorbed in work，________he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
A.that B.which C.where D.when
【答案】B 考查定语从句。句意：他常常会聚精会神地工作，这时他就会废寝忘食。分析句子结构可知，when引导的是时间状语从句的省略句，________he often was是状语从句中的非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整个句子，且在从句中作was的表语，应用which引导。that不能引导非限制性定语从句；where 在定语从句中作地点状语；when 在定语从句中作时间状语。故选B。
20.【江西】By 16：30，________was almost closing time，nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A.which B.when C.what D.that
【答案】A 考查定语从句。句意：到16：30，快关门的时候，几乎所有的画都卖出去了。which作为关系代词，指代前面的先行词16：30。when是关系副词，不能作主语；what和that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故选A。2022年高考英语语法知识梳理--关系代词和关系副词
关系词的用法 一、关系代词的用法
一、关系代词的用法
1.who
（1）作主语
He is the man who wants to see you.他就是想要见你的那个人。
Success will come to him who is honest and diligent.成功将归于诚实而勤奋的人。
（2）作宾语
This is the boy （who）he met yesterday.这个男孩就是他昨天遇见的那个。
In Berlin，he first met the woman （who）he married later.
在柏林，他第一次遇见后来和他结婚的那个女人。
She is the girl who I went there with.她就是和我一起去那儿的女孩。
【提示】 在非正式文体中who可以代替whom；作宾语时，也可以省略。
2.whom
（1）作及物动词宾语
He is the man （whom）I saw in the park yesterday.
他就是我昨天在公园里见到的那个人。
The author （whom）you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply.
你在评论中批评的那个作者写了一封回信。
（2）作介词宾语
The person to whom I complained is the manager.我向经理投诉。
This is the boy with whom he worked.这就是和他一起工作的男孩。
【提示】 whom作宾语时可以省略，但在介词后不能省略，也不能用who。
3.whose
（1）作定语
The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr Williams.
他女儿教你英语的那位教授是威廉斯博士。
They rushed over to help the man whose leg was broken.
那人的腿断了，他们跑过去帮忙。
（2）指人时可以同of whom互换，若指物时可以同of which 互换。
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
Please pass me the book of which the cover is green.
They ran to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，他们跑去帮忙。
They ran to help the man of whom the car had broken down.
【比较】 我买了一本书，作者是位著名的科学家。
①I bought a book whose author was a famous scientist.
②I bought a book of which the author was a famous scientist.
③I bought a book the author of which was a famous scientist.
4.which
（1）作主语
The factory which produces cars is over there.生产汽车的那家工厂就在那边。
They needed a plant which didn’t need as much water as rice.
他们需要一种不像水稻那么需要水的作物。
（2）作宾语
The fish （which）they sell are not fresh.他们卖的鱼不新鲜。
The farm （which）we visited yesterday is located in the suburb.
我们昨天参观的农场位于郊区。
【提示】 which作宾语时可以省略。
（3）which引导非限制性定语从句时，可以修饰它前面的整个主句，相当于and this。
Jim passed his driving test，which surprised everybody.
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。
Sheila couldn’t come to the party，which was a pity.希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。
They were invited to the state banquet，which was a great honour to them.
他们被请去赴国宴，这对他们来说是极大光荣。
5.that
（1）作主语，可指人指物。
It’s a question that needs careful consideration.这是一个需要仔细考虑的问题。（指物）
Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree？
树下在看杂志的那个人是谁？（指人）
（2）作宾语，可指人指物。
The girl （that）we saw yesterday is Tom’s sister.
我们昨天看到的那个女孩是汤姆的妹妹。（指人）
The pieces of music （that）he wrote are symphonies.
他写的那些乐谱都是交响乐曲。（指物）
【提示】 that作宾语时可以省略。
6.as
（1）用于限制性定语从句中，as 多和such/the same连用。
Such people as were recommended by him were professors of the university.
他推荐的这些人都是大学的教授。
He told me of his experience such as I had never had before.
他给我讲了他的经历，我从来没有过的经历。
I should like to use the same tool as is used here.我想使用和这里用的一样的工具。
（2）用于非限制性定语从句中，修饰整个主句。
As we all know，the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。
关系词的用法 二、关系副词的用法
二、关系副词的用法
1.where
This is the room where he studies.这是他学习的房间。
This is the place where he works.这是他工作的地方。
2.when
This was the day when he arrived.这是他到达的那一天。
Who knew the time when the last train came？ 谁知道最后一列火车到来的时间？
3.why
This is the reason why he went.这是他去的原因。
【提示】 why不能用于非限制从句。
关系词的用法 三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1.“介词+关系代词”句式
（1）when 分解为in/at/on which。
I still remember the day on which I first met Jennifer.
我仍然记得第一次见到詹妮弗的那一天。（when=on which）
It was a time at which the Chinese struggled for freedom.
那是一段中国人为自由而斗争的日子。（when=at which）
Next month in which you’ll spend your holidays in your hometown，is coming.
下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度假。（when=in which）
（2）where 分解为in/on/at which。
She is going to settle in Macao in which she has some close friends.
她要到澳门去定居，在那里她有几个密友。（where=in which）
This is the office at/in which I used to work.
这就是我过去工作过的办公室。（where=at/in which）
There is a wall on which hangs a picture.
有一面墙，墙上有一幅画。（where=on which）
（3）why 分解为for which。
I don’t know the reason for which he came so late.
我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。（why=for which）
I’d like you to explain the reason for which you were absent.
我想让你解释一下你没来的原因。（why=for which）
（4）way作先行词，意为“方式”时，关系代词是“that/in which或省略”。
This is the way （that）my father did this work.这就是我父亲做此工作的方式。
She admired the way （in which）I answered the questions.她钦佩我回答问题的方式。
I don’t like the way he looked at me.我不喜欢他看我的样子。（省略关系词）
（5）“介词+关系代词”其他句式
Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought this coat？
你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗？
The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.杀死羊的那只狼被打死了。
【提示】 “介词+关系代词”中介词后只能用“which/whom”。
2.“表示部分的词语+of+关系代词”句式
（1）不定代词+of whom/which
China has a lot of islands，one of which is Taiwan.
中国有许多岛屿，其中之一是台湾岛。
There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film.
这里有许多学生，他们之中无人喜欢这部电影。
My favorite writer is Mo Yan，some of whose novels have a surprising ending.
我最喜欢的作家是莫言，他的一些小说结尾出奇。
Mary has three brothers，all of whom are doctors.玛丽有三个哥哥，全是医生。
（2）基数词、序数词、分数、百分数+of whom/which
He has three sons，two of whom are teachers.他有三个儿子，其中两个当教师。
The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year，80% of which are sold abroad.这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋子，其中80%销往国外。
（3）名词+of whom/which
He mentioned a book，the title of which I’ve forgotten.他提到一本书，书名我忘了。
Yesterday Mr Li finally bought his own house，to the east of which is a hospital.
昨天李先生最终买了房子，房子的东边是一家医院。
（4）the+最高级/比较级+of whom/which
There are two buildings，the larger of which stands nearly a hundred feet high.
有两座大楼，大的那座差不多有一百英尺高。
There are three girls in the room，the tallest of whom is Tom’s sister.
房间里有三个姑娘，最高的那个是汤姆的妹妹。
3.“介词+关系代词”句式中介词的确定
（1）根据定语从句中的动词和介词的搭配关系选择。
This is not the book of which the teacher spoke in class.
这不是老师在班上谈论的那本书。（根据speak of 确定介词of）
The two things of which they felt proud were Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.
令他们自豪的两件物品是吉姆的金表和黛拉的头发。（根据feel proud of 确定介词of）
（2）根据定语从句与先行词的搭配关系选择。
I’ll never forget the day on which I first met him.
我永远记得第一次遇见他的那一天。（根据day“在某一天”确定介词on）
The boy pointed to the direction in which he would run.
孩子指着他要跑去的方向。（根据direction“朝……方向”确定介词in）
（3）根据句意表达的关系选择。
This is the book from which I got the story.
这就是那本书，从中我读到这个故事。（根据句意“从……”确定介词 from）
This I did at nine o’clock，after which I sat reading the paper.
九点钟我做这事，之后坐着看报。（根据句意“在……之后”确定介词 after）
Oxygen without which we cannot live is a colourless gas.
氧气，一种无色的气体，离了它我们不能活。（根据句意“若没有氧气”确定介词without）2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-动词不定式
动词不定式 一、动词不定式的形式
一、动词不定式的形式
1.肯定式
2.否定式：not to do sth.或never to do sth.
Take care not to break it.小心别把它打破了。
You were silly not to have locked your car.你没锁车太傻了。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.进去时不要出声，以免把宝宝吵醒。
go in quietly in order not to wake the baby.
He has made it a rule never to cast his net more than three times a day.
他习惯于每天撒网不超过三次。
动词不定式 二、动词不定式的特征
二、动词不定式的特征
1.如果构成不定式的动词是及物动词，必须有宾语
He wants to study Japanese.他想学习日语。（Japanese作to study的宾语）
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。（the other car作to see的宾语）
2.动词不定式可以被状语修饰
It continued to rain heavily.雨继续下得很大。（heavily修饰to rain）
He left Harvard to work for a company.
他离开了哈佛大学去了一家公司工作。（for a company作to work的状语）
动词不定式 三、动词不定式的句法作用
三、动词不定式的句法作用
1.作主语
（1）不定式在句子中可以作主语，谓语动词用单数。
To study hard is necessary.努力学习是有必要的。
To get up early is a good habit.早起是个好习惯。
（2）不定式作主语的句子变被动语态时，必须用形式主语。
It was decided to set up a new football club in our school.
已经决定在我们学校建立一个新的足球俱乐部。
It is wanted to make big money by most people.许多人都想挣大钱。
（3）形式主语：常用it来作形式主语，代替不定式或不定式短语。
It is+名词+to do sth.做……是……
It is+形容词+to do sth.做……是……
It is+形容词+for sb.to do sth.对某人来说，做……是……
It is+形容词+of sb.to do sth.某人做…… 是……
It’s like sb.to do sth.像某人做某事的风格
It seems/appears+形容词+to do sth.做……看起来……
It takes sb.some time to do sth.做……花了某人多少时间
It’s up to sb.to do sth.由……决定
It is our duty to serve the people.
为人民服务是我们的责任。（真正主语to serve ...）
It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
学会一门外语是不容易的。（真正主语to learn ...）
It is difficult to do the job.做那项工作很困难。（真正主语to do ...）
It’s very necessary for us to practise listening and speaking.
我们很有必要练习听和说。（真正主语for us to practice ...）
It is so nice of you to come to see me.
你来看我太好了。（真正主语of you to come ...）
It’s like him to leave the work to others.（真正主语to leave ...）
他就是这样的一个人，总是把工作推给别人。
It seems good to have a drink now.
现在喝点什么倒还不错。（真正主语to have ...）
It took more than 100，000 slaves twenty years to build the Great Pyramid.
十万多个奴隶花了20年的时间建成了那座大金字塔。（真正主语to build ...）
It is up to parents to teach their children manners.
该由父母教孩子礼貌。（真正主语to teach ...）
2.作表语
（1）表示目的打算及具体内容。
His wish was to become a skilful worker.他的愿望是要成为一名技术熟练的工人。
What he hoped was to be admitted into the university.他的希望就是能被大学录取。
（2）不定式被动形式作表语，相当于can/could，should，ought to，must等意义。
You are to be rewarded.你应该受到奖励。（should）
It’s nowhere to be found.哪儿也找不到它。（can’t be）
These books are not to be sold.这些书不应该卖掉。（ought not to be）
（3）表示“同意、安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止”等。
They are to marry next week.他们将在下周结婚。（安排）
Children are not to smoke.儿童不准吸烟。（禁止）
You must be persistent if you are to succeed.想要成功，就必须有毅力。（愿望）
（4）seem，appear，prove，turn out等后接to be不定式时，可省略to be。
He seems （to be）ill.他似乎生病了。
The man turned out （to be）an cheater.这人竟是个骗子。
She proved （to be）a very strict teacher.她被证明是一位非常严格的老师。
He appeared （to be）about fifty years of age.他看起来大约50岁。
【提示】 主语中含有do的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可省略to。
What he wanted to do was （to）help the old man.他想做的是要帮一下这个老人。
3.作宾语
（1）作及物动词的宾语
常用不定式作宾语的动词：
afford 负担起　　　　agree 同意　　　　arrange 安排　　　　attempt 打算
ask 要求　　　　　　 care 想要　　　　 choose 选择　　　　 dare 敢于
decide 决定　　　　　demand 要求　　　 determine 决心　　　expect 期待
fail 未能　　　　　　hesitate 犹豫　　 hope 希望　　　　　 intend 想要
learn 学习　　　　　 long 渴望　　　　 manage 设法　　　　 offer 主动
plan 计划　　　　　　prepare 准备　　　pretend 假装　　　　promise 答应
refuse 拒绝　　　　　seek 试图　　　　 want 想要　　　　　 wish 希望
We have decided not to go.我们决定不去了。
He has promised to get me a position.他答应给我安排一个职位。
We have decided to experiment with a new method.我们决定用新方法进行试验。
We want to hear all about his adventure.我们想知道他奇遇的一切情况。
（2）“疑问词+不定式”作动词宾语
I don’t know what to do next.我不知道下一步该做什么。
I asked how to solve the problem.我问如何解决这一问题。
He forgot where to buy such a book.他忘了去哪儿买这样一本书。
He has to learn how to collect water，hunt for food，and make fire.
他得学会收集淡水、寻找食物、生火什么的。
（3）作介词的宾语
I have no idea of who to do it.我不知道谁去做此事。
They were concerned with what to deal with the problem.
他们关心的是如何解决问题。
Your success will largely depend upon how to do it.
你成功与否将主要取决于你怎样做。
They are discussing about where to give the lecture.他们正在讨论在哪里举行讲座。
【提示】 介词的宾语主要由“疑问词+不定式”短语充当。
4.作宾语补足语
（1）不省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语
常用“vt.+sb.to do sth.” 句式的动词：
advise 劝告　　　　　allow 允许　　　　　ask 请求　　　　　　bear 容忍
beg 乞求　　　　　　 cause 导致　　　　　command 命令　　　　direct 指导
drive 驱使　　　　　 elect 推举　　　　　enable 使某人能够　 encourage 鼓励
expect 期望　　　　　forbid 禁止　　　　 force 强迫　　　　　get 让某人去
hate 讨厌　　　　　　help 帮助　　　　　 intend 打算　　　　 invite 邀请
like 喜欢　　　　　　mean 打算　　　　　 need 需要　　　　　 oblige 迫使
order 命令　　　　　 permit 允许　　　　 persuade 说服　　　
prefer 宁愿 recommend 推荐　　remind 提醒　　　　
request 要求　　　　require 要求 teach 教育　　　　　
tell 告诉　　　　　 train 训练　　　　　 trouble 麻烦
want 想要　　　　　　warn 警告　　　　　 wish 希望
The teacher asked us to finish our homework.老师叫我们完成家庭作业。
She wanted him to sing for her friends.她想让他为她的朋友唱歌。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.警察告诉孩子们别在街上玩耍。
Please remind me to post this letter.请提醒我寄这封信。
【比较】
①I don’t allow/permit him to swim.我不允许他游泳。（不定式作宾补）
I don’t allow/permit swimming here.我不许在此地游泳。（动名词作宾语）
②I advise you to take medicine.我建议你吃药。（不定式作宾补）
I advise taking medicine.我建议吃药。（动名词作宾语）
（2）“to be不定式”作宾语补足语
常用“vt.+sb.+to be ...”句式的动词：
acknowledge 承认　　　believe 相信　　　consider 认为　　　
declare 宣称 discover 发现　　 feel 感觉　　　　
find 找到　　　　　 guess 猜想 imagine 想象　　
judge 判断　　　　 know 知道　　　prove 证明
suppose 猜想　　　　　take 以为　　　　 think 认为　　　　 understand 了解
I consider him to be the cleverest.我认为他是最聪明的。
We discovered him to be a cheat.我们发现他是一个骗子。
I find English to be very easy.我发现英语很容易。
I supposed him to be away from home.我想他不在家。
【提示】
①这类句式后的不定式用进行式或完成式时，to be不能省略。
They believe him to be writing a new book.他们认为他正在写一本新书。
I consider the work to have been finished.我估计活已干完了。
②这类句式的被动结构为“主语+is done+to do/be doing/have done”。
The film is believed to be the best this year.这部电影被认为是今年最好的。
He is believed to be writing a new book.人们认为他正在写一本新书。
They are supposed to have finished.他们应该完成了。
③作短语动词后的宾语补足语
appeal to sb.to do sth.呼吁某人做某事　　　
arrange for sb.to do sth.安排某人做某事
call on sb.to do sth.号召某人做某事　　　　
care for sb.to do sth.愿意某人做某事
count on sb.to do sth.指望某人做某事　　　
depend on sb.to do sth.依靠某人做某事
long for sb.to do sth.盼望某人做某事　　　
rely on sb.to do sth.依靠某人做某事
wait for sb.to do sth.等待某人做某事　　　
would like sb.to do sth.希望某人去做某事
The government is appealing to everyone to save water.
政府呼吁人人节约用水。
The crocodile waited for the monkey to come down again.
鳄鱼等着猴子再下来。
The chairman called on Mr Brown to speak.
主席请布朗先生讲话。
（4）省略to的不定式作宾语补足语
see 看到　　 watch 观看　　　　notice 注意　　observe 观察　　
look at 看着 hear 听到　　listen to 听着　　feel 感觉　　　
make 使　　　　 let 让　　　　have 使
You must watch me carefully do everything.
你必须仔细观察我所做的一切。
I often hear him sing this song.
我经常听到他唱这首歌。
I felt someone open my door.
我感觉有人开了我的门。
It will make the cabbage grow big and strong.
它将使白菜长得又大又壮。
【提示】 这类句式变为被动语态时，不定式符号to 要补出。
He was seen to write a letter.有人看见他写了一封信。
（5）it作形式宾语
They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.
他们发现不可能把一切按时准备好。（真正宾语to get ...）
She thought it unnecessary to argue with him.
她觉得没有必要和他辩论。（真正宾语to argue ...）
Do you consider it better not to go？ 你觉得不去更好吗？
（真正宾语not to go）
5.作定语
（1）主谓关系
He was the best man to do the job.他是做这工作的最佳人选。
Gina is the first to know my e-mail address.吉娜是第一个知道我电邮地址的。
You are the right person to do the job.你是做这项工作合适的人选。
She was the only one to survive in the air crash.她是空难中唯一幸存的人。
【提示】 the last ...to do sth.意为“最不可能的……”。
He is the last man I want to see.他是我最不想见的人。
She is the last woman in the world to be a farmer’s wife.她最不适宜作农夫的妻子。
（2）动宾关系
I have many letters to write.我有许多信要写。
I have some clothes to wash.我有一些衣服要洗。
It was a game to remember.那是一场令人难忘的球赛。
【提示】
①在“动宾关系”中，不定式作定语要用及物动词的主动形式。
I have a lot of work to do today.我今天有很多工作要（自己）做。
②如果动词是不及物动词，其后要加必要的介词。
Give me a pen to write with.给我一只钢笔写字用。
Maria is a pleasant person to work with.和玛丽亚一起工作真愉快。
He has no house to live in.他没有房子住。
I have enough money to buy the book with.我有足够的钱买这本书。
I lit a candle to read by.我点起蜡烛来看书。
（3）偏正关系：不定式常用于某些名词后作定语。
ability 能力　　　　ambition 志向　　　　　anxiety 焦虑　　　　attempt 企图 campaign 运动　　　 chance 机会　　　　　　
courage 勇气　　　decision 决定 desire 欲望　　　　 determination 决心　　 effort 努力　　　　 failure 失败
refusal 拒绝　　　　promise 许诺　　　　　 tendency 趋势
I had a dream to fly in the sky like a bird.
我做了一个像鸟儿一样在天上飞的梦。
I have a wish to go to college.
我有一个上大学的愿望。
They made a plan to study English.
他们制订了一个学习英语的计划。
Everyone has the right to speak at the meeting.
人人都有在会议上讲话的权利。
【提示】
①在idea，habit，method，purpose等词后只用“of doing ...”作定语。
They got the happy idea of climbing the hill.他们想到爬山的好主意。
I am in the habit of rising early.我习惯早起。
②在way，pleasure，time，chance，opportunity，plan，power等词后可用“to do sth.或of doing sth.”作定语。
Do you know the way of mastering English？ 你知道精通英语之道吗？
Do you know the way to master English？
【比较】
①She was on her way to catch the school bus.
她在赶搭校车的途中。（on one’s way to do ...）
②He is on his way to becoming a journalist.
他将会成为一名新闻记者。（on one’s way to do ...）
6.作状语
（1）作目的状语
We started early to avoid being late.我们一早就动身免得迟到。
I came to hear the report.我是来听报告的。
【辨析】我一早动身以便及时到达那里。
【正】To get there in time I started early.（to do置于句首，作目的状语）
【正】I started early to get there in time.（to do置于句末，作目的状语）
【正】In order to get there in time I started early.
（in order to目的状语，置于句首）
【正】I started early in order to get there in time.
（in order to目的状语，置于句末）
【正】I started early in order that I could get there in time.
（in order that引导目的状语从句）
【误】So as to get there in time I started early.
（so as to 目的状语不能置于句首）
【正】I started early so as to get there in time.
（so as to 目的状语只能置于句末）
【正】I started early so that I could get there in time.
（so that引导目的状语从句）
（2）作结果状语
He grew up to be a famous scholar.他长大以后成了有名的学者。
I opened the door to find the room empty.我打开门，结果发现房间是空的。
He woke up to find everyone gone.他醒来发现人都走了。
不定式作结果状语的常用句式：
（1）“only to do ...”表示“出乎意料的结果”；
（2）“never to do ...” 表示“再也没有……的结果”；
（3）“such/so ...as to do ...”表示“如此……以至于”；
（4）“adj./adv.+enough to do ...”表示“足以……”；
（5）“too ...to do ...”通常表示否定意义，意为“太……以致不能”。
He worked hard only to fail.他努力工作结果却只有失败。
They parted，never to see each other again.他们分手了，从此没有再见面。
He isn’t old enough to join the army.他还不到参军的年龄。
He runs fast enough to catch the bus.他跑得够快，足以赶上公共汽车。
He is too small to join the Youth League.他的年龄太小，不能加入共青团。
The water is too dirty to drink.水太脏，不能喝。
He was so kind as to be helpful to others.他非常友好，总是帮助别人。
His story is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy.
他的经历这么悲惨，引起了我们的同情。
【提示】 “so ...as to do”句式中so接形容词或副词；“such ...as to do”句式中such接名词。
（3）作原因状语
The children jumped with joy to hear of the arrival of Father Christmas.
孩子们听说圣诞老人来了就高兴得跳了起来。
We were pleased to hear the good news.听到这个好消息，我们很高兴。（4）不定式作插入语
To tell the truth，I have no money with me.坦白地说，我身上没带钱。
Strange to say，his hair turned white during the night.
说也奇怪，他的头发一夜之间变白了。
动词不定式 四、不定式特殊句式
四、不定式特殊句式
1.疑问词+to do sth.
（1）做主语
Where to go tomorrow has not been decided.明天到什么地方去尚未决定。
It is still a question how to divide labor among the workers.
这些工人之间如何分工仍是个问题。
When to start still remains a question.何时出发还是个问题。
it still remains a question when to start.何时出发还是个问题。
（2）作动词宾语
I know where to find the boy.我知道到哪里能找到这个男孩。（作动词know的宾语）
I asked her how to learn English.我问她如何学英语。（作直接宾语）
Will you please show me how to get to the nearest bank？
你能告诉我去最近的银行怎么走吗？（作直接宾语）
【提示】 动词show，know 只能用“疑问词+to do”不定式短语作宾语。
（3）作介词宾语
He has no idea of how to answer this question.他不知道怎样回答这个问题。
He thought a lot about how to improve the crop.他对如何提高收成考虑得很多。
We must first solve the problem of whom to serve.我们必须首先解决为谁服务的问题。
【提示】 有时定语从句也可以简化为“介词+which （关系代词）+to do sth.” 形式。
Della had only $1.87 with which to buy Jim a present.德拉仅有$1.87来为吉姆买一件礼物。
You have a number of topics from which to choose.你有很多题目可以选择。
（4）作表语
The question is which to choose.问题是挑选哪一个。
The most difficult challenge is how to survive without friends.
最难的挑战，就是生活中孤独无友。
2.for sb.to do sth.
（1）作主语
It is important for you to find a job.对你来说找份工作是重要的。
It isn’t right for people to laugh at others.人们嘲笑别人是不对的。
【提示】 for后的sb.是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即to do这一动作的执行者。
（2）作宾语
I consider it necessary for her to learn French.我认为她需要学法语。
We must try to make it possible for lost time to be recovered.
我们必须努力夺回失去的时间。
【提示】 “for sb.to do ...”作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语。
（3）作表语
It’s for you to decide what to do next.得由你来决定下一步该做什么。
What I want is for you to have a rest.我希望的是你先休息一下。
（4）作定语
It’s time for us to go to bed.现在是我们睡觉的时候了。
There’s no reason for you to be late.你没有理由迟到。
（5）作状语
He stood aside for her to pass.他站在一边让她过去。（作目的状语）
The lesson is too easy for them to read.这一课对他们来说太容易了。（作结果状语）
3.It is+形容词+for sb.to do sth.
certain 肯定　　　　　clear 清晰的　 　　dangerous 危险的　　　　　difficult 困难的
easy 容易的　　　　　 fit 恰当的　　　 　hard 艰难的　　　　　　　 important 重要的
impossible 不可能的　 illegal 非法的　　　legal 合法的　　　　　　　likely 可能的
necessary 必要的　　　obvious 明显地　　　possible 可能的　　　　　 proper 合适的
suitable 适当的　　　 useful 有用的
It’s impossible for me to be with you.同你在一起我觉得不可能。
It’s very dangerous for children to cross the busy street.
对孩子们来说，穿过繁忙的街道很危险。
It’s difficult for us to finish the work.对我们来说，完成这项工作很困难。
It is necessary for us to master a foreign language.对我们来说精通一门外语是必要的。
4.It is+形容词+of sb.to do sth.
brave 勇敢的　　　　　careful 细心的　　　　　careless 粗心的　　　　　clever 聪明的 considerate 体贴的　　crazy 疯狂的　　　　　　
cruel 残忍的　　　　　　 foolish 傻的 good 好的　　　　　　 honest 诚实的　　　　　 impolite 没礼貌的　　　　kind 善良的
lazy 懒惰的　　　　　 naughty 淘气的　　　　　nice和蔼的　　　　　　　 polite 有礼貌的 right 正确的　　　　　rude 粗鲁的　　　　　　 selfish 自私的　　　　　 silly 愚蠢的 stupid 笨的　　　　　 unkind 不友好的　　　　 unselfish 无私的　　unwise 不明智的
wise 聪明的　　　　　 wrong 错误的
It is very kind of you to help me out.
帮我们摆脱困境太感谢你了。
It seemed selfish of him not to share his dictionary with others.
他很自私不和其他人共用他的词典。
It’s silly of you to do such a thing.
做这样的事你真傻。
It’s wrong of the other children to make fun of you.
别的孩子取笑你是不对的。
【提示】
“It is+形容词+of sb.to do sth.” 句式中，of的宾语可变为主语，不定式作状语的句式。
It is careless of him to lose so many things.他丢了这么多东西，真是太粗心了。
He is careless to lose so many things.
【辨析】有个好身体对我们来说是很重要的。
【正】It is important for us to have good health.
【误】It is important of us to have good health.
【误】We are important to have good health.
5.be to do sth.
（1）打算、决定、计划、安排等。
He is to visit Japan next week.他决定下周访问日本。
I was to have told you yesterday，but you were not in.
我本打算昨天告诉你的，但你不在家。
【提示】 be to have done表示本打算干，事实上没有干成。
I was to have seen him last Wednesday but he did not come.
我本来上周三就能见到他的，可他没来。
（2）指示、命令、禁止等，意为“必须，一定”。
You are to hand in the exercises tomorrow.你们明天必须交练习。
You’re not to smoke here.你不可以在此处抽烟。
（3）责任、义务、需要，意为“该不该”。
Who is to blame？ 谁该负责？
You are to report to the police.你应该报警的。
（4）可能性，与can，may 相当，不定式多用被动式。
The book was not to be found.那本书可能找不到了。
the book could not be found.
（5）假设，用于虚拟条件句中。
If it were to rain，we would get wet.要是下雨，我们就会淋湿。
If I were to meet her tomorrow，I would ask her about it.
若是明天能见到她，我就会问她这件事。
（6）be about to do 刚打算，即将做
I was about to speak when Mary spoke first.我正要讲话，玛丽先开口说了。
I was on the point of speaking when Mary spoke first.
【提示】 be about to不与具体的时间状语连用。
6.be said to do sth.
They are said to leave soon.据说他们很快就要离开。（将来）
His company is said to be in trouble.据说他的公司遇到了困难。（现在）
He is said to be doing fine at school.据说他在学校表现很好。（现在）
They are said to have left London.据说他们已经离开伦敦。（过去）
There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.据说我国沿海有大量的石油。（现在）
There is said to have been an earthquake in Japan.据说日本发生了一次地震。（过去）
动词不定式 五、动词不定式的时态
五、动词不定式的时态
1.不定式的三种时态
2.一般式
（1）表示将来即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作。
We decided to leave early.我们决定早点动身。
We expect him to come in time.我们希望他能及时来。
（2）表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作。
I find him to be a cheat.我发现他是个骗子。
He is said to be very rich.据说他非常富有。
3.完成式
（1）表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作。
I hate to have quarreled with her.我后悔和她吵架了。
It’s said to have been built in the Ming dynasty.据说它是明朝修建的。
（2）表示过去未曾实现的想法，愿望或计划。
I should like to have come earlier.我本想早点来的。
We were to have been married last year.我们本来打算去年结婚的。
I wished to have bought a car，but I had no money.我希望买辆车，但我（当时）没有钱。
I intended to have come.我本打算来的。（但没来）
4.进行式
（1）表示与谓语动词同时发生时的动作。
He seems to be reading the book.他好像在读那本书。
He is believed to be studying abroad.人们说他在国外学习。
Don’t pretend to be working hard.不要假装努力工作。
I discovered him to be eating in the room.我发现他在房间里吃东西。
（2）表示将来的动作。
He was happy to be coming home.就要回家了他感到高兴。
The old man seems to be dying.这老人似乎要死了。
动词不定式 六、动词不定式的被动式
六、动词不定式的被动式
1.被动式的形式
2.不定式被动式的句法作用
（1）作主语
It’s a great honour to be invited to the banquet.承蒙邀请赴宴，甚是荣幸。
It’s not a bad thing to be criticized.受批评并非是一件不好的事。
【提示】 不定式的被动式作主语常用it作形式主语。
（2）作宾语
Li Ming pretended to have been praised.李明假装受到过表扬。
He asked to be sent to Beijing to work.他要求派到北京去工作。
（3）宾语补足语
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.他让把这封信立即打好。
He doesn’t want good farm land to be built on.他不愿把好的农田用来造房子。
【提示】 宾语与宾补是动宾关系时，用不定式的被动式。
（4）作表语
His wish is to be trusted.他希望受到信任。
He seems to have been trained.他好像受过训练。
（5）作定语
She was the first woman to have been elected.她是这个位置上当选的第一个妇女。
The house to be built next year is a school.明年建的这栋房子是一所学校。
（6）作状语
I had to shout to be heard.我必须叫喊对方才能听得见。（目的状语）
I was very glad to be invited.我很高兴被邀请。（原因状语）
You were lucky not to be killed.你大难不死，真是好运气。（结果状语）
He has returned only to be sent away again.他回来后又被打发走了。（结果状语）
The case was too heavy to be carried by a child.箱子太重小孩拿不动。（结果状语）
He shut himself in the room so as not to be disturbed.
他把自己关在屋里以免受到打扰。（目的状语）
3.不用不定式被动式的情况
（1）做定语用的不定式的逻辑主语在句中做主语或宾语时
I have a lot of work to do.我有许多工作要做。（主语I是to do的逻辑主语）
I’ll give you something to read.我将给你一些东西读。（宾语you是to read的逻辑主语）
（2）在形容词后做状语的不定式，与句中主语构成动宾关系时
This question is easy to answer.这个问题很容易回答。
That man is difficult to deal with.那个人很难对付。
【提示】 这种句式可以变为it作形式主语的句式。
It is easy to answer this question.
It is difficult to deal with that man.
（3）不定式作定语表示动宾关系时
This is a hard question to answer.这是一个很难回答的问题。
That is a nice place to visit.那是一个值得参观的好地方。
（4）不定式作宾补时，宾语与不定式是动宾关系时
We find this text easy to understand.我们发现这篇课文很容易理解。
I find the man hard to get along with.我觉得这人很难相处。
（5）“There be ...”句式中“for sb.to do ...”作定语修饰主语时
There are still many questions for us to discuss.我们还有许多问题要讨论。
There is nothing for me to do at present.眼下我没事可干。
【提示】 There are a lot of reasons for the book to be published （这本书有很多理由要出版）中，不定式的逻辑主语book与不定式是动宾关系，因此用被动式。2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-动名词的用法
动名词 一、动名词的形式
一、动名词的形式
1.肯定式
2.否定式
（1）not doing
Not being punctual makes him unreliable.不准时使人觉得他不可靠。
（2）not having done
I’m surprised at your not having noticed.你竟未注意到我感到吃惊。
（3）one’s not doing
Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret.
杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。
动名词 二、动名词的句法作用
二、动名词的句法作用
1.作主语
（1）动名词作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It is a waste of time doing ...做……是浪费时间
It is no good doing ...做……是没好处
It is no use doing ...做……是没用处
It’s fun doing ...做……很有意思
It is worth doing ...值得做……
It doesn’t matter doing ...做……没有关系
It is no good talking.空谈是没有用的。
It’s fun working for him.为他工作很有意思。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.牛奶打翻了哭也没有用。
It is a waste of time doing such a thing.做这种事情是浪费时间。
It is worth discussing the problem.讨论这个问题是值得的。
It doesn’t matter wasting a little money.浪费一点钱没有关系。
【比较】
①It was nice meeting you.见到你真高兴！ （用于分别时）
②It is nice to meet you.（用于刚刚见面时）
（2）“There is no doing sth.” 句式中作主语，意为“不可能……，无法……”
There’s no denying the fact.这一事实不容否认。
There is no getting over the difficulty.这困难无法克服。
There is no knowing what he will do next.无法知道他下一步要干什么。
There was no telling when she would be back.没法知道她什么时候回来。
There is no saying how long the rain is going to last.说不准这场雨要下多久。
There is no bearing such rude remarks.如此粗话，叫人根本无法忍受。
2.作表语
His favorite sport is swimming.他喜欢的运动是游泳。
Her job was washing clothes.她的工作是洗衣服。
【提示】 动名词作主语和表语时要用“平行结构”。
Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.眼见为实。
It’s easy saying than doing.=It’s easy to say than to do.说易做难。
3.作宾语
（1）作及物动词的宾语
只用动名词作宾语的动词：
admit 承认　　　　advise 建议　　　　allow 允许　　appreciate 感激
avoid 避免　　　　consider 考虑　　　delay 耽误　　　deny 否认
endure 忍受　　　 enjoy 喜欢　　　　 escape 逃脱　　prevent 阻止
fancy 想象　　　　finish 完成　　　　forbid 禁止　　　forgive 宽恕
imagine 想象　　　keep 继续　　　　　mention 提及　　mind 介意
miss 错过　　　　 permit 允许　　　　postpone 推迟　　practise 练习
recommend 建议　　resist 抵抗　　　　risk 冒险　　　 stand 忍受
stop 停止　　　　 suggest 建议
It was impossible to avoid being affected.要想不受影响是不可能的。
I’ve often considered studying abroad.我经常在想出国留学。
She enjoys helping her parents with the housework.她喜欢帮她父母做家务。
Can you imagine living without electricity？ 你能想象没有电的生活吗？
（2）作短语动词的宾语
add to 增加　　　　　　　　　adapt oneself to 使适应
adjusted ...to 调整　　　　　apply oneself to 致力于
get used to 习惯　　　　　 　can’t help 禁不住
come close to 几乎　　　　 　come to 谈到
contribute to 有助于；促成　 contribute to 有助于
depend on 依靠　　　　　　　 devote oneself to 献身于
do well in 在……方面做得好　　dream of 梦想
feel like 打算　　　　　　　 get down to开始
give up 放弃　　　　　　　　 go in for 爱好，喜欢
have an objection to 反对　　insist on 坚持
lead to 导致　　　　　　　　 look forward to 盼望
object to 反对　　　　　　　 pay attention to 注意
persist in 坚持　　　　　　　prefer ...to ...比起……更喜欢做
put off 推迟　　　　　　 　　set about 开始
stick to 坚持　　　　　　　　succeed in 成功
The doctor told me to give up smoking.医生叫我戒烟。
She burst out crying.她突然哭起来。
They have put off leaving.他们已推迟动身。
I insist on taking a proper trip．我坚决主张进行一次合适的旅行。
I don’t feel like eating anything.我什么也不想吃。
I’m looking forward to seeing him.我盼望着见到他。
（3）作介词宾语
I am afraid of hurting her feelings.我怕伤害她的感情。
This is an instrument for measuring speed.这是一种测量速度用的仪器。
They have been used to living in the small village.他们已经习惯住在这个小村子里了。
How about going for a picnic？ 去野餐怎么样？
（4）有些及物动词接不定式和动名词作宾语意义相同。
attempt 试图　　　begin 开始　　　bother 麻烦　　can’t bear不能忍受
cease 停止　　　　continue 继续　　hate 憎恨　　　　　intend 想要
like 喜欢　　　　　 love 喜欢　　　　prefer 宁可　　　　start 开始
He likes to sing/singing.他喜欢唱歌。
It has started to rain/raining.开始下雨了。
（5）有些动词接不定式或动名词意义不同。
can’t help to do 不能帮忙做某事　　　　　　　　
can’t help doing 禁不住做某事
be afraid to do 不敢做某事　　　　　　　　　　
be afraid of doing 担心发生某事
forget to do 忘记要去做某事　　　　　　　　　　
forget doing 忘记做过某事
go on to do 继续去做另外一件事情　　　　　　　
go on doing 继续做同一件事情
mean to do 打算要做某事　　　　　　　　　　　　
mean doing 意味着
remember to do 记住去做某事　　　　　　　　　　
remember doing 记得做过某事
regret to do 对要做的事遗憾　　　　　　　　　　
regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔
stop to do 停止去做另一件事　　　　　　　　　　
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
try to do 努力、企图做某事　　　　　　　　　　
try doing 试验、试一试某种办法
We stopped to have a rest.我们停下来休息了一会。
（to have a rest目的状语）
Don’t stop trying once again.不要停止，再试一次。
（trying ...作stop的宾语）
I’m afraid to tell her.我不敢告诉她。（因为害怕“不敢告诉她”）
He is afraid of being scolded.他担心受责备。（担心的是“会受到责备”）
4.作同位语
This is my recreation，reading novels.这便是我的娱乐，看小说。
His hobby，making model airplanes，is very interesting.
他的嗜好是做模型飞机，非常有趣。
5.作定语
a dancing teacher 舞蹈教师　　　　　　　　a smoking room 吸烟室
a walking stick 手杖　　　　　　　　　　　a writing desk 写字台
a swimming pool 游泳池　　　　　　　　　drinking water 饮用水
a bathing cap 浴帽　　　　　　　　　　a changing room 更衣室
a waiting room 候诊室　　　　　　　　　an ironing board 烫衣板
a hiding place 藏身处　　　　　　　　　an operating table 手术台
building materials 建筑材料　　　　　　a diving board 跳板
a writing table 写字台　　　　　　　　　reading materials 阅读材料
a closing speech 闭幕词　　　　　　　　an opening speech 开幕词
working hours 工作时间　　　　　　　　　a dancing hall 舞厅
【提示】 动名词作定语时表示被修饰的名（代）词的用途。
a smoking room=a room for smoking 吸烟室
drinking water=water for drinking 饮用水
动名词 三、动名词的时态和语态
三、动名词的时态和语态
1.动名词时态和语态的形式
2.动名词的一般式
（1）表示与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之后。
I was not aware of your being so lazy.我不知道你当时那么懒。
There is no hope of his succeeding.他没有成功的希望。
（2）表示发生在谓语动作之前。
He was scolded for telling a lie.他因说谎而挨骂。
I remember mailing the letter.我记得寄了那封信。
3.动名词的完成式：表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作或状态
Are you not ashamed of having failed？ 你对你的失败不感觉可耻吗？
He was accused of having stolen a watch.他被控偷表。
4.动名词的被动式：表示动名词的逻辑主语与动名词为被动关系
He didn’t mind being left at home.把他留在家里他并不介意。
It felt funny being called Grandmother.被人叫作祖母感到怪怪的。
I don’t mind having been described like this.我不在乎被描写成这样。
5.特殊词汇的动名词用法
（1）need，want，require表示“需要”时，用doing表示被动意义，相当于to be done。
He needs encouraging/to be encouraged.他需要鼓励。
Your hair wants cutting/to be cut.你需要理发了。
The front gate requires mending/to be mended.前门需要修理。
（2）deserve表示“值得”时，用doing表示被动意义，相当于to be done。
I don’t think his article deserves reading/to be read.我认为他的文章不值一读。
（3）worth表示“值得”，用doing表示被动意义。
The film is worth seeing twice.这个片子值得看两遍。
None of it is worth keeping.这东西一点儿也不值得保存。
【提示】 worth接名词时，只能是表示钱数的词或者相当于代价的词。
The car is worth $50，000/so much/the price.这辆车值五万美元/那么多/那个价。
（4）worthy表示“值得做某事”，后接 of being done或to be done。
This question is worthy of being discussed further.这问题值得更进一步地讨论。
this question is worthy to be discussed further.
【提示】 “be worthy of+n.” 中接普通名词，但不能接表示钱数的词。
The museum is worthy of a visit.这博物馆值得一看。
动名词 四、动名词的复合结构
四、动名词的复合结构
1.形式
（1）“形容词性物主代词”或“名词所有格”+doing
His coming late made the teacher angry.他迟到使老师生气了。
John’s coming home added to their pleasure.约翰的归来增添了他们的快乐。
（2）“人称代词宾格”或“名词”+doing
Would you mind me（my）opening the door？ 我打开窗户你介意吗？
Please excuse the train being late.请原谅火车晚点。
【提示】 动名词前的物主代词或名词所有格等就是动名词的逻辑主语。
2.作用
（1）作主语
My sister’s being ill made us worried.我妹妹病了使我很担忧。
Your being right doesn’t necessarily mean my being wrong.
你正确未必就意味着我错了。
【提示】 作主语时只能用“形容词性物主代词”或“名词所有格”+doing形式。
（2）作宾语
Mother hates her children playing indoors.母亲讨厌孩子们在屋里玩。
Do you remember mother’s coming to see you？ 你记得母亲来看过你吗？
【提示】 当动名词的逻辑主语是没有生命的东西时，通常不用物主代词或名词所有格。
I look forward to weather getting warmer in spring.我盼望春天天气变暖。
动名词 五、动名词句式
五、动名词句式
1.及物动词+sb.+for doing sth.
blame sb.for doing ...指责某人做某事　　
criticize sb.for doing ...批评某人做某事
excuse sb.for doing ...原谅某人做某事　
forgive sb.for doing ...原谅某人做某事
pardon sb.for doing ...原谅某人做某事　
praise sb.for doing ...表扬某人做某事
punish sb.for doing ...惩罚某人做某事　
scold sb.for doing ...指责某人做某事
thank sb.for doing ...感谢某人做某事
Who is to blame for setting the house on fire？
纵火烧房一事应由谁来负责任？
He was praised for helping a child.
他帮了一个孩子而受表扬。
2.及物动词+sb.+into （out of）doing sth.
argue sb.into doing ...说服某人做某事　　　
argue sb.out of doing ...说服某人不做某事
fool sb.into doing ...哄骗某人干某事　　　
fool sb.out of doing ...哄骗某人不干某事
frighten sb.into doing ...恐吓某人干某事　
frighten sb.out of doing ...恐吓某人不干某事
force sb.into doing ...迫使某人做某事　　　
force sb.out of doing ...迫使某人放弃做某事
hurry sb.into doing ...催促某人做某事　　　
hurry sb.out of doing ...催促某人放弃某事
peruade sb.into doing ...说服某人做某事　　
persuade sb.out of doing ...说服某人不做某事
scare sb.into doing ...吓得某人做　　　　　
scare sb.out of doing ...吓得某人不敢做
talk sb.into doing ...劝得某人做某事　　　
talk sb.out of doing ...劝得某人放弃做某事
trick sb.into doing ...哄骗某人干某事　　　
trick sb.out of doing ...哄骗某人不干某事
cheat sb.into doing ...欺骗某人干某事　　　
drag sb.into doing ...使某人勉强做某事
terrify sb.into doing ...威胁某人做某事　　
trap sb.into doing ...诱骗某人干某事
They tried to argue him into joining them.他们劝他参加他们的活动。
They tried to argue him out of joining them.他们劝他不要参加他们的活动。
3.动名词前省略介词in的句式
be careful （in）doing sth.做某事时很小心
be busy （in）doing sth.忙于做某事
be fortunate （in）doing sth.很幸运做某事
be late（in）doing sth.做某事做晚了或做迟了
have luck（in）doing sth.做某事时有运气（走运）
have difficulty（in）doing sth.做某事有困难
habe trouble （in）doing sth.做某事有困难
have bother（in）doing sth.做某事费劲
have a problem（in）doing sth.做某事有困难
have a good time（in）doing sth.做某事很开心
have a hard time（in）doing sth.做某事很辛苦
find diffuculty（in）doing sth.做某事发现有困难
lose no time（in）doing sth.马上做某事
spend money（time）（in）doing sth.花钱（时间）做某事
waste money（time）（in）doing sth.浪费钱（时间）做某事
There is no difficulty（in）doing sth.做某事没有困难
There is no use（in）doing sth.做某事没有用
There is no point（in）doing sth.做某事没有意义
4.go doing sth.
go bathing 去游泳　　　go boating 去划船　　　　go camping 去野营
go climbing 去爬山　　　 go dancing 去跳舞　　　　go diving 去潜水
go hiking 去远足　　　　 go fishing 去钓鱼　　　　go hunting 去打猎
go jogging 去慢跑　　　　go running 去跑步　　　　go sailing 去航海
go shooting 去射击　　　 go shopping 去购物　　　 go skating 去溜冰
go swimming 去游泳　　　 go walking 去散步
【提示】 这种结构常表示从事运动、消遣或娱乐活动。
5.do some doing sth.
do some cleaning 打扫卫生　　　　do some shopping 去购物
do some practicing 练习　　　　　do some reading 读书
do some sewing 缝补衣服　　　　　do some speaking 说话
do some washing 洗衣服　　　　　 do some writing 写点东西
6.其他句式
on/upon doing sth.一……就……　　　 　　　　　no+doing sth.不准干……
be on/upon/at the point of doing sth.快要……
how/what about doing sth.你认为……如何？　　do a lot of/much doing sth.……做得很多
No smoking.禁止吸烟。
The baby was on the point of crying when its mother came home.
正当小孩快要哭的时候母亲回家了。
How/What about going to France for our holidays？ 我们去法国度假如何？
When I get to Rome，I want to do a lot of sightseeing.我到罗马后，要游览很多名胜古迹。
【比较】
①I have trouble （in）getting the car started.这车我发动不起来。
②You needn’t have taken the trouble to do it for me.你不必费心地为我做那事。2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-独立主格结构
独立主格结构 一、逻辑主语
一、逻辑主语
1.不定式的逻辑主语
（1）“ for sb.to do sth.” 句式中for sb.引出逻辑主语。
It is necessary for you to have a talk with him。你有必要和他谈一次。（you为逻辑主语）
There was nothing for us to fear.我们无所畏惧。（us为逻辑主语）
I am pleased for you to help me with my English。
很高兴你能帮我学习英语。（you为逻辑主语）
They found it important for us to collect more money for the project.
我们发现为工程筹集更多的款项很重要。（us为逻辑主语）
（2）“ of sb.to do sth.” 句式中of sb.引出逻辑主语。
It is foolish of him to do it like that.他那样做太傻了。（him为逻辑主语）
It’s very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我，真是太好了。（you为逻辑主语）
（3）不定式作定语时是被定语修饰的先行词是逻辑主语。
The problem to be discussed is on the piece of paper.
纸上写了待讨论的问题。（the problem为逻辑主语）
The writer to come tomorrow is from Beijing.
明天要来的作者来自北京。（the writer为逻辑主语）
There are still some trees to be planted.仍有一些要种植的树。（trees为逻辑主语）
She is not always the first to come to school.
第一个来学校的并不总是她。（the first为逻辑主语）
They have nothing to eat.他们没有东西吃。（they为逻辑主语）
（4）双宾语句式中的间接宾语是逻辑主语。
Please give him the watch to repair.请把表给他修一修。（him为逻辑主语）
Please lend me a book to read.请借我本书读读。（me为逻辑主语）
（5）不定式作状语时句子主语是逻辑主语。
I stayed there to see what would happen.
我待在那里想看看会发生什么事。（目的状语，I为逻辑主语）
He will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor.
他明天去诊所让医生检查一下。（目的状语，he为逻辑主语）
He lived to be a very old man.他一直活到很老。（结果状语，he为逻辑主语）
I trembled to think of it.想到那事我就发抖。（原因状语，I为逻辑主语）
（6）不定式作宾语补足语时复合宾语中的宾语是逻辑主语。
None of them requires the equipment to be moved.
没人要求把仪器搬开。（the equipment为逻辑主语）
People don’t allow women to take part in the games.
人们不允许妇女参加这些运动。（women为逻辑主语）
I’ll ask them to be quiet.我会让他们安静。（them为逻辑主语）
2.动名词的逻辑主语
I do not mind Bob’s smoking in the room.（Bob’s为逻辑主语）
His being late made me unhappy.（his为逻辑主语）
Would you mind me opening the window？ （me为逻辑主语）
I’m strongly against children smoking.（children为逻辑主语）
3.分词的逻辑主语
（1）分词作状语时，逻辑主语是句子的主语。
Feeling tired，I went to bed early.我感到累，很早就睡了。（I为逻辑主语）
Taken in time，the medicine will be quite effective.
及时吃，这药会很有效的。（the medicine为逻辑主语）
【辨析】发现车被盗了，她急忙找来警察帮忙。
【误】Finding her car stolen，a policeman was asked to help.（逻辑主语不是a policeman）
【正】Finding her car stolen，she hurried to a policeman for help.（逻辑主语是she）
（2）分词作定语时，逻辑主语是被修饰的名词或代词。
The young woman standing over there is our new English teacher.
站在那边的年轻妇女是我们新的英语老师。（the young woman为逻辑主语）
There was a sleeping child in the room.房间里有一个睡着了的孩子。（child为逻辑主语）
The book written by him is very popular.他写的那本书很受欢迎。（the book为逻辑主语）
独立主格结构 二、独立主格结构
二、独立主格结构
1.独立主格结构的特征
当句子的主语不是作状语的分词或不定式等的逻辑主语，而是有独立的逻辑主语时，这就构成了独立主格结构。
The last bus having left，we had to walk home.
最后的班车开走了，我们只好步行回家。（the last bus为逻辑主语）
The homework done，the students left the classroom.
作业做完了，学生们离开了教室。（the last bus为逻辑主语）
2.独立主格结构的形式
（1）逻辑主语+现在分词
All the students having sat down，the lecture began.所有学生坐好之后，讲座开始了。
His hand waving in the air，the little boy ran away.小男孩挥着手跑开了。
It being Sunday，we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。
The boy lay on the grass，his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。
（2）逻辑主语+过去分词
The test finished，we’ll have our summer vacation.考试结束，我们将开始暑假了。
The signal given，the train started.信号发出后，火车启动。
He lay there，his teeth set，his hand clenched.他躺在那里，牙关紧咬，双拳紧握。
Jim was listening to the lecture，his eyes fixed upon the speaker.
吉姆听着讲座，眼睛盯着演讲者。
【比较】
①He lay there，his hands trembling.
他躺在那里，双手颤抖。（hands 和tremble是主谓关系）
②He lay there，his eyes closed.
他躺在那里，双眼紧闭。（eyes 和close是动宾关系）
（3）逻辑主语+不定式
No one to wake me up，I might be late for the first class.
如果没人叫醒我，我第一节课会迟到的。
Lots of work to do，I have to work extra hours.
由于有很多的活要做，我只得加班工作。
【比较】
①So much work to do，I will have to work this Sunday.
有这么多的活要做，这个星期天我不得不加班。（to do表示“将要做”）
②So much work done，I had a nice holiday.
这么多的工作做完了，我过了一个愉快的假期。（done表示“已经做”）
（4）逻辑主语+形容词
Computers very small，we can use them widely.电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
The little girl entered the room，her face red with cold.小女孩走进房间，脸冻红了。
（5）逻辑主语+副词
The game over，the audience applauded.比赛结束，观众鼓掌。
The lights off，we could not go on with the work.灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。
（6）逻辑主语+名词
His first shot failure，he fired again.他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident，many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
（7）逻辑主语+介词短语
Many people were lined along the streets，flags in hands.
很多人排队站在街道旁，手里拿着旗子。
Dark clouds in the sky，it is going to rain soon.天空黑云密布，很快就要下雨。
The guard stood by the door，gun in hand.警卫站在门旁，手里拿着枪。
She came in，smile on face.她进来了，脸上带着笑。
【提示】 为使句子简洁、明快，往往省略独立主格中的冠词或代词。
3.不能省略being的情形
（1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词。
It being Sunday，we went climbing.因为是星期天，我们去爬山。
He being still out on business，we had to put off the activity.
由于他还在外出差，所以我们把活动推迟了。
（2）“There being+名词”句式中不能省略being。
There being no bus，we had to go home on foot.
因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
There being too many film-goers，they haven’t bought the tickets.
由于看电影的人太多，所以他们还没买到票。
4.“with短语”独立主格结构
（1）with+宾语+形容词
With the floor wet，I had to stay outside.由于地板上都是水，我不得不待在外面。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。
（2）with+宾语+副词
The boy was walking，with his father ahead.父亲在前，小男孩在后走着。
With her sister out，she had to stay at home alone.
因为她的姐姐出去了，她只得独自呆在家里。
（3）with+宾语+介词短语
He stood at the door，with a computer in his hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一台电脑。
The book is much easier to read with pictures in it.附有图画，这本书更容易读。
（4）with+宾语+不定式
With the boy to lead the way，we will find the cave easily tomorrow.
有小男孩带路，我们明天会很容易找到山洞。
（5）with+宾语+现在分词
With the boy helping me，I slipped out of the room.在小男孩的帮助下，我溜出了房间。
We redoubled our efforts，each man working like two.我们加倍努力，一人干两人的活。
（6）with+宾语+过去分词
The boy was crying with the toy broken.玩具破了，那男孩在哭。
Without a word more spoken，she left the room.她没再说什么话就离开了房间。
独立主格结构 三、独立主格结构的句法作用
三、独立主格结构的句法作用
1.作时间状语
The work done，we went home.工作完成后，我们就回家了。
The meeting over，they went home.会议一结束他们就回家了。
2.作条件状语
Weather permitting，they will go on an outing at the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
Other things considered，I prefer the first plan.
考虑到一些其他的因素，我选择第一个计划。
3.作原因状语
We had to stay at home，the night being dark and cold.
夜又黑又冷，所以我们只得呆在家里。
Mother being ill，she couldn’t go to school.因母亲病了，她不能去上学。
4.作伴随状语
The children were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open.
孩子们正在听老师讲课，眼睛睁得大大的。
He was lying on the grass，his hands crossed under his head.
他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.“with短语”作定语
He lived in the house with a small garden in front of it.他住的房子前面有一个小花园。
He came to a river with flowers and grass on both banks.
他来到了一条河边，河两岸长满青草鲜花。
6.“with短语”作状语
With all the things bought，she went home happily.所有的东西都买到了，她高兴地回家了。
The teacher came into the classroom，with books under her arm.
老师进了教室，胳膊下夹着书。2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-非谓语动词
非谓语动词作主语的区别
二、非谓语动词作主语的区别
1.表示抽象的概念时，用动名词作主语；表示具体的将来的动作用不定式作主语。
Reading novels is really great fun.读小说真有趣。
To read novels tonight will take most of my time.
今晚看小说会花去我很多时间。（表示具体动作）
To accept this idea means to give up our stand.
接受这个观点就意味着放弃了我们自己的立场。（表示将来）
2.不定式短语和动名词短语作主语时都可用it作形式主语。
It is not easy to master a foreign language.掌握一门外语不容易。
It is necessary for us to do some more practice.我们必须多做一些练习。
It is no good writing to him；he never answers letters.
给他写信一点用也没有，他从不回信。
It is no use asking him.问他没用处。
非谓语动词作表语的区别
三、非谓语动词作表语的区别
1.动名词作表语多表示一般性，习惯性的动作；不定式则表示具体的某一次动作。
What she likes is watching children play.她最喜欢的就是看孩子们玩耍。
Their job this week is to finish the experiment.
他们本周的工作就是完成这个实验。（具体动作）
2.现在分词作表语，说明主语的特征，意为“令人……”；过去分词作表语，说明主语的状
态，意为“感到……”。
This dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕。（说明狗的特征）
This dog is frightened.这条狗受到了惊吓。（说明狗的状态）
Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a day’s climbing.
爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们全都累坏了。
非谓语动词作宾语的区别
五、非谓语动词作宾语的区别
1.及物动词宾语
（1）动名词只能作“动名词作宾语的特定及物动词”的宾语。
I enjoy singing English songs.我喜欢唱英语歌曲。
I suggest bringing the meeting to an end.我提议结束会议。
（2）不定式只能作“不定式作宾语的特定及物动词”的宾语。
We all hope to go to college.我们都希望能上大学。
Einstein once refused to speak on the radio for $1，000 a minute.
一次爱因斯坦拒绝了每分钟一千美元的电台演讲。
（3）有些及物动词后不定式和动名词作宾语意义相同。
He doesn’t like being laughed at.他不喜欢被人嘲笑。
I like to sing and dance.我喜欢唱歌跳舞。
（4）有些及物动词后不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同。
I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling.我没有打算伤害你的感情。
Learning well English does not mean just working hard in a class.
学好英语并不意味着只在课堂上努力学习。
2.介词宾语
（1）动名词可作介词宾语。
I’m thinking of going to Hangzhou.我在考虑到杭州去一趟。
I’m all for going by bus.我完全赞成坐公共汽车去。
（2）不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只有少数介词but，except等后面才行。
In winter a cold blooded creature has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
冬季冷血动物别无选择只有冬眠。（to lie down and sleep作but的宾语）
Yesterday afternoon he did nothing but lie in bed sleeping.
昨天下午他无事可做只有躺下睡觉。（lie in bed是省略to的不定式作but的宾语）
【提示】 but 前有某种形式的do时，要省略to 3.只用不定式的情况
（1）当 like，love，hate，prefer 与 would，should 连用时，其后只能接不定式。
I’d like to tell you something.我想告诉你一些情况。
I’d love to have a room of my own.我喜欢有一个自己的房间。
I’d hate to spend Christmas alone.我不喜欢一个人过圣诞节。
I’d prefer to go in August rather than in July.我愿8月去，不愿7月去。
（2）当 begin，start 本身为进行时态或后接 know，realize，understand等表示心理活动的动词时，其后的动词只能用不定式。
He was beginning to recover when he had another attack.
他正在开始恢复时，突然又发病了。
He started to realize that he was wrong.他开始意识到自己错了。
非谓语动词作宾补的区别
六、非谓语动词作宾补的区别
1.不定式作宾补表示动作已完成，侧重工作的全过程，而现在分词表示动作正在进行。
I heard him sing English songs last night.昨晚我听到他唱英语歌曲。（已经唱完了）
I heard him singing English songs.我听见他正在唱英语歌曲。（正在唱）
2.现在分词作宾补与宾语之间是主动关系，过去分词与宾语之间是被动关系。
We saw him talking to her.我们看到他在与她谈话。（him与talking是主动关系）
I saw him beaten by Tom.我看到他被汤姆打了。（him与beaten是被动关系）
非谓语动词作状语的区别
七、非谓语动词作状语的区别
1.不定式可作原因、目的和结果状语。
The whole nation was in deep sorrow to learn of Lincoln’s death.
听到林肯死亡的消息，全国陷入悲痛之中。（原因状语）
He went to buy an English novel in the bookstore.
他去书店想买一本英语小说。（目的状语）
He woke up to find that he was lying in the hospital.
他醒来后发现自己躺在医院里。（结果状语）
2.分词作原因、结果、时间、条件、让步、伴随状语。
Having finished his homework，he went to bed.完成作业后，他去睡觉了。（时间状语）
Greatly inspired by the teacher’s words，he made up his mind to work even harder.
因为受到老师激励，他决心更加努力。（原因状语）
He stood there waiting for a bus.他站在那里等车。（伴随状语）
Playing all day，you will waste your valuable time.
如果整天玩，你会浪费宝贵的时间。（条件状语）
The hurricane left，destroying many houses.
飓风离开了，摧毁了许多房屋。（结果状语）
Though warned of the danger，the children went on skating on the thin ice.
尽管受到危险警告，孩子们还是继续在薄冰上滑冰。（让步状语）
3.分词做状语的区别
（1）现在分词作状语时，逻辑主语是句子主语，它们之间是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上。（shutting与he是主动关系）
Not knowing what to do，he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。（not knowing与he是主动关系）
（2）过去分词作状语时，逻辑主语是句子主语，它们之间是被动关系。
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。（give与the trees是被动关系）
Faced with difficulties，we must try to overcome them.
面对困难，我们必须设法克服。（face与we是被动关系）
4.不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别
（1）不定式作结果状语表示“未曾料到的不愉快的”结果。
He got home to learn that his father was ill.他回到家中，得知他父亲病了。
Tom got to the station only to find the train had gone.
汤姆到达车站，却发现火车已经开走了。
（2）现在分词作结果状语，表示“自然的，意料中的结果”。
His parents died，leaving him an orphan.父母去世了，结果他成为孤儿。
It rained heavily，causing severe flooding in that country.
大雨滂沱，造成了那个国家洪水泛滥。
【高考演练】
1.【安徽】While waiting for the opportunity to get________，Henry did his best to perform his duty.
A.promote B.promoted C.promoting D.to promote
【答案】B 考查非谓语动词。句意：在等待机会被提拔期间，亨利尽量履行好自己的职责。promote的逻辑主语为Henry，且两者之间为动宾关系，故应使用promoted。故选B。
2.【北京】________ carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in the lab.
A.Observe B.To observe C.Observed D.Observing
【答案】A 考查非谓语动词。根据上下文可知，后面提供了两个从句，一个为条件状语从句，另一个为时间状语从句的省略句。由此可知，句意表述在某条件下和某时间，建议某人做某事。这里选择动词原形，引导的是祈使句。故选A。
3.【北京】Last night，there were millions of people________the opening ceremony live on TV.
A.watch B.to watch C.watched D.watching
【答案】D 考查非谓语动词。句意：昨晚有几百万的人看电视上直播的开幕式。watching引导的现在分词短语作定语，说明人们在做什么，与前面的people构成主谓关系。故选D。
4.【北京】There are still many problems________before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.
A.solving B.solved C.being solved D.to be solved
【答案】D 考查非谓语动词。根据题干信息，非谓语动词在这里作定语，限定“要去解决的问题”。根据非谓语动词作定语的规则：现在分词表示主动和正在发生；过去分词表示被动和完成；不定式表示将要发生。故选D。
5.【北京】The film star wears sunglasses.Therefore，he can go shopping without________.
A.recognizingB.being recognized
C.having recognizedD.having been recognized
【答案】B 考查非谓语动词。根据题中的介词without 判断，此处应该使用动名词形式，由于他是被人认出的，所以应该用动名词的被动式，故选B。
6.【全国大纲卷】Today there are more airplanes________more people than ever before in the skies.
A.carry B.carrying C.carried D.to be carrying
【答案】B 考查非谓语动词。句意：现在天空中比以前有更多的飞机运送更多的乘客。此处airplane和carrying 之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。故选B。
7.【福建】________ the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong，Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
A.Spending B.Spent C.Having spent D.To spend
【答案】C 考查非谓语动词。句意：作为一名交换生，林达去年在香港生活学习以后，看起来比她的那些同龄人更成熟。主语Linda和动词spend 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，并且spend的动作发生在appear 动作之前，故使用现在分词的完成式，故选C。
8.【福建】For those with family members far away，the personal computer and the phone are important in staying________.
A.connected B.connecting C.to connect D.to be connected
【答案】A 考查非谓语动词。句意：对于那些与家人相隔遥远的人来说，个人电脑和电话在（他们与家人之间）保持联系方面起着重要的作用。（be）connected with是固定短语，意为“与……保持联系、联络”，其中connected可以看作表示状态的形容词，用作表语；stay可以用作系动词，故选A。
9.【湖南】Children，when________by their parents，are allowed to enter the stadium.
A.to be accompanied B.to accompany
C.accompanying D.accompanied
【答案】D 考查非谓语动词和省略。句意：有家长陪同的孩子们才准许进入体育馆。动词 accompany与主语children构成逻辑上的被动关系，故用被动语态；当从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句中含有be动词的某种形式时，从句中的主语和be动词可以一起省略，本题中省略的部分为they are。故选D。
10.【湖南】________ your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
A.Understanding B.To be understood
C.Being understood D.Having understood
【答案】A 考查非谓语动词。句意：了解你自己的需要和交流风格与学会表达你的喜爱和情感一样重要。此处用非谓语动词作主语，且动词后有自己的宾语，因此用主动形式。故选A。
11.【湖南】There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland，________at the night sky.
A.to stare B.staring C.stared D.having stared
【答案】B 考查非谓语动词。句意：躺在草坪的中央遥望着夜空，没有比这更快乐的事情了。此处staring作伴随状语，与隐含的主语（说话人）构成主动关系。故选B。
12.【湖南】________ ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thought and inner quietness.
A.Having freed B.Freed C.To free D.Freeing
【答案】C 考查非谓语动词。句意：为了避免身体上和精神上的紧张，我们每一个人都需要沉思和内心的寂静。此处用不定式表目的。故选C。
13.【江苏】The lecture________，a lively question-and-answer session followed.
A.being given B.having given C.to be given D.having been given
【答案】D 考查非谓语动词。句意：先是做了演讲，接着是一个生动的问答环节。分析该句结构可知，该句为独立主格结构，空白处作状语，lecture和give 之间为被动关系，并表示动作已经发生，故用having been done，故选D。
14.【江西】When it comes to________in public，no one can match him.
A.speak B.speaking C.being spoken D.be spoken
【答案】B 考查非谓语动词。句意：当谈到在公共场合发言时，没有人能和他相比。做此题时可用排除法，先根据介词的用法排除A、D两项，再根据主动语态排除C项，确定答案。come to短语中的to为介词，后接动名词作宾语，此处指“发言”，不用被动，故选B。
15.【江西】________ nearly all our money，we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.
A.Having spent B.To spent C.Spent D.To have spent
【答案】A 考查非谓语动词。句意：我们几乎已经花完了所有的钱，没钱住旅馆了。根据句意可用排除法排除作目的状语的不定式；spend与we之间为主动关系，spend这一动作发生在afford之前，故应该用现在分词的完成式。故选A。
16.【江西】He is thought________foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
A.to act B.to have acted C.acting D.having acted
【答案】B 考查非谓语动词。句意：他被认为举止愚蠢。现在除了他自己没人为他失去这份工作负责。be thought后应该接不定式，act的动作发生在think 动作之前，故应该用不定式的完成式。故选B。
17.【山东】There’s a note pinned to the door________when the shop will open again.
A.saying B.says C.said D.having said
【答案】A 考查非谓语动词。句意：门上别了一张便条写了商店再开门的时间。句子的主干是there’s a note，pinned to是过去分词短语作定语，修饰note，say与note是主动关系，故用现在分词作定语，修饰note。故选A。
18.【山东】It’s standard practice for a company like this one________a security officer.
A.employed B.being employed C.to employ D.employs
【答案】C 考查非谓语动词。句意：对于一个像这样的公司来说，雇用一个保安是常规做法。句中的it是形式主语，to employ a security officer是真正的主语。故选C。
19.【陕西】It’s quite hot today.Do you feel like________for a swim？
A.to go B.going C.go D.having gone
【答案】B 考查非谓语动词。feel like后跟非谓语动词作宾语时用动名词形式，故选B。
20.【陕西】________ the difficult maths problem，I have consulted Professor Russell several times.
A.Working out B.Worked out C.To work out D.Work out
【答案】C 考查非谓语动词。句意：为了解出那道数学难题，我去向Russell 教授咨询过好几次。所填词作目的状语，用动词不定式，故选C。
21.【四川】The manager was satisfied to see many new products________after great effort.
A.having developedB.to develop
C.developedD.develop
【答案】C 考查非谓语动词。句意：在做出巨大努力之后，看到很多新产品被研发出来，经理很满意。此处是非谓语动词作感官动词see的宾语补足语，develop与宾语products为被动关系，故使用过去分词。故选C。