2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-过去分词的用法
过去分词的句法作用
过去分词的句法作用
1.作定语
(1)不及物动词的过去分词表示完成意义。
There was a returned soldier on the road.路上有位归来的战士。
He is a retired officer.他是个退役军官。
(2)及物动词的过去分词表示被动意义。
The ground is covered with the fallen leaves.地上覆盖着落叶。
Dr Wang is operating on the injured man.王医生正在给伤员做手术。
2.作表语
I felt exhausted this morning.我今天早晨觉得精疲力竭。
When did you become acquainted with him? 你何时认识他的?
过去分词做形容词表示“感到……”之意
be amazed (at)感到惊异 be amused (at)感到好笑
be annoyed (at)感到烦恼 be bored (with)感到厌烦
be convinced (of)感到信服 be disappointed (at)感到失望
be discouraged (in)感到沮丧 be embarrassed (in)感到为难
be encouraged (in)感到鼓舞 be excited (at)感到激动
be frightened (of)感到害怕 be horrified (with)感到恐惧
be moved (at)深为感动 be pleased (about)感到愉悦
be puzzled (about)感到困惑 be satisfied (with)感到满意
be shocked (about)感到震惊 be surprised (at)感到惊奇
be tired (of)感到厌烦
【提示】
①现在分词作表语,意为“令人……,使人……”,主动意味。
Our trip was disappointing.我们的这次旅行让人失望。
②过去分词作表语,意为“感到……”,被动意味。
We were disappointed at our trip.我们对这次旅行感到失望。
3.作宾语补足语
(1)过去分词作宾补与宾语之间是动宾关系。
I heard the song sung in English.我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。
He found his hometown greatly changed.他发现他的家乡变化很大。
(2)have sth.done表示“让某人做某事”或“经历或遭遇某情况”。
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理发。
He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.他昨天把牙拔了。
He had his money stolen.他的钱被别人偷了。
He had his leg broken.他的腿断了。
(3)make oneself done意为“使某人自己被……”
Her nobility of character made herself much admired.她的高尚品格令人钦佩。
She had to shout to make herself heard.她必须大声喊才能让人听见她说话。
4.作状语
Seen from the moon,the earth looks green.从月亮上看时,地球是绿色的。(时间状语)
Satisfied with what he did,the teacher praised him in class.
老师很满意他的所做所为,所以在班上表扬了他。(原因状语)
Given more time,we could have done it better.
如果多给点时间,我们会做得更好。(条件状语)
Wounded,the soldier continued to fight.虽然受伤了,战士仍继续作战。(让步状语)
He stole away unnoticed.没人注意到他溜走了。(伴随状语)
The cup fell down to the ground,broken.茶杯掉到了地上,破碎了。(结果状语)
过去分词作定语的位置
过去分词作定语的位置
1.单个过去分词
(1)作定语时一般置于被修饰词之前。
We need more qualified teachers.我们需要更多合格的教师。
We will meet at a given time.我们将在指定的时间见面。
This is a used cellphone.这是一部旧手机。
(2)left表示“剩下的”作定语时也可后置。
The book left are for my students.剩余的书是给我学生的。
There is no more time left.没有时间了。
(3)only,very,the first,the last等词修饰名词时,过去分词作定语要后置。
That is the very thing wanted.那正是所需要的东西。
This is the only machine required.这是唯一需要的机器。
(4)修饰复合代词或指示代词those时,过去分词作定语要后置。
Is there anything unsolved? 还有没有未解决的问题?
He is one of those invited.他是那些被邀请的人之一。
2.过去分词短语
(1)过去分词短语作定语时要后置。
He is a teacher respected by the students.他是一个受学生尊敬的老师。
The bridge built last month needs repairing.上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。
(2)过去分词作定语时相当于定语从句。
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written.
this will be the best novel of its kind that has ever been written.
这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
Most of the people invited to the party were my old friends.
most of the people who had been invited to the party were my old friends.
大多数被邀请参加聚会的人都是我的老朋友。2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-简单句和并列句
简单句的基本句式 一、基本句型
一、基本句型
1.主语+连系动词+表语
The students are on the playground.学生在操场上。
Please keep quiet! 请安静!
2.主语+谓语(+状语)
She is singing in the next room.她在隔壁房间里唱歌。
They worked day and night.他们夜以继日地工作。
Both brother and sister are college students.兄妹俩都是大学生。
I saw off the graduates and come back to take a class.
我送走了毕业生,又回来上课。
3.主语+谓语+宾语
I enjoyed the movie very much.我很喜欢这部电影。
The students clean the classroom every day.学生们每天打扫教室。
4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
She bought me a dictionary.她给我买了一本词典。
This little boy is always asking the teacher questions.这个小男孩老爱问老师问题。
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
They painted the door red.他们把门漆成了红色。
We all call the baby Sara.我们都叫这个婴儿萨拉。
简单句的基本句式 二、并列主语和并列谓语
二、并列主语和并列谓语
1.并列主语:由and和both ...and连接的并列主语谓语动词用复数。
Jim and Mary are both interested in it.吉姆和玛丽都对此感兴趣。
Both brother and sister are working in the city.兄妹俩都是在城市工作。
【提示】 当and连接的两个的词语指同一个人或事物时,谓语用单数。
A cart and horse was seen in the distance.远处看见一辆马车。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
钢铁工业对我们的生活很重要。
2.并列谓语:谓语并列中在最后一个谓语动词前加and。
Yesterday I went to buy some books and had dinner at a good restaurant.
昨天我去买了一些书,又在一个很好的饭店吃了晚饭。
The soldier looked at him,exchanged glances with his comrade and took out the gun.
士兵看着他,和同伴互相使了个眼色,掏出了枪。
并列句 一、并列句的分类
一、并列句的分类
1.表示并列关系
常用连词:and not only ...but (also)
He didn’t go and she didn’t go either.他没去,她也没去。
This article is well-written and you’d better read it.这篇文章写得很好,你最好看看。
Not only everything he had had taken away from him,but also his German citizenship was taken away from him.不仅他所有的一切被剥夺,而且连他的德国国籍也被剥夺了。
2.表示转折关系
常用连词:but yet when while
I would have written before but I have been ill.我本该早写信的,但我生病了。
She’s a funny girl,yet you can’t help liking her.她很滑稽,但你禁不住会喜欢她。
He sold it for 10 dollars when everyone else sold it for 12.别人卖12元,他却卖10元。
You like tennis,while I’d rather read.你爱打网球,但我爱看书。
3.表示选择关系
常用连词:or either ...or ...
Be careful about what you say or you may regret it.当心你讲的话,否则你会后悔的。
Will he still be there or will he have gone away? 他还在那里还是可能已经走了?
Either you are mad or I am (mad).不是你疯了,就是我疯了。
Either you must improve your work or we shall dismiss you.
要么你好好干,要么我就辞退你。
4.表示因果关系
常用连词:for so
He shook his head,for he thought differently.他摇了摇头,因为他有不同想法。
The ground is wet,for it rained last night.地面是湿的,因为昨晚下过雨。
He told me to do it,so I did it.他让我这样做,于是我就这样做了。
【提示】 for 并列连词,表示因果关系,一般置于主句之后。
并列句 二、并列句特殊句式
二、并列句特殊句式
1.祈使句+连词+陈述句
(1)祈使句+and+陈述句
Work hard and you’ll succeed.努力干吧,你会成功的。
Arrive late once more and you’re fired.你再迟到一次,你就会被开除。
Give him an inch and he will take a mile.得寸进尺。
Follow the doctor’s advice,and you’ll be well very soon.
听从医生的医嘱,你很快就会好起来的。
(2)祈使句+or+陈述句
Work hard or you will fail in the exam.如果你不努力的话,考试会不及格的。
Take the chance,or you will never succeed.抓住机会吧,否则你永远不会成功。
Watch your step,or else you might fall into the water.留神脚下,不然你会掉进水里的。
Do as you’re told,otherwise you’ll be in trouble.
叫你怎么做就怎么做,否则你会有麻烦的。
【提示】 or 有时也可以用or else或otherwise代替。
(3)名词词组+and+陈述句
One more step,and the baby will fall into the well.
再多迈一步,这个小男孩就掉进井里了。
One step further and you’ll get lost.再多走一步,你就会迷失方向了。
A few minutes earlier,and I could have seen the famous scientist.
要是我早来几分钟,就能见到那位著名的科学家了。
A bit more effort,and the problem would be straightened out.
再多点努力,问题就会解决。
(4)祈使句+破折号+陈述句
Try some of this juice — perhaps you’ll like it.尝尝这种果汁,也许你会喜欢的。
【比较】
①Work hard,and you’ll succeed.(并列句:祈使句+and+结果分句)
②If you work hard,you’ll succeed.(复合句)
③Working hard,you’ll succeed.(简单句,现在分词作状语)
2.“分句+when ...”句式,意为“就在那时(突然)……”
(1)was/were doing sth.when ...
She was watching TV when the door bell rang.她正在看电视,这时门铃响了。
He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.
他正笑着的时候,门突然开了,他妻子走了进来。
He was running away when the policemen stopped him.
他正要逃跑,警察突然拦住了他。
(2)had done sth.when ...
He had gone to bed when the telephone rang.他刚刚上床睡觉电话就响了。
I had travelled only two hours when the winds increased so much.
我刚走了两个小时,突然狂风大作。
He had walked a few steps when he realized it was the wrong direction.
他还没走出去几步远,突然意识到走错了方向。
(3)was/were about to do sth.when ...
They were about to set out when it began to rain.他们正要出发,这时下起了雨。
She was just about to say something more when she noticed his sorrowful look.
她刚要再说些什么,突然看到了他悲伤的脸色。
We were about to telephone you when your telegram arrived.
我们正准备给你打电话,这时你的电报来了。
(4)was/were on the point of doing sth.when ...
He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.他刚要走就有人敲门。
They were on the point of giving up when the captain encouraged them fiercely to save the ship.就在他们快要放弃努力时,船长鼓励他们竭尽全力挽救轮船。
The coach was just on the point of giving up the game when our team scored two points.
教练正准备放弃比赛,这时我们队得了两分。
(5)was/were busy doing sth.when ...
I was busy doing my homework when one of my classmates came.
我正忙着做作业,这时我的一个同学来找我。
I was busy cooking when there was a knock at the door.
我正在忙着做饭,突然听到了敲门的声音。
(6)was/were+介词短语+when ...
He was on his way to a lecture when a tourist stopped him.
在他去听课的路上,一名游客拦住了他。
The mother was inside the house when the shooting occurred.
枪击事件发生时,这位母亲正在家里。2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-句子成分
句子成分 一、主语
一、主语
1.名词作主语
Pride goes before a fall.骄必败。
Little streams feed big rivers.小河流入大江。
2.代词作主语
He told a joke but it fell flat.他说了个笑话,但没有引人发笑。
All of the students are interested in it.所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。
3.数词作主语
Twenty years is a short time in history.二十年在历史上只是很短的一段时间。
Two-thirds of the students are boys in our school.我们学校三分之二的学生是男生。
4.名词化形容词作主语
The poor get poorer;the rich get richer.穷者愈穷;富者愈富。
The idle are forced to work.懒汉被迫劳动。
5.不定式作主语
To hesitate means failure.犹豫不决就意味着失败。
For him to admit his mistakes is not easy.要他承认错误是不容易的。
6.动名词作主语
Watching a film is his hobby.看电影是他的爱好。
Swimming in this river is a great pleasure.在这条河里游泳是非常快乐的事。
7.从句作主语
What we shall do next is not yet decided.下一步做什么还没有决定。
Whether they would support us was a problem.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
句子成分 二、谓语
二、谓语
1.简单谓语
(1)由实义动词构成的谓语
He worked hard all day today.他今天苦干了一天。
I made your birthday cake last night.我昨晚给你做了生日蛋糕。
(2)由短语动词构成的谓语
The plane took off at ten o’clock.飞机是十点起飞的。
Betty never takes care of it.贝蒂从来不会照料它的。
2.复合谓语
(1)“助动词+实义动词”构成的谓语
This question will come forward at the meeting.
这个问题将在会议上被提出来。
We have finished reading the book.我们已经读完了这本书。
These books are written especially for children.这些书是专门为孩子们写的。
The museum will have been built by 2020.到2020年时,这个博物馆就已经盖好了。
(2)“情态动词+实义动词”构成的谓语
He can speak English.他会说英语。
He must have mistaken my meaning.他一定误会了我的意思。
You’d better go to hospital at once.你最好立即去医院看病。
Today you have to clean the room.你今天必须打扫屋子。
(3)“系动词+表语”构成的谓语
She is beautiful .她很漂亮。
His parents are teachers .他的父母都是教师。
The child soon fell asleep .孩子一会儿睡着了。
The tea smells inviting .那茶清香扑鼻。
句子成分 三、宾语
三、宾语
1.及物动词宾语
He wrote many plays .他写了许多剧本。(名词作宾语)
We often help him .我们经常帮助他。(代词作宾语)
— How many fish did you catch? ——你钓了几条鱼?
— I caught three .——我钓了三条。(数词作宾语)
He likes to play basketball .他喜欢打篮球。(不定式作宾语)
We enjoy listening to the music .我们很喜欢听这首音乐。(动名词短语作宾语)
She said that she felt sick . 她说她病了。(从句做宾语)
2.介词宾语
(1)名词作介词宾语
The town is beside the sea .城镇坐落在海边。
Are you interested in history ? 你对历史感兴趣吗?
(2)代词作介词宾语
He got there before me .他比我先到那儿。
No one can sing like her .没有人能像她那样唱歌。
【提示】 人称代词用作宾语只能用宾格。
(3)动名词作介词宾语
He is good at telling stories .他善于讲故事。
He went out without being seen by the others .他出去了,没有被其他人看见。
(4)“疑问词+to do”作介词宾语
Bill said something to her about what to do .比尔给她讲了讲应当怎样做。
He gave me some advice on how to do it .对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。(5)形容词作介词宾语
Her pronunciation is far from perfect .她的语音远不是完美的。
He regarded the situation as serious .他认为形势严峻。
【提示】 形容词作介词宾语可被认为其前省略了动名词being。
(6)数词作介词宾语
The city has a population of four million .这座城市有四百万人口。
He was among the first to arrive.他是第一批到的。
(7)介词短语作介词宾语
Choose a book from among these .从这些书中选一本吧。
I saw her from across the street .我看见她在街对面。
He has known her since before the war .自战前他就认识她了。
He cannot spare any time except on Sunday .除星期日外,他抽不出时间。
We’ve decided to go on foot instead of by bus .我们决定步行去而不乘车。
He didn’t arrive there till after midnight .半夜过后他才到达那儿。
【提示】 介词短语作宾语的介词通常是 from,till/until,since,except,instead of等。
(8)从句作介词宾语
He was not satisfied with what she said .他对她说的不满意。
I’m worried about where he is .我担心他上哪儿去了。
3.直接宾语和间接宾语
4.同源宾语
cough a ...cough 咳嗽 dance a ...dance 跳了一段……舞蹈
die a ...death 牺牲 dream a ...dream 做了个……梦
fight a ...fight 进行……斗争 laugh a ...laugh 大笑
live a ...life 过……的生活 sigh a ...sigh 叹气
sleep a ...sleep 睡了个……觉 smile a ...smile 微笑
She sleeps a sweet sleep only on Sundays.只有在周日她才能甜美地睡一觉。
I was dreaming a terrible dream .我正在做噩梦。
5.宾语补足语
(1)名词作宾补
The war made him a soldier .战争使他成为一名战士.
They elected Tom a Member of Parliament.他们选汤姆为国会议员。
They appointed him chairman of the committee.他们任命他为委员会主席。
【提示】 表示唯一的职务头衔的名词作宾补时,用零冠词。
(2)形容词作宾补
New methods make the job easy .新方法使这项工作变得轻松。
They beat the prisoner unconscious .他们把那犯人打得昏了过去。(3)副词作宾补
He found his teacher out when he called on him.
他去拜访他的老师时,发现老师不在家。
The guide showed all the visitors in .导游把所有的来访者带了进去。
(4)介词短语作宾补
I often find him at work .我经常发现他在工作。
We found her in tears .我们发现她在哭泣。
(5)动词不定式作宾补
The teacher ask him to close the windows .老师让他关上窗户。
We’ll invite all our friends to come .我们将邀请所有的朋友都来。
(6)(不带to)动词不定式作宾补
Will you have Mary call me back ? 你能让玛丽给我回电话吗?
She noticed a car crash into a big tree nearby .
她注意到一辆小汽车撞到了附近的大树上。
(7)现在分词作宾补
I saw a cat running across the road .我看见一只猫跑过了马路。
I saw little Tom being punished by his parents .我看见小汤姆正在被他父母惩罚。
(8)过去分词作宾补
I will have all my clothes washed this afternoon.今天下午我将把所有衣服都拿去洗。
Nobody noticed the office broken into .没人发现有人闯入办公室。
We should keep them informed of what is going on here.
我们应当让他们知道这儿发生的情况。
【提示】
①“find oneself+宾补”表示“不知不觉发现自己处于某种状态”。
He returned to England to find himself famous.
他回到英国,发现自己竟出了名。(find oneself+形容词)
Mary found herself talking to a stranger.
玛丽发现自己竟然在和一个陌生人交谈。(find oneself+现在分词)
They found themselves in a big canyon.
他们发现自己在一个大峡谷中。(find oneself+介词短语)
We found ourselves back in a village at the foot of the mountain.
我们发现又回到了山脚下的一个村子了。(find oneself+副词)
②make oneself done意为“使某人自己被……”。
Can you make yourself understood in English? 你能用英语表达你的意思吗?
He spoke loudly so as to make himself heard.他高声讲以便别人能听见他的声音。
6.it作形式宾语
(1)代替不定式
I think/find/feel/consider/make/believe ...+it+形容词/名词+to do sth.
I find it pleasant to work with him .我觉得和他一起工作很愉快。
They felt it difficult to finish the work in such a short time .
他们认为在这么短的时间内完成这项工作是困难的。
She thinks it her duty to help us .她觉得帮助我们是她的责任。
(2)代替动名词
I think/find/feel/consider/make/believe ...+it+形容词/名词+doing sth.
The professor considers it no good reading without understanding .
这位教授认为阅读而不理解没有益处。
Do you consider it any good trying again ? 你觉得再试会有好处吗?
We think it no use complaining .我们认为抱怨是没有用的。
He found it useless/no use arguing with him .他发现和他辩论没有用。
(3)代替宾语从句
I think/find/feel/consider/make/believe ...+it+形容词/名词+that ...
We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled .
会议竟然取消了,我们都感到很遗憾。
I think it best that you should stay here .我认为你最好住这儿。
George made it clear that he disagreed .乔治明白地表示他不同意。
I thought it peculiar that she hadn’t written to me .她没有来信,我觉得有点奇怪。
(4)代替that,if,when等引导的从句
I like/enjoy/love/hate/take/have/put ...+it+that ...
I like/enjoy/love/hate/dislike/appreciate/prefer ...+it+if/when从句
I like it that you came .你来了,我很高兴。
I take it (that)he will come on time .我认为他会准时来的。
You can put it that it was arranged before .你可以说这是以前安排的。
I dislike it when you whistle .我不爱听你吹口哨。
We really appreciate it when she offered to help .她来帮忙了,我们十分感激。
I’d prefer it if I didn’t have to do so much work .
要是我不必做那么多工作,那就太好了。
(5)在“vt.+it+prep.+从句”句式中代替从句
owe it to sb.that 把……归功于 leave it to sb.that 把……留给某人去做
take it for granted that 认为……想当然 keep it in mind that 把……记在心中
I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it .
我让你自己判断这事是否该做。
We owe it to you that there wasn’t a serious accident .多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。
句子成分 四、表语
四、表语
1.名词作表语
Africa is a big continent .非洲是个大洲。
That remains a puzzle to me.这对我还是个难题。
2.代词作表语
This watch is mine .这块表是我的。
Money isn’t everything .金钱不是一切。
3.形容词作表语
I feel much better today.我今天感觉好多了。
It gets cold .天气变冷了。
4.数词作表语
Five and four is nine .五加四等于九。
She was the first to learn about it.她是第一个知道的人。
5.不定式作表语
Our next step was to get raw materials ready .我们下一步是把原料准备好。
All I could do was (to)wait .我能做的只是等待。
【提示】 主语中有某种形式的实义动词do时,作表语的不定式可以省略to。
6.分词作表语
He remained standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。(现在分词)
She looked tired with cooking.她由于忙着做饭,看上去有些疲倦。(过去分词)
7.动名词作表语
Her job is selling computers .她的工作是销售电脑。
His hobby is collecting stamps .他的爱好就是集邮。
8.介词短语作表语
The patient is out of danger .病人脱险了。
I don’t feel at ease .我感到不自在。
9.副词作表语
The sun is up .太阳升起来了。
I must be off now.现在我得走了。
10.从句作表语
This is what he said .这就是他所说的话。
It looks as if we are going to have snow .看样子天要下雪了。
句子成分 五、定语
五、定语
1.形容词作定语
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.有人建议他教训一下那个懒惰的孩子。
The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。
2.数词作定语
Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
We belong to the third world.我们属于第三世界。
3.形容词性物主代词作定语
I broke my leg when I was playing football.我在踢足球时把腿摔断了。
Take a note of their names and addresses.把他们的姓名和地址记下来。
4.名词所有格作定语
His boy needs Tom’s book.他家男孩需要Tom的书。
The boss’s son was rude to all the employees.
老板的儿子对所有雇佣人员都很无礼。
5.介词短语作定语
The boy in the classroom needs a table.教室里的男孩需要一张桌子。
The boy in blue is Tom.穿蓝色衣服的男孩是汤姆。
6.名词作定语
The boy needs a ball pen.这男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
All difficulties are also paper tigers.一切困难也都是纸老虎。
7.不定式作定语
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
I have many letters to write .我有许多信要写。
We have made a plan to learn from Lei Feng .我们制定了一个向雷锋学习的计划。
I have no time to go there .我没有时间去那儿。
8.分词作定语
The smiling boy needs a school bag bought by his mother.
那个微笑的男孩需要一只他妈妈买的书包。
The bridge built last month needs repairing.上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。
9.从句作定语
The boy who is reading needs a pair of glasses.那个在阅读的男孩需要一副眼镜。
The man who gave us a report yesterday was a model worker.
昨天晚上给我们作报告的那个人是劳动模范。
句子成分 六、状语
六、状语
1.副词作状语
The boy likes singing very much .这男孩非常喜欢唱歌。
We often help him.我们经常帮助他。
2.介词短语作状语
In the classroom ,the children needs to be quiet.在教室里,孩子们需要安静。
He did his homework carefully at home .他在家认真地做着作业。
3.分词作状语
He sits there,asking for help .他坐在那儿需要帮助。
Having finished his homework ,the boy needs some rest.
完成了作业,这男孩需要休息。
4.不定式作状语
The boy needs a pen to do his homework .这男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。
Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.她母亲星期天出去买点东西。
5.状语从句
When I grow up ,I am going to be a teacher.当我长大后,我想当一名教师。
The children ran away from the orchard the moment they saw the guard .
孩子们看到看护人的时候,都从果园跑开了。
七、同位语
七、同位语
1.同位语的构成
(1)名词作同位语
Mr Smith,our new teacher ,is very kind to us.
我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。
Yesterday I met Tom,a friend of my brother’s. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。
(2)代词作同位语
We can all speak English.我们都会讲英语。
Have you each handed in a picture to me? 你们每人都交绘画给我了吗?
(3)数词作同位语
You may leave it to us two .你可以把这件事交给我们两个。
Then we three began to prepare for the trip.接着,我们三人开始为那次行程做准备。
(4)形容词作同位语
He read all kinds of books,ancient and modern,Chinese and foreign .
他读过各种各样的古今中外的书籍。
People here,old and young ,supported the project.这儿的老少都支持这项工程。
(5)动名词作同位语
I’m looking for a job,repairing cars .我在找一份修车的工作。
He enjoys the exercise,swimming in winter .他喜欢冬泳这项运动。
(6)不定式作同位语
Soon came the order to start the general attack.很快下达了总攻命令。
The question what to do next hasn’t been considered.下一步干什么还未考虑。
(7)从句作同位语
Where did you get the idea that I could not come ? 你在哪儿听说我不能来?
Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening .
答应我,你今天晚上会来参加我们的晚会。
2.同位语的引导方式
(1)同位语通常用逗号与其所修饰的先行词隔开,表示一种普通的同位关系。
This is Mr Black,director of our hospital.这是布莱克先生,我们医院院长。
(2)用破折号或冒号引导同位语。
The orphan’s daily necessities — clothes,food,etc.— are supplied by a kind-hearted teacher.这个孤儿的衣食等日常必需品由好心的老师提供。
(3)有时同位语前可加especially,for example,in short,mainly,namely,that is,in particular,in other words,such as等引导词。
He is interested in sports,especially ball games .他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动。
A lot of people here,for example,John ,would rather have coffee.
这里许多人,例如约翰,宁愿喝咖啡。2022年高考英语语法解析--名词性从句全解
名词性从句注意事项 一、从属连词that的省略
一、从属连词that的省略
1.宾语从句中
(1)引导宾语从句的that,常可省略。
His mother said (that)Grant was a music critic.他母亲说格兰特是个音乐评论家。
(2)由and或but连接的两个宾语从句时,第一个从句的that可以省略,第二个不能。
Everybody could see (that)something happened and that Tom was frightened.
大家都明白出事了而且汤姆吓坏了。
He said (that)he had eaten nothing but that he was not hungry.
他说他没吃东西,但是他不饿。
(3)介词后that引导的宾语从句中不能省略that。
The book is unsatisfactory in that it lacks a good cover.
因为封面设计不好,这本书不令人满意。
I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.
除了知道他是南方人,其余一概不知。
(4)it作形式宾语的句式中,that引导从句作真正宾语时,不能省略。
We considered it a pity that you could not come with us.
你不能跟我们一起来,我们都觉得可惜。
We think it highly probable that he is dead.我们想他已经死了,这是非常可能的。
We consider it absolutely necessary that he should improve his work.
他应当改进他的工作,我们认为这是绝对必要的。
2.主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中that不能省略
【辨析】很显然他说了谎。
【误】He has told lies is quite clear.
【正】That he has told lies is quite clear.
【正】It is quite clear that he has told lies.
名词性从句注意事项 二、whether与if的区别
二、whether与if的区别
1.引导宾语从句时,意为“是否”,可互换。
Ask him whether/if he can come.问他能不能来。
2.介词之后的宾语从句中只用whether。
I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.
我还没有解决是否回家的问题。
3.引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时,只用whether。
It was a problem whether they would support us.
他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。(主语从句)
The question is whether he can do it.问题是他能不能做。(表语从句)
Answer my question whether you can help him.
回答我你是否能帮助他。(同位语从句)
4.在动词discuss 后只用 whether。
We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.我们讨论了是否要开一个会。
名词性从句注意事项 三、特殊名词性从句
三、特殊名词性从句
1.what从句
(1)表示“……的东西或事情”,相当于“the thing (s)which/that”。
He saves what he earns.他赚多少,积蓄多少。(宾语从句)
What we need is money.我们需要的是钱。(主语从句)
(2)表示“……的人或的样子”,相当于“the person (s)who/that”。
He is no longer what he was.他已经不是以前的那个样子。(表语从句)
Your brother isn’t what he used to be.你的弟弟不再是以前的样子了。(表语从句)
(3)表示“……的地方”,相当于“the place which/that”。
This is what they call Salt Lake City.这就是他们称为盐湖城的地方。(表语从句)
In 1492,Columbus reached what is now called America.
1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。(宾语从句)
【辨析】她尽己所能帮助穷人。
【正】She did all (that)she could to help the poor.
【正】She did what she could to help the poor.
【误】She did all what she could to help the poor.
(4)what的强调形式是whatever。
Whatever she does is ridiculous.她的所作所为都是荒谬的。(主语从句)
Take whatever magazines you want to read.任何你想读的杂志都可以取阅。(宾语从句)
2.wh-ever从句
(1)whoever意为“任何……的人”,相当于“anybody who”。
Whoever wants the book may have it.任何人要这书都可拿去。(主语从句)
I’ll take whoever wants to go.谁想去我就带谁去。(宾语从句)
【提示】 whomever 在从句中只作宾语。
We will hire whomever you recommend.我会雇用你推荐的任何人。
(2)whatever意为“……任何东西(一切事情)”,相当于anything that。
Whatever I have is yours.我的东西都是你的。(主语从句)
I will do whatever you wish.我会对你言听计从。(宾语从句)
【比较】
①Whatever you do is fine with me.无论你做什么我都没意见。(主语从句)
②Whatever you do,I’ll always love you.不管你干什么,我永远爱你。(状语从句)
(3)whichever意为“无论哪个……都”“无论谁……都”,相当于any that,anyone who。
Whichever you want is yours.你要哪一个,哪一个就是你的。(主语从句)
Whichever comes in first will receive a prize.谁先到就会获奖。(主语从句)
Whichever team gains the most points wins.
哪个队得分最多,哪个队赢。(主语从句)
You can pick whichever one you like.你喜欢哪个就挑哪个。(宾语从句)
You must make a decision on whichever way you choose。
无论你选什么路,你都必须做出决定。(宾语从句)
3.特殊名词性从句的作用
(1)作主语
Whichever he likes will be given him.无论他喜欢哪一个,都可以给他。
Whoever did this job must be rewarded.无论谁干这工作,一定会得到酬谢。
(2)作宾语
You may choose whoever you like.你喜欢选谁就可以选谁。
I’ll show you whatever you want to see.无论你想看什么,我都可以给你看。
(3)作介词宾语
We can rely on whomever we can trust.我们可以依靠我们信得过的人。
You can write about whatever topic you prefer.你可以写你喜欢写的任何题目。
(4)作宾语补足语
We’ll make him whatever he is fit for.他适合干哪一行,我们就培养他干哪一行。
I’ll call the baby whatever name you like.你喜欢哪一个名字,我就叫娃娃哪个名字。
【高考演练】
1.【北京】The best moment for the football star was________he scored the winning goal.
A.where B.when C.how D.why
【答案】B 考查名词性从句(表语从句)。根据题干前半部分中的moment 一词推断,后面应该说的是“……的时候”,故选B。
2.【北京】Some people believe________has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.
A.whateverB.whenever
C.whereverD.however
【答案】A 考查名词性从句(宾语从句)。句意:一些人相信过去发生或现在正发生的事情,将来仍然会重复。宾语从句中缺少主语,并且指的是事件,故选A。
3.【全国大纲卷】Exactly________the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain,but it was probably around 1565.
A.whether B.why C.when D.how
【答案】C 考查主语从句。句意:准确地说,土豆是什么时候被引进欧洲的还不确定,但可能是在1565年前后。此处when引导主语从句并在从句中作状语。故选C。
4.【福建】Pick yourself up.Courage is doing________you’re afraid to do.
A.thatB.what
C.howD.whether
【答案】B 考查名词性从句。句意:振作起来。勇气就是做你害怕去做的事。分析句子结构可知,此处doing后接宾语从句,而从句中do的后面缺少宾语,故选B。
5.【湖南】As John Lennon once said,life is________happens to you while you are busy making other plans.
A.which B.that C.what D.where
【答案】C 考查名词性从句。句意:正如约翰·列侬曾经说的那样,生活就是当你忙于制定其他计划时所发生在你身上的事情。引导词既要引导表语从句,又要在从句中作主语。故用what。故选C。
6.【江苏】— What a mess! You are always so lazy!
— I’m not to blame,Mum.I am________you have made me.
A.how B.what C.that D.who
【答案】B 考查表语从句。句意:“多么混乱啊!你总是这么懒!”“我不应当受到责备,妈妈,都是你让我变成这个样子的。”分析句子结构后可知,“________you have made me”是表语从句,从句中make 缺少间接宾语,故用what引导。故选B。
7.【山东】It is difficult for us to imagine________life was like for slaves in the ancient world.
A.where B.what C.which D.why
【答案】B 考查名词性从句。句意:对我们来说很难想象在古代奴隶的生活是什么样子的。________life was like for slaves in the ancient world是宾语从句,作imagine的宾语,在宾语从句中,like后缺少成分,故用what。故选B。
8.【陕西】________ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
A.Why B.When C.That D.What
【答案】B 考查名词性从句。句意:延误了的航班何时起飞主要取决于天气。所填词引导主语从句,在从句中作时间状语,用when,故选B。
9.【四川】Grandma pointed to the hospital and said,“That’s________I was born.”
A.when B.how C.why D.where
【答案】D 考查名词性从句。此处考查的是名词性从句中的表语从句,根据语境可知选D项。句意:奶奶指着那个医院说:“那就是我出生的地方。”故选D。
10.【天津】I think________impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.
A.what B.that C.which D.who
【答案】A 考查名词性从句。句意:我认为他的绘画给我留下深刻印象的是他使用的颜色。分析句子结构可知,I think后是宾语从句,从句中谓语动词是is,其前面是主语从句。从句中谓语动词impresses 前又缺主语,需用what引导。故选A。
11.【浙江】“Every time you eat a sweet,drink green tea.” This is________my mother used to tell me.
A.what B.how C.that D.whether
【答案】A 考查名词性从句。句意:母亲过去常常对我说:“每次吃糖的时候,要喝点儿绿茶。”此处是由what引导的表语从句,因为表语从句中缺少tell的间接宾语,所以用what引导,故选A。
12.【重庆】— Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
— Yeah,but I have no idea________he did it;that’s one of his favourite universities.
A.when B.why C.that D.how
【答案】B 考查同位语从句。此题易误选C,但后句对Mike 拒绝耶鲁大学的录取意愿感到意外,因为耶鲁大学是Mike 最喜欢的大学之一,因此回答者对Mike 放弃耶鲁大学感到不可思议。若用that 仅表示不知道此事,但事实上已经知道。故选B。
13.【重庆】Evidence has been found through years of study________children’s early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.
A.whyB.how
C.whetherD.that
【答案】D 考查名词性从句。句意:通过多年的研究,已有证据表明孩子的早期睡眠问题很可能会持续到他们的成年时期。句中that引导的是同位语从句修饰evidence,从句中不缺少任何成分,应用that引导,故选D。
14.【安徽】The limits of a person’s intelligence,generally speaking,are fixed at birth,but________he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
A.where B.whether
C.that D.why
【答案】B 考查名词性从句。句意:一般说来,人的智力极限在刚出生时就决定了,但是能否达到极限取决于环境。根据句子结构可知,本题是考查主语从句的引导词,where是副词表示地点;whether是连词表示“是否”,符合题意;than引导主语从句时本身没有意义,也不作句子成分,但是不能省略;why是副词表示原因。故选B。
15.【全国Ⅰ】It is by no means clear________the president can do to end the strike.
A.how B.which C.that D.what
【答案】D 考查名词性从句。句意:总统会采取什么措施来结束这次罢工还不清楚。根据句子结构可以判断此处it作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的从句。从句中do后面缺少宾语,这样可先排除A、C两项。how是副词,不能作宾语,that 在名词性从句中不作成分。根据句意可知which (哪一个)放在此处不合适。故选D。
16.【湖南】Everyone in the village is very friendly.It doesn’t matter________you have lived there for a short or a long time.
A.why B.how C.whether D.when
【答案】C 考查名词性从句。句意:村子里的每个人都很友好。无论你在那里住的时间很短还是住了很长一段时间都没关系。whether是否,符合句意。why为什么;how 如何,怎么样;when 什么时候。故选C。
17.【山东】It doesn’t matter________you pay by cash or credit card in this store.
A.how B.whether C.what D.why
【答案】B 考查名词性从句。句意:在这家商店不管你用现金支付还是用信用卡支付都没关系。分析句子结构可知It是形式主语,真正的主语是“________you pay by cash or credit card in this store”。whether ...or ...意为“不管……还是……”,符合句意;how 如何,多么;what 什么;why 为什么,……的理由,此三项均不符合句意。故选B。
18.【福建】We promise________attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.
A.who B.whom C.whoever D.whomever
【答案】C 考查名词性从句。句意:我们向所有参加派对的人承诺一个和影星照相的机会。whoever引导名词性从句作promise的宾语,且whoever 在从句中作主语。whom 和whomever 均为宾格,不合题意;who 从词意上不如whoever 准确。故选C。
19.【北京】Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt________he could have expressed it differently.
A.why B.how C.that D.whether
【答案】C 考查名词性从句。句意:Jerry 并不后悔提出自己的意见,但是他感觉他本来可以换种方式表达的。由句式结构可知felt后面是一个宾语从句,从句中不缺少任何成分,故应用that引导。why 在从句中作原因状语;how 在从句中作方式状语;whether意为“是否”。故选C。
20.【江西】It suddenly occurred to him________he had left his keys in the office.
A.whether B.where C.which D.that
【答案】D 考查it的用法和固定句型。句意:他突然意识到他把钥匙忘在办公室里了。It occurs to sb.that ...意为“某人突然想到某事”,其中it是形式主语,后面的that从句是真正的主语。故选D。2022年高考英语语法解析--感叹句和祈使句
感叹句 一、How引导的感叹句
一、How引导的感叹句
1.How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!
How tall she is! 她个子好高啊!
How beautifully she sings! 她唱歌唱得多美啊!
2.How+主语+谓语!
How he ran! 他跑得多快啊!
How they shout! 他们叫喊得多厉害呀!
3.How+形容词!
How lovely! 多可爱啊!
How kind of you! 您真客气!
感叹句 二、What引导的感叹句
二、What引导的感叹句
1.What+名词!
What a fool! 真是个傻瓜!
What fun! 多么好玩啊!
2.What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!
What a clever boy he is! 他是个多么聪明的男孩啊!
What fine weather it is today! 今天多好的天气啊!
祈使句 一、祈使句的肯定式
一、祈使句的肯定式
1.动词原形+其他成分
Please have a seat here.请这边坐。
Behave yourself! 规矩点!
2.Be+其他成分
Be quiet! 安静!
Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子!
3.Let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分
Let me help you.让我来帮你。
Let’s have another try.我们再试一次吧。
祈使句 二、祈使句的否定式
二、祈使句的否定式
1.Don’t+动词原形
Don’t go there,please.请别去那儿。
Don’t be late.不要迟到。
2.let sb.+动词原形
(1)Don’t+let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分
Don’t let him go.别让他走。
Don’t let the cat come in.别让猫进来。
(2)Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其他成分
Let’s not sit here! 我们不要坐在这儿!
Let him not go.别让他走。
3.No+doing sth.
No smoking! 禁止吸烟!
No fishing! 禁止钓鱼!
祈使句 三、祈使句的强调形式
三、祈使句的强调形式
Do be careful! 务必要小心!
Do give my regards to your parents! 一定代我向你父母问好!
祈使句 四、祈使句的重要句式
四、祈使句的重要句式
1.祈使句+and+表结果的陈述句
Hurry up and you’ll catch the train.快一点的话你就能赶上火车了。
2.祈使句+or (else)+表结果的陈述句”
Hurry up,or you’ll miss the train.快一点,要不你就赶不上火车了。2022年高考英语语法解析--时间状语从句全解
时间状语从句 一、从属连词的分类
一、从属连词的分类
1.表示“当……时候”或“每当”的从属连词:when,while,as,whenever
Don’t talk while you’re eating.吃饭时不要说话。
Vegetables are best when they are fresh.蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。
He came just as I was leaving.我正要走时他来了。
I’d like to see you whenever it’s convenient.一有方便的时间,我就去看你。
2.表示“在……之前(或之后)”的从属连词:before,after
Try to finish your work before you leave.离开前设法把工作做完。
After we have finished tea,we will sit on the grass.喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。
3.表示“自从”或“直到”的从属连词:since,until,till
She’s been playing tennis since she was eight.她从八岁起就打网球了。
Hold on until I fetch help.坚持一下,等我找人来帮忙。
时间状语从句 二、名词短语作从属连词
二、名词短语作从属连词
1.the+瞬间名词
the moment,the minute,the instant,the second 表示“一……就……”
Telephone me the moment you get the results.一有结果,马上给我打电话。
The minute he saw her he fell in love.他对她一见倾心。
I was so tired that I fell asleep the instant I closed my eyes.我很累,一合上眼就睡着了。
She put down the receiver the second she recognized my voice.
她一听出是我的声音,马上就放下电话听筒。
【比较】 一听到这个消息,我马上就来了。
①I came here as soon as I heard the news.
②I came here immediately/directly/instantly I heard the news.
③I came here the moment/the minute/the instant I heard the news.
④ On hearing the news,I came here.
⑤ At the news,I came here.
2.the+季节名词
the spring/summer/autumn/winter表示“在……的那年春/夏/秋/冬天”
His wife left him the spring he went abroad.他出国的那年春天,他的妻子离开了他。
He sold his house and went to the south the summer he lost his job.
在他失业的那年夏天,他卖掉房子去了南方。
She got married the autumn she graduated from college.
她大学毕业的那年秋天就结婚了。
He was sent to prison the winter his third daughter was born.
在他第三个女儿出生的那年冬天,他被关进了监狱。
3.the+时间名词
the hour/day/night/week/month/season/year
表示“在……的时候/那天/那晚/那周/那月/那个季节/那年”
The hour he was in her office,he felt very sad.当他在她办公室的时候,他感到很伤心。
The day he returned home,his father was already dead.
他回家的那一天,父亲已经去世了。
The night I went to see her,she had left for Beijing.我去看她的那晚,她去了北京。
The year he lived in the country,he learned a lot.在乡下的那一年,他学到了不少东西。
Mr Smith didn’t go to work the week his wife was ill.
史密斯先生在他妻子生病的那个星期没去上班。
4.the+序数词+time
the first time/the second time/the next time/the last time 第一次/第二次/下次/上次
My girlfriend beat me at chess the first time we played.
我头一次和女朋友下棋,她就把我打败了。
The second time I saw her,she looked like an old woman.
我第二次见到她时,她看上去像一个老太婆。
The third time I went there,I found all of the offices were all empty.
我第三次去那儿时,发现所有的办公室都是空的。
Next time you come in,please close the door.下次你进来,请关门。
The last time we talked he said he needed another two days.
上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。
5.不定代词+time
every time/each time/any time 每次/每次/随时
Every time I ring her,the phone is engaged.我每次给她打电话,电话都占线。
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him.每次她和他讲话,他都感到紧张。
Any time you come to London do come to see me.
无论什么时候来伦敦,你一定要来看我。
时间状语从句 三、时间从属连词的用法
三、时间从属连词的用法
1.when
(1)when引导的时间状语从句中,既可用短暂性动词也可用延续性动词。
I bought the car when I received my first salary.
我是在领第一笔薪水的时候买的车。(短暂性动作)
Don’t get excited when you talk.说话的时候不要激动。(延续性动作)
(2)when引导时间状语从句时,要遵循“主将从现”原则。
I shall tell her the good news when she comes.她来时,我将告诉她这个好消息。
When I grow up,I’ll be a nurse and look after patients.
我长大后要当一名护士,照顾病人。
(3)whenever表示过去或现在的习惯动作,意为“每当……的时候”。
We shall go whenever we are free.我们一有空就去。
They were scolded whenever they were late for school.每当他们上学迟到都要挨骂。
2.while
(1)while引导的时间状语从句中,只能用延续性动词。
They arrived while I was sunbathing.当我正在进行日光浴时,他们来了。
While we were talking,he came in.我们正在谈话时,他进来了。
(2)while表示“在……过程中”,强调某一段时间内主句与从句的谓语动作同时发生。
Keep an eye on my little sister while I am away.我不在时,请照看一下我的小妹妹。
While you are young,you must work hard.趁年轻的时候,你要努力工作。
3.as
(1)as引导时间状语从句时,多强调主句和从句中的动作或状态同时发生。
As I waited at the stop,I heard a big noise.在车站等车时,我听到一个很大的声响。
She rose up as he entered.他进来时,她站了起来。
(2)as意为“随着……”,表示随着时间的变化而变化。
We get wiser as we get older.我们随着年龄的增长而变得越来越聪明。
As the sun rose the frog dispersed.太阳出来雾就消散。
【比较】 日子一天天过去,天气越变越坏。
①As the day went on,the weather got worse.(as引导时间状语从句)
②With the day going on,the weather got worse.(with短语作主语)
4.till,until
(1)till和until 一般可以互换,意为“直到……为止”。
They waited till/until I returned.他们一直等到我回来。
I shall work till/until eleven o’clock.我要工作到11点。
(2)短暂性动词用于“not ...until”句式;延续性动词则用肯定式。
She worked until one o’clock in the morning.她一直工作到凌晨一点。(延续性动词)
She did not stop working until one o’clock in the morning.
她一直工作到凌晨一点。(短暂性动词)
(3)“not until ...”置于句首时用倒装形式。
Not until 1998 did he return to his hometown.直到1998年他才回到家乡。
Not until Father came back did we begin to have supper last night.
昨晚直到父亲回来,我们才开始吃晚饭。
(4)“not ...until”句式的强调形式。
It was not until yesterday that I noticed it.直到昨天我才注意到此事。
It was not until I saw Mary that I felt happy.直到见到玛丽我才高兴起来。
5.since
(1)since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时,主句用现在完成时,意为“自从……以来”。
Since I left school till now,I have written to him twice.
自从我离开学校到现在,我给他写过两封信。
Since he went to Shanghai,I have not heard from him.
自从他去了上海以后,我就没有接到过他的信。
(2)“It is+一段时间+since”句式
It is a long time since he left.自从他离开,已经有很长时间了。
It is three years already since he came to study in this university.
自从他到这个大学来学习,已经有三年了。
(3)since引导的时间状语从句中,谓语动词用短暂性动词和延续性动词意义不同。
Since he began to live here,I have not seen him.
自从他住到这里,我就没有见过他。(短暂性动词)
Since he lived here,I have not seen him.
自从他离开这里,我就没有见过他。(延续性动词)
It is two years since I served in the army.自从我复员以来已经两年了。(延续性动词)
It is two years since I began to serve in the army.我参军已经两年了。(短暂性动词)
6.before
(1)表示“在……之前”
We do want to buy something now before prices go up.
在物价上涨之前我们的确想买点东西。
The train had left before I arrived at the station.在我到达车站之前火车已开走了。
(2)表示“在……之后才……”
It was midnight before he came back.他半夜以后才回来。
The American Civil War lasted four years before the north won in the end.
美国南北战争持续了四年,北方才最终取得胜利。
(3)表示“还未来得及……就……”
Someone called me up,but they hung up before I could answer the phone.
有人给我打电话,可是我还没来得及接,电话就挂断了。
He jumped into the water before I could stop him.
我还没有来得及阻止他,他就跳进了水里。
(4)表示“趁着……”
We can set off early before it gets hot.我们可以趁着天不热早点出发。
You’d better write the phrases down before you forget them.
趁着你还没有忘记,赶紧把这些词组写下来.
Please put them away before they are missing.趁着还没有丢,把它们收好吧。
(5)表示“不知不觉多少时间已经过去了”
Time passed quickly and three years went by before he knew it.
时间飞快地流逝,不知不觉中三年已过去了。
Several weeks had gone by before I realized the painting was missing.
几周过去了,我才意识到这幅画不见了。
It was ...before 过了(多长时间)才……
It will be ...before 要用(多长时间)才……
It wasn’t ...before 没过(多长时间)就……
It won’t be ...before 用不了(多长时间)就会……2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-同位语
同位语从句 一、同位语从句的连接词
一、同位语从句的连接词
常用同位语从句的先行词:
advice 建议 belief 信念 conclusion 结论 doubt 怀疑
explanation 解释 fact 事实 feeling 感觉 fear 害怕
hope 希望 idea 主意 information 信息 news 消息
opinion 观点 order 命令 promise 诺言 possibility 可能性
probability 可能性 problem 问题 question 问题 statement 论断
reply 答复 report 报道 suggestion 建议 thought 想法
truth 事实 understanding 理解 warning 警告 wish 愿望
1.从属连词that引导的同位语从句
The problem that they can’t get here early is hard to solve.
他们不能早到这里的问题很难解决。
The news that we are invited to the lecture is very encouraging.
我们被邀请去听讲座的消息很使我们鼓舞。
2.从属连词whether引导的同位语从句
There is some doubt whether he will come.他是否会来还不一定。
Answer my question whether you are coming.你回答我的问题:你来不来。
【提示】 whether 可引导同位语从句,不能和if 互换。
3.由连接代词和连接副词引导的同位语从句
Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么时候开始吗?
A puzzle appeared who could have stolen the car.谁偷了车这个问题令人困惑。
I have no idea when he will come back.我不知道他什么时候回来。
It is a question how he did it.他如何做的是个问题。
同位语从句 二、同位语从句的常用句式
二、同位语从句的常用句式
1.The story goes that 故事是这样的
The story goes that long ago there lived a king.
流传着这样一个故事,讲的是很久以前有个国王住在这里。
2.The rumour spreads that 谣传
The rumour spreads that the peace talk has failed.谣传说和平谈判失败了。
3.An order comes that 命令传来
An order came that all the soldiers (should)go to the front.命令传来士兵全部上前线。
4.An idea occurs to sb.that 某人突然想到
An idea occurred to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
5.Word gets around that 消息传开了
Word soon got round that there was buried treasure in that cave.
那个洞里有宝藏的消息很快便传开了。2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-现在分词的用法
现在分词 一、现在分词的形式
一、现在分词的形式
1.肯定式
2.否定式
(1)not doing
He stood helpless,not knowing what to do.他无可奈何地站在那里,不知如何是好。
(2)not having done
Not having done it right,I tried it again.因为没做对,我又试了一次。
二、现在分词的句法作用
二、现在分词的句法作用
1.作定语
What disappointing news! 多么令人失望的消息!
The story had a satisfying ending.这故事有一个令人满意的结局。
The man standing by the window will give us a report.站在窗口的那人将给我们做报告。
There is a gentleman asking to see you.有一位先生要求见你。
【提示】 单个的分词作定语时常置于被修饰词的前面,但分词短语作定语时要后置。
2.作表语
amazing 令人惊异的 astonishing 令人惊讶的 disappointing 令人失望的
exciting 令人激动的 frightening 令人恐惧的 interesting 令人感兴趣的
moving 动人的 relaxing 使人放松的 shocking 令人震惊的
surprising 令人惊讶的 worrying 令人担忧的 puzzling 使人迷惑的
This book is quite interesting.这本书很有趣。
The news is encouraging.这消息令人鼓舞。
3.作宾语补足语
(1)作及物动词的宾语补足语
用现在分词作宾补的动词:
bring 引起 catch 碰上(撞上) discover 发现 feel 感觉
find 发现 get 使 have 使 hear 听见
keep 使 leave 听任 listen to 听着 look at 看着
notice 注意到 observe 观察 see 看见 send 使(突然做某事)
set 引起(做某事) start 使(开始做某事) watch 观看
His letter left me feeling pretty humble.他的信使我感到自己很卑微。
This news started me thinking.这消息使我深思。
(2)有些动词可接不定式或现在分词作宾补
(1)feel sb.do sth.感觉某人做了某事
feel sb.doing sth.感觉某人正在做某事
(2)have sb.do sth.让某人做某事
have sb.doing sth.感觉某人一直做某事
(3)hear sb.do sth.听见某人做了某事
hear sb.doing sth.听见某人正在做某事
(4)notice sb.do sth.注意到某人做了某事
notice sb.doing sth.注意到某人正在做某事
(5)see sb.do sth.看见某人做了某事
see sb.doing sth.看见某人正在做某事
(6)watch sb.do sth.观察到某人做了某事
watch sb.doing sth.观察到某人正在做某事
I saw the children playing in the street.我看见孩子们在街上玩。
I saw the children enter a shop.我看见孩子们进了一家商店。
【提示】
①have sb.doing sth.意为“使某人一直做在做某事”。
She had her audience listening attentively.她使听众听得入神。
The film had us all sitting with excitement.这部影片让我们大家激动不已。
②won’t/can’t have sb.doing sth.意为“不容忍或允许某人做某事”。
He won’t have boys arriving late.他不允许男孩们迟到。
I can’t have you smoking at your age.我不能让你在这个年纪就抽烟。
4.作状语
(1)时间状语
Hearing the news,they set off for the station.听到这个消息,他们出发去车站。
Seeing the cat,the mouse ran off.见到猫,老鼠就跑了。
【提示】 有时when,while,unless等连词也可以保留。
While crossing the road,she met an old friend.过马路时她遇见了一位老朋友。
(2)原因状语
Being sick I was absent from school yesterday.因为生病,我昨天没去上学。
Not knowing his address,I can’t write to him.由于不知道他的地址,我无法给他写信。
(3)条件状语
Working hard,you will succeed.如果努力工作,你就可以成功。
Adding them all up,we can find the answer.如果把它们加起来,我们就可得到答案。
(4)让步状语
Admitting what you say,we think you are still in the wrong.
尽管我们承认你说的话,你仍然是错的。
Living miles away,he attended the course.虽然住在几英里以外,他仍去上课。
(5)伴随状语
The boy came running to meet me.那男孩跑着来迎接我。
They went along singing happily.他们一边走一边欢欣唱歌。
【提示】
静态动词sit,stand,lie等常接分词短语作伴随状语。
She sat there,reading last night.昨晚她坐在那儿读书。
I stood,leaning against a tree.我靠着树站立。
He lay in bed,reading a book.他躺在床上读书。
(6)方式状语
Using his fingers,he drew a picture quickly.他用手指很快就画成了一幅图。
He earns a living driving a truck.他靠开卡车谋生。
(7)结果状语
The child slipped and fell,hitting his head against the door.
这孩子滑倒了,头撞到了门上。
The wind blew away the earth,leaving only sand.风把泥土刮走了,只留下了沙子。
【提示】
①现在分词做结果状语则表示自然的结果。
He died,leaving his wife with five children.他死了,留下他妻子和五个孩子。
②动词不定式作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果。
He hurried to the station only to find the train gone.
他匆匆忙忙地赶到火车站,却发现火车已经开走了。
(8)作插入语
generally speaking 一般说来 strictly speaking 严格的说
judging from 从……判断 all things considered 从整体来看
Judging from his face,he must be ill.从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。
Generally speaking,dogs can run faster than pigs.总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。
三、现在分词的时态
三、现在分词的时态
1.一般时:表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生。
When we arrived,we found him sleeping.我们到达时发现他在睡觉。
Living in the suburbs,we have few visitors.因为住在郊外,我们没什么访客。
2.完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
Having cleaned the desks,we began reading.擦完桌子后,我们便开始看书。
Not having finished his homework,the boy didn’t go to sleep.
因为没有完成作业,这男孩没有睡觉。2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-虚拟语气
一、主语从句中的虚拟语气
一、主语从句中的虚拟语气
1.It’s+adj.+that ...(should)do sth.
advisable 明智的 appropriate 适当的 desirable 值得做的 essential 必要的
strange 奇怪的 important 重要的 impossible 不可能的 natural 自然的
necessary 需要的 proper 适当的 urgent 急切的 vital 至关重要的
It is advisable that we (should)all work together.我们还是大家一起来做为好。
It is vital that we (should)not be absorbed in despair.我们千万不要深陷于绝望之中。
It is impossible that he (should)go home.他不可能会回家去。
It is necessary that I (should)return it right now.我有必要马上把它还回去。
2.It’s+n.+that ...(should)do sth.
desire 欲望 demand 需求 order 命令 pity 遗憾
proposal 建议 shame 羞愧 surprise 惊奇 wonder 奇迹
It is a pity that he (should)miss such an opportunity.他竟然失去这样的机会,真可惜。
It is a shame that it (should)have come to this! 事情竟落到如此地步!
It is his desire that a medical man should stay here.他希望有一个医务人员留在这里。
It is no wonder that she (should)be angry with you.难怪她生你的气。
3.It’s+done+that ...(should)do sth.
It is suggested that ... It is requested that ... It is required that ...
It is ordered that ... It is proposed that ... It is decided that ...
It is requested that a vote (should)be taken.建议付诸表决。
It is proposed that the plan (should)be delayed.有人建议推迟这项计划。
It is desired that this rule (should)be brought to the attention.希望这条规则引起注意。
It is suggested that parents (should)spend more time with their children alone.
人们建议父母应该花更多的时间和孩子单独在一起。
二、as if/as though后的虚拟语气
一、as if/as though后的虚拟语气
He acts as if he knew me.他显得认识我似的。(与现在事实相反)
They treat me as though I were a stranger.他们待我如陌生人。(与现在事实相反)
He talks as if he had been abroad.他说起话来好像曾经出过国。(与过去事实相反)
He talks and acts as if he might not live long.
他的一言一行似乎行将就木。(与将来事实相反)
【提示】 从句用陈述语气表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实。
It looks as if we’ll be late.我们似乎要迟到了。(事实上有可能迟到)
This meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.这肉吃起来似乎已经坏了。(实际上肉坏了)
三、虚拟语气在其他形式中的用法
三、虚拟语气在其他形式中的用法
1.“It is time (that)……”句式,意为“是……的时候了”
It is time we left.我们该走了。
It is time we got up/should get up.我们该起床了。
It is high time our athletes showed/should show their best.
我们的运动员该大显身手了。
【提示】 that从句用过去式或should do,意为“该干某件事了,时间已经有些晚了”,should一般不省略。
2.“would/had rather (that)……”句式,意为“宁愿”
(1)一般过去时:表示现在或将来的愿望。
I’d rather you came next Saturday.我宁愿你下星期六来。
I’d rather you were happy.我愿你快乐。
(2)过去完成时:表过去的愿望。
I’d rather you hadn’t said it.我真希望你没有这样说过。
I’d rather you had been present。我真希望你当时在场。
3.“if only ...”句式,意为“但愿”,“要是……就好了”
(1)一般过去时:表示与现在事实相反。
If only I were as clever as you.要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊。
If only I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。
(2)过去完成时:表示与过去事实相反。
If only he had been here.要是他当时在这儿就好了。
If only I had finished the task.要是我完成了任务就好了。
(3)将来完成时:表示与将来事实相反。
If only it would stop raining! 但愿雨停下来。
【比较】
①I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有闹钟响,我才会醒。(条件状语从句)
②If only the alarm clock had rung.要是当时闹钟响,就好了。(虚拟语气)
【高考演练】
1.【安徽】People are recycling many things which they________away in the past!
A.had thrown B.will be throwing
C.were throwing D.would have thrown
【答案】D 考查虚拟语气。句意:现在人们回收利用很多东西,而过去他们会将这些扔掉。根据in the past 可知,说的是过去情况,对过去情况的推测或评说,应使用“情态动词+完成式”结构。故选D。
2.【北京】We________back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.
A.are B.were C.will be D.would be
【答案】D 考查虚拟语气。根据条件状语从句中if we didn’t lose the map 可知,主从句都是对现在情况的假设,故选D。
3.【福建】________ no modern telecommunications,we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.
A.Were there B.Had there been
C.If there are D.If there have been
【答案】A 考查虚拟语气。句意:要是没有现代化的通讯,我们将不得不等待若干个星期才能获得来自世界各地的消息。“要是没有现代化的通讯”是对现在情况的一种假设,故从句中使用一般过去时态,省略if后把were 提到从句主语之前。故选A。
4.【湖南】If Mr Dewey________present,he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.
A.were B.had been C.should be D.was
【答案】B 考查虚拟语气。句意:如果Dewey 先生当时在场的话,他就会尽一切可能帮助那里的人们。根据主句中的would have offered 可知,这是对过去的虚拟,故条件句用had done形式。故选B。
5.【陕西】We would rather our daughter________at home with us,but it is her choice,and she is not a child any longer.
A.would stay B.has stayed C.stayed D.stay
【答案】C 考查虚拟语气。would rather后跟宾语从句时,从句谓语动词用过去式表示动作发生在现在或将来,用“had+过去分词”表示动作发生在过去。根据后一句中的is 可知此处动词用过去式,故选C。
6.【天津】________ the morning train,he would not have been late for the meeting.
A.Did he catch B.Should he catch
C.Has he caught D.Had he caught
【答案】D 考查虚拟语气。句意:如果他赶上了早晨的火车,他开会就不会迟到了。由主句可知,这是一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,因此从句中用过去完成时had done。在if引导的虚拟语气中,当句中有were,should,had时,可将if 省去,并把were,should,had 提到主语的前面构成部分倒装,故选D。
7.【浙江】They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation,or they________to our help.
A.would have come B.could come
C.have come D.had come
【答案】A 考查虚拟语气。句意:我们在做调查的那几个月里,他们一直在国外,否则的话他们早就来帮我们了。从句中的关键题眼or可以知道,此处是虚拟语气,同时根据前面的they were abroad可以知道,此处是对过去状况的虚拟,根据语法规则知,句中谓语动词用“should/would/could/might+have done”结构,故选A。
8.【重庆】It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I________ it?
A.had done B.have done C.did D.am doing
【答案】A 考查虚拟语气。as if后的句子若表示与事实相反,须用虚拟语气。根据前一句中谓语动词用一般过去时可知,as if后的句子表示的是与过去事实相反的假设,用过去完成时。故选A。
9.【安徽】I________to my cousin’s birthday party last night,but I was not available.
A.went B.had gone C.would go D.would have gone
【答案】D 考查虚拟语气。本题的解题关键是逗号之后的句子“but I was not available”,由此可以看出,昨晚的聚会我没有参加,所以空处是与过去事实相反的动作,故正确答案是would have gone。故选D。
10.【北京】If we________a table earlier,we couldn’t be standing here in a queue.
A.have booked B.booked C.book D.had booked
【答案】D 考查虚拟语气。本句是一个包含了一个条件状语从句的复合句,从主句的谓语动词couldn’t be standing可以推出,用的是虚拟语气,这样,if就是一个虚拟条件句,“订餐”是发生在过去,故是与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。
11.【福建】— Do you think George has passed the driving test?
— No.If so,he________his car to our college yesterday.
A.would driveB.drove
C.would have drivenD.had driven
【答案】C 考查虚拟语气。根据句中的yesterday可以判断出是与过去的事实相反,所以主句用would have done结构。故选C。
12.【江苏】I should not have laughed if I________you were serious.
A.thought B.would think C.had thought D.have thought
【答案】C 考查虚拟语气。根据主句中should not have laughed可知,本句所讲与过去事实相反。If引导非真实条件句表示与过去事实相反时,从句结构为had done。故选A。
13.【陕西】My mom suggests that we________eat out for a change this weekend.
A.should B.might C.could D.would
【答案】A 考查名词性从句中的虚拟语气。本句是一个复合句,主句谓语动词suggests,后跟宾语从句,谓语动词要用(should)do sth,故选A。
14.【天津】If he had spent more time practicing English before,he________able to speak it much better now.
A.will be B.would be C.has been D.would have been
【答案】B 考查虚拟语气。本句是一个错综时间虚拟句。从句是对过去事实的虚拟,谓语用had done,而主句则是对现在(now)事实的一种假设,所以用would do,所以B项符合句意。故选B。
15.【浙江】Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam________at the age of six months old.
A.was B.be C.were D.is
【答案】B 考查虚拟语气。句意:眼科医生建议:孩子在六个月时就要进行第一次眼科检查。根据句中recommend 判断出后面的宾语从句应该用(should)do sth。故选B。
16.【重庆】— It rained cats and dogs this morning.I’m glad we took an umbrella.
— Yeah,we would have got wet all over if we________.
A.hadn’t B.haven’t C.didn’t D.don’t
【答案】A 考查虚拟语气。事实是带了伞,那么假设没带伞,就是与过去事实相反的假设,所以从句部分要用had/hadn’t done sth的形式。故选A。
17.【陕西】The children________lost in the woods;otherwise,they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled.
A.must have got B.must get
C.should have got D.should get
【答案】A 考查情态动词表示推测。从句子的后半部分看,谓语动词用了would have been,说明是与过去事实相反的,故前半句应该是对过去事实的推测,排除选项B,D;选项C意思是“本应迷路,但没迷路”,与句意不符,排除。故选A。
18.【天津】She________have left school,for her bike is still here.
A.can’t B.wouldn’t C.shouldn’t D.needn’t
【答案】A 考查情态动词表示推测。can’t have done表示对过去的否定推测;wouldn’t have done 虚拟语气中表示与过去事实相反;shouldn’t have done表示过去不应该做而做了的事;needn’t have done表示过去不必要做而做了的事。故选A。
19.【山东】Thank you for all your hardworking last week.I don’t think we________it without you.
A.can manage B.could have managed
C.could mange D.can have managed
【答案】B 句意:谢谢大家上周的努力。如果没有你们我们不可能做成。could have done 在虚拟语气的主句中表示与过去事实相反,without引导的状语相当于if引导的条件状语从句。can have done 只用于否定句和疑问句的推测。故选B。
20.【山东】They________two free tickets to Canada,otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go.
A.had got B.got
C.have got D.get
【答案】B 考查虚拟语气的含蓄条件句。句意:他们弄到了两张去加拿大的免费票,不然的话他们是付不起钱去那里的。由otherwise前一句可知,得到免费的票是已经发的事,故用一般过去时。故选B。2022年高考英语语法解析--疑问句全解
(一般+特殊+选择+反意)疑问句
疑问句 一、一般疑问句
一、一般疑问句
1.一般疑问句基本句式
(1)be+主语+...?
Are these books on the desk? 这些书在桌子上吗?
Was he here a moment ago? 他刚才在这儿吗?
(2)do/does/did+主语+谓语+ ...?
Do you like English? 你喜欢英语吗?
Does she have a computer? 她有一台电脑吗?
Did he pass the exam? 他通过了这次考试吗?
(3)情态动词+主语+谓语+...?
Must I finish my homework now? 我必须现在完成家庭作业吗?
Dare you swim in the lake? 你敢在这个湖里游泳吗?
May I come in? 我可以进来吗?
(4)have/has+主语+过去分词+...?
Have you heard from him? 你收到他的来信吗?
Has he finished his homework? 他完成了家庭作业吗?
【提示】
①变一般疑问句时只把第一个助动词提到句首。
Will they be at home tonight? 他们今晚在家吗?
Has he been to New York? 他去过纽约吗?
Has the building been finished yet? 楼房建好了吗?
②复合句变一般疑问句时,通常只变主句,从句不变。
Do you hear that he will come back soon? 你听说他快要回来了吗?
2.否定式一般疑问句
(1)用法:否定式一般疑问句具有强烈的否定、不满意、惊奇等感彩。
Can’t he drive? 他不是会开车吗?
Isn’t Kate a student? 凯特难道不是学生吗?
Hasn’t the rain stopped yet? 难道雨还没有停吗?
(2)答语:yes后用肯定形式,no后跟否定形式,但汉语意义相反。
— Isn’t the boy very clever? 这个男孩难道不聪明吗?
— Yes,he is.不,他很聪明。
— No,he isn’t.是的,他不很聪明。
疑问句 二、特殊疑问句
二、特殊疑问句
1.特殊疑问句形式
(1)疑问词+陈述句语序
Who would like to go out for a walk? 谁想出去散步?
Which one is suited for teaching? 哪一个适合教学?
(2)疑问词+疑问句语序
Which book do you want? 你要哪一本书?
What are you laughing at? 你们笑什么?
2.特殊疑问句的用法
(1)What is+sb.? 询问某人的职业,意为“……是干什么的?”
— What is your mother? 你妈妈是干什么的?
— She is a teacher.她是个老师。
(2)Who is+sb.? 询问某人是谁或与人关系等。
— Who is that woman? 那个女人是谁?
— She is my mother.她是我妈妈。(关系)
— She is Rose.她是罗丝。(姓名)
(3)whose之后可接名词也可单独使用,表示“谁的……”。
— Whose umbrella is this? 这伞是谁的?
— It’s mine.是我的。
(4)Which之后可接名词也可单独使用,意为“哪一个……”。
— Which is Tom’s? 哪个是汤姆?
— The boy on the left.左边那个男孩。
— Which one do you want? 你想要哪一个?
— I want the blue one.我要那个蓝色的。
(5)how 可单独使用,询问做某事的方法、手段等。
— How do you go to school? 你怎么去上学?
— I usually go to school by bike.我常常骑自行车。
3.特殊疑问句的省略形式
Why not use both? 为什么不两者都用?
Why say so? 为什么那样说?
Why a pen in my pocket? 我口袋里怎么有只钢笔呢?
4.What/How about ...?
(1)向对方提出建议或请求。
How about going out for a walk? 出去散散步好吗?
What about another cake? 再吃块蛋糕好吗?
(2)征询对方的看法或意见。
What about her playing the violin? (你认为)她的小提琴拉的怎么样?
What about the TV play? 那个电视剧怎么样?
(3)询问天气或身体等情况。
What about the weather in your home town? 你们家乡的气候如何?
How about your uncle now? 你叔叔近来身体好吗?
(4)寒暄时用作承接上下文的转折语。
I am from Beijing.How/What about you? 我是北京人,你呢?
疑问句 三、选择疑问句
三、选择疑问句
1.一般选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+被选择的情况?
Are you a teacher or a student? 你是个老师还是个学生?
Did you work out the math problem in this way or (in)that way?
你是用这种方法还是用那种方法把这道数学题算出来的?
2.特殊选择疑问句:特殊疑问句+A or B?
Which is bigger,Beijing or New York? 哪个城市大些,北京还是纽约?
When will he leave for London,today or tomorrow?
他何时动身去伦敦,今天还是明天?
【提示】 选择疑问句不能用“yes或no”回答,要根据实际情况回答。
— Are you male or female? 你是男性还是女性?
— I’m male.我是男性。
疑问句 四、反意疑问句
四、反意疑问句
1.反义疑问句的基本句式
(1)陈述部分(肯定式)+附加疑问部分(否定式)
Lucy likes English,doesn’t she? 露西喜欢英语,不是吗?
That was a wonderful night,wasn’t it? 那是个奇妙的夜晚,不是吗?
Your sister helped him,didn’t she? 你姐姐帮助了他,不是吗?
(2)陈述部分(否定式)+附加疑问部分(肯定式)
You aren’t a teacher,are you? 你不是老师,是吗?
They haven’t been to the Great Wall,have they? 他们没去长城,是吗?
Your classmates didn’t have a good time last summer,did they?
你的同学们去年暑假没过好,是吗?
【提示】
①“陈述部分(否定式)+附加疑问部分(肯定式)”的答语与“否定式一般疑问句”的答语相同。“Yes+肯定结构”,“No+否定结构”,但是汉语意义相反。
Tom didn’t have a good time last summer,did he? 汤姆去年暑假没过好,是吗?
Yes,he did.不,他过得很好。
No,he didn’t.是的,他过得不好。
②陈述部分有否定副词或否定代词时,相当于“陈述句(否定式),+附加疑问部分(肯定式)”。但有否定前缀或后缀时,如dislike,hate,impossible等词时,仍是肯定句。
He never watches TV,does he? 他从不看电视,是吗?
He looks unhappy,doesn’t he? 他看上去不高兴,不是吗?
The girl dislikes history,doesn’t she? 这女孩不喜欢历史,不是吗?
2.祈使句的反意疑问句
(1)祈使句的肯定式:will you或won’t you
Open the window,will you? 请打开窗子,好吗?
Give me a hand,won’t you? 请帮我一下,好吗?
(2)祈使句的否定式:只用will you
Don’t wait for me,will you? 请别等我,好吗?
Don’t be late,will you? 别迟到,行吗?
(3)Let’s 祈使句:shall we
Let’s go,shall we? 咱们走吧,好吗?
Let’s have a cup of tea,shall we? 我们去喝杯茶,好吗?
(4)Let sb.祈使句:will you
Let her play the piano,will you? 让她弹钢琴吧,(您说)行吗?
Let me sing a song for you,will you? 让我为你唱一首歌,好吗?
3.“ there+be 句式”的反义疑问句
(1)there+be 肯定式:否定式+there?
There is something wrong with the radio,isn’t there? 收音机出毛病了,是吗?
There was a peach tree in the garden,wasn’t there?
以前在花园里有一棵桃树,对吧?
(2)there+be 否定式:肯定式+there?
There won’t be any meetings next week,will there? 下周什么会也没有,是吗?
(3)there+be 特殊句式
There appears to be some mistakes in his book,doesn’t there?
他的书中似乎有些错误,不是吗?
There used to be a bookstore near here,didn’t/usedn’t there?
以前附近有一家书店,是不是啊?
4.含情态动词的反意疑问句
(1)附加疑问部分要重复前面同样的情态动词。
The boy can read and write,can’t he? 这男孩会读写,是吗?
We shouldn’t help him,should we? 我们不应该帮助他,对吗?
We need not do it again,need we? 我们不用再做一次,是吗?
We ought to leave early,oughtn’t we? 我们应该早点动身,对不对?
(2)若must表示“必须”或“有必要”,附加疑问部分用 mustn’t或needn’t。
You must leave at once,mustn’t/needn’t you? 你必须(有必要)马上离开,是吗?
(3)表示“禁止”时,附加疑问部分用may
They mustn’t take the book out of the library,may they?
他们不能把书拿出图书馆,是吗?
(4)must表示推测时,附加疑问部分应根据must后的动词结构采用相应的助动词形式。
He must be tired,isn’t he? 他一定累了,是吗?
He must have read it,hasn’t he? 他一定读过它,是吗?
He must have left yesterday,didn’t he? 他昨天一定走了,是吗?
He must be waiting outside,isn’t he? 他一定正等在外面,是吗?
【比较】
①He dare not say so,dare he? (dare是情态动词)
②He doesn’t dare to say so,does he? (dare是实义动词)
疑问句 五、附加疑问部分的构成
五、附加疑问部分的构成
1.陈述部分和附加疑问部分的主语的一致
(1)陈述部分的主语是everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,nobody,no one等复合代词时,附加疑问部分的主语通常使用they,有时也用he。
Nobody phoned while I was out,did they? 我外出时没人打电话,对吧?
No one wants to go,do they? 没人想走,是吗?
Everybody knows this,doesn’t he/don’t they? 人人都知道这一点,不是吗?
(2)陈述部分的主语是everything,something,anything,nothing时,附加疑问部分的主语用it。
Everything is all right,isn’t it? 一切正常,不是吗?
Nothing can stop us,can it? 没有什么可以阻挡我们,对吧?
(3)陈述部分的主语是this,that,these,those时,附加疑问部分的主语分别用it和they。
This is important,isn’t it? 这很重要,不是吗?
These aren’t his books,are they? 这些不是他的书,对吧?
(4)陈述部分含有宾语从句时,附加疑问部分中的主语应和主句中的主语保持一致。
You told them he wouldn’t come,didn’t you?
你告诉他们,他不来了,是吗?
He never said he was a good student,did he?
他从没说过他是个好学生,不是吗?
Mary asked me if I knew whose pen it was,didn’t she?
玛丽问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔,不是吗?
(5)陈述部分是I suppose,I think,I believe,I imagine,I expect等句式时,附加疑问部分的主语和谓语要和从句的主语和谓语保持一致。
I don’t think you are right,are you? 我认为你不对,不是吗?
I don’t believe he studies harder,does he? 我相信他不会努力学习的,会吗?
2.陈述部分和附加疑问部分的谓语的一致
(1)陈述部分的谓语动词含有系动词、助动词、情态动词时,附加疑问部分重复这些动词。
He is a teacher,isn’t he? 他是教师,对吧?
He will pass the exam this time,won’t he? 这次他会通过考试,不是吗?
You can solve the problem,can’t you? 你能解决这个问题,不是吗?
(2)陈述部分的谓语动词是实义动词时,附加疑问部分用do/does/did。
Someone phoned while I was out,didn’t they? 当我在外面的时候有人来电话了,是吗?
Few people know him,do they? 几乎没有人认识他,是吗?
She likes to eat popcorn,doesn’t she? 她喜欢吃爆米花,不是吗?
(3)陈述部分的谓语动词含有had better,would rather,would like时,附加疑问部分根据第一部分做相应的变化。
You’d better go now,hadn’t you? 你最好现在就走,不是吗?
You’d rather go there early,wouldn’t you? 你最好早些去那里,不是吗?
He’d like to go,wouldn’t he? 他要走,是吗?
(4)陈述部分的谓语动词含有have to,had to时,疑问部分用don’t或didn’t。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow,don’t we?
明天我们必须8点到达那儿,不是吗?
They had to take the early train,didn’t they?
他们要赶早班火车,不是吗?
(5)陈述部分是I’m时,疑问部分用aren’t I。
I’m as tall as your sister,aren’t I? 我和你姐一样高,是吗?
(6)陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may+主语。
I wish to have a word with you,may I? 我希望和你谈一谈,可以吗?2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-状语从句
结果状语从句 一、引导结果状语从句的从属连词
一、引导结果状语从句的从属连词
1.so that
He worried so that he couldn’t sleep.他急得睡不着。
He spoke loudly so that everyone heard him clearly.他大声讲话大家听得很清楚。
2.so ...that ...
His statement was so clear that everybody was convinced.
他说的话这么明白,大家都信服了。(so后接形容词)
He finished his work so well that the boss praised him in public.
他工作完成得好,结果老板当众表扬了他。(so后接副词)
I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over.
我摔了许多跤,以致于全身都是青一块紫一块的。(so后接名词)
3.such ...that ...
(1)such+单数名词+that ...
It was such a fine day that the children went out to fly kites.
天气非常好,孩子们都出去放风筝了。
(2)such+复数名词+that ...
They are such heavy boxes that nobody can move them away.
这是些很重的箱子,谁也搬不走。
(3)such+不可数名词+that ...
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.
他关窗子用力很大,结果玻璃震碎了。
There is such serious pollution that no fish survive in the river.
污染如此严重,河中没有鱼类幸存下来。
结果状语从句 二、“such ...that ...”句式的特殊用法
二、“such ...that ...”句式的特殊用法
1.“such a+adj.+单数名词+that ...”可变为“so+adj.+a+单数名词+that ...”
Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.
Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.
麦克是个诚实的工人,大家都相信他。
It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away.
it is so heavy a box that nobody can move it away.
这是一个很重的箱子,谁也搬不走。
2.当so或such置于句首时句子用倒装语序
So clear was his statement that everybody was convinced.他的话这么明白,大家都信服了。
So fast did he run that nobody could catch up with him.他跑得如此快没人能赶上他。Such heavy boxes are they that nobody can move them away.
这是些很重的箱子,谁也搬不走。
3.so many/few+可数名词;so much/little+不可数名词
There is so little time left that we had to speed up.剩下的时间不多了,我们必须加速。
There are so many people in the street that I can’t get through.
街上人太多,我们过不去。
He drank so much beer that he got drunk.他喝了太多的啤酒,结果醉了。
He has so few friends that he doesn’t know who to talk with.
他朋友太少,不知与谁交流。
目的状语从句 一、引导目的状语从句的从属连词
一、引导目的状语从句的从属连词
1.in order that
They worked hard in order that they might succeed.他们努力工作,以便能够获得成功。
In order that they might not disturb us they whispered.
他们低声细语,免得打扰我们。
2.so that
He raised his voice so that everyone could hear.他提高了嗓音,以便每个人都能听见。
He took the early train so that he should arrive on time.他乘早班车以便能准时到达。
3.for fear that
He works hard for fear that he should fail.他怕失败,因此工作很努力。
He locked up the document for fear that it (should)be stolen.
他把文件锁好了,免得被窃。
目的状语从句 二、目的状语从句的简化
二、目的状语从句的简化
1.当主句和从句的主语一致时,in order that从句可简化为in order to do作目的状语。
They worked hard in order that they might succeed.为了成功,他们努力工作。
They worked hard in order to succeed.
He got up early in order that he could not be late for school.他早早起床为了上学不迟到。
He got up early in order not to be late for school.
2.当主句和从句的主语一致时,so that从句可简化为so as to do作目的状语。
He took the early train so that he should arrive on time.
为了准时到达,他乘坐早班车。
He took the early train so as to arrive on time.
He worked hard so that he would not fail the math exam.
他努力学习,为了数学考试能及格。
He worked hard so as not to fail the math exam.
条件状语从句 一、引导条件状语从句的从属连词
一、引导条件状语从句的从属连词
1.if,unless
(1)if表示正面的条件,意为“如果”。
If he works hard,he will surely succeed.如果努力工作,他肯定会成功。
If it rains tomorrow,they’ll not go.如果明天下雨,他们就不去了。
Do you mind if I open the window? 我开窗你不介意吧?
(2)unless表示反面的条件,意为“如果不,除非”,相当于if ...not。
Don’t come unless I telephone.除非我打电话,否则你别来。
They’ll go tomorrow unless it rains.除非明天下雨,否则他们会去的。
They’ll go tomorrow If it doesn’t rain.
2.as/so long as
As/So long as you’re happy,it doesn’t matter what you do.
只要你高兴,你做什么都没关系。
I’ll remember that day as long as I live.只要我活着,我就不会忘记那个日子。
3.on condition that
I shall give you the book on condition that you return it no later than tomorrow.
只要你决不迟于明天还给我这本书,我就将这本书借给你。
4.in case
(1)in case连词,表示条件,意为“如果”“万一”。
Take your umbrella (just)in case it rains.带上雨伞,以防下雨。
In case you see him,ask him about it.如果你见着他,问问他这事。
(2)in case of介词短语,意为“假如”“万一”。
Put on the button,in case of fire.(假如)发生火灾,按此按钮。
(3)in case 副词,意为“以防万一”。
You’d better carry some money in case.你最好带些钱,以防万一。
【提示】 条件状语从句中要遵循“主将从现”原则。
If it rains tomorrow,I’ll stay at home.明天要是下雨的话,我就呆在家里。
条件状语从句 二、only if和if only的区别
二、only if和if only的区别
1.only if
(1)only if中,only是副词修饰if,意为“只有……(才)”。
I will come home only if you come with me.除非你跟我一起走,我才回家。
I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard.我告诉他,只有努力才能成功。
(2)only if 可用作“only ...if ...”表示唯一的条件。
I will only come home if you come with me.除非你跟我一起走,我才回家。
The sale will only go ahead if the serial numbers match.
只有序号相符时,销售才能继续进行。
(3)only if置于句首时,主句用倒装语序。
Only if I get a job will I have enough money to go to school.
我只有找到工作才有足够的钱上学。
Only if we have enough money will we visit Europe next year.
只要有钱,明年我们就去欧洲。
2.if only引导虚拟语气,表达强烈的愿望,意为“要是……就好了”。
If only they had attended our wedding anniversary.
要是他们参加我们的结婚纪念日就好了。(与过去事实相反)
If only I were as clever as you! 要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊!(与现在事实相反)
If she would only come! 但愿她能来。(与将来事实相反)
地点状语从句 一、引导地点状语从句的从属连词
一、引导地点状语从句的从属连词
1.where,wherever
He lives where the climate is mild.他住在一个气候温暖的地方。
Sit wherever you like.你爱坐哪儿都可以。
2.anywhere,everywhere
Anywhere she goes,he goes too.不论她去哪儿,他都跟着。
Everywhere I go,I find the same thing.不管我走到哪里,我都发现同样的情况。
3.“Where there is ...,there is ...” 哪里有……哪里就有……
Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。
Where there is water,there is life.有水就有生命。
Where there is smoke,there is fire.有烟就有火。(无风不起浪)
Where there is life,there is hope.哪儿有生活,哪儿就有希望。
地点状语从句 二、where引导的定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
二、where引导的定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
1.where引导的定语从句前必须有一个表示地点的名词作先行词
The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.
我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.这就是我两年前住的那个房子。
We will start at the point where we left off.我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。
2.where引导的地点状语从句修饰主句的谓语动词,前面无需有先行词
Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.在有疑问的地方做一个记号。
I found my books where I had left them.我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。
【比较】
①Go back to the village where you came from.
回到你来的那个村子里去。(定语从句修饰先行词village)
②Go back where you came from.
你从何处来就回何处去。(where引导地点状语从句)2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-综合时态
(现在完成+过去完成+将来完成+过去将来)
动词时态的用法 六、现在完成时
六、现在完成时
1.基本用法
(1)表示现在为止刚刚完成的动作。
He has bought a new car recently.他最近买了辆新车。
I haven’t heard from Jane lately.我最近没收到珍妮的信。
(2)表示过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态。
I have collected coins for many years.我收集硬币有很多年了。
George has been in business since he finished college.乔治大学毕业之后就一直经商。
I have studied English since 2005.我从2005年起就学习英语。
Up to now,the work has been easy.到现在为止这工作还算容易。
2.现在完成时常用状语
recently 近来 lately 最近 so far/up till/until now 到目前为止
in recent years 在最近几年里 in the past/last few years 在过去的几年里
3.延续性动词和非延续性动词
(1)延续性动词:可与for,since引导的状语连用。
drink 喝 eat 吃 fly 飞 have 有 keep 保持know 知道
lie 躺着 live 住 play 玩 rain 下雨 read 读 run 跑
sing 喝 sleep 睡觉 smoke 抽烟 snow 下雪 stand 站 talk 说
wait 等 walk 走 wear 穿 work 工作
We’ve lived here since 1990.从1990年起我们就在这里住了。
I’ve known him for many years.我认识他有许多年了。
He has been here for a week.他已来了一个星期。
I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
(2)非延续性动词:不能与for,since引导的状语连用。
admit 承认 arrive 到达 begin 开始 borrow 借
buy 买 break 打破 close 关闭 come 来 die 死 fall 倒 go 走 hit 击中 join 加入 jump 跳 leave 离开 lose 丢 marry 结婚 open 打开
put 放 start 开始 stop 停
He has always gone to work by bike.他总是骑自行车上班。
I’ll go to bed when I’ve finished my homework.我做完作业后就上床睡觉。
The ship has just arrived from Tanzania.这艘轮船刚从坦桑尼亚到达这里。
Has your brother left school yet? 你兄弟已经毕业了吗?
(3)相互替代的延续性动词和非延续性动词
续表
The old man died 4 years ago.老人四年前去世的。(非延续性)
The old man has been dead for 4 years.(延续性)
He joined the Party 2 years ago.两年前他入党了。(非延续性)
He has been in the Party for 2 years.(延续性)
I bought the book 5 days ago.五天前我买的这本书。(非延续性)
I have had the book for 5 days.(延续性)
(4)have gone to 与have been to的区别
He has been to Paris three times.他去过巴黎三次了。
He has gone to Paris now.他现在去巴黎了。
【提示】 后接here,there,home等地点副词时,要省略to。
I have been here only once.我只去过一次。
He’s gone home already.他已经回家了。
4.现在完成时的常用句式
(1)in/for/during the past/last ...years,意为“在过去……年中”。
In the past two years I’ve seen him little.过去两年我很少见到他。
I have been here (for)the last/past month.最近一个月里我都在这儿。
(2)It’s/will be the first time that ...have done ...,意为“第一次……”。
It’s the first time I’ve come here.这是我第一次来这儿。
It is the third time that I have visited your beautiful city.
这是我第三次参观你们这座美丽的城市了。
Don’t forget,it’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in public.
别忘了,这是我第一次在公共场合发言。
(3)主语+is+the+形容词最高级+名词+that+have done ...
She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen in my life.
她是我这辈子看过的最美丽的女孩。
【比较】
①That’s the most interesting book (that)I’ve ever read.(从句用现在完成时)
②That was the most interesting book (that)I had ever read.(从句用过去完成时)5.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
(1)一般过去时纯属过去的事情;现在完成时表示动作发生在过去对现在的影响。
I’ve lived here for ten years.我在这里住了10年。(现在仍住这儿)
I lived here for ten years.我在这里住过10年。(现在不住这儿了)
He bought a house ten years ago.十年前他买了栋房子。(现在不一定有房子)
He has bought a house.他已经买了栋房子。(他现在有房子)
He was a teacher then.他那时是个教师。(他曾经当过老师)
He has been a teacher since then.他从那时起一直当教师。(他现在还是教师)
(2)现在完成时不用于when引导的特殊疑问句中,但可与where,why等疑问词连用。
When did the train leave? 火车什么时候开的?(一般过去时)
Where have you been? 你去哪里了?(现在完成时)
Why has he gone to Australia? 他为何去了澳大利亚?(现在完成时)
【辨析】你什么时候和他首次见面的?
【误】When have you first met him?
【正】When did you first meet him?
(3)表示过去的时间状语不用于现在完成时,只能用于一般过去时。
She lived here two years ago.两年前她住在这里。
He has been in the League for three years.他入团已经三年了。
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.昨晚汤姆给他的父母写了封信。
【辨析】她两年前就住在这里了。
【误】She has lived here two years ago.
【正】She has lived here since two years ago.
动词时态的用法 七、过去完成时
七、过去完成时
1.基本用法
(1)表示在过去某时或过去另一动作之前所完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。
She had learned English before she came to England.她在来英国以前已学过英文了。
I went there at the time agreed upon,but they had already disappeared.
我在约好的时间去那里,但是他们早已散去了。
I asked him if he had ever seen a whale blowing.我问他是否看过鲸喷水。
(2)表示过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到那个时间,并可能继续下去的动作或状态,常与by或before引导的时间状语连用。
We hadn’t seen each other before we left Paris.离开巴黎之前我们一直没见过面。
We had learnt fifteen lessons by last week.到上周为止,我们学完了十五篇课文。
2.常与过去完成时连用的时间状语
by the end of last week 到上周末为止 by that time 到那时为止
before that year 那年之前 before I did ...在我……之前
when I did ...在我……时
3.过去完成时的常用句式
(1)“had done+to do”或“did+to have done”,表示未曾实现的过去的愿望。
常用动词:expect hope imagine intend mean plan suppose think
want wish
I had hoped to pass the examination.我曾希望能通过考试。(实际未通过)
I hoped to have passed the examination.
He had wanted to buy a house in Beijing.他本想在北京买栋房子。(实际没买)
He wanted to have bought a house in Beijing.
I had meant to come,but something happened.
我本想来,但有事就没有来。(实际没来)
I meant to have come,but something happened.
We had thought to return early.我们本想早回来的。(实际没回来)
we thought to have returned early.
I had intended to call on you.我本来打算去拜访你的,但没办法。(实际上没有拜访)
I intended to have called on you,but in vain.
(2)it/this was the first time that ...had done ...,意为“这是某人第一次……”。
This was the first time he had ever been late.这是他第一次迟到。
It was the first time that he had left hometown.这是他第一次离开故乡。
(3)no sooner ...than,hardly ...when (before),scarcely ...when (before)
He had hardly arrived when it began to snow.他一到,天就下起雪来了。
I had scarcely left the house when it began to rain.我刚离开家,天就开始下雨。
We had no sooner set out than a thunderstorm broke.我们刚出发就遇到了大雷雨。
【提示】 当no sooner/scarcely/hardly用在句首时语序用倒装,主句要用过去完成时。
Hardly had he arrived when it began to snow.
Scarcely had I left the house when it began to rain.
No sooner had we set out than a thunderstorm broke.
(4)By the time+从句+did ...,主语+had done ...
By the time we arrived,everyone had received medical care.
我们到达时,每个人都已接受了医疗护理。
By the time the flood came,most of the inhabitants had left their homes.
洪水到来前,大部分居民已离开他们的家园。
(5)It was+一段时间+since+had done....
It was ten years since we had enjoyed ourselves.十年我们都没这么高兴了。
It was over a year now since he had seen her.他上次见她以来已经一年多了。
动词时态的用法 八、将来完成时
八、将来完成时
1.基本用法
(1)表示未来某时之前或未来某动作前已经完成之动作。
By the end of this week,I shall have finished the book.到本周末,我将读完这本书。
By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.
明天这时候,他们将修好机器。
(2)表示对现在或将来可能已经完成动作的推测,相当于“must have done”结构。
You will have heard of this,I guess.我想你已经听说过这件事了。
I am sure he will have got the information.我相信他一定得到了这个信息。
(3)表示持续到将来某时已经一段时间的动作。
They will have been married for thirty years by 2009.到2009年他们结婚将满30年了。
We shall have lived here for five years by next March.
到明年3月我们将在此住了5年。
2.将来完成时的常用句式
(1)By the time+主语+一般现在时,主句+will/shall have done ...
The children will have gone to sleep by the time we get home.
等我们回家时,孩子们将已睡了。
【比较】
①By the time he returns we will have prepared the meal.(主句用将来完成时)
②By the time he returned we had prepared the meal.(主句用过去完成时)
(2)By the end of next ...,主句+will/shall have done ...
By the end of next year,they will have completed the work on the new stadium.
到明年年底前他们将已经完成新体育馆的建设。
By the end of next month,they will have built the bridge.
到下月底前他们将已经完成大桥的建设。
【比较】
①By the end of next term we will have read 300 books.(主句用将来完成时)
②By the end of last term we had read over 300 books.(主句用过去完成时)
动词时态的用法 九、过去将来时
九、过去将来时
1.基本用法:表示过去某一时间将要发生的动作或状态
He told us he would help us.他告诉我们他会帮助我们。
I knew you would agree.我当时就知道你会同意的。
【提示】 过去将来时主要用于宾语从句中。
2.过去将来时的表示形式
(1)should/would do表示“将要做某事”
He told me that I should succeed.他说我会成功。
I told him I would see him off at the station.我跟他说,我会到车站去给他送行。
(2)was/were+going to do表示“准备、计划做某事,或将要发生某事”
They were going to have a meeting.他们曾经打算开个会。
I thought it was going to rain.那时我以为要下雨了。
(3)was/were to do表示“计划,打算做某事”
He was to meet her at 10 on the street.他约定和她10点钟在街上见面。
The foreign diplomats were to see the President.外国使节将要会见总统。
【提示】 “was/were to have done”表示过去没有完成的动作。
We were to have left at 6 last night.我们本来计划昨晚6点离开的。
(4)was/were about to do=was/were on the point of doing表示“正要……时”
He was about to leave when we came in.我们进来时,他正要动身。
He was on the point of leaving when we came in.
I was about to go to bed when he came to see me.我正要睡觉,他来看我了。
I was on the point of going to bed when He came to see me.
(5)go,come,leave,begin/start,take off等用过去进行时代替过去将来时
A lot of people were coming to watch the fireworks.有许多人要来观看焰火。
She told mother that she was going to a dance with Tom.
她告诉母亲,她要和汤姆一起去参加一个舞会。2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-时态综合
一般现在+一般过去+一般将来+现在进行+过去进行
动词时态的用法 一、一般现在时
一、一般现在时
1.基本用法
(1)表示现在发生的动作或存在的状态。
I understand this rule now.我现在弄懂这条规则了。
The book belongs to me.这本书是我的。
This man teaches English in a high school.这个人在一所中学里教英语。
(2)表示经常性或习惯性的动作。
He goes to the movie once a week.他一周看一场电影。
The boy often reads books after school.这个男孩经常在放学后读书。
(3)一般现在时表示真理或客观事实。
Summer follows spring.春去夏来。
Coffee comes from Brazil.巴西产咖啡。
(4)表示现在的能力、特征、职业等。
He sings well.他唱歌唱得好。
Mr Smith teaches French.史密斯先生教法语。
(5)表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。
Are you on duty next weekend? 下周末你值班吗?
The train leaves at 12:00.火车12点开出。
Flight A 502 departs at 14:20.A 502航班于下午两点二十分起飞。
2.一般现在时表示将来的用法
(1)“主将从现”原则:当主句表示将来意义时,时间和条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。
I’ll write to her when I have time.我有空会给她写信。(时间状语从句)
Turn off the lights before you leave.走前关灯。(时间状语从句)
If we hurry,we may catch the bus.
如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。(条件状语从句)
Tell me in case you get into difficulty.遇到困难请告诉我。(条件状语从句)
(2)动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等可用一般现在时表示将来时。
— When does the bus start? 汽车什么时候开?
— It starts in ten minutes.十分钟后。
My father leaves for New York next week.我父亲下个星期去纽约。
3.一般现在时的状语
(1)作状语常用的频度副词:sometimes,often,always,usually,seldom等。
He often goes swimming in summer.他夏天经常游泳。
I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家去学校。
(2)作状语常用的时间副词:every day/night/week/month/year,in the morning/afternoon/evening,at night等。
We go home every month.我们每月都要回家。
I watch TV at night.我晚上看电视。
动词时态的用法 二、一般过去时
二、一般过去时
1.基本语法
(1)表示过去某时所发生的动作或存在的状态。
Liu Ying was in America last year.刘英去年在美国。
Jim rang you just now.吉姆刚才给你打了电话。
(2)表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
We often went out for a walk after supper.我们过去常在晚饭后散步。
We usually played together.我们通常一起玩。
(3)常用于“ it is+一段时间+since sb.did ...”句型中。
You haven’t changed much since we last met.自从上次我们见面以来,你变化不大。
It’s three years since he went abroad.他出国三年了。
It’s a long time since he was ill.他病很长时间了。
I haven’t found any job since I was out of work.自我失业以来,我一直没有找到工作。
2.一般过去时常用的时间状语
(1)yesterday 昨天 yesterday afternoon 昨天下午
this morning 今天早上 the day before yesterday 前天
(2)last year 去年 last month 上月
last week 上星期 last night 昨晚
last Sunday 上星期日 last term 上学期
(3)two days ago 两天前 a week ago 一星期前
many years ago 很久以前 an hour ago 一小时前
(4)in the past 在过去 in the old days 在过去的日子里
in 2001在2001年 before liberation 解放前
(5)When I was 5 years old ...当我5岁的时候……
at the age of 5 五岁时
(6)at that time 当时 at that moment 在那时
just now 刚才 the other day 前几天
once upon a time 从前
动词时态的用法 三、一般将来时
三、一般将来时
1.基本用法
(1)表示将来的动作或状态。
Tom will be five years old in a few days.汤姆过几天就五岁了。
You will get wet if you go out without an umbrella.如果出门不带伞,你会淋湿。
(2)用于“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句式中。
Work hard,and you will pass the exam.努力学习,你就会通过考试。
Come early,and you will see the film star.早点来,你就可以看到这位电影明星。
Be quiet,or he will hear us.安静,不然他会听见我们的。
2.一般将来时的时间状语
(1)tomorrow 明天 tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening 明天上午/下午/晚上
the day after tomorrow 后天
(2)next week 下周 next month 下月 next year 明年
next term 下学期 next time 下次
(3)in an hour 一小时之后 in a day or two 一两天后
in a week 一周后 in two years 两年后
(4)in the future 今后 soon 不久 before long 不久
from now on 从现在开始
3.一般将来时的表达形式
(1)will/shall do ...,意为“将要做某事”
I’ll (shall/will)do a better job next time.下次我要干得更好些。
We shall have a lot of rain next month.下个月将会下很多雨。
(2)be going to do ...,意为“打算做某事,将要发生某事”
My brother is going to learn English next year.我哥哥准备明年学英语。
He is going to stay a week.他准备呆一个星期。
(3)be+to do ...,意为“打算,计划做某事”。
You are to be back by 10 o’clock.你必须10点前回来。
We are to meet at the school gate.我们约定在校门口碰头。
(4)be about to do ...,意为“刚要,即将做某事”
The plane is about to take off.飞机就要起飞了。
The meeting is about to start now.会议即将开始。
【提示】 be+about to do 结构中不能接时间状语。
(5)现在进行时代替一般将来时。
We are leaving for shanghai tomorrow.我们明天动身去上海。
Are you meeting Bill this evening? 你今晚将和比尔见面吗?
(6)be due to do ...意为“按计划或时间表将要发生某事”
The guests are due to arrive here next week.客人们预计下周到此。
The meeting isn’t due to start until four.会议预定要到四点才召开。
The strike is due to begin on Tuesday.罢工预定于星期二开始。
动词时态的用法 四、现在进行时
四、现在进行时
1.基本用法
(1)表示现在正在进行的动作。
I am writing a letter to my brother.我正在写封信给我哥哥。
It is still raining hard outside.外面仍下着大雨。
(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作。
He is teaching in a middle school.他在一所中学教书。
Jimmy is writing a novel this year.吉米今年在写小说。
2.其他用法
(1)现在进行时表示将来时。
常用动词:arrive become begin come die finish forget get go leave start stay turn
Father is getting fat.父亲越来越胖了。
The leaves are turning yellow.树叶逐渐变黄了。
Our house is becoming old.我们的屋子逐渐变旧了。
It is beginning to rain.快要下雨了。
(2)表示说话者一种情感色彩。
She is always complaining.她老喜欢抱怨。(厌恶)
Are you feeling better this morning? 你今天早上觉得好些吗?(同情)
Why aren’t you studying? 你为什么不读书?(责备)
Well,I am telling you the truth! 唔,我是在和你说真话啊!(强调)
What are you doing here,girls? 小姐们,你们在这儿干什么?(好奇)
John is bothering me and keeping me from work.
约翰一直打扰我,使我不能工作。(不满)
You are helping me,darling.亲爱的,你真帮我的忙。(快乐)
John is doing fine work at school.约翰在学校里表现很好。(赞赏)
动词时态的用法 五、过去进行时
五、过去进行时
1.基本用法
(1)表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
I was having dinner at 8 yesterday evening.昨晚八点我正在吃饭。
When you came in I was writing.你进来时,我正在写东西。
What were you doing this time yesterday? 昨天这个时候你在做什么?
During the summer of 1999 she was travelling in Europe.1999年夏天她在欧洲旅行。
(2)表示过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作。
Tom was reading a book all morning.整个早晨汤姆都在读书。
They were building a bridge there.他们在那里修一座桥。
2.状语:过去进行时常与表示过去某个时间点的状语连用
at that time 当时 at this time last Sunday 上周日这个时候
all day last Sunday 上周日一整天 at nine last night 昨晚九点
at eight this morning 今天早上八点 from seven to nine last night 昨晚七点到九点
3.其他用法
(1)过去进行时表示语气的委婉、客气。
I was wondering if you could give me a lift.我不知你能否让我搭一下车。
We were hoping you would stay with us.我们很希望你能跟我们住在一起。
(2)表示说话者一种情感色彩。
She was always helping others when she lived here.她住这儿时总是帮助别人。(褒扬)
They were always quarrelling.他们老是吵嘴。(厌烦)
My little brother was continually asking questions.我弟弟老是问东问西的。(不耐烦)
The little boy is always making trouble.这个小男孩总是惹麻烦。(抱怨)
(3)过去进行时表示过去将来时。
常用动词:become begin come die finish forget get go leave start
stay turn
They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai.
他们想知道我们什么时候到上海去。
She asked whether he was starting the next day.她问他是否第二天就动身。
They said they were going to set up a nursery.他们说他们要设立一个托儿所。2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解--插入语
插入语 一、插入语的分类
一、插入语的分类
1.副词作插入语
frankly 坦率地说 fortunately 幸好 honestly 诚实地说 however 然而 indeed的确
Fortunately,I found the book that I’d lost.
幸亏我找到了已丢失的那本书。
This machine is up-to-date,indeed.这台机器确实是最新式的。
2.形容词及其短语作插入语
funny 真可笑 true 真的 most important of all 最为重要
needless to say 不用说 strange to say 说也奇怪 worse still 更糟糕的
even better 更好 sure enough 果然
Strange to say,he should have done such a thing.说也奇怪,他竟然做出这样的事。
Most important of all,you each overfulfilled your own task.
更为重要的,你们各自超额完成了自己的任务。
3.分词短语作插入语
broadly speaking 广义上说 frankly speaking 坦率地讲
generally speaking 一般来说 honestly speaking 诚实地讲
narrowly speaking 狭义上说 roughly speaking 大致说来
personally speaking 就个人而言 strictly speaking 严格说来
judging from/by 由……判断 considering ...考虑到
thinking of ...想到 talking of ...谈到
Generally speaking,girls are more interested in literature than boys.
一般说来,女孩比男孩更喜欢文学。
Considering the weather,the sports meet will be put off.考虑到天气,运动会将会被推迟。
Judging from her accent,she must be Arabian.听她的口音,她准是阿拉伯人。
4.不定式短语作插入语
to be brief 简单地说 to be sure的确;当然
to be frank with you 坦白地对你说 to be honest 诚实地说
to tell you the truth 说实话 to begin with 首先
to make matters worse 更糟糕的是 to sum up 总之
To be frank,I don’t quite agree with you.坦率地说,我不太同意你的意见。
To tell you the truth,I’m not so interested in the matter.跟你说实话,我对这事兴趣不大。
5.介词短语作插入语
for instance/example 例如 in addition 此外 in fact 事实上
in general 一般说来 in one’s opinion 依某人看来 in other words 换句话说
in short 简而言之 of course 当然
Of course,he did not succeed for the lack of experience.当然,他由于缺乏经验而未成功。
She knows much more about computer science than the other students do,for instance.
例如,她在计算机科学方面就比其他同学懂得多。
6.句子作插入语
(1)陈述句作插入语
I am sure 我敢肯定 I believe 我相信 I wonder 我不知道 you know 你知道
you see 你明白 it seems 看来是 I’m afraid 恐怕 I hope 我希望
Her mother,it seems,is over fifty.她的母亲好像过了50岁。
I think,she has no feeling for your trouble.我想,她对你的遭遇无动于衷。
(2)疑问句作插入语
do you think 你认为 do you know 你知道 do you believe 你相信
do you guess 你猜测 do you suppose 你认为 do you suggest 你建议
When do you suppose they’ll be back? 你认为他们什么时候回来?
What performance do you think we should give at the party?
你看我们在晚会上应该表演什么节目?
(3)其他句式
if you like 如果你愿意的话 that is (to say)也就是说
what’s more 而且 what’s worse 更糟的是
That is,as far as I know,not what he really wants.据我所知,那不是他真正需要的。
You can,if you like,take it home.如果你喜欢,可以拿回家。
插入语 二、插入语的位置
二、插入语的位置
1.句首
Strange to say,he hasn’t got my letter up to now.
说来也奇怪,他到现在还没有收到我的信。
To sum up,success results from hard work.总而言之,成功是艰苦努力的结果。
2.句末
This will be a good beginning,I hope.希望这是一个良好的开端。
We’ll have to book our tickets in advance,I’m afraid.我看我们得提前订票。
3.句中
The play,I think,was both interesting and instructive.这个戏我觉得既有趣又教育人。
This,you know,is just my personal opinion.这,你知道,只是我的个人看法。
插入语 三、插入语的作用
三、插入语的作用
1.起承上启下的作用
Otherwise,we should commit a serious mistake.否则,我们会犯严重错误。
That is to say,we have to study harder.也就是说,我们应该更加努力学习。
2.起解释作用
He is right,I think.我认为他是对的。
The trees in that area,it is said,are mostly over thirty feet tall.
那一带的树据说多数都三十多英尺高。
3.对整句进行解释
Strangely,he has not been here lately.奇怪的是他最近一直没有来。
By the way,where is Xiao Li? 顺便问一问,小李在哪儿?
插入语 四、插入语和状语的区别
四、插入语和状语的区别
1.插入语是在一个句子中插入一个成分,它不是句子的成分,而是表示说话人的态度或进行解释补充说明等。
Frankly,I’d like to listen to music.
坦率地说,我想听音乐。(副词作插入语,表示说话人的态度)
True,your daughter is at home now.
真的,你女儿现在在家。(形容词作插入语)
Judging from what he said,he does look down upon his elder brother.
由他的话判断,他的确看不起他哥哥。(现在分词作插入语,说话者的附加说明)
To tell you the truth,he doesn’t quite agree with this idea.
说实话,他不同意这个观点。(不定式作插入语,说话者的附加说明)
2.状语主要修饰谓语动词,也可以修饰形容词或副词。
Here you should speak frankly.
在这里你应该说实话。(副词frankly修饰动词speak)
He came back,hungry and tired.
他回来了,又饥又渴。(形容词作伴随状语,说明came back的状况)
Seeing from the window,he can see the lake.
从窗口看,他能看见这个湖。(现在分词作状语,修饰see)
To buy the machine,he went to Beijing.
为买机器,他去了北京。(不定式作目的状语,修饰went)
【比较】
①Honestly,I do not remember the first time I met him.
老实说,我不记得是什么时候第一次见到他。(honestly作插入语,表示说话人的态度)
②He honestly told me the result of the examination.
他诚实地告诉了我检查的结果。(honestly修饰told作状语)
【高考演练】
1.【全国大纲卷】________ the nurses want a pay increase,they want reduced hours as well.
A.Not do only B.Do not only C.Only not do D.Not only do
【答案】D 考查倒装句。句意:护士们不仅要求涨工资而且也要求减少劳动时间。此处后面的but also 被省略,not only引导的句子置于句首时,要部分倒装。故选D。
2.【全国大纲卷】________ me tomorrow and I’ll let you know the lab result.
A.Calling B.Call C.To call D.Having called
【答案】B 考查特殊句式。句意:明天给我打电话,我会告诉你实验的结果。此句是祈使句,故用动词原形。故选B。
3.【福建】The climate here is quite pleasant,the temperature rarely,________,reaching 30℃ in summer.
A.if not B.if ever C.if any D.if so
【答案】B 考查省略句。句意:这儿的气候很宜人。在夏天时,气温很少达到30℃,如果曾经有过的话。根据句意可知,条件句应该是if the temperature ever reaches 30℃ in summer,其省略形式if ever正确。if not 如果不;if any 如果(有)任何(……);if so 如果这样。故选B。
4.【福建】It was the culture,rather than the language,________made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.
A.where B.why C.that D.what
【答案】C 考查强调句型。句意:正是文化而非语言使得他很难适应国外的新环境。本句去掉it was和that之后,剩余部分仍然能够构成一个结构正确、意义完整的句子,故确定其为强调句型,故选C。
5.【湖南】Only when you can find peace in your heart________good relationships with others.
A.will you keep B.you will keep C.you kept D.did you keep
【答案】A 考查倒装句。句意:只有当你内心感觉平和时,你才能与别人保持良好的关系。副词only 位于句首,引起部分倒装,可排除B、C;根据时间状语从句中的时态可排除D项。故选A。
6.【湖南】________ what you’re doing today important,because you’re trading a day of your life for it.
A.Make B.To make C.Making D.Made
【答案】A 考查祈使句。句意:使你今天正在做的变得重要,因为你正在用你生命中的一天与之交换。题干中逗号后是一个原因状语从句,因此前面必须是一个主句才能成立。只有用动词原形才能构成一个祈使句,才是一个完整的句子。故选A。
7.【湖南】It’s not doing the things we like,but liking the things we have to do________makes life happy.
A.that B.which C.what D.who
【答案】A 考查强调句型。句意:使生活变得更加快乐的不是做我们喜欢的事,而是喜欢我们必须要做的事。这里是强调句型,把it’s和that 去掉之后,句子仍成立。故选A。
8.【陕西】No sooner________stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
A.had Mo Yan B.Mo Yan had C.has Mo Yan D.Mo Yan has
【答案】A 考查特殊句式。no sooner ...than ...引导时间状语从句,且当no sooner 位于主句句首时,主句用部分倒装形式,即将主句谓语中的助动词、系动词或情态动词提到其主语前,故选A。
9.【四川】Was it because Jack came late for school________Mr Smith got angry?
A.why B.who C.where D.that
【答案】D 考查特殊句式。句意:是不是因为杰克上学迟到老师才生气的?此题考查的是强调句的一般疑问句,所强调的成分为原因状语从句because Jack came late for school,故用that。故选D。
10.【天津】Give me a chance,________I’ll give you a wonderful surprise.
A.if B.or C.and D.while
【答案】C 考查并列句。句意:给我一个机会,我会给你一个绝妙的惊喜。本句是一个表示顺接关系的句子,故用and连接。if表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句;or表示“否则,要不然”,表示一种相反的假设;while意为“当……时候”,引导时间状语从句,若意为“虽然,尽管”,则引导让步状语从句。故选C。
11.【重庆】— I spent two weeks in London last summer.
— Then you must have visited the British Museum during your stay,________you?
A.mustn’t B.haven’t C.didn’t D.hadn’t
【答案】C 考查特殊句型的用法。在“...must have done ...”这个表示对过去的推测的句型中,反义疑问句不可用must的任何形式,因为must用于表推测时仅能用于肯定句。若语境中有明确地表示过去的时间状语,反义疑问句必须用过去时的否定式,若没有明确地表示过去的时间状语且强调现状则用完成时。该题中上句有last summer,故选C。
12.【重庆】The headmaster will not permit the change in the course,nor________it a thought.
A.does he even give B.he even gives
C.will he even give D.he will even give
【答案】C 考查倒装。句意:校长既不会允许课程上的变革,也不会对其予以考虑。否定副词nor置于句首时,句子要使用部分倒装。由第一分句中的will 可知,此处应用将来时。故选C。
13.【江西】Never before________seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.
A.had she B.she had C.has she D.she has
【答案】C 考查倒装句。句意:她以前从没见过网球打得和罗伯特一样好的人。否定副词放在句首,后面的句子用倒装结构。由从句谓语动词及没有与主句动作的具体对比的时态,故选C。
14.【辽宁】Not until he retired from teaching three years ago________having a holiday abroad.
A.he had considered B.had he considered
C.he considered D.did he consider
【答案】D 考查倒装句。句意:直到三年前他从教育行业退休,他才考虑出国度假。Not until 位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装。故排除答案A和C。又因为题干中的three years ago 提示要用一般过去时,故选D。
15.【江苏】There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent,________?
A.is there B.isn’t there C.is he D.isn’t he
【答案】A 考查反意疑问句。句意:他是无辜的,你的内心对此并不怀疑,是吗?根据句子结构以及选项可知本题考查反意疑问句。that he is innocent是doubt的同位语从句,前面部分为主句。主句中的little为否定词,反意疑问句应用肯定式,故选A。
16.【四川】This is not my story,nor________the whole story.My story plays out differently.
A.is there B.there is C.is it D.it is
【答案】C 考查倒装句式。句意:这不是我的故事,也不是全部的故事。我的故事与这不同。否定词nor 放在句首时,后边的句子应用部分倒装结构。故选C。
17.【重庆】It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic________Zheng He had sailed to East Africa.
A.when B.that C.after D.since
【答案】选B 考查强调句。句意:在克里斯托弗·哥伦布横跨大西洋80年前,郑和就航行到了东非。强调句基本结构为:It is/was ...that ...。本句被强调部分是时间状语从句80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic。故选B。
18.【湖南】It was not until I came here________I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.
A.who B.that C.where D.before
【答案】B 考查强调句。句意:直到我来到这里,我才意识到这个地方出名不仅仅是因为它的美丽还因为它的气候。本题考查强调句的特殊句式it was not until ...that ...直到……才……。故选B。
19.【江苏】It sounds like something is wrong with the car’s engine.________,we’d better take it to the garage immediately.
A.Otherwise B.If not C.But for that D.If so
【答案】D 考查省略结构。句意:听起来好像汽车引擎出故障了。如果这样的话,我们最好立即把它送到汽修厂。otherwise 否则,要不然;if not 如果不这样的话;but for that 要不是因为那样;if so 如果这样的话。故选D。
20.【全国Ⅰ】Only when he reached the tea-house________it was the same place he’d been in last year.
A.he realized B.he did realize C.realized he D.did he realize
【答案】D 考查倒装。当only跟状语位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装,即把助动词放在主语的前面。此处only跟时间状语从句when he reached the tea-house位于句首,所以用部分倒装。故选D。2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-情态动词
情态动词的用法 : shall/should
六、shall/should
1.shall的用法
(1)shall用于第一、三人称,表示请求,建议。
Shall I call you a taxi? 需要我替你叫一辆出租车吗?(第一人称)
Shall we tell her the truth? 我们可以把实情告诉她吗?(第一人称)
Shall the boy sit here? 要不要这孩子坐在这儿? (第三人称)
Shall he go on an errand? 你要他办点事吗? (第三人称)
【提示】 肯定答语:Yes,please.否定答语:No,thanks.
(2)shall 用于第二、三人称,表示命令、禁止、威胁、劝慰、告诫、许诺或劝慰等。
You shall pay me at your earliest convenience.你必须尽快付给我钱。(命令)
You shall never deceive others.你永远都不能欺骗他人。(禁止)
You shall have the money as soon as l cash my check. 我一兑换支票就给你现金。(允诺)
You shall take some medicine and have a good sleep,my darling!
亲爱的,你该吃些药,好好休息一下。(劝慰)
He shall suffer for this.他将为此受苦。(威胁)
Each competitor shall wear a number.每个参赛者都要戴一个号码。(规定)
(3)shall用于第三人称,表示某种法规或条约、法令中的义务和规定。
The fine shall be paid in cash.罚款需以现金缴纳。
Freedom of thought and conscience shall not be violated. 思想自由和良心是不容侵犯的。
The Olympics shall be held every four years.奥林匹克运动会每四年举办一次。
The new school regulations shall take effect on September 10.
新的校规自九月十日起施行。
【提示】 表达主语的“意志”,通常都用“will”。
I won’t see him again.我不愿意再和他见面。
Who will go and help that poor old man? 谁愿意去帮助那个可怜的老人?
— Don’t forget to bring my new books tomorrow.明天别忘了把我的新书带来。
— No,I won’t.好,我不会忘的。
【比较】
①He shall return that book tomorrow.
明天他必须把那本书归还。(shall有命令的意味)
②He will return that book tomorrow.
明天他要把那本书归还。(will表示主语的意愿)
2.should的用法
(1)表示义务、责任或建议、劝告,意为“应该”。
We should learn from each other.我们应该互相学习。
You should pay your debts.你应该还债。
You should give up smoking.你应该戒烟。
You should go and ask your teacher.你应该去问问老师。
(2)表示意外、惊喜或不可思议,意为“竟会”,“居然”。
Why should you be so late today? 你今天怎么来得这么晚?
I don’t know why you should think that I did it.
我真不知道你凭什么认为这事是我干的。
I’m surprised that he should feel lonely.我很惊讶他竟感到孤独。
I’m sorry that this should have happened.我很遗憾,竟发生了这事。
(3)表示推断,意为“应该”、“可能”。
They should be there by now,I think.我想现在他们都已经到了。
With an early start he should be here by noon.动身得早,他中午就该到这里了。
(4)与like,love,think,say,imagine等动词连用,用于第一人称,表示谦逊或委婉的请求建议。
I’d like to know why.我想知道这是为什么。
I’d say she’s over forty.我想她有40多岁了。
I’d think it’s too expensive.我看这太贵了。
I’d imagine it will take about three hours.我想得花大约三个小时。
(5)用于虚拟语气中
It is a pity (a regret,a shame,a wonder ...)that sb.(should)do sth.
It is necessary (important,natural,strange ...)that sb.(should)do sth.
It is suggested (requested,proposed,desired ...)that sb.(should)do sth.
It’s strange that he (should)come so late.他竟然来这么迟,真是奇怪。
It is requested that the cloth (should)be woven at once.下令要马上织这种布。
It is desired that the bridge (should)be built in two years.要求两年内建成这座桥。
【提示】 should表示“应该”时,通常可用ought to,be supposed to替换。
情态动词的用法: will/would
七、will/would
1.表示意愿
(1)will 表示现在的意愿。
I will pay you at the rate you ask.我愿意照你要求的价钱付款。
Go where you will.你愿到哪里就到哪里。
(2)would表示过去的意愿。
I would go there with you.我愿同你一起去那儿。
He wouldn’t help me yesterday.他昨天不愿帮助我。
She asked if I would go with them.她问我是否愿同他们一起去。
2.用于第二人称疑问句中,表示征求意见或提出请求
Won’t you take off your coat? 你要不要把大衣脱掉?
Will/Would you please post the letter for me? 请帮我寄了这封信好吗?
3.与like,love,hate,prefer,glad,happy等词连用,表示谦逊或委婉的请求建议
I would like to make a suggestion.我想提一个建议。
I’d love to have a room of my own.我想有一个自己的房间。
I’d hate to disturb him if he’s busy.如果他忙,我就不想打扰他了。
I’d prefer to go by bike.我想骑自行车去。
【提示】 第一人称可将would换成should。
4.表示习惯和倾向性
(1)will表示现在的习惯。
Oil will float on water.油总是浮在水上。
He will always complain if he gets the opportunity.他一有机会总要抱怨。
(2)would表示过去的习惯。
When we were students we would often stay up all night.我们当学生时,经常通宵不睡。
When he was a child,he would often go skiing.他小时候经常去滑雪。
5.would用于虚拟语气
It would be better if I saw her personally.我可能亲自去看她,那样更好些。
She would be stupid if she didn’t accept.她不接受那才笨呢。
6.will和would构成的句式
would rather do sth.宁愿做某事
would rather do sth.than do sth.宁可做某事而不愿
would do sth.rather than do sth.宁可做某事而不愿
would rather have done sth.宁愿做某事(表示过去)
would like sth.想要做某事
would like to do sth.想要做某事
would like sb.to do sth.想要某人做某事
(1)Would you please ...? 意为“请……好吗?”
Would you please not smoke? 请不要吸烟,好吗?
Would you please not worry? 请不要着急,好吗?
(2)Would/Do you mind ...? Would/Do you mind if ...? 意为“做……你介意吗?”
Would you mind my smoking? 我抽根烟你介意吗?
Do you mind if I open the window? 我可以把窗户打开吗?
Do you mind me/my opening the window?
— Would you mind me(my)opening that door? 打开那扇窗户你介意吗?
— I’m sorry,but it’s not allowed.不好意思,不允许。
— Would you mind my standing here? 你介意我站在这儿吗?
— No,not at all.不,一点儿也不。
(3)if you will,意为“如果你愿意……的话”
If you will allow me,I will see you home.如果你同意,我可以送你回家。
If you won’t come,I’ll go myself.如果你不愿意去,那我就自己去。
I’ll pay for the hotel,if you will for the food.如果你愿付伙食钱,我就来付旅馆钱。
情态动词的用法: used to
八、used to
1.肯定式
I used to like pop music.我过去喜欢流行音乐。(现在已经不喜欢了)
We used to spend our vacations in the mountains.
我们从前在山区度假。(暗示现在已经不在山上度假了)
2.否定式
I used not to like pop music.我过去不喜欢流行音乐。
I usedn’t to like pop music.
I didn’t use to like pop music.
3.疑问式
Used you to like pop music? 你过去喜欢流行音乐吗?
Did you use to like pop music?
You used to go there,usedn’t you? 你过去常到那儿去,是吗?
you used to go There,didn’t you?
4.used to与would的区别
(1)used to 与would表示过去习惯性的动作时,可互换。
When we were children we would/used to go skating every winter.
我们小时候,每年冬天都去溜冰。
He would/used to sit there for hours sometimes doing nothing at all.
有时他在那里一坐几个钟头,什么也不做。
(2)若要强调过去与现在的对比时用used to。
I don’t smoke these days,but I used to.我现在不抽烟,但我以前是抽的。
I used to drive to work but now I cycle.过去我常开车上班,但我现在骑自行车。
【比较】
①People used to believe that the earth was flat.
过去,人们以为地球是扁平的。(现在已不再这样认为)
②He would go to the park as soon as he was free.
过去,他一有空就去公园。(现在有可能还去)
5.used to do,be used to 与be used to do的区别
(1)used to do 表示“过去常常”,现在已经不那样了。
He used to be a teacher in our school.他曾经是我们学校的一位老师。
There used to be an old temple near the village.过去村子的附近有一座古庙。
(2)be used to (doing)sth.表示“习惯于做某事”。
He is used to hard work.他习惯于艰苦工作。
He is used to living in the country.他已习惯于住在乡下。
I’ve got used to being a vegetarian.我已经习惯吃素食。
【提示】 be used to中be可用get,become替换,其中to是介词,后接名词、代词或动名词。
(3)be used to do表示“被用于做某事”。
Bamboo can be used to make a lot of things.竹子能被用来制成很多东西。
A hammer is used to drive in nails.锤子是用来钉钉子的。
情态动词的用法 : had better
九、had better
1.缩略式为’d better,后接动词原形,意为“最好,应该”。
You’d better get some sleep.你最好去睡一会儿。
We had better go before it rains.我们最好在下雨前就去。
2.否定式和疑问式
(1)变否定式时,将not置于had better之后。
I’d better not disturb him.我最好不要去打搅他。
You’d better not play computer games.你最好不要玩电子游戏。
(2)变疑问式时,将had置于主语之前。
Had we better not go? 我们不去好不好?
What had we better do? 我们最好做什么?
3.had better后的时态形式
You’d better be quiet.你最好安静一些。(现在)
You’d better start tomorrow.你最好明天动身。(将来)
I think I’d better be going.我想我最好还是马上走。(马上做)
You had better have stayed here.你本来应该呆在这儿的。(过去该做但实际上没做)
4.would rather
(1)表示一种心理愿望,意为“宁愿”。
I’d rather do it by myself.我宁愿独自一人去做那件事。
I’d rather you came tomorrow.我倒想要你明天来。
I’d rather you had finished it yesterday.我倒想你昨天就做完了。
(2)否定形式:not置于rather之后。
I’d rather not say anything.我宁可什么也不说。
I’d rather not tell you about it.我倒想不告诉你为好。
(3)疑问形式:将would提到句首。
Would you rather give the chance up? 你宁愿把机会放弃吗?
Which would you rather have,tea or coffee? 你喜欢喝茶,还是咖啡?
(4)would rather构成的句式
would rather do ...than do ...宁愿……而不……
would do ...rather than do ...宁愿……而不……
prefer to do ...rather than do ...宁愿……而不……
I’d rather die than give in.我宁愿死,也不会屈服。
The boy would play computer games rather than do his homework.
男孩宁愿打电玩也不愿做作业。
I prefer to watch TV than play mah-jong.我宁愿看电视也不愿打麻将。
【提示】 than前后是同一动词时,可省略后面的动词,构成“平行结构”。
I’d rather play football than basketball.我宁愿踢足球也不愿打篮球。(名词+名词)
I’d rather go by bike than by bus.我宁愿骑单车也不愿坐公共汽车。(介词短语+介词短语)
I’d rather be healthy than rich.与其有钱,不如身体健康。(形容词+形容词)
I’d rather do it slowly than carelessly.与其粗心,还不如慢一点。(副词+副词)2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-情态动词
情态动词表示推测的句式
二、情态动词表示推测的句式
1.在肯定句中一般用must/may/might/could。
He must/may/might know the answer to this question.
他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。
It is cold in the room.They must have turned off the heating.
屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
2.否定句中用can’t/couldn’t,may not/might not。
It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster.He has gone to America.
这不可能是校长,他去美国了。
He may not/might not know the scientist.他也许不认识那位科学家。
3.疑问句中用can/could。
Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗?
Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗?
情态动词表示推测的时态
三、情态动词表示推测的时态
1.“情态动词+be/do”句式,表示对现在或一般情况的推测。
He can (could)not/may (might)not be at home at this time.
这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。
He may/might know it.他可能知道这事。
2.“情态动词+have done”句式,表示对过去情况的推测。
It must/may/might/could have rained last night.The ground is wet.
地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
The door was locked.He can (could)not/may (might)not have been at home.
门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。
Can/Could he have got the book? 难道他找到书了吗?
3.“情态动词+do”句式,表示对将来情况的推测。
She must/may/might/could arrive before 5.五点前她一定/可能/也许到。
She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。
4.“情态动词+be doing”句式,表示对现在正在进行的事推测。
He must/may/might/could be listening to the radio now.
他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
He must/may/might/could be staying there.他现在肯定/可能/也许呆在那儿。
情态动词+have done
四、情态动词+have done
1.“must have done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测,意为“一定做过某事”。
It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.
昨晚一定下雨了,因为地面是湿的。
You must have been mad to speak to the servant.你和仆人说话,一定是发疯了。
2.“can’t/couldn’t have done”表示对过去事情的否定推测,意为“不可能做过某事”。
Mary can’t have stolen your money.She has gone home.
玛丽不可能偷你的钱,她回家去了。
He can’t/couldn’t have left so soon.他不可能走得这么早。
【提示】 couldn’t have done 不是can’t have done的过去式,而是语气委婉,不如后者肯定。
3.“can have done”表示对过去行为的怀疑,用于疑问句,意为“可能做过……吗?”
There is no light in the room.Can they have gone out?
屋里没有灯,他们可能出去了吗?
There is nowhere to find them.Where can they have gone?
到处找不到他们,他们可能到什么地方去呢?
4.“could have done”用于虚拟语气,表示对过去事情的假设,意为“本来可以”。
He could have passed the exam if he hadn’t been too careless.
本来他能够通过考试,如果他当初不是太粗心。
She could have been seriously injured.她本来可能伤得很重的。
5.“may have done”表示对发生过的事情的推测,意为“可能已经”或“也许已经”。
— What has happened to George? 乔治发生了什么事?
— I don’t know.He may have got lost.我不知道,他可能迷路了。
He may not have finished the work.他可能还没有完成那项工作。
6.“might have done”用于虚拟语气,表示对过去事情的推测,意为“或许已经”。
He might have given you more help if he hadn’t been busy.
他或许会多给你一些帮助,如果他不忙的话。
She might have gone to have her hair waved.她可能烫发去了。
7.“would have done”用于虚拟语气,表示对过去事情的假设,意为“本来会做”。
I would have told you all about the boy’s story,but you didn’t ask me.
我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事,但是你没有问我。
Without your help,I wouldn’t have achieved so much.
没有你的帮助,我是不会取得如此大的成绩。
8.should have done 和shouldn’t have done
(1)“should have done”表示“本来应该做某事”,而实际没做。
Tom,you are too lazy.The work should have been finished yesterday.
汤姆,你太懒惰了,这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。
I should/ought to have helped her,but I never could.
我本该帮助她的,却从未能这样做。
(2)“shouldn’t have done”表示“本来不应该做某事”,而实际做了。
Look,Tom is crying.I shouldn’t have been so harsh on him.
看,汤姆哭了,我本来不应该对他如此严厉。
They shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have let you out of hospital so soon.
他们不应当让你这样早出院。
【提示】 “ought to have done”与“should have done”,“oughtn’t to have done”与“shouldn’t have done”用法基本一样。
9.need have done 和needn’t have done
(1)“need have done”表示“本来需要做某事”而没有做。
He need have hurried to the station.In that case,he wouldn’t have missed the train.
他本该快点去车站,那样的话,他就不会误了火车。
(2)“needn’t have done”表示“本来不需要做某事”而实际上做了。
I needn’t have bought so much wine — only five people came.
我本来没有必要买这么多酒,只来了五个人。
You needn’t have mentioned it.你没有必要提及此事的。
【高考演练】
1.【北京】________ I have a word with you? It won’t take long.
A.Can B.Must C.Shall D.Should
【答案】A 考查情态动词。根据上下文可知,说话人在请求听话人允许短时间内的一个交谈。can表示“能不能”,故选A。
2.【全国大纲卷】Although you________find bargains in London,it’s not generally a cheap place to shop.
A.should B.need C.must D.can
【答案】D 考查情态动词。句意:尽管你能在伦敦找到便宜货,但是它一般不是购物便宜的地方。此处can意为“能”。故选D。
3.【湖南】— I’ve prepared all kinds of food for the picnic.
— Do you mean we________bring anything with us?
A.can’t B.mustn’t C.shan’t D.needn’t
【答案】D 考查情态动词。句意:“我已经为这次野炊准备了各种各样的食物。”“你的意思是说我们不需要携带任何东西了?”此处needn’t表示“没有必要”。故选D。
4.【江苏】It was sad to me that they,so poor themselves,________bring me food.
A.might B.would C.should D.could
【答案】C 考查情态动词。句意:他们这么穷竟然还带食物给我,这使我很难过。should表示“竟然”,符合语境。might 可能;would 愿意;could 能够。故选C。
5.【江西】Life is unpredictable;even the poorest________become the richest.
A.shall B.must C.need D.might
【答案】D 考查情态动词。句意:生活是不可预料的,甚至最穷的人都可能变成最富有的人。根据unpredictable可知表示可能性,本题应该选择might。故选D。
6.【四川】I still remember my happy childhood when my mother________take me to Disneyland at weekends.
A.might B.must C.would D.should
【答案】C 考查情态动词。句意:我仍旧记得我快乐的童年,那时我的母亲常在周末带我去迪士尼乐园。此处would表示过去习惯性的动作,意为“过去常常”。故选C。
7.【重庆】I’ve ordered some pizza,so we________worry about cooking when we get home tired.
A.can’t B.dare not C.needn’t D.may not
【答案】C 考查情态动词。句意:我已经订了比萨,因此当我们很累地回到家时没有必要担心做饭的事情。need表示必要性;can多表能力或推测;dare表示胆量;may则表示准许或可能。故选C。
8.【重庆】—________you interrupt now? Can’t you see I’m on the phone?
— Sorry Sir,but it’s urgent.
A.Can B.Should C.Must D.Would
【答案】C 考查情态动词。句意:“你非要现在打断我吗?难道你没看见我在打电话吗?”“很抱歉,先生,但是这个事情太紧急了。”can表示“能够,许可”;should表示“应该”;must表示“非要,偏偏”,多指令人不快的事;would表示意愿。故选C。
9.【全国Ⅰ】I________use a clock to wake me up because at six o’clock each morning the train comes by my house.
A.couldn’t B.mustn’t C.shouldn’t D.needn’t
【答案】D 考查情态动词。句意:我不需要用闹钟来叫醒我,因为每天早晨六点钟,火车就从我家附近经过。couldn’t 不能;mustn’t 一定不要;shouldn’t 不应该;needn’t不需要。根据句意可知,此处表示“不需要做某事”。故选D。
10.【全国Ⅱ】I’m going to Europe on vacation together with John if I________find the money.
A.can B.might C.would D.need
【答案】A 考查情态动词。句意:如果我能弄到钱,我会与约翰一起去欧洲度假。从主句的时态形式来看,该句不是虚拟语气,而是真实条件,所以用can表示“能够”,相当于be able to;might表示更小的可能性;would表示意愿;need必要。故选A。
11.【江西】We________have bought so much food now that Suzie won’t be with us for dinner.
A.may not B.needn’t C.can’t D.mustn’t
【答案】B 考查情态动词。句意:既然苏西不和我们一起吃饭,我们没必要买如此多的食物。情态动词+have done结构在此句子中表示对过去事情的推测、遗憾、责备等,needn’t have bought意思是“本没必要买”。may not 不可能;needn’t 没必要;can’t 一定不会;mustn’t 一定不要。故选B。
12.【陕西】I________thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
A.won’t B.can’t C.can D.will
【答案】B 考查情态动词。句意:我们离开家期间,您对我儿子的所有帮助,我感激不尽。can’t thank you too much=can’t thank you enough 表示“怎么感激也不为过,感激不尽”。故选B。
13.【辽宁】One of our rules is that every student________wear school uniform while at school.
A.might B.could C.shall D.will
【答案】C 考查情态动词。句意:我们其中的一项规定就是学生在校期间应该穿校服。might 可能,也许;could 表示能力或可能性;shall 用于第三人称的陈述句中,在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定;will 表示意愿。故选C。
14.【天津】It’s quite warm here;we________turn the heating on yet.
A.couldn’t B.mustn’t C.needn’t D.wouldn’t
【答案】C 考查情态动词。句意:这儿相当暖和;我们没必要开暖气。needn’t do sth.表示“没有必要做某事”,符合句意。故选C。
15.【浙江】Had they known what was coming next,they________second thoughts.
A.may have B.could have C.must have had D.might have had
【答案】D 考查虚拟语气。句意:如果他们知道接下来的事,他们或许(经过考虑后)会改变想法。本句是条件句的虚拟语气,省略了if。根据Had可知此处是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,主句应用would/could/might+have+done。故选D。
16.【江苏】Days later,my brother called to say he was all right,but________say where he was.
A.mustn’t B.shouldn’t C.wouldn’t D.mightn’t
【答案】C 考查情态动词。句意:几天后,我哥哥打来电话说他一切都好,但是他就不愿说出他在什么地方。mustn’t 禁止,不准;shouldn’t 不应该;wouldn’t 不愿意;mightn’t 可能不。故选C。
17.【江苏】— Happy birthday!
— Thank you! It’s the best present I________for.
A.should have wishedB.must have wished
C.may have wishedD.could have wished
【答案】D 考查情态动词。句意:“生日快乐!”“谢谢!这是我所能期盼的最好的礼物。”A项使用句型should have done表示“本应该做但是没做”,是虚拟语气;B项表示推测,放入句中意为“这是我一定期盼过的最好的礼物”,句意不通;C项表示推测,放入句中意为“这是我可能期盼过的最好的礼物”,句意不通;D项表示能力,放入句中意为“这是我所能期盼的最好的礼物”,符合句意。故选D。
18.【四川】I got close enough to hear them speaking Chinese,and I said “Ni Hao”,just as I________do in China.
A.must B.might C.can D.should
【答案】B 考查情态动词。句意:我足够靠近他们,听到他们正在说中文,我就说了“你好”,像我可能会在中国做的那样。might表示可能性的推测,意为“或许,可能,大概”;must必须,必定;can 能够;should 应该。故选B。
19.【四川】The police still haven’t found the lost child,but they’re doing all they________.
A.can B.may C.must D.should
【答案】A 考查情态动词。句意:警察还没有找到丢失的孩子,但是他们正在竭尽全力地寻找。can 表示能力,句子后省略了do to find the lost child。may表示可能性,语气不肯定;must表示必须;should表示应该。故选A。
20.【全国Ⅰ】They________have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.
A.will B.can C.must D.should
【答案】D 考查情态动词表示推测。句意:他们本应该在午饭时到达的,但他们的航班延误了。can表示对过去的事情的推测时,常用于否定句或疑问句中;must have done一定做过某事;should have done本应该做某事,事实上没做;will have done是将来完成时,不表示推测。故选D。2022年高考英语知识梳理--实义动词
实义动词 一、按词汇功能分类
一、按词汇功能分类
1.不及物动词
ache 疼痛 apologize 道歉 appear 出现 arrive 到达 come 来 cough 咳嗽 cry 哭 dance 跳舞
die 死 disappear 消失 exist 存在 fall 掉
flow 流淌 go 去 happen 发生 lie 躺
listen 听 rise 升起 run 跑 stay 呆、留
sit 坐 stand 站 succeed 成功 swim 游泳
2.及物动词
accept 接受 borrow 借 bury 埋 cover 覆盖
defeat 挫败 discover 发现 enjoy 喜欢 excite 使激动
forget 忘记 guess 猜测 interest 使感兴趣 love 热爱
please 使高兴 put 放 raise 提高 surprise 使凉讶
3.双宾语动词
(1)及物动词+sth.to sb.
allow 允许 award 授予 bring 带给 hand 交给
mail 邮寄 offer 提供 owe 欠 pass 传递 pay 付给 sell 卖给 lend 借给 write 写
post 邮递 read 读给 return 归还 send 寄给
serve 招待 show 展示 take 拿给 teach 教导 tell 告诉 throw 扔
He gave me a picture-book as a present.他给我一本图画书做礼物。
He gave a picture-book to me as a present.
I returned him the storybook.我把故事书还给他了。
I returned the storybook to him.
(2)及物动词+sth.for sb.
book 预定 buy 买 choose 选择 cook 做饭 draw 画 fetch 去取 pick 选择 make 制作 order 订购 get 得到
prepare 准备 save 节省 sing 唱歌 steal 偷 fix 安装
find 找到
He bought me a picture-book as a present.他给我买了一本图画书做礼物。
He bought a picture-book for me as a present.
I’ve ordered you an air ticket.我已为你预订了一张机票。
I’ve ordered an air ticket for you.
【提示】
只能用“动词+直宾+to+间宾”结构动词:explain,announce,report,suggest。
The teacher explained the difficult point of grammar to me.老师给我讲解了语法难点。
He announced to her his intention of going.他向她宣布他打算离开。
I reported the theft to the police.我向警方报告了这起盗窃案。
He suggested the plan to Haas.他向哈斯提出那个计划。
4.复合结构动词
(1)及物动词+宾语+形容词
believe 相信 consider 认为 cut 切 dye 染
declare 宣布 drive 驱使 find 发现 force 强迫
imagine 想象 judge 判断 keep 使保持 leave 留下
make 使 push 推 paint 漆 set 使
ou drive me mad when you say that.你讲这话真叫我恼火。
They judged her stupid.他们认为她很蠢。
Please set the bird free.请把鸟放掉吧。
Mr Tomshon declared his story false.汤姆逊先生说他讲的事是假的。
(2)及物动词+宾语+名词
call 叫 choose 选择 consider 认为 elect 选举 find 找到
keep 使 make 使变为 name 命名 wish 祝愿
We consider him a strange person.我们认为他是一个奇特的人。
We find him an honest man.我们发现他是个诚实的人。
We elected him chairman of the club.我们选他任俱乐部主席。
【提示】 chairman是表示唯一的职务的名词,作宾补时前面不加冠词。
(3)及物动词+宾语+to do
advise 建议 allow 允许 ask 要求 beg 请求 encourage 鼓励
expect 期望 get 使 invite 邀请 order 命令 teach 教
tell 告诉 warn 警告 want 想要 wish 希望
Mother often tells me to make friends carefully.
妈妈经常告诫我交朋友要慎重。
I persuaded him to accept the plan.我说服他接受这个计划。
(4)及物动词+宾语+do
look at 看 notice 注意 observe 观察 see 看见 watch 注意看 listen to 听
hear 听见 feel 感觉 have 使 let 让 make 使
The pain made him cry out.他痛得叫喊起来。
I have never observed him act like that.我从来没见过他如此表现。
We felt the house shake just now.我们刚才感觉房子晃了一下。
Did you notice anyone take the book away? 你看到谁把那本书拿走了吗?
(5)及物动词+宾语+to be
believe 相信 consider 认为 declare 宣布 find 发现 imagine 相信 judge 判断
prove 证明 report 报道 think 认为 deny 否认 discover 发觉 feel 感觉
guess 猜测 know 知道 suppose 架设 understand 理解
They all believe the story to be true.他们都相信这篇报道是真实的。
He declared the story to be false.他断言这篇报道是假的。
Imagine yourself to be in his place.设想你自己处于他的地位,那又会怎么样呢?
We judged the distance to be about four miles.我们估计距离大约是 4 英里。
(6)及物动词+宾语+doing
bring 引起 catch 碰上 discover 发现 feel 感觉
get 使(动起来) have 让(一直) hear 听见 keep 使(一直)
leave 听任 find 发觉 start 使(引起) watch 观察 set 使(引起)
notice 注意到 observe 观察 see 看见 send 使(突然)
Her cries brought the neighbors running.她的哭喊声引得邻居们都跑来了。
The teacher caught the boy cheating.那孩子在作弊的时候被老师发现了。
I discovered him living next to me.我发现他就住在我的隔壁。
He felt himself getting younger and younger.他感到自己越活越年轻了。
His words got us thinking.他的话使我们思索起来。
His behaviour set people talking.他的行动引起了人们的议论。
The victory sent our spirits rising.胜利使得我们非常高兴。
He left me waiting outside in the rain.他让我站在雨里等候。
His criticism started me thinking seriously.他的批评引起我认真思考。
(7)及物动词+宾语+done
find 发现 feel 感觉 get 使 have 使 hear 听见 make 使
see 看见 think 认为 watch 注意看
I couldn’t make myself heard by all the listeners.我不能使所有听众都能听见我。
He found himself surrounded by a group of children.他发现自己被一群孩子包围了。
(8)及物动词+宾语+副词
ask 叫、让 drive 驱使 find 发现 get 使 invite 邀请
let 让 see 看见 shut 关闭 show 领
Can I ask Bob in? 我可以让鲍勃进来吗?
Show the visitor in,please.请把客人带进来。
They fought bravely to drive the enemy out.他们勇敢地战斗把敌人赶出去。
(9)及物动词+宾语+介词短语
discover 发现 feel 感觉 find 发现 get 使 have 使 hear 听见
keep 保持 make 使 notice 注意到 see 看见
Don’t have children at home all day.Give them time to play outdoors.
不要让孩子老呆在家里。给他们外出玩耍的时间。
She discovered the cat under the table.她发现那只猫在桌子下。
Keep these books on the shelf and take them when necessary.
把所有的书放在书架上,用时随时拿。
5.常用被动句式的实义动词
be accustomed to 使习惯于 be adapted to 适应于
be addicted in 沉溺于 be applied to 应用于
be devoted to 致力于 be dressed in 穿着
be engaged in 从事于 be engaged to 同……订婚
be hidden in/among 藏身于 be lost in 入迷
be occupied with 从事 be prepared for 准备
be seated in (on)就座 be stationed round 驻扎在……周围
He was hidden among the trees.他躲藏在树林里。
Powerful troops were stationed round the capital.首都周围驻扎着强大的部队。
实义动词 二、按词汇意义分类
二、按词汇意义分类
1.延续性动词
(1)延续性动词可与“for+时间段,since+时间点”状语连用。
drink 喝 eat 吃 fly 飞 have 有 keep 保持 know 知道
lie 躺着 live 住 play 玩 rain 下雨 read 读 run 跑
sing 唱 sleep 睡觉 smoke 抽烟 snow 下雪 stand 站 talk 说
wait 等 walk 走 wear 穿 work 工作
We have known each other since childhood.自孩提时代我们就认识。
I have been living here for years.我在这里住了多年了。
Usually on Sunday I sleep until 11 a.m.星期天我通常睡到上午十一点钟才起床。
(2)延续性动词要表示一时的动作,可以在该动词前加get/begin/come to等。
It was not until I failed again that I got to realize my fault.
直到我再一次失败,我才开始认识到我的过失。
They began to see that they had made a serious mistake.
他们开始认识到自己犯了一个大错。
2.非延续性动词
(1)非延续性动词不能跟表示“一段时间“的状语连用。
admit 承认 arrive 到达 begin 开始 borrow 借 buy 买 break 打破 close 关闭 come 来 die 死 fall 倒
go 走 hit 击中 join 加入 jump 跳 leave 离开 lose 丢 marry 结婚 open 打开 put 放 start 开始
stop 停
We have come here.我们已经来这里了。
Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗?
3.不用进行时的动词
(1)表示事实状态的动词
belong 属于 consist of 由……所组成 contain 包含 depend on 依靠
exist 存在 have 有 hold 持有,保持 lie 位于
need 需要 own 拥有 possess 拥有 remain 停留
result 导致 resemble 像 stand 位于 want 缺乏
I have two brothers.我有两兄弟。(have 有,无进行时)
He’s having a meeting.他正在开会.(have 进行,可用进行时)
This house belongs to my sister.这房子是我姐的。(belong 属于,无进行时)
The house belonging to Mary is beautiful.玛丽的房子很漂亮。(belonging 是引导现在分词短语作定语,不是进行时)
The school stands about four miles to the west of that city.
这所学校位于那座城市西面大约4英里处。(stand 位于,无进行时)
She is standing by the door.她倚门而立。(stand 站立,可用进行时)
She is lying in bed with a severe cold.她因重感冒躺在床上。(lie 躺,可用进行时)
The town lay in ruins after a heavy bombardment.(lie 处于,无进行时)
在猛烈轰炸以后城镇成了一片废墟。
(2)感官连系动词
This milk tastes sour.牛奶(尝起来)酸了。(taste 尝起来,无进行时)
Mary is tasting the sauce.玛丽在品尝调味品。(taste 品尝,可用进行时)
These flowers smell good.这些花闻起来很香。(smell 闻起来,无进行时)
The dog was smelling at the shoes.那只狗正在嗅那双鞋子。(smell 闻,嗅,可用进行时)
Your hand feels cold.你的手(摸着)很凉。(feel 感觉起来,无进行时)
What was the blind man feeling for? 那位盲人在摸索着找什么?(feel 抚摸,可用进行时)
(3)表示结果的动词
(4)表心理活动情感状态的动词
agree 同意 believe 相信 care 在意 dare 敢
desire 想要 dislike不喜欢 despise 轻视 forgive 宽恕
forget 忘记 fear 害怕 hate 憎恨 know 知道
like 喜欢 love 爱 mean 打算 mind 在意
need 需要 notice 注意 prefer 较喜欢 recognize 认出
(5)动作为一时性动词
accept 接受 allow/permit 允许 admit 承认 decide 决定
deny 否认 determine 下决心 receive 接到 refuse 拒绝
(6)表衡量的动词
measure 度量 weigh 称重 cost 花费
I weighed 68 kilos three months ago.三个月前我重68公斤。(weigh“重达”,无进行时)
I was weighing myself this morning when he came in.
今天早上他进来的时候,我正在称体重。(weigh“称重”,可用进行时)
The room measures 25 feet across.这个房间宽25英尺。(measure“尺寸为”,无进行时)
They were measuring the depth of snow drifts.
他们正在测量覆雪深度。(measure“测量”,可用进行时)2022年高考英语知识梳理--连系动词
连系动词 一、连系动词的分类
一、连系动词的分类
1.状态系动词:be
She is always like that.她总是那样。
I am used to going about alone.我习惯于独来独往。
These shoes are too tight for me.这双鞋我穿太小。
2.持续系动词:keep,remain,stay,rest,lie,stand
I hope you’ll keep fit.我希望你身体好。
The door remained closed.门仍然关着。
He stayed single.他仍然是单身。
keep silent/silence 保持安静 keep fit 保持健康
keep quiet 保持安静 keep warm 保暖
lie unknown 未知的 stand still 站立不动
stay awake 保持清醒 stay open 开业中
3.表像系动词:seem,appear,look
He looks tired.他看起来很累。
The doctor seemed very capable.那医生似乎很能干。
He appeared quite well.他看上去身体相当好。
4.感官系动词:look feel,smell,sound,taste
He looks honest,but actually he’s a cheat.他看起来很老实,实际他是个骗子。
Everybody feels contented.每个人都感到很满足。
It sounds a good idea.这听起来是个好主意。
This food tastes good.这菜好吃。
【提示】
①feel表示某人自身的感觉时,一般用进行时。
Are you feeling better now? 你现在好点了吗?
I am feeling better.我觉得好点了。
②feel表示触摸某物的感觉时,意为“摸起来……”,不用进行时。
【辨析】这种布摸起来很软。
【正】This kind of cloth feels very soft.
【误】This kind of cloth is felt very soft.
5.变化系动词:become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run
He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。
She had grown thinner and thinner.她越来越瘦了。
When she saw this,she turned red.她看到这,脸红了。
Several people fell ill,victims of blood poisoning.
几个人生病了,都是血中毒的受害者。
We get wiser as we get old.随着年岁的增长,我们也变得聪明些了。
Your hair has gone quite white! 你的头发全白了!
(1)fall asleep 入睡 fall ill 生病
fall silent 静默 fall a victim 成为牺牲品
(2)go asleep 入睡 go bad (食物等)腐败变质
go blind 失明 go hungry 挨饿
go mad 发狂 go mad with joy 欣喜若狂
go red with anger 气得(满脸)通红 go wrong 堕落,走入歧途
(3)run dry 变干 run cold 变冷
run low 不够了 run short 缺乏
run smooth 进展顺利 run wild 无人管
6.终止系动词:prove,turn out
His story proved false.他讲的情况原来是假的。
My intuition turned out to be correct.我的直觉证明是对的。
【提示】 prove,turn out后可以接to be不定式作表语,也可以省略to be。
连系动词 二、行为动词和连系动词的兼性动词
二、行为动词和连系动词的兼性动词
1.look 看;看起来
He is looking at the picture.他正在看这图片。(行为动词)
It looks beautiful.它看上去很美丽。(连系动词)
2.feel 摸;感觉
I felt someone touch my arm.我感到有人碰我的手臂。(行为动词)
Are you feeling better today than before? 你今天比以前感到好些了吗?(连系动词)
3.smell 嗅;闻起来
My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it.
我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。(行为动词)
Great! The flowers smell nice.这些花闻起来多香啊!(连系动词)
4.sound 弄响,发音;听起来
The letter “h” in hour is not sounded.在hour 这个词中字母h是不发音的。(行为动词)
The gun sounded much closer.枪声听起来更近了。(连系动词)
5.taste 辨味;尝起来
Please taste the soup.请尝一口汤。(行为动词)
The soup tastes terrible.这汤尝起来味道太差了。(连系动词)
6.get 得到,获得;变
Each of you can get one banana.你们每个人可以拿一根香蕉。(行为动词)
She’s getting an old woman.她正在变成一个老太婆。(连系动词)
7.grow 生长,种植;变
Do you grow rice in your country? 你们国家种水稻吗?(行为动词)
It’s too late.It’s growing dark.太迟了,天渐渐变暗了。(连系动词)
8.turn 转动,翻动,使变得;变
The earth turns around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。(行为动词)
The trees turn green when spring comes.春天来临,树叶变绿。(连系动词)
连系动词 三、动词不定式作表语的连系动词
三、动词不定式作表语的连系动词
1.连系动词be后可根据情况接不定式作表语
My dream is to be a scientist.我的梦想是当一名科学家。
My plan was to go from London to Paris.我计划从伦敦去巴黎。
I was to have seen Mr Kay.我本要去见凯先生的。
2.seem,appear,prove,turn out,grow等词后可接不定式短语作表语
The man seemed to be ill.这个人好像病了。
He appears to know this.他好像知道这一点。
The plan proved to be useful.这个计划证明是有用的。
The weather turned out to be fine.天气结果很好。
He has grown to like studying English.他渐渐喜欢学英语了。
【提示】 若所接to be不定式为,通常可省略to be。
3.sound,smell,feel,taste,become后接形容词作表语,而不接不定式
This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。
【辨析】
【误】These oranges taste to be good.
【正】These oranges taste good.2022年高考英语语法知识点讲解-情态动词
情态动词的用法 一、can/could
一、can/could
1.can/could的形式
2.can/could的用法
(1)表示能力
He can speak Spanish,but he can’t speak Russian.他会说西班牙语,但不会说俄语。
He could swim when he was five.他五岁时就会游泳了。
(2)表示许可
Can you carry the bag for me? 你来替我提包好吗?
Could/Can I use your pen? 我可以借用你的钢笔吗?
Yes,of course you can.当然可以。
【提示】 答语中不可用could,只用 can。
(3)表示推测
The road can be blocked.路可能会堵塞。
Can it be true? 那会是真的吗?
(4)could用于虚拟语气中
If I could fly,I should be very glad.如果我能飞,我将会很高兴。
He could have passed the exam,but he was too careless.本来他能够通过考试,但他太粗心了。
3.can’t构成的句式
(1)“can’t+be/do+比较级”,表示最高级,意为“再没有……比……更”。
He can’t be more careless.他太粗心了。
I can’t thank you a little more.太感谢您了。
I can’t think of a better idea.那个主意真是太好了。
The job couldn’t have been easier.这工作再容易不过了。
【提示】 “couldn’t+have+过去分词+比较级” 是对过去情况加以强调。
(2)“can’t+do+too/enough”,意为“无论怎样也不过分”。
I can’t praise this film highly enough.这部电影无论怎样赞扬也不过分。
I can’t praise this film too much.
I can hardly praise this film too highly.
(3)“can’t+help/resist/avoid/keep from+doing”,意为“不得不;禁不住”。
She can’t help thinking so.她不得不这样想。
Hearing that,every one of us could not resist laughing.
听到这件事,大家都忍不住笑了。
I can’t avoid meeting him.我不得不与他会面。
I can’t keep from thinking of you at times.我有时会情不自禁地想到你。
(4)“can’t (choose)+but+do”,意为“除此以外,别无他法”。
I couldn’t but laugh on seeing such a funny sight.
看到这样滑稽的情景,我忍不住笑了。
I couldn’t help but realize that something was wrong.我不禁认识到出了毛病。
They can’t choose but go.他们不得不去。
4.can与be able to的区别
(1)can则强调自身已具有的能力,be able to 强调通过努力而获得的能力。
She can sing the song in English.她能用英语唱这首歌。
He will be able to sing the song in English after a few hours’ practice.
几小时的练习之后,他也能用英语唱这首歌。
(2)be able to 可以有各种时态;而can只有一般现在和一般过去两种时态。
Can you see it there? 你能看见它在那儿吗?
I could help you last night,but you didn’t come.昨天晚上我能帮你,而你又没来。
He is/was/will be able to help you.他能帮你的忙。
情态动词的用法 二、may/might
二、may/might
1.may/might的形式
2.may/might的用法
(1)表示许可
You may take everything you like.你喜欢什么就拿什么吧。
You might tell us the truth.你不妨把真相告诉我们。
(2)may或might提出请求时,肯定答语用may,否定答语用mustn’t或can’t。
— May I smoke in your class? 我可以在你班上抽烟吗?
— Yes,you may.行,你可以抽。
— No,you mustn’t/can’t.不可以。
— You’d better not.你最好不要。
(3)表示推测
I may go,but I really don’t want to.我可能去,但我不真正想去。
It may/might rain this afternoon.今天下午可能会下雨。
She may have been beautiful once,but she is not anymore.
她从前可能漂亮,不过她现在漂亮不再。
【比较】
①He may/might not be there.他可能不在那里。(对现在情况的推测)
②He may/might be waiting for someone.他可能在等人。(对正在进行情况的推测)
③They may/might have seen him.他们可能见到过他。(对过去情况的推测)
(4)用于祈使句中表示祝愿
May you succeed.祝你成功。
May you have a pleasant journey.一路平安。
May we never forget each other.愿我们彼此永不忘。
(5)用于虚拟语气中
If I might I would try once again·如果我能够,我会再试一次。
If you had come to the lecture,you might have met him.
如果你去听报告,你或许会遇见他。
3.may/might构成的句式
(1)may/might as well,意为“不妨……”。
Catherine,you may as well come too.凯瑟琳,你不妨也去。
If that’s the case,I may as well try.如果情况如此,我不妨试一试。
(2)might have done,表示“责备”或“忠告”,只用于肯定句中。
You might at least have said hello to me.你至少可以和我打个招呼啊!
You might have let us know beforehand.你可以事先让我们知道嘛!
情态动词的用法 三、must
三、must
1.must的形式
2.must的用法
(1)表示义务及强烈的劝告,意为“必须”、“应该”、“一定要”。
You must get to the station before three o’clock.你必须在3点钟以前到达车站。
The time is up,we must go.时间到了,我们必须走了。
You must not drive without a license.你不得无证开车。
(2)must的疑问中,肯定答语用must(有必要),否定答语用need not(没有必要)。
— Must I rewrite the report? 我得重写报告吗?
— Yes,you must.你有必要重写。
— No,you need not.你没必要重写。
(3)must的否定式表示一种强烈的语气,意为“严禁,绝对不能”。
We mustn’t waste our time.我们绝对不能浪费时间。
Passengers must not walk across the railway line.旅客严禁横穿铁路。
(4)表示推测
【比较】
①The man must have a lot of money.这个人一定有不少钱。(对现在情况的推测)
②He must be doing his homework.他一定在做他的作业。(对正在进行情况的推测)
③He must have mistaken my meaning.他一定误会了我的意思。(对过去情况的推测)
3.must与have to的区别
(1)must 侧重“主观上认为必须做某事”;have to则重于客观需要,“不得不做某事”。
The work must be done as soon as possible.这工作必须尽早完成。
Everyone must keep the law.人人都要守法。
The last train has gone.We’ll have to walk home.
最后一班车开了,我们不得不走回家。
It’s too late.We have to hurry up.时间不早了,我们得赶紧。
(2)时态上,must 只有一般现在时,have to则有多种时态形式。
You will have to show your pass at the gate.在大门口你得出示证件。
We have had to postpone the meeting,due to the Chairwoman’s illness.
由于女主席生病了,我们不得不推迟开会。
情态动词的用法 四、dare
四、dare
1.情态动词dare的用法
(1)后接动词原形,意为“敢,敢于”。
He dare not go there.他不敢去那里。
How dare you speak to him like that? 你怎么敢对他那样讲话?
(2)dare可以有过去式dared,但也可用“dare+have done”表示过去式。
That was why he dared do so.那就是他为什么敢这样做的原因。
I daren’t have done it yesterday,but I think I dare now.
昨天我没敢这样做,但现在我想我敢。
(3)dare通常用于疑问句、否定句、条件句、whether (if)从句。
Dare you tell her the truth? 你敢告诉她事实真相吗?
I won’t let him go even if he dare (go).即使他敢去,我也不让他去。
It’s hard to tell whether/if he dare try.他敢不敢试一试,这就很难说了。
We’re so late that I daren’t look at my watch.我们太迟了,我连手表都不敢看一眼。
2.实义动词dare的用法
(1)有人称和数的变化,意为“敢于”,可接动词不定式。
Brave men dare great dangers.勇敢的人敢冒巨大的危险。
He didn’t dare to speak to her.他不敢和她说话。
Who dares to speak for the people? 谁敢为人民说话呢?
I wonder how he dares to say such things.我纳闷他怎么竟敢说出这样的话来。
(2)“dare sb.to do sth.”,意为”教唆某人做某事”,“激某人做某事”。
I dare you to jump over the stream.我谅你不敢跳过这条小河。
She dared him to dive after her.她激将他跟着她跳水。
(3)dare的非谓语动词形式
The boy stood before the teacher,not daring to look up.
小男孩站在老师面前不敢抬头。(dare的现在分词形式作伴随状语)
She waved her fist at him,daring him to come any closer.
她向他挥舞着拳头,看他还有没有胆量再靠近她。(dare的现在分词形式作伴随状语)
He was under attack for daring to criticize the Prime Minister.
他竟敢批评总理,因而遭到攻击。(dare的动名词形式作介词宾语)
【比较】
①Dare you jump from the wall? 你敢从那座高墙跳下来吗?(情态动词)
②Do you dare to jump from the wall? 你敢从那座高墙跳下来吗?(实义动词)
3.dare的特殊句式
(1)I dare say用于肯定句,表示一种不肯定的语气,意为“很可能;大概;我想”。
He is not here yet,but I dare say he will come later.他尚未来此,但我认为他等一会儿就来。
You are tired,I dare say.我想你或许累了。
(2)How dare sb....? 表示说话人对某人的行为表示愤慨和谴责。
How dare you ask me such a question? 你怎敢问我这样的问题?
How dare he tell me what to do! 他竟然教训我该怎么做!
情态动词的用法 五、need
五、need
1.情态动词need的用法
(1)接动词原形,意为“需要”,通常用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。
Need he go so soon? 他这么快就要走吗?
You need not pay — it is free.你不必付钱,这是免费的。
He wondered whether they need go there.他不知道他们是否需要去那里。
Nobody need be afraid of catching the disease.谁都不用害怕会得这种病。
(2)疑问句中,肯定答语用must,否定答语用needn’t。
— Need I do anything for you? 需要我为你做些什么吗?
— Yes,you must.是呀,你得做。
— No,you needn’t.不,没有必要。
2.实义动词need的用法
(1)及物动词,有人称、数及时态的变化,可以接不定式作宾语或宾补。
He needs a good night’s sleep.他需要好好睡一晚上。(名词作宾语)
You don’t need to leave so early.你们不需要走这么早。(不定式作宾语)
I need someone to look after her.我需要找个人照看她。(不定式作宾补)
【比较】
①He needn’t work so hard.他不需要如此地努力工作。(情态动词)
②He doesn’t need to work so hard.他不需要如此地努力工作。(实义动词)
(2)接动名词作宾语时,要用主动形式表被动意义。
The house needs cleaning.房子需要清理。
The clock needs winding once a week.这只钟每周需要上一次发条。
This chapter needs rewriting.这一章需要重写。
【提示】
①need doing=need to be done,意为“某物需要被……”。
My coat needs mending.我的外衣需要修补。
my coat needs to be mended.
②与need相同,want,require也可接动名词作宾语,用主动形式表示被动意义。
The floor needs/wants/requires washing/to be washed.地板需要冲洗。
3.need的特殊句式
(1)needn’t have done,表示“本来不必做某事,实际上却做了”;用于疑问句时,表示询问过去某一动作的必要性。
You needn’t have hurried.你当时实在不必那么匆忙。
Need you have paid so much? 你当时真需要付那么多钱吗?
(2)didn’t need to do sth.意为“不需要做某事”,实际上也没做。
He didn’t need to be reminded about it.不必向他提醒那件事。
I didn’t need to go to the office yesterday.昨天我不必去上班。
【比较】
①We had plenty of bread,so I didn’t need to buy a leaf.
我们有许多面包,我不需买了。(我还没买)
②We had plenty of bread,so I needn’t have bought a leaf.
我们有许多面包,我真的不需再买一块。(我已经买了)
(3)needn’t与don’t have to同义,意为“不必”。
You don’t have to/needn’t tell him about it.你不必告诉他这件事。
We don’t have to/needn’t be standing here in the rain.我们不必在雨里站着。
4.名词need的用法
There is no need for sth.没有必要做某事
There is no need to do sth.没有必要做某事
There is no need for sb.to do sth.某人没有必要做某事
There is no need for anxiety.不必焦虑。
There is no need to be anxious.不必焦虑。
There is no need for you to be anxious.你不必焦虑。2022年高考英语知识梳理--并列连词
并列连词 一、简单连词的用法
一、简单连词的用法
1.and
(1)并列连词,接词类、结构完全相同的部分,意为“和,以及”。
He bought a book and a pen.他买了一本书和一支笔。(连接名词)
He started to shout and swear.他开始又喊又骂。(连接动词)
Tom and Mary are singing and dancing at the party.
汤姆和玛丽正在晚会上唱歌跳舞。(连接现在分词)
We were cold and hungry.我们饥寒交迫。(连接形容词)
I woke up and got out of bed.我醒了就起床了。(连接动词短语)
He played the piano and she sang.他弹钢琴,她唱歌。(连接句子)
(2)连接三个以上并列成分时,只在最后一并列成分前加and,其他的后面加逗号。
Solid,liquid and gas are the three states of matter.
固态、液态和气态是物质的三种状态。
Sam enjoys tennis,golf and baseball.萨姆喜爱网球、高尔夫以及棒球。
(3)“动词+and+动词”,表示连续性。
He coughed and coughed.他咳个不停。
He tried and tried but without success.他试了又试,但没有成功。
(4)“名词+and+名词”,表示“许多”或“有各种各样的”
There are books and books.有各种各样的书。
We waited for hours and hours.我们一直等了好几个小时。
(5)“比较级+and+比较级”,表示“越来越……”。
It moves faster and faster.它动得越来越快。
Your work is getting better and better.你的工作干得越来越好了。
More and more families like to keep dogs as pets.越来越多的家庭喜欢养宠物狗。
Fishing is becoming more and more popular.钓鱼变得越来越受欢迎了。
(6)and连接并列句。
The weather was fine,and we went out for a walk.
the weather being fine,we went out for a walk.(独立主格结构)
天气晴朗,我们出去散步了。
In the classroom there are five people,and the teacher is included.
in the classroom There are five people,the teacher included.(独立主格结构)
教室里包括老师在内有五个人。
【比较】 他有两个小孩,都很顽皮。
①He has two children,both of whom are naughty.(whom引导定语从句)
②He has two children,and both of them are naughty.(and连接的并列句)
(7)含有and的短语
and all 全都,等等 and so on 等等 and so forth 等等
and that 而且,并且 and therefore 因此,为此 and so 因此,为此
2.but
(1)并列连词,表示转折,意为“但是”“可是”。
It was a sunny but not very warm day.那一天天气晴朗,却不太暖和。
She is American but she lives in England.她是美国人,但住在英国。
【提示】 although不能和but 同时使用。
(2)用于not ...but结构,表示选择,意为“不是……而是”。
What I want is not this one,but that one.我想要的不是这个,而是那个。
Bamboo is not a tree,but a kind of grass.竹不是一种树,而是一种草。
(3)用于“Excuse me” “I’m sorry”等句式表示语气委婉。
Excuse me,but I don’t think that’s quite true.很抱歉,我认为这与事实略有出入。
Sorry,but we’re behind schedule.抱歉,我们落在计划后了。
I’m frightfully sorry,but I can’t see you today.太对不起了,我今天不能见你。
【提示】
however 副词,“可是,然而”,也表示转折;可置于句首,句末或句中,需要逗号隔开。
However,we need not do that now.可是,我们现在不需要做那个。
He said it was so;he was mistaken,however.他说是那样的,然而他却弄错了。
His friends,however,had other ideas.然而他的朋友们却另有见解。
(4)含有but的短语
all but 几乎 anything but 决不
but for 除非 nothing but 只是
last but not least 最后但并非不重要 can’t help but 不由得……
not that ...but that ...不是因为……而是因为
3.for
(1)for作连词引导并列句时,主要表示理由,对前面的分句进行解释说明。
The days were short,for it was now December.天短了,现在已是12月了。
He must be in now,for the light in his room is on.
他现在一定在家,因为他房间的灯是亮着的。
(2)不能使用for的情况。
Because it was wet he took a taxi.因为下雨,他叫了一辆出租车。
(because 不能用for 替换。因为for引导的从句不能位于它所解释的动词之前)
He stole,not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing.
他偷东西,并不是因为他想要钱,而是他有这种毛病。(because不能用for 替换。因为 for不能位于not,but或任何连词之后)
— Why did you do it? 你为什么这么做?
— I did it because I was angry.因为我生气才这么做的。(for不能回答why引导的问句)
4.or
(1)表示选择,意为“或”“还是”。
Is the radio off or on? 无线电关上了还是开着的?
Would you prefer tea or coffee? 你喜欢茶还是咖啡?
You can come now or you can meet us there later.
你可以现在来,也可以稍晚和我们在那里碰头。
(2)用于“祈使句+or+陈述句”中,表示“否则”。
Hurry up,or you’ll be late for school.赶快,否则你上学就要迟到了。
Dress warmly,or else you’ll catch cold.穿暖和点,否则你会感冒的。
(3)用于表示否定句中的并列成分。
He was not clever or good-looking.他不聪明,也长得不好看。
He never smokes or drinks.他从不吸烟,也不喝酒。
【比较】
①They sang and danced.他们既唱歌又跳舞。(肯定句)
②They didn’t sing or dance.他们既没有唱歌也没有跳舞。(否定句)
(4)含有or的短语
more or less 或多或少 or more 或更多 one or two 一两个
or rather 更确切地 or else 否则,要不然 or so 大约
5.so
(1)表示因果关系,意为“因此,所以”。
The dog was hungry,so we fed it.狗饿了,所以我们喂它。
I got ill so I went to see a doctor.我生病了,因此去看了医生。
It was dark,so I couldn’t see what was happening.
天很黑,所以我看不见发生了什么事。
Nothing more was heard from him so we began to wonder if he was dead.
此后没有再收到他的消息,于是我们开始怀疑他是不是死了。
(2)用于句首,引出下文。
So after shouting and screaming for an hour she walked out in tears.
就这样,又嚷又叫了一个小时,她流着泪走了出来。
So what have you been doing today? 那么你今天都干什么了?
So,that is it for today.好,今天就到这里。
(3)含有so的短语
and so on/forth 等等 so far 迄今为止 so as to 为了 so ...as to 如此……以致
so/as long as 只要 so that 以便 So what? 那又怎么样
并列连词 二、关联连词的用法
二、关联连词的用法
1.both ...and...意为“和……都;既……又……”
She both speaks and writes Japanese.她不仅会说日语,而且还会写。
He spoke with both kindness and understanding.他说话既亲切又明事理。
【提示】 both ...and ...连接两个主语时,谓语要用复数。
Both she and Sophia were pleased with the girl.她和索菲娅都喜欢这姑娘。
2.either ...or ...意为“要么……要么……”、“不是……就是……”
Either come in or go out.要么进来,要么出去。
I want to visit either Paris or London.我想去巴黎或伦敦游览一下。
You can either have tea or coffee.你喝茶也行,喝咖啡也行。
Either he did not speak distinctly or I did not hear well.
不是他没讲清楚,就是我没听明白。
3.neither ...nor ...意为“既不……也不……”
She likes neither butter nor cheese.她既不喜欢黄油也不喜欢乳酪。
She is neither clever nor hardworking.她既不聪明,又不勤奋。
Neither he nor she is at home today.今天他和她都不在家。
【提示】
①neither ...nor ...,either ...or ...连接两个主语时,谓语动词要遵循“就近一致”原则。
Neither you nor he is to blame.既不要你负责也不要他负责。
Neither he nor you are to blame.既不要他负责也不要你负责。
②neither/nor置于句首时,要用倒装语序。
He doesn’t go to school by bike.Neither/Nor do I.
他不是骑自行车上学,我也不是。
You can’t sing,nor can I,neither/nor can she.你不会唱歌,我不会,她也不会。
4.not only ...but also 连接“平行结构”,意为“不但……而且;既……又……”
(1)连接主语
Not only you but also I am hungry.不只你,我也饿了呢。
Not only men but also women were chosen.不仅仅是男的,女的也有被选中的。
(2)连接谓语
She not only plays well,but also writes music.她不仅很会演奏,而且还会作曲。
He not only read the book,but also remembered what he read.
他不仅读过这本书,还记得内容。
(3)连接表语
He is not only rude but also selfish.他不但无礼,而且自私。
The place was not only cold,but also damp.那个地方不但很冷而且很潮湿。
(4)连接宾语
He speaks not only French but also English well.他法语和英语都说得好。
She likes not only music but also sport.她不但喜欢音乐而且喜欢运动。
(5)连接宾语补足语
I find the story not only interesting but also instructive.
我发现故事不但有趣而且有教育意义。
Light and bright colors make people not only happier but more active.
浅色和鲜艳的颜色不但使人看了高兴,也会使人更加活泼。
(6)连接定语
Man has become master not only of the earth but also of the space.
人类不但征服了地球,而且征服了太空。
There are problems not only with the students,but also with the teachers themselves.
不但学生们有难题,教师们自己也有。
(7)连接状语
We go there not only in winter,but also in summer.我们不仅冬天去那儿,而且夏天也去。
He works not only on weekdays but on Sundays as well.
他不仅平时工作,星期日也工作。
(8)连接句子
I not only heard it,but (also)I saw it.我不仅听到,而且看到了它。
He has not only a first-class brain but also he is a diligent worker.
他不仅有着头等聪明的脑子,而且工作很能吃苦。
【提示】
①not only连接两个分句并置于句首时,它引导的分句用倒装语序。
Not only did he make a promise,but he kept it.他不仅许下诺言,而且说到做到。
Not only is he dependable,but also he is trustworthy.他不仅可靠而且值得信赖。
②如果连接两个主语,谓语动词遵循“就近一致”原则。
【比较】 不仅你错了,连我也错了。
①Not only you but also I am wrong.(谓语由I 决定)
②Not only I but also you are wrong.(谓语由you 决定)
5.as well as 连接“平行结构”,意为“不但……而且;既……又……”
(1)连接名词或代词
Aluminium as well as most metals is a good conductor.铝和大多数金属都是良导体。
It is important for you as well as for me.这对我很重要,对你也很重要。
【比较】
①They have invited you as well as me.
他们邀请了我,也邀请了你。(you和me 都作invited的宾语)
②They have invited you as well as I.
他们和我一样都邀请了你。(they和I在句中作主语)
(2)连接形容词
She’s clever as well as beautiful.她不但漂亮,而且聪明。
The child is lively as well as healthy.孩子既健康又活泼。
(3)连接动名词,尤其是置于句首
As well as walking,he likes fishing and shooting.他除散步之外还喜欢钓鱼和打猎。
As well as breaking his leg,he hurt his arm.他不但摔断了腿,而且也伤了胳膊。
(4)连接介词短语
His name is known all over the world as well as in Japan.
他不仅在日本很有名,而且闻名全球。
We shall travel by night as well as by day.我们将日夜兼程。
(5)连接从句
We need air when we are asleep as well as when we are awake.
我们不仅在醒着的时候需要空气,在睡着的时候也需要空气。
【提示】
①表示强调时,强调对象为前者。
She can speak not only Japanese but also English.(强调会讲英语)
She can speak Japanese as well as English.(强调会讲日语)
②谓语动词遵循“就前原则”。
This dictionary as well as those books belongs to me.
那些书以及这本词典都是属于我的。(与dictionary 一致)