中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
名词考点解析
考点一 名词辨析
常用近义词辨析
1.family,house与home
单词 意义 例句
family 指“家,家庭”,可强调家庭中的全体成员,不指住房 My family are very friendly.我的家人都很友好。
house house有“住宅,家”之意,强调房屋和居住点 They lived in a small house.他们住在一个小房子里。
home 作“家”讲时,指人们生活、居住的地方,强调居住的范围和环境 He left home for Beijing.他离开家去北京了。
2.job与work
单词 意义 例句
job 可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工” Selling newspapers is his part-time job.卖报纸是他的兼职。
work 不可数名词,指“工作,劳动” He has been out of work.他失业了。
3.problem与question
单词 意义 例句
problem 一般来说,problem总是与“困难”相联系,它可以指社会问题、教学问题,这种“问题”是“有待解决的”,常与之搭配的动词是solve They still have some serious problems to solve.他们仍有一些严重的问题需要解决。
question 总是与“疑问,质问,询问”相联系,这种“问题”是“有待回答的”,常与动词ask,answer等连用 He asked me some questions.他问了我一些问题。
4.voice,noise与sound
单词 意义 例句
voice 指人的嗓音 I recognized her voice at once.我立刻听出了她的声音。
noise 吵闹声,不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声 Don’t make so much noise.别这么大声嚷嚷。
sound 指人所听到的自然界的任何声音 I heard a strange sound from the empty room.我听到空房间里传来奇怪的声音。
5.cause,reason与excuse
单词 意义 例句
cause 造成一种事实或现象的“原因、起因”,后接介词of The police are looking into the cause of the accident.警方正在调查事故的原因。
reason 说明一种看法或行为的“理由”,后接介词for You must tell him the reason for wanting to change your job.你必须告诉他你想换工作的原因。
excuse (尤指不完全真实的)借口,托词 Late again!What’s your excuse for it this time 又迟到了!这次你的借口是什么
6.journey,trip与travel
单词 意义 例句
journey 适用范围很广,可指海、陆、空的旅行,常指距离较远的旅行,强调往返性 It’s a long journey from here to Hong Kong.从这儿到香港的旅程很远。
trip 指短时间、短距离的旅行,强调往返性,与journey可互换使用 How was your school trip to the zoo last weekend 你们上周末去动物园的学校旅行玩得怎么样
travel 泛指旅游,不侧重往返性,可以是单程旅行 Many people are fond of travel.很多人喜欢旅游。
1.(2021·四川乐山市·中考真题)—Hello! May I speak to Tony, please
— Sorry, I’m afraid you have the wrong ______.
A.telephone B.name C.number
2.(2021·甘肃天水市·中考真题)If the weather is nice, we could have a(n) ______ in the park.
A.picnic B.chance C.place D.idea
3.(2021·山东菏泽市·中考真题)—China’s high-speed railway ______ is leading the world.
—That’s right. It is moving further into the world.
A.technology B.environment C.population
4.(2021·山西中考真题)— Jenny, I can’t solve the problems by myself. What should I do
— Maybe working in groups is a good ______.
A.method B.survey C.report
5.(2021·江苏南京市·中考真题)Yuan Longping was a world-famous scientist. Because of his achievements, rice ______ has been increased greatly.
A.population B.contribution C.production D.introduction
6.(2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)Yuan Longping and his team have solved the problem of ______ for many people.
A.hunger B.health C.pollution D.population
7.(2021·湖北武汉市·中考真题)The idiom(成语) “Mengzi’s mother makes three moves” tells of a mother who did all she could to provide the best ______ for her child.
A.experience B.instruction C.environment D.information
8.(2021·天津中考真题)His beautiful music has brought ______ to people all over the world.
A.difficulty B.pleasure C.weather D.danger
9.(2021·四川达州市·中考真题)If you want to be a doctor like Zhong Nanshan, hard work is the key to ______.
A.treasure B.beauty C.success D.health
10.(2021·江西中考真题)Your leg looks really bad! I think you should send for a ______ about that.
A.pilot B.doctor C.singer D.postman
11.(2021·江苏扬州市·中考真题)— We can always find something good in a bad ______ if we look for it.
— It’s so true. Let’s make full use of what comes.
A.situation B.direction C.instruction D.competition
12.(2021·云南中考真题)Hi, Mom is a moving film. It has been on for several months in the ______.
A.museum B.bank C.library D.cinema
13.(2021·云南昆明市·中考真题)Zhang Guimei started the first free senior high school for girls to help them get an ______ in Lijiang, Yunnan.
A.education B.invitation C.information D.imagination
考点二 名词的数和格
一、名词的数
(一)可数名词的复数形式
1.名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)与不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,名词复数形式构成的部分规则如下:
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加-s 在清辅音后读/s/在浊辅音和元音后读/z/在t后读/ts/在d后读/dz/ cake—cakesbag—bagsstudent—studentsbed—beds
以-s,-x,-sh,-ch等结尾的词 加-es 读/ z/ bus—buses box—boxes watch—watches
以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 变y为i,再加-es 读/z/ baby—babiescity—cities country—countrieslady—ladies
以元音字母加-y结尾的词 加-s 读/z/ toy—toys monkey—monkeys
以f(fe)结尾的词 变f(fe)为ves 读/vz/ leaf—leaves wolf—wolves life—lives
以-ce,-se,-ze,-(d)ge等结尾的词 加-s 读/ z/ face—faces orange—oranges
不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 读音改变 man—men woman—women foot—feet tooth—teeth
单复数形式相同 读音不变 fish—fish sheep—sheep deer—deerChinese—Chinese Japanese—Japanese
其他形式 /ma s/—/ma s/ mouse—mice
2.某国人变复数
(1)中国人Chinese→Chinese
(2)英国人Englishman→Englishmen
(3)阿拉伯人Arab→Arabs
可用口诀记忆这一点,即中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。
3.以-o结尾的名词,有些在词尾加-es,它们是“黑人英雄爱吃西红柿土豆”。如:
Negro→Negroes hero→heroes
tomato→tomatoes potato→potatoes
而其他一般在词尾加-s。如:
zoo→zoos radio→radios
4.复合名词前面的名词是man或woman,变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变成复数形式;如果是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。如:
man teacher→men teachers
boy student→boy students
5.字母、数字、引语或缩略词语的复数形式是在其后加-’s或-s。如:
There are two fs in the word“office”.
单词office里有两个f。
Many VIPs are coming to our city.许多重要人物将到我们市来。
6.有些以-f结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。如:
roof→roofs 屋顶 belief→beliefs 信仰
proof→proofs 证据 chief→chiefs 首领
(二)不可数名词的数量表达
1.概述:不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。值得我们注意的是,英语名词的可数与不可数是一个语法概念,与实际生活中某件事物的可数与不可数并不完全一致。
2.表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,用“数词或冠词+计量名词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,计量名词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后的名词只用原形。如:
a piece of paper一张纸
a drop of water一滴水
two cups of tea两杯茶
(三)注意
1.有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。如:
work(工作)—a work(一部著作)
glass(玻璃)—a glass(一个玻璃杯)
paper(纸)—a paper(一份报纸/文件/试卷)
tea(茶)—a tea(一杯茶)
wood(木头)—a wood(一片树林)
room(空间)—a room(一个房间)
2.有些名词虽以-s结尾,但它们不是复数。如:
physics物理,maths数学,politics政治,news新闻
3.“数词+名词(+形容词)”构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式,必须用单数形式。如:
She is a five-year-old girl.她是一个五岁的女孩。
(five-year-old不能说成five-years-old)
a five-pound note 一张五英镑的纸币
a six-foot-deep hole 一个六英尺深的洞
a two-inch-thick dictionary 一本两英寸厚的字典
a 100-meter race一场百米赛跑
一
1.(2021·湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州·中考真题)My uncle works in a hospital, and he is a ______.
A.doctors B.nurses C.doctor
2.(2021·湖南岳阳市·中考真题)We see some______ rising into the air at the opening of our new library.
A.balloons B.balloon C.balloones
二
1. 【2020 四川省达州市中考】— It’s said that the two _________ doctors have just come back from Wuhan.
— Yeah, I know them. They are both already in their _________.
A. woman;sixty B. women;sixtieth C. women;sixties D. woman;sixties
2. 【2020 四川省凉山中考】It's dangerous for us to give too much ___________about ourselves on the Internet.
A. messages B. suggestions C. preparation D. information
3. 【2020 重庆中考】Would you send me some ________of yours I miss you very much!
A. magazines B. photos C. money D. advice
5.【2020 贵州黔南州】About 200__________ went to see the Asian Fashion Show last night.
A. German B. Australian C. Chinese D. American
6.【2020 湖北省恩施州】Wuhan, one of the most important ________ in China, is famous for the Yellow Crane Tower.
A.cities B.citys C.city
7.【2020 岳阳市】Mike doesn’t have enough money, so he can only afford____________.
A. a bread B. too much bread C. a piece of bread
8.【2020 湘西土家族苗族自治州】Annie took a lot of___________ with her mobile phone when she visited the Great Wall last summer holiday.
A. photo B. photoes C. photos
三
1.【2019 广西省百色市】 I’d like some ____________ and ____________.
A. banana; tomato B. bananas; tomato
C. bananas; tomatoes D. banana; tomatoes
2. 【2019 湖南省岳阳市】We should brush our ____________ every day.
A. tooth B. teeth C. hand
3. 【2019 四川省凉山州】Hurry up! Some ____________ and ____________ are on sale in the supermarket.
A. tomato; egg B. tomatoes; egg
C. tomatoes; eggs D. tomato; eggs
4. 【2019 湖南省郴州市】—I know little about this product.
—Surf the Internet, and you will get much ____________ about it.
A. information B. message C. suggestion
5. 【2019 黑龙江省哈尔滨市】Tim got four ____________ from his relatives on Children s Day.
A. toy B. toys C. toies
6. 【2019 四川省自贡市】—What else do we need to make cold beef ?
—____________.
A. Two spoons salt B. Two spoons of salts C. Two spoons of salt
7. 【2019 黑龙江省大庆市】The problems are difficult to solve. Please give me ___________.
A. many advice B. some advice C. an advice D. some advices
8. 【2019 甘肃省天水市】—Look! They are ___________.
—Yes. We are proud of them.
A. man scientist B. women scientists
C. woman scientists D. man scientists
二、名词所有格
1.名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式:一种是 s所有格,另一种是of所有格。如:
Beijing is China’s capital.
Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。
2.用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后一个名词后加- s。如:
This is Mary and her sister’s bedroom.这是玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。
Lily and Lucy’s mother is a nurse.莉莉和露西的妈妈是位护士。
用and连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加- s表示所有关系。如:
These are Tom’s and Mary’s bags.这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。
Wei Hua’s and John’s licenses are missing.
魏华和约翰的许可证都丢了。
3.以-s结尾的名词,在s后加-’;不以-s结尾的词在词尾加-’s。如:
教师节 Teachers’ Day 儿童节Children’s Day
4.of所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。如:
the door of the room房间的门
5.双重所有格有两种形式:①of+名词所有格;②of+名词性物主代词。如:
He is a friend of my brother’s.他是我哥哥的一个朋友。
Is she a daughter of yours 她是你的女儿吗
注意 双重所有格和一般所有格的区别:a photo of John’s(照片属于John,但照片上的人不一定是John);a photo of John(照片上的人是John本人)。
6.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上-’s代表全称。如:
at the doctor’s 在诊所
7.一些具有名词性质的复合不定代词,如someone,everybody等和else连用时,-’s应加在else后。如:
somebody else’s pencil别人的铅笔
8.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加- s或- 来构成所有格。如:
(1)用于时间
two weeks’ time 两个星期的时间
(2)用于度量
thirteen tons’ weight 13吨的重量
five hundred metres’ distance 五百米的距离
(3)用于价值
a hundred yuan’s order一百元的订货单
a million pounds’ note一百万英镑的钞票
(4)用于天体
the earth’s satellite地球卫星
(5)用于国家
Belgium’s capital 比利时的首都
(6)用于城市
Changchun’s agriculture 长春的农业
一
1.(2021·重庆中考真题)June 1st is ________ Day.
A.Children B.Children’s C.Child D.Child’s
2.(2021·贵州安顺市·中考真题)The movie named A Little Red Flower shows _________ love for their children.
A.parents B.parent’s C.parents’
3.(2021·重庆中考真题)There are many ________ teachers in this primary school.
A.woman B.woman’s C.women D.women’s
二
1. 【2020 黑龙江龙江地区中考】Look at the big and clean room. It’s ________.
A. Lucy’s and Lily’s B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily
2.【2020 郴州市】During the epidemic (疫情) many ________ in our city went to Hubei Province as volunteers.
A. woman doctor B. woman doctors C. women doctors
三
1. 【2019 江苏省连云港市】On April 24, Xie Wenjun raced to gold in the ____________ 110-meter hurdles at the Asian Athletics Championships in Qatar
A. man B. men C. men’s D. mens’
2. 【2019 山东省临沂市】If I leave my house at 9 o’clock and drive to the airport, I’ll arrive at about 11. So it’s about two ____________ drive from my house to the airport.
A. hours’ B. hour’s C. hours
3. 【2019 四川省眉山市】Upstairs are ____________ bedrooms. They are tidy and nice. But ____________ are in a mess.
A. Lily’s and Lucy’s; our B. Lily’s and Lucy’s; ours
C. Lily’s and Lucy; ours D. Lily and Lucy’s; our
4. 【2019 湖南省益阳市】Look at the two ____________ over there. They are teaching the girls to play the guitar.
A. women teachers B. woman teachers C. woman teacher
5. 【2019 甘肃省天水市】After playing football for more than half an hour, the students took ___________ rest.
A. a few minute’ s B. a little minute’ s
C. a few minutes’ D. a little minutes’
6. 【2019 广西省河池市】June lst is ___________ Day. My sister is happy on that day every year.
A. Women’ s B. Fathers’ C. Teachers’ D. Children’ s
7. 【2019 青海省中考】—Whose jackets are these
—They said they are ___________. They lost them yesterday.
A. Ours
B. Li Lei and Li Tao’ s
C. Li Lei’ s and Li Tao’ s
8. 【2019 广西省玉林市】—Are those ___________ keys, Jack
—No, they aren’ t. They’ re Uncle ___________.
A. yours;Sam’ s B. your;Sam
C. your;Sam’ s D. yours;Sam
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名词考点解析
考点一 名词辨析
常用近义词辨析
1.family,house与home
单词 意义 例句
family 指“家,家庭”,可强调家庭中的全体成员,不指住房 My family are very friendly.我的家人都很友好。
house house有“住宅,家”之意,强调房屋和居住点 They lived in a small house.他们住在一个小房子里。
home 作“家”讲时,指人们生活、居住的地方,强调居住的范围和环境 He left home for Beijing.他离开家去北京了。
2.job与work
单词 意义 例句
job 可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工” Selling newspapers is his part-time job.卖报纸是他的兼职。
work 不可数名词,指“工作,劳动” He has been out of work.他失业了。
3.problem与question
单词 意义 例句
problem 一般来说,problem总是与“困难”相联系,它可以指社会问题、教学问题,这种“问题”是“有待解决的”,常与之搭配的动词是solve They still have some serious problems to solve.他们仍有一些严重的问题需要解决。
question 总是与“疑问,质问,询问”相联系,这种“问题”是“有待回答的”,常与动词ask,answer等连用 He asked me some questions.他问了我一些问题。
4.voice,noise与sound
单词 意义 例句
voice 指人的嗓音 I recognized her voice at once.我立刻听出了她的声音。
noise 吵闹声,不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声 Don’t make so much noise.别这么大声嚷嚷。
sound 指人所听到的自然界的任何声音 I heard a strange sound from the empty room.我听到空房间里传来奇怪的声音。
5.cause,reason与excuse
单词 意义 例句
cause 造成一种事实或现象的“原因、起因”,后接介词of The police are looking into the cause of the accident.警方正在调查事故的原因。
reason 说明一种看法或行为的“理由”,后接介词for You must tell him the reason for wanting to change your job.你必须告诉他你想换工作的原因。
excuse (尤指不完全真实的)借口,托词 Late again!What’s your excuse for it this time 又迟到了!这次你的借口是什么
6.journey,trip与travel
单词 意义 例句
journey 适用范围很广,可指海、陆、空的旅行,常指距离较远的旅行,强调往返性 It’s a long journey from here to Hong Kong.从这儿到香港的旅程很远。
trip 指短时间、短距离的旅行,强调往返性,与journey可互换使用 How was your school trip to the zoo last weekend 你们上周末去动物园的学校旅行玩得怎么样
travel 泛指旅游,不侧重往返性,可以是单程旅行 Many people are fond of travel.很多人喜欢旅游。
1.(2021·四川乐山市·中考真题)—Hello! May I speak to Tony, please
— Sorry, I’m afraid you have the wrong ______.
A.telephone B.name C.number
【答案】C
【详解】句意:喂!我可以和Tony接电话吗?——对不起,恐怕你打错电话了。考查名词辨析。telephone电话;name名字;number数字。根据上句“Hello! May I speak to Tony, please ”可知,是双方在打电话;根据答语“sorry”提示可知,应是打错电话号码了。故选C。
2.(2021·甘肃天水市·中考真题)If the weather is nice, we could have a(n) ______ in the park.
A.picnic B.chance C.place D.idea
【答案】A
【详解】句意:如果天气好,我们可以在公园里野餐。考查名词辨析。picnic野餐;chance机会;place地方;idea想法。根据“If the weather is nice, we could have a(n) …in the park.”可知,如果天气好,可以在公园里野餐。故选A。
3.(2021·山东菏泽市·中考真题)—China’s high-speed railway ______ is leading the world.
—That’s right. It is moving further into the world.
A.technology B.environment C.population
【答案】A
【详解】句意:—中国高铁技术处于世界领先地位。—是的。它正在进一步走向世界。考查名词辨析。technology技术;environment环境;population人口。根据“China’s high-speed railway…is leading the world.”可知,是高铁技术,故选A。
4.(2021·山西中考真题)— Jenny, I can’t solve the problems by myself. What should I do
— Maybe working in groups is a good ______.
A.method B.survey C.report
【答案】A
【详解】句意:—Jenny,我自己解决不了这些问题。我该怎么办?—也许小组合作是个好方法。考查名词辨析。method方法;survey调查;report报告。根据“I can’t solve the problems by myself. What should I do”及“Maybe working in groups is a good…”可知,是提供解决这件事情的办法,故选A。
5.(2021·江苏南京市·中考真题)Yuan Longping was a world-famous scientist. Because of his achievements, rice ______ has been increased greatly.
A.population B.contribution C.production D.introduction
【答案】C
【详解】句意:袁隆平是世界著名的科学家,由于他的成就,水稻产量大大增加。考查名词辨析。population 人口;contribution贡献;production产量;introduction介绍。根据常识可知,由于袁隆平的成就,水稻产量大大增加。故选C。
6.(2021·江苏盐城市·中考真题)Yuan Longping and his team have solved the problem of ______ for many people.
A.hunger B.health C.pollution D.population
【答案】A
【详解】句意:袁隆平和他的团队已经解决了许多人的饥饿问题。考查名词辨析。hunger饥饿;health健康;pollution污染;population人口。根据“Yuan Longping and his team have solved the problem of…for many people.”和常识可知,袁隆平和他的团队解决的是饥饿问题,故选A。
7.(2021·湖北武汉市·中考真题)The idiom(成语) “Mengzi’s mother makes three moves” tells of a mother who did all she could to provide the best ______ for her child.
A.experience B.instruction C.environment D.information
【答案】C
【详解】句意:“孟母三迁”这个成语讲述的是一位母亲竭尽全力为孩子提供最好的环境的故事。考查名词辨析。experience经历;instruction指令;environment环境;information信息。根据“Mengzi’s mother makes three moves”及常识,可知,《孟母三迁》讲的就是一个母亲为孩子提供最好环境的故事,故选C。
8.(2021·天津中考真题)His beautiful music has brought ______ to people all over the world.
A.difficulty B.pleasure C.weather D.danger
【答案】B
【详解】句意:他优美的音乐给全世界的人带来了快乐。考查名词辨析。difficulty困难;pleasure快乐;weather天气;danger危险。根据“His beautiful music”,结合选项,可知优美的音乐可以给全世界的人带来快乐,故选B。
9.(2021·四川达州市·中考真题)If you want to be a doctor like Zhong Nanshan, hard work is the key to ______.
A.treasure B.beauty C.success D.health
【答案】C
【详解】句意:如果你想成为像钟南山那样的医生,努力工作是成功的关键。考查名词词义辨析。treasure财富;beauty美丽;success成功;health健康。根据前句“If you want to be a doctor like Zhong Nanshan,”可推知,应是努力工作是成功的关键。故选C。
10.(2021·江西中考真题)Your leg looks really bad! I think you should send for a ______ about that.
A.pilot B.doctor C.singer D.postman
【答案】B
【详解】句意:你的腿看起来很糟!我想你应该请一个医生来。考查名词辨析。pilot飞行员;doctor医生;singer歌手;postman邮递员。根据“Your leg looks really bad!”可知,应该是叫医生来。故选B。
11.(2021·江苏扬州市·中考真题)— We can always find something good in a bad ______ if we look for it.
— It’s so true. Let’s make full use of what comes.
A.situation B.direction C.instruction D.competition
【答案】A
【详解】句意:—如果我们去寻找,总能在逆境中找到好的东西。—太对了。让我们充分利用所得到的。
考查名词辨析。situation情况;direction方向;instruction指导;competition比赛。根据“We can always find something good in a bad…”可知,此处指“在不好的情况下/在逆境中”,故选A。
12.(2021·云南中考真题)Hi, Mom is a moving film. It has been on for several months in the ______.
A.museum B.bank C.library D.cinema
【答案】D
【详解】句意:《你好,李焕英》是一部感人的电影。电影院里已经上演了好几个月了。考查名词辨析。museum博物馆;bank银行;library图书馆;cinema电影院。根据“Hi, Mom is a moving film.”可知此处讲这部电影在电影院上映。故选D。
13.(2021·云南昆明市·中考真题)Zhang Guimei started the first free senior high school for girls to help them get an ______ in Lijiang, Yunnan.
A.education B.invitation C.information D.imagination
【答案】A
【详解】句意:张贵梅在云南丽江开办了第一所免费女子高中,帮助她们接受教育。考查名词辨析。education教育;invitation邀请;information信息;imagination想象。根据“Zhang Guimei started the first free senior high school for girls”可知在高中是接受教育。故选A。
考点二 名词的数和格
一、名词的数
(一)可数名词的复数形式
1.名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)与不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,名词复数形式构成的部分规则如下:
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加-s 在清辅音后读/s/在浊辅音和元音后读/z/在t后读/ts/在d后读/dz/ cake—cakesbag—bagsstudent—studentsbed—beds
以-s,-x,-sh,-ch等结尾的词 加-es 读/ z/ bus—buses box—boxes watch—watches
以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 变y为i,再加-es 读/z/ baby—babiescity—cities country—countrieslady—ladies
以元音字母加-y结尾的词 加-s 读/z/ toy—toys monkey—monkeys
以f(fe)结尾的词 变f(fe)为ves 读/vz/ leaf—leaves wolf—wolves life—lives
以-ce,-se,-ze,-(d)ge等结尾的词 加-s 读/ z/ face—faces orange—oranges
不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 读音改变 man—men woman—women foot—feet tooth—teeth
单复数形式相同 读音不变 fish—fish sheep—sheep deer—deerChinese—Chinese Japanese—Japanese
其他形式 /ma s/—/ma s/ mouse—mice
2.某国人变复数
(1)中国人Chinese→Chinese
(2)英国人Englishman→Englishmen
(3)阿拉伯人Arab→Arabs
可用口诀记忆这一点,即中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。
3.以-o结尾的名词,有些在词尾加-es,它们是“黑人英雄爱吃西红柿土豆”。如:
Negro→Negroes hero→heroes
tomato→tomatoes potato→potatoes
而其他一般在词尾加-s。如:
zoo→zoos radio→radios
4.复合名词前面的名词是man或woman,变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变成复数形式;如果是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。如:
man teacher→men teachers
boy student→boy students
5.字母、数字、引语或缩略词语的复数形式是在其后加-’s或-s。如:
There are two fs in the word“office”.
单词office里有两个f。
Many VIPs are coming to our city.许多重要人物将到我们市来。
6.有些以-f结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。如:
roof→roofs 屋顶 belief→beliefs 信仰
proof→proofs 证据 chief→chiefs 首领
(二)不可数名词的数量表达
1.概述:不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。值得我们注意的是,英语名词的可数与不可数是一个语法概念,与实际生活中某件事物的可数与不可数并不完全一致。
2.表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,用“数词或冠词+计量名词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,计量名词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后的名词只用原形。如:
a piece of paper一张纸
a drop of water一滴水
two cups of tea两杯茶
(三)注意
1.有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。如:
work(工作)—a work(一部著作)
glass(玻璃)—a glass(一个玻璃杯)
paper(纸)—a paper(一份报纸/文件/试卷)
tea(茶)—a tea(一杯茶)
wood(木头)—a wood(一片树林)
room(空间)—a room(一个房间)
2.有些名词虽以-s结尾,但它们不是复数。如:
physics物理,maths数学,politics政治,news新闻
3.“数词+名词(+形容词)”构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式,必须用单数形式。如:
She is a five-year-old girl.她是一个五岁的女孩。
(five-year-old不能说成five-years-old)
a five-pound note 一张五英镑的纸币
a six-foot-deep hole 一个六英尺深的洞
a two-inch-thick dictionary 一本两英寸厚的字典
a 100-meter race一场百米赛跑
一
1.(2021·湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州·中考真题)My uncle works in a hospital, and he is a ______.
A.doctors B.nurses C.doctor
【答案】C
【详解】句意:我的叔叔在医院工作,他是一名医生。考查名词辨析。doctors医生,复数形式;nurses护士,复数形式;doctor医生,单数形式。冠词a修饰名词的单数形式,故选C。
2.(2021·湖南岳阳市·中考真题)We see some______ rising into the air at the opening of our new library.
A.balloons B.balloon C.balloones
【答案】A
【详解】句意:在我们新图书馆的开馆仪式上,我们看到一些气球升到空中。考查名词复数。balloon可数名词,此前有some修饰,使用名词复数,balloon的复数是balloons,故选A。
二
1. 【2020 四川省达州市中考】— It’s said that the two _________ doctors have just come back from Wuhan.
— Yeah, I know them. They are both already in their _________.
A. woman;sixty B. women;sixtieth C. women;sixties D. woman;sixties
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——听说这两位女医生刚从武汉回来。——是的,我认识她们。她们都已经六十多岁了。
考查名词复数和年龄段表达。根据英语语法,以man、woman修饰的职业名称变复数时,man、woman也要变成复数,第一空后名词doctors为复数,故woman应用复数形式women,A、D选项可排除;“in one’s +基数词复数”为固定搭配,意为“在某人几十岁时”,第二空应填sixty的复数形式sixties,故选C。
2. 【2020 四川省凉山中考】It's dangerous for us to give too much ___________about ourselves on the Internet.
A. messages B. suggestions C. preparation D. information
【答案】D
【解析】句意:对我们来说,在网上给太多关于我们自己的信息很危险。考查名词。messages 短信,信息,可数名词;suggestions建议;preparation准备;information 信息,不可数名词。根据 “about ourselves on the Internet”可知此处指的是在网上发布太多关于自己的个人信息很危险的;too much修饰不可数名词,表示“太多的”;此处用不可数名词information。故选D。
3. 【2020 重庆中考】Would you send me some ________of yours I miss you very much!
A. magazines B. photos C. money D. advice
【答案】B
【解析】句意:你能给我寄一些你的照片吗?我非常想你!考查名词辨析。magazines杂志;photos照片;money钱;advice建议,根据I miss you very much!可知非常想念对方,由此推断把照片寄过来,
故选B。
5.【2020 贵州黔南州】About 200__________ went to see the Asian Fashion Show last night.
A. German B. Australian C. Chinese D. American
【答案】C
【解析】句意:昨晚大约200名中国人去看亚洲时装表演了。考查名词复数。German德国人;Australian澳大利亚人;Chinese中国人;American美国人。空前有基数词200,因此这个空应用复数形式,A、B和D三个选项都是单数,C选项Chinese是单复数同形,故选C。
6.【2020 湖北省恩施州】Wuhan, one of the most important ________ in China, is famous for the Yellow Crane Tower.
A.cities B.citys C.city
【答案】A
【解析】句意:武汉是中国最重要的城市之一,以黄鹤楼而闻名。本题考查名词复数。city城市,以辅音字母加y结尾,变复数时,把y变为i再加es,city的复数为cities。one of the +形容词的最高级+复数名词,表示最......的......之一。故选A。
7.【2020 岳阳市】Mike doesn’t have enough money, so he can only afford____________.
A. a bread B. too much bread C. a piece of bread
【答案】C
【解析】句意:迈克没有足够的钱,所以他只能买得起一块面包。考查名词的数。a bread错误结构;too much bread太多的面包;a piece of bread一块面包;根据句意理解及前句Mike doesn’t have enough money可知,这里应该是说“只能买很少的面包”,所以B选项排除,而英语中bread是一个不可数名词,不能直接与冠词连用,表达复数只能用量词表达,故选C。
8.【2020 湘西土家族苗族自治州】Annie took a lot of___________ with her mobile phone when she visited the Great Wall last summer holiday.
A. photo B. photoes C. photos
【答案】C
【解析】句意:去年暑假,Annie参观了长城的时候用手机拍了许多照片。考查名词复数。photo 照片(单数);photoes 形式错误;photos 照片(复数)。take photos 拍照。以-o结尾的单词,有生命加-es;无生命加-s。照片属于无生命。故选C。
三
1.【2019 广西省百色市】 I’d like some ____________ and ____________.
A. banana; tomato B. bananas; tomato
C. bananas; tomatoes D. banana; tomatoes
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我想要一些香蕉和西红柿。banana和 tomato都是可数名词,some后接复数形式。所以选C。
2. 【2019 湖南省岳阳市】We should brush our ____________ every day.
A. tooth B. teeth C. hand
【答案】B
【解析】句意:我们应该每天刷牙。结合选项,A. 牙齿,单数,B. 牙齿,复数;C. 手。选项B符合题意. 一口牙有好多,故用复数。 故选B。
3. 【2019 四川省凉山州】Hurry up! Some ____________ and ____________ are on sale in the supermarket.
A. tomato; egg B. tomatoes; egg
C. tomatoes; eggs D. tomato; eggs
【答案】C
【解析】tomato西红柿;egg鸡蛋;tomatoes西红柿,复数形式;eggs鸡蛋,复数形式. 根据空格前面的词语是some,所以空格处要用复数名词来填空,因此可知这句话的意思是"快点!超市里一些西红柿和鸡蛋在促销。 "故选C。
4. 【2019 湖南省郴州市】—I know little about this product.
—Surf the Internet, and you will get much ____________ about it.
A. information B. message C. suggestion
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——关于这个产品我知道的很少。——上网,你会得到关于它许多信息。A. information信息,不可数名词;B. message消息,可数名词单数;C. suggestion建议,可数名词单数。much修饰不可数名词,这里用information,根据题意,故选A。
5. 【2019 黑龙江省哈尔滨市】Tim got four ____________ from his relatives on Children s Day.
A. toy B. toys C. toies
【答案】B
【解析】toy的词尾是元音字母加y,故其复数形式在词尾加s即可。故选B。
6. 【2019 四川省自贡市】—What else do we need to make cold beef ?
—____________.
A. Two spoons salt B. Two spoons of salts C. Two spoons of salt
【答案】C
【解答】句意:——我们还需要什么来做冷牛肉呢?——两勺盐。根据问句"我们还需要什么来做冷牛肉呢"可知答语为"两勺盐"。答语中的salt为不可数名词,没有复数形式,表示两勺……时,用two spoons of…故选C。
7. 【2019 黑龙江省大庆市】The problems are difficult to solve. Please give me ___________.
A. many advice B. some advice C. an advice D. some advices
【答案】B
【解析】句意:这些问题很难解决。请给我一些建议。advice"建议",是不可数名词,前面不能用many或an来修饰,排除A、C;不可数名词无复数形式,排除D。故答案为B。
8. 【2019 甘肃省天水市】—Look! They are ___________.
—Yes. We are proud of them.
A. man scientist B. women scientists
C. woman scientists D. man scientists
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——看!她们是女科学家。——是的,我们为她们感到骄傲。根据空前面的they are判断,此处为可数名词的复数,排除A;man和woman表示性别,作定语修饰名词变复数时,与后面的可数名词都要变复数,C、D中的woman与man都是单数形式,应排除;woman和scientist都要变成复数,woman复数为women,scientist的复数为scientists。故答案为B。
二、名词所有格
1.名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式:一种是 s所有格,另一种是of所有格。如:
Beijing is China’s capital.
Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。
2.用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后一个名词后加- s。如:
This is Mary and her sister’s bedroom.这是玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。
Lily and Lucy’s mother is a nurse.莉莉和露西的妈妈是位护士。
用and连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加- s表示所有关系。如:
These are Tom’s and Mary’s bags.这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。
Wei Hua’s and John’s licenses are missing.
魏华和约翰的许可证都丢了。
3.以-s结尾的名词,在s后加-’;不以-s结尾的词在词尾加-’s。如:
教师节 Teachers’ Day 儿童节Children’s Day
4.of所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。如:
the door of the room房间的门
5.双重所有格有两种形式:①of+名词所有格;②of+名词性物主代词。如:
He is a friend of my brother’s.他是我哥哥的一个朋友。
Is she a daughter of yours 她是你的女儿吗
注意 双重所有格和一般所有格的区别:a photo of John’s(照片属于John,但照片上的人不一定是John);a photo of John(照片上的人是John本人)。
6.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上-’s代表全称。如:
at the doctor’s 在诊所
7.一些具有名词性质的复合不定代词,如someone,everybody等和else连用时,-’s应加在else后。如:
somebody else’s pencil别人的铅笔
8.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加- s或- 来构成所有格。如:
(1)用于时间
two weeks’ time 两个星期的时间
(2)用于度量
thirteen tons’ weight 13吨的重量
five hundred metres’ distance 五百米的距离
(3)用于价值
a hundred yuan’s order一百元的订货单
a million pounds’ note一百万英镑的钞票
(4)用于天体
the earth’s satellite地球卫星
(5)用于国家
Belgium’s capital 比利时的首都
(6)用于城市
Changchun’s agriculture 长春的农业
一
1.(2021·重庆中考真题)June 1st is ________ Day.
A.Children B.Children’s C.Child D.Child’s
【答案】B
【详解】句意:六月一日是儿童节。
考查名词所有格中节日的表达。Children’s Day儿童节,固定表达。故选B。
2.(2021·贵州安顺市·中考真题)The movie named A Little Red Flower shows _________ love for their children.
A.parents B.parent’s C.parents’
【答案】C
【详解】句意:电影《送你一朵小红花》展现了父母对孩子的爱。
考查所有格。此处表达的是“父母的爱”,parents是以s结尾的复数名词,所有格直接加’即可,故选C。
3.(2021·重庆中考真题)There are many ________ teachers in this primary school.
A.woman B.woman’s C.women D.women’s
【答案】C
【详解】句意:这所小学有许多女教师。
考查复合名词的复数。many修饰名词复数,woman作定语时,woman与被修饰的名词都要变复数,women teachers女教师,故选C。
二
1. 【2020 黑龙江龙江地区中考】Look at the big and clean room. It’s ________.
A. Lucy’s and Lily’s B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily
【答案】B
【解析】句意:看那间又大又干净的房间。是露西和莉莉(共用)的房间。考查名词所有格。A. Lucy’s and Lily’s指两人各自拥有的东西;B. Lucy and Lily’s指两人共有的东西;C. Lucy’s and Lily无此表达方式。根据上句room提示,只有一个房间,故指的是露西和莉莉两人共有的房间。故选B。
2.【2020 郴州市】During the epidemic (疫情) many ________ in our city went to Hubei Province as volunteers.
A. woman doctor B. woman doctors C. women doctors
【答案】C
【解析】句意:在疫情期间,我们市的许多女医生以志愿者的身份前往湖北省。
考查名词作定语。woman doctor 女医生;woman doctors 表述错误;women doctors 女医生。当名词作定语修饰复数名词时,名词为人的职业时,woman也要变为复数形式。故选C。
三
1. 【2019 江苏省连云港市】On April 24, Xie Wenjun raced to gold in the ____________ 110-meter hurdles at the Asian Athletics Championships in Qatar
A. man B. men C. men’s D. mens’
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意:4月24日,谢文俊在卡塔尔亚洲田径锦标赛男子110米跨栏上获得了金牌。A.男人(单数);B.男人(复数);C.男人的;D.形式错误,应为men’s。根据hurdles可知,应用men,译为"男人的110米栏",用名词所有格,men后没有s,用’s,故选C。
2. 【2019 山东省临沂市】If I leave my house at 9 o’clock and drive to the airport, I’ll arrive at about 11. So it’s about two ____________ drive from my house to the airport.
A. hours’ B. hour’s C. hours
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意:如果我9点离开家开车去机场,我将在11点左右到达。所以从我家到机场大约有两个小时的车程。基数词two后用名词复数,故填hours,此处指"两个小时的车程",用名词所有格,故在hours后加’。故选A。
3. 【2019 四川省眉山市】Upstairs are ____________ bedrooms. They are tidy and nice. But ____________ are in a mess.
A. Lily’s and Lucy’s; our B. Lily’s and Lucy’s; ours
C. Lily’s and Lucy; ours D. Lily and Lucy’s; our
【答案】B
【解析】句意:楼上是李莉和露西的房间,他们很整洁,但是我们的很混乱。第一空处根据bedrooms复数可知,表示李莉和露西分别拥有的房间,Lily and Lucy’s表示两者共有,Lily’s and Lucy’s表示两者分别拥有,排除C和D;第二空处译为"我们的",且空后无名词,用名词性物主代词ours,故选B。
4. 【2019 湖南省益阳市】Look at the two ____________ over there. They are teaching the girls to play the guitar.
A. women teachers B. woman teachers C. woman teacher
【答案】A
【解析】考查可数名词复数用法。句意:看看那边的两个女老师。她们在教那个女生弹吉他。根据空格前的two可知用复数;"女老师"的复数形式是women teachers,故选A。
5. 【2019 甘肃省天水市】After playing football for more than half an hour, the students took ___________ rest.
A. a few minute’ s B. a little minute’ s
C. a few minutes’ D. a little minutes’
【答案】C
【解析】句意:踢了半个多小时的足球后,学生们休息了几分钟。a little"有点儿",修饰不可数名词,minute是可数名词,首先排除B、D;a few修饰可数名词,后跟名词复数形式,复数名词的所有格直接在s的后面加"’ "。故答案为C。
6. 【2019 广西省河池市】June lst is ___________ Day. My sister is happy on that day every year.
A. Women’ s B. Fathers’ C. Teachers’ D. Children’ s
【答案】C
【解析】句意:六月一日是儿童节,每年那一天我的妹妹都非常开心。
Women’ s妇女的;Fathers’ 父亲的;Teachers’ 老师的;Children’ s儿童的。根据句意June 1st和常识可知,6月1日是儿童节。故应选D。
7. 【2019 青海省中考】—Whose jackets are these
—They said they are ___________. They lost them yesterday.
A. Ours
B. Li Lei and Li Tao’ s
C. Li Lei’ s and Li Tao’ s
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——这些是谁的夹克 ——他们说是李雷和林涛的。他们昨天丢了。句中jackets是复数,说明"夹克"是李雷和林涛各自所有的,所以分别都要用所有格,句意:他们说是李雷和林涛的。他们昨天丢了。 故选C。
8. 【2019 广西省玉林市】—Are those ___________ keys, Jack
—No, they aren’ t. They’ re Uncle ___________.
A. yours;Sam’ s B. your;Sam
C. your;Sam’ s D. yours;Sam
【答案】C
【解析】根据题干可知说话人询问杰克这些钥匙是不是他的,第一空缺一个形容词修饰keys,则应填写形容词性物主代词your,表示你的。其次根据No可知这些钥匙是萨姆叔叔的,Sam和key是所属关系,则第二空应填写Sam’ s.
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