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高中英语新人教版选择性必修四 U3 Sea Exploration 学案
学生姓名 班级 序号
课题内容 选择性必修四U3 Sea Exploration同步语法精讲
学习目标 掌握本单元重点语法不定式在句中做定语；表语，主语等成分灵活运用该语法；
学习重点 本单元重点句型；
学习难点 不定式在句中做定语，表语和宾补足语等成功；
语法精讲·-不定式
不定式作表语(Infinitives as the predicative)
一、动词不定式的形式
动词不定式有一般式、进行式和完成式三种时态; 有主动和被动两种语态。动词不定式的一般式指现在或将来, 动词不定式的完成式指过去。否定式将“not”放在不定式符号“to”之前。动词不定式的基本形式有:
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to do / not(never) to do (not) to be done
进行式 to be doing —
完成式 to have done to have been done
(1)不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动作之后或同时发生。
*(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)I’ve had many dreams since I was a child. Now my dream is to open a cafe.
从小时候以来, 我有很多梦想。现在我的梦想是开一间咖啡馆。
(2)不定式的进行式表示其动作正在进行, 与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。
*When her parents came back last night, she happened to be doing her homework.
当她的父母昨晚回来的时候, 她碰巧正在做作业。
(3)不定式的完成式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动词之前。
*They are said to have just finished cleaning their bedrooms.
据说他们刚刚打扫完卧室。
(4)动词不定式的被动语态 : 在不定式中, 如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者, 不定式用被动语态。
*The celebrations have to be put off because of the stormy weather.
由于暴风雨天气, 庆祝活动不得不推迟。
二、不定式作表语
1. 不定式作表语时常见的动词
不定式作表语时, 一般紧紧跟在系动词后面, 如be, seem, remain, appear, get等, 用来说明主语的内容。
*(2019 北京高考) The best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals.
打造一支出色的队伍最好的方法是把最有才华的个人聚到一起。
*To know everything is to know nothing.
百事皆通, 百事不能。
*(2019 全国卷I)The efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be paying off.
坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局所做的努力似乎正在得到回报。
【名师点津】
主语和表语都是不定式(其含义往往一是条件, 一是结果)。
*To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
对敌人善良就是对人民的残忍。
*To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
为了做到这将是削足适履。
2. 主语是以way, aim, duty, hope, dream, idea, intention, purpose, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion, task等抽象名词为中心词的名词词组, 常在“be动词”后作表语。
*(2020· 天津高考)One way to begin is to answer your own excuses.
开始的方式之一就是回答你自己的借口。
*The aim is to get the hotel off the ground by 2025 and make it fully operational for travel by 2027.
这家太空旅馆计划在2025年前建成, 并在2027年前全面投入运营。
*“The immediate goal is to bring the pandemic under control. ” said WTO Director-General Roberto Azevedo.
世贸组织总干事阿泽维多表示, 目前首要目标是控制疫情。
*The great happiness is to serve the people.
最大的幸福就是为人民服务。
【名师点津】动名词和不定式在句中作表语的区别
(1)一般情况下, 区别不大, 可通用。
*Seeing is believing. =To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
(2)动名词表示的动作较抽象或是习惯性的, 而不定式表示某次具体的动作。
*My job is typing papers.
我的工作就是打印文件。
*My job now is to type these papers.
我现在的工作就是打印这些文件。
3. what 引导的名词性从句, 后面的不定式说明其内容。
*What I would suggest is to start work at once.
我要建议的是现在就开始工作。
4. 在某些句型中, 当主语部分有动作动词do及其不同形式时, 作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”。
*All we have to do is push the button.
我们所能做的就是按下按钮。
*The only thing I can do is accompany you to the end of the world.
我唯一能做的就是陪伴你走到世界尽头。
5. 疑问词 + 不定式结构作表语
疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why后加动词不定式构成不定式短语, 它在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
*The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown by the passengers.
问题是如何处理乘客们丢弃的垃圾。
*Perhaps the most difficult challenge is how to survive without friends.
也许最难熬的挑战, 就是生活中孤独无友。
6. 有些作表语的不定式, 在结构上是主动的, 但在意义上却是被动的。
*She is to blame.
她应该受到责备。
*The house is to let. 此房出租。
【名师点津】不定式表将来
“be+动词不定式”结构可以表示多种不同的语义。
(1)表示“计划”或“安排”。
*Sweden is to close all high schools and universities from Wednesday
瑞典将从周三起关闭所有高中和大学。
(2)表示“命令”。一般译为“必须”或“不准”。
*This naughty boy is to stay here until class is over.
这个淘气的男孩必须待在这里直到下课。
(3)表示“应该”。
*You have done so well. You are to be rewarded.
你做得很好。你应该被奖励。
(4)表示“不可避免”或“注定发生”, 意为“必定”。
*Your plan is to be a failure.
你的计划注定失败。
不定式作主语
不定式作主语, 表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作; 在很多情况下, 人们通常用it作为形式上的主语, 而把不定式移到谓语之后, 使句子结构显得平稳一些。
*To know something about English is one thing; to know English is quite another. 懂一点英语是一回事; 掌握英语完全是另一回事。
*It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking efforts.
想不下苦功就能学会一门外语是不可能的。
一、动词不定式作主语
1. 不定式具有名词的特征, 可在句子中充当主语。
*To know oneself is difficult. 人贵有自知之明。
*To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.
爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。
【名师点津】 不定式和动名词作主语的区别
不定式: 表示具体的某次动作, 特别是将来的动作
*To teach you the uses of the infinitive is my job today. (表具体行为)
教你们不定式的用法是我今天的工作。
动词-ing形式: 表示比较抽象的、经常性的、一般性动作
*Teaching is my job. (表抽象行为)教学是我的工作。
2. 不定式和when/where/how/what/whether等连用, 在句子中作主语。
*Whether to do it hasn’t been decided. 是否去做还没有决定。
二、it作形式主语句型
1. It is+形容词+(for/of sb. )+to do sth.
*It is necessary for us to master a foreign language.
我们有必要掌握一门外语。
*It is very kind of you to help us.
你帮助我们真是太好了。
【名师点津】 区别for 与of
(1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点, 表示客观形式的形容词, 如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等。
*It’s very hard for him to study two languages.
对他来说学两门语言是很难的。
(2)of sb. 的句型一般用表示人物的性格、品质, 表示主观感情或态度的形容词, 如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等。
*It’s very nice of you to help me.
你来帮助我, 真是太好了。
2. It is +a/an +名词(如a pity/a shame/a pleasure/one’s duty/an honor. . . )+ to do. . .
*It’s a great honor to be invited to your birthday party.
很荣幸被邀请参加你的生日聚会。
3. It takes/costs/requires/makes sb. /sth. to do sth.
*It took me two hours to finish the work.
我完成那项工作用了两小时。
【名师点津】
在It is + no use/no good/useless/fun/enjoyable/tiring/interesting/foolish/nice/a waste of time/ a pleasure. . . 句型中常用动名词形式作真正的主语。
*It is no use waiting here doing nothing.
无所事事地等待是没有用的。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.Guide dogs open up the lives of the blind or the (visual) impaired.
2.To make their travel more convenient,they decided to build an (arch) bridge.
3.One of the most important changes concerns the (invest) of pension contributions.
4.As is reported on TV,the fires are likely to (permanent) deforest the land.
5.Even gentle and artful (criticize) takes courage—a courage I haven’t always had.
6.Many people made up their minds to take part in the (memory) activity on Sunday.
参考答案：
单句语法：
【答案】visually；【答案】arched；【答案】investment
【答案】permanently
【答案】criticism
【答案】memorial
【答案】to build trust
【答案】to share her love
【答案】awaken our interests
【答案】was to make
【答案】was to see
【答案】to have a chance
【答案】is to inspire
【答案】is to find
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高中英语新教材选择性必修四U3 Sea Exploration同步训练
1.语法专练
1.我们现在需要做的是建立我们和客户之间的信任。
What we will do at present is between us and our customers.
2.那位歌手说她演唱这首歌的目的是和粉丝分享她对音乐的热爱。
The singer said that her intention of performing the song was for music with her fans.
3.此次巡游旨在唤起我们对外国文化的兴趣和理解。
The aim of the cruise was to in and our understanding of foreign cultures.
4.试行的目的就是要让人们熟悉新法规。
The goal of the experiment the people familiar with the new laws.
5.使他感到惊奇的是看到那么多人坐在教室的后面。
What made him surprised so many people seated at the back of the classroom.
6.他一生中最大的梦想就是能有机会环游世界。
His biggest dream in life is to travel around the world.
7.学校美术教育的目的是激发学生的创造力。
The purpose of art education in schools students to be creative.
8.他大学毕业后的打算是找个他喜欢的工作。
His intention after graduation from college a job he likes.
阅读理解
A
Are you looking for a place to spend a holiday Here are two great beaches for you to consider.
Yasawa Island Beach，Fiji
The Yasawa Islands are popular for unspoiled(未经破坏的) beaches and clear blue green waters.Many mountains stand nearby as well.They offer people a much needed break from their busy lives.With natural beauty and a lot of sunshine，the islands have become a perfect place to relax.Popular with backpackers，the South Pacific islands also offer many activities such as sailing，visiting local villages and enjoying an evening on the beach with campfires and barbecues.In particular，the Yasawa Island Beach is an affordable relaxing place for tourists.
Eagle Beach，Aruba
Even if you are not one of many American students taking a break from the stresses of college life，you have probably heard people talk about the island—how it offers wild adventures and relaxing activities.No one can say “no” to its Caribbean charm(魅力)．In particular，if you have been to Eagle Beach，you will never regret the trip to Aruba.Like an eagle that spreads its wings widely，the beach is known for its long coastline.The Eagle Beach is also known for its soft white sands and clear waters.However，what you can see is not just a wide view of sand and sea.If you’re lucky，you can observe sea turtle hatchlings(幼崽) as they make their way to the ocean.
21．What are the Yasawa Islands popular for
A．Beaches and waters.
B．Campfires and barbecues.
C．Warm weather all the year round.
D．Different kinds of exciting activities.
22．What can be inferred about the Aruba Island
A．People often talk about the island.
B．The island’s charm is widely known.
C．American students often go to the island.
D．The wild adventures are attractive to the locals.
23．The Eagle Beach is most probably a popular place for .
A．people to hold parties
B．sea turtles to lay eggs
C．birds to look for food
D．eagles to have a rest
B
I really love my job because I enjoy working with small children and like the challenges and awards from the job. I also think my work is important. There was a time when I thought I would never have that sort of career.
I wasn’t an excellent student because I didn’t do much schoolwork. In my final term I started thinking what I might do and found I didn’t have much to offer. I just accepted that I wasn’t the type to have a career.
I then found myself a job—looking after two little girls. It wasn’t too bad at first. But the problems began when I agreed to live in so that I would be there if my boss had to go out for business in the evening. We agreed that if I had to work extra hours one week, she’d give me time off the next. But unfortunately, it didn’t often work out. I was getting extremely tired and fed up, because I had too many late nights and early mornings with the children.
One Sunday, I was in the park with the children, and met Megan who used to go to school with me. I told her about my situation. She suggested that I should do a course and get a qualification if I wanted to work with children. I didn’t think I would be accepted because I didn’t take many exams in school. She persuaded me to phone the local college and they were really helpful. My experience counted for a lot and I got on a part-time course. I had to leave my job with the family, and got work helping out at a kindergarten.
Now I’ve got a full-time job there. I shall always be thankful to Megan. I wish I had known earlier that you could have a career, even if you aren’t top of the class at school.
5. What is the author’s present job
A. Working part-time in a college.
B. Taking care of children for a family.
C. Helping children with their schoolwork.
D. Looking after children at a kindergarten.
6. When staying with the two girls’ family, the author ______.
A. was paid for extra work
B. often worked long hours
C. got much help from her boss
D. took a day off every other week
7. Why did the author leave her first job
A. She found a full-time job.
B. She was fed up with children.
C. She decided to attend a part-time course.
D. She needed a rest after working extra hours.
8. What has the author learned from her own experiences
A. Less successful students can still have a career.
B. Qualifications are necessary for a career.
C. Hard work makes an excellent student.
D. One must choose the job he likes.
Ⅱ. 完形填空
The assessor (估价员)approached a farmhouse. When he 1 the farmhouse door, he thought, “Not much value here. The surroundings look very poor. ” But the room he entered was 2 and warm. The couple were aged. He 3 a form from his bag and said, “I’m a assessor. I’m here to 4 your possessions, sir, to determine your wealth. Will you 5 my questions ”
“Oh, we have great possessions, ”they quickly replied. With a pencil prepared, the assessor waited for the items to 6 .
“We put a high value on our love. It began such a long time ago. Each passing year has 7 the tie. That increases the value, you know. Our 8 is more precious than silver and gold. We enjoy each day as it comes and goes, 9 many people are complaining. We’ve quite an enormous 10 of relics, too. Any price you would name would be 11 : a soft golden curl of hair, a pair of little worn shoes, and the fingerprints there on the wall. We’ve a special interest in heaven, too. ”
The 12 assessor squirmed (扭动) uncomfortably. He found it hard to relax, and said, “You truly have great possessions, but I can assess none of them. ”
“We have no possessions to lock, ”they explained calmly, “and our possessions are quite 13 . Our possessions are the things that we 14 . There’s one more thing that is quite 15 : we hold a title ’To a building in the skies’. ”
The assessor bowed himself out. The richest couple he had ever known were entirely exempt (被免除) from assessment.
1. A. looked into B. knocked at
C. cleaned up D. looked for
2. A. comfortable B. strange
C. narrow D. attractive
3. A. borrowed B. demanded
C. selected D. completed
4. A. assess B. acquire C. buy D. rent
5. A. raise B. answer C. face D. judge
6. A. make B. accept C. find D. list
7. A. strengthened B. weakened
C. loosened D. cut
8. A. success B. money C. health D. house
9. A. behind B. while C. because D. until
10. A. wealth B. burden
C. discussion D. requirement
11. A. high B. funny C. low D. unique
12. A. annoyed B. disappointed
C. excited D. astonished
13. A. similar B. different C. personal D. useful
14. A. touch B. feel C. gain D. hear
15. A. vital B. normal C. formal D. cheap
III.语法填空
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. Kung fu, 1. __________ (especial), has had a great effect 2. __________ millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about some other 3. __________ (aspect) of this culture. Other Asian nations have long known about the 4. __________(great) of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are 5. __________ mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted Confucianism, something that continues today even as it 6. __________ (challenge) by pop culture. This strength comes from the ideas 7. __________ (give) in the Four Books of Confucianism, which built upon the ideas of an even 8. __________ (much) ancient period codified (编纂) in the Five Classics. From then, the West learns 9. __________ is uniquely Chinese, for example, Feng shui. So far China has taken steps 10. __________ (further) this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.
参考答案：
1. To complete that building 2. to smoke so much.
3. To respect others
4. to master a language.
5. to hear him talk like that.
6. What to do
7. to be out here
8. for you to lock the car w.
9. to complete the project.
10. of you to think
阅读： ABB; DBCA
完形填空1. 选B。2. 【解析】选A。3. 【解析】选C。4. 【解析】选A。5. 【解析】选B。6. 【解析】选D。逻辑推理题。7.【解析】选A。8.【解析】选C。
9. 【解析】选B。10. 【解析】选A。11.【解析】选C。12. 【解析】选D。13. 【解析】选B。14. 【解析】选B。15. 【解析】选A。
语法填空：
1. especially。 2. 【解析】on。3. aspects。4. greatness。5. a。考查冠词。6. is challenged。7. given。8. more。
9. what。10. to further。。
同步训练
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