(共28张PPT)
Unit 1 Cultural Heritage
Discovering Useful Structures
限制性定语从句(3)
语法精讲·思维构建
【语法感知】
观察下列课文原句并回答问题
1. There comes a time when the old must give way to the new, and it is not possible to preserve everything from our past as we move towards the future.
2. Water from the dam would likely damage a number of temples and destroy cultural relics that(which) were an important part of Egypt ’s cultural heritage.
3. After listening to the scientists who(that) had studied the problem, and citizens who(that) lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help in 1959.
4. Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water.
5. Not only had the countries found a path to the future that(which) did not run over the relics of the past, but they had also learnt that it was possible for countries to work together to build a better tomorrow.
【归纳填空】
【语法精讲】
一、定语从句的概述
定语从句 可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
关
系
词 关系代词 who; whom; whose; which; that; as
关系副词 when; where; why
*(2020·浙江高考)Each play has a theme or central idea which the playwright hopes to get across through dialogue and action.
每一部剧都有一个剧作家希望通过对话和动作传达的主题或中心思想。
*This is the woman whose name is known all over the country.
这是一位名字被整个国家所熟知的女士。
*(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Molai went looking on his own and discovered a nearby island where he began to plant trees.
Molai自己去看了看, 发现了一个附近可以栽树的小岛。
【名师点津】先行词与关系词
1. 先行词: 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
2. 关系词: 引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
3. 关系词通常有下列三个作用: (1)引导定语从句; (2)代替先行词; (3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。
4. 关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语; 关系副词在从句中作状语。
【即学活用】语法填空。
(1)(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot
______it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
(2)(2019·浙江高考)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth __________
gives off light in the dark.
(3)(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)We are the products of evolution(进化), and not just evolution
__________occurred billions of years ago.
(4)The reason ____I learned to cook was that my mother could rest after she finished
her work.
where
that/which
that(which)
why
(5)(2019·江苏高考)We have entered into an age _____dreams have the best chance
of coming true.
(6)(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Children _________play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later
develop better spatial skills.
when
who(that)
二、关系代词和关系副词的区别
定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的判断方法:
用法 依据
根据从句的谓语动词 若是及物动词, 后面若无宾语, 用关系代词; 若是不及物动词, 则用关系副词
根据关系词在从句中作的成分 把关系词放进定语从句中, 若作主语或宾语用关系代词; 若作状语用关系副词
*An Internet celebrity bumps into an apple seller who/that looks like a cheater on her way back home. (作主语)
一个网络名人在回家的路上碰到了一个看起来像骗子的卖苹果的人。
*A class is like a family where I should get along well with others. (作状语)
一个班级就像一个大家庭, 在这个大家庭里我应该与其他人好好相处。
【名师点津】
关系副词when, where引导的定语从句可以转化为“介词+which”引导的定语从句; 而why引导的定语从句可以转换为“for which”引导的定语从句。
【即学活用】用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空
(1)(2020· 天津高考)Directed sound is a new technology ___________allows
companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights are used in the theater.
(2)Next came the moment _____I asked them to have a try themselves.
(3)(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The village lay near some wetlands ___________became
his second home.
(4)(2020· 天津高考)They have transformed themselves into places ______you can
develop your love of knowledge.
(5)The reason ____I can ’t go is that I had a fall yesterday and injured my foot badly.
that (which)
when
which (that)
where
why
(6)(2019·天津高考)Their child is at the stage ______she can say individual words
but not full sentences.
where
三、介词+关系代词
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时, 我们通常用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。关系代词只能用which或whom。先行词指物时, 用which; 先行词指人时, 用whom。在这个结构中, 介词的确定原则是:
1. 依据定语从句中动词或形容词等所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
*She devotes herself to her common but useful work, on which she spends more than 9 hours a day.
她致力于这项普通但很有用的工作, 每天花在这项工作上的时间超过9个小时。
*More importantly, there are teachers online to whom you can turn for help.
更为重要的是, 有一些你可以求助的在线老师。
2. 根据主句与从句之间的逻辑关系判断介词。
*On New Year ’s Eve, we will go outside to light crackers and fireworks, after which we will come home to make dumplings.
在除夕夜, 我们将到外面放烟花爆竹, 之后我们回家包水饺。
3. 表示“整体和部分关系”, 介词常用of。与此同时, 在介词of之前常用一些代词或数词: some, any, few, none, all, both, neither, most, each, 百分数等。
*There are 50 students in our class, all of whom work hard and behave well.
我们班有50名学生, 我们都学习很努力, 并且表现很好。
4. 根据意思也可用复杂介词, 如 by means of, as a result of, in front of, in the back of等。
*I am good at spoken English, as a result of which I can communicate with foreigners fluently.
我擅长英语口语, 因此我能够流利地和外国人交流。
5. “the+名词+of+which/whom/of+which /whom+the+名词” 引导的定语从句, 可与“ whose+名词”替换。
*We ’ve planned to hold an English drama festival, the theme of which/ of which the theme is Love English & Love Drama.
→We ’ve planned to hold an English drama festival, whose theme is Love English & Love Drama.
我们计划举办一个英语戏剧节, 它的主题是“爱英语, 爱戏剧”。
【名师点津】
在定语从句中, 有一些含介词的动词短语不可拆开使用, 如look after, look for等。
The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy. (正确)
The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy. (错误)
【即学活用】
用适当的“介词+关系代词”填空。
(1)Chinese medicine is part of our Chinese traditional culture, the value ________is
gradually recognized by the world.
(2)You should make some Chinese friends __________you can communicate
frequently.
(3)It has been my ideal university, _________I have studied hard for many years.
(4)Then we looked around and found a stick, __________we got the kite down.
(5)I plan to do many things, one ________is making a trip to some places of interest
together with my good friends.
of which
with whom
for which
with which
of which
四、定语从句中关系词的省略
1. 定语从句的先行词在定语从句中作宾语时, 关系词通常省略。
*Who is the man (that/who/whom) you were talking to
刚才和你讲话的人是谁
2. 当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时, 可以省略。
China is not the country (that) it was.
中国已不是过去的中国了。
3. 先行词是way, reason, time, place等, 且它们在定语从句中分别作方式、原因、时间和地点状语时, 其后定语从句的相应关系词that/in which, why/that, when, where等可以省略。
*(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)After a while, she apologized for the way(that/in which) she behaved at the beginning.
过了一会, 她为自己刚开始的行为道歉。
*The reason (why/that) he wanted to sell his house was that he needed a lot of money for his operation.
他想卖掉房子的原因是他的手术需要很多钱。
4. 由and, but, or等并列连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰同一个先行词时, 第一个关系词可以省略, 但第二、三个一般不可以省略。
*The book (which) you are reading and which is read by many young people is written by Mark Twain.
你正在读的并且被许多年轻人读的那本书是马克·吐温写的。
学情诊断 课堂测评
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. 68 Chinese cultural relics __________ had been taken to the UK recently were
returned to their homeland.
2. Then one of the specialists said there was no reason ____I should stop training
and competing.
3. I am outgoing and active, ___which I think we can be good friends.
4. Can ’t they see this is the only place ______they can survive the storm
5. We are allowed to go into the fields to pick fruit and vegetables, ____which we
are to make our lunch.
that/which
why
for
where
with
6. We can find friends __whom we can tell our secrets.
7. Only by changing the way __which we treat the environment can we get along
well with it.
8. He ’ll never forget the day _____he was admitted to the Olympic Games for the
first time.
9. You mentioned lots of places of interest in my hometown, most of ______I ’ve
never been to.
to
in
when
which
Ⅱ. 用定语从句合并句子
1. Do you know the man The man spoke to the headmaster just now.
→Do you know the man _____________________________________
2. I have seen the film. They ’re talking about the film.
→I have seen the film _____________________________.
3. The day came at last. We have been looking forward to the day.
→The day ______________________________________came at last.
4. My grandparents live in the biggest house. It is more than 100 years old.
→My grandparents live in the biggest house ___________________________.
who/that spoke to the headmaster just now
that/which they ’re talking about
that/which we have been looking forward to
that is more than 100 years old
5. We settled down in a small village. In front of the village ran a winding river.
→We settled down in a small village, ________________________________.
6. I have so many friends. Two thirds of my friends are girls.
I have so many friends, _________________________.
7. My grandparents have five children. All of children are teachers now.
My grandparents have five children, _________________________.
8. The man is kind. The headmaster introduced him to us yesterday.
→The man ________________________________________________is kind.
in front of which ran a winding river
two thirds of whom are girls
all of whom are teachers now
(who/whom) the headmaster introduced to us yesterday
【语法主题应用】
结合本单元语法, 根据汉语提示完成短文。
Last Sunday, we went to the Confucius Temple 1. ____________________(坐
落于曲阜市). It has a history of more than 2, 000 years. We visited the Xing Tan
2. ______________________________(孔子授课的地方). Also, we saw many
stone inscriptions 3. _____________________________________________(有悠久
历史和巨大价值). This is a meaningful visit 4. ____________________________
___(我学到了很多).
which lies in Qufu city
where Confucius taught his lessons
which/that have a long history and are of great value
where/in which I have learned a
lotDiscovering Useful Structures
限制性定语从句(3)
观察下列课文原句并回答问题
1. There comes a time when the old must give way to the new, and it is not possible to preserve everything from our past as we move towards the future.
2. Water from the dam would likely damage a number of temples and destroy cultural relics that(which) were an important part of Egypt ’s cultural heritage.
3. After listening to the scientists who(that) had studied the problem, and citizens who(that) lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help in 1959.
4. Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water.
5. Not only had the countries found a path to the future that(which) did not run over the relics of the past, but they had also learnt that it was possible for countries to work together to build a better tomorrow.
【归纳填空】
一、定语从句的概述
定语从句 可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
关系词 关系代词 who; whom; whose; which; that; as
关系副词 when; where; why
*(2020·浙江高考)Each play has a theme or central idea which the playwright hopes to get across through dialogue and action.
每一部剧都有一个剧作家希望通过对话和动作传达的主题或中心思想。
*This is the woman whose name is known all over the country.
这是一位名字被整个国家所熟知的女士。
*(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Molai went looking on his own and discovered a nearby island where he began to plant trees.
Molai自己去看了看, 发现了一个附近可以栽树的小岛。
先行词与关系词
1. 先行词: 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
2. 关系词: 引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
3. 关系词通常有下列三个作用: (1)引导定语从句; (2)代替先行词; (3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。
4. 关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语; 关系副词在从句中作状语。
语法填空。
(1)(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot where it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
(2)(2019·浙江高考)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth that/which gives off light in the dark.
(3)(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)We are the products of evolution(进化), and not just evolution that(which) occurred billions of years ago.
(4)The reason why I learned to cook was that my mother could rest after she finished her work.
(5)(2019·江苏高考)We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.
(6)(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Children who(that) play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.
二、关系代词和关系副词的区别
定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的判断方法:
用法 依据
根据从句的谓语动词 若是及物动词, 后面若无宾语, 用关系代词; 若是不及物动词, 则用关系副词
根据关系词在从句中作的成分 把关系词放进定语从句中, 若作主语或宾语用关系代词; 若作状语用关系副词
*An Internet celebrity bumps into an apple seller who/that looks like a cheater on her way back home. (作主语)
一个网络名人在回家的路上碰到了一个看起来像骗子的卖苹果的人。
*A class is like a family where I should get along well with others. (作状语)
一个班级就像一个大家庭, 在这个大家庭里我应该与其他人好好相处。
关系副词when, where引导的定语从句可以转化为“介词+which”引导的定语从句; 而why引导的定语从句可以转换为“for which”引导的定语从句。
用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空
(1)(2020· 天津高考)Directed sound is a new technology that (which) allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights are used in the theater.
(2)Next came the moment when I asked them to have a try themselves.
(3)(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The village lay near some wetlands which (that) became his second home.
(4)(2020· 天津高考)They have transformed themselves into places where you can develop your love of knowledge.
(5)The reason why I can ’t go is that I had a fall yesterday and injured my foot badly.
(6)(2019·天津高考)Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
三、介词+关系代词
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时, 我们通常用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。关系代词只能用which或whom。先行词指物时, 用which; 先行词指人时, 用whom。在这个结构中, 介词的确定原则是:
1. 依据定语从句中动词或形容词等所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
*She devotes herself to her common but useful work, on which she spends more than 9 hours a day.
她致力于这项普通但很有用的工作, 每天花在这项工作上的时间超过9个小时。
*More importantly, there are teachers online to whom you can turn for help.
更为重要的是, 有一些你可以求助的在线老师。
2. 根据主句与从句之间的逻辑关系判断介词。
*On New Year ’s Eve, we will go outside to light crackers and fireworks, after which we will come home to make dumplings.
在除夕夜, 我们将到外面放烟花爆竹, 之后我们回家包水饺。
3. 表示“整体和部分关系”, 介词常用of。与此同时, 在介词of之前常用一些代词或数词: some, any, few, none, all, both, neither, most, each, 百分数等。
*There are 50 students in our class, all of whom work hard and behave well.
我们班有50名学生, 我们都学习很努力, 并且表现很好。
4. 根据意思也可用复杂介词, 如 by means of, as a result of, in front of, in the back of等。
*I am good at spoken English, as a result of which I can communicate with foreigners fluently.
我擅长英语口语, 因此我能够流利地和外国人交流。
5. “the+名词+of+which/whom/of+which /whom+the+名词” 引导的定语从句, 可与“ whose+名词”替换。
*We ’ve planned to hold an English drama festival, the theme of which/ of which the theme is Love English & Love Drama.
→We ’ve planned to hold an English drama festival, whose theme is Love English & Love Drama.
我们计划举办一个英语戏剧节, 它的主题是“爱英语, 爱戏剧”。
在定语从句中, 有一些含介词的动词短语不可拆开使用, 如look after, look for等。
The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy. (正确)
The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy. (错误)
用适当的“介词+关系代词”填空。
(1)Chinese medicine is part of our Chinese traditional culture, the value of which is gradually recognized by the world.
(2)You should make some Chinese friends with whom you can communicate frequently.
(3)It has been my ideal university, for which I have studied hard for many years.
(4)Then we looked around and found a stick, with which we got the kite down.
(5)I plan to do many things, one of which is making a trip to some places of interest together with my good friends.
四、定语从句中关系词的省略
1. 定语从句的先行词在定语从句中作宾语时, 关系词通常省略。
*Who is the man (that/who/whom) you were talking to
刚才和你讲话的人是谁
2. 当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时, 可以省略。
China is not the country (that) it was.
中国已不是过去的中国了。
3. 先行词是way, reason, time, place等, 且它们在定语从句中分别作方式、原因、时间和地点状语时, 其后定语从句的相应关系词that/in which, why/that, when, where等可以省略。
*(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)After a while, she apologized for the way(that/in which) she behaved at the beginning.
过了一会, 她为自己刚开始的行为道歉。
*The reason (why/that) he wanted to sell his house was that he needed a lot of money for his operation.
他想卖掉房子的原因是他的手术需要很多钱。
4. 由and, but, or等并列连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰同一个先行词时, 第一个关系词可以省略, 但第二、三个一般不可以省略。
*The book (which) you are reading and which is read by many young people is written by Mark Twain.
你正在读的并且被许多年轻人读的那本书是马克·吐温写的。
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. 68 Chinese cultural relics that/which had been taken to the UK recently were returned to their homeland.
2. Then one of the specialists said there was no reason why I should stop training and competing.
3. I am outgoing and active, for which I think we can be good friends.
4. Can ’t they see this is the only place where they can survive the storm
5. We are allowed to go into the fields to pick fruit and vegetables, with which we are to make our lunch.
6. We can find friends to whom we can tell our secrets.
7. Only by changing the way in which we treat the environment can we get along well with it.
8. He ’ll never forget the day when he was admitted to the Olympic Games for the first time.
9. You mentioned lots of places of interest in my hometown, most of which I ’ve never been to.
Ⅱ. 用定语从句合并句子
1. Do you know the man The man spoke to the headmaster just now.
→Do you know the man who/that spoke to the headmaster just now
2. I have seen the film. They ’re talking about the film.
→I have seen the film that/which they ’re talking about.
3. The day came at last. We have been looking forward to the day.
→The day that/which we have been looking forward to came at last.
4. My grandparents live in the biggest house. It is more than 100 years old.
→My grandparents live in the biggest house that is more than 100 years old.
5. We settled down in a small village. In front of the village ran a winding river.
→We settled down in a small village, in front of which ran a winding river.
6. I have so many friends. Two thirds of my friends are girls.
I have so many friends, two thirds of whom are girls.
7. My grandparents have five children. All of children are teachers now.
My grandparents have five children, all of whom are teachers now.
8. The man is kind. The headmaster introduced him to us yesterday.
→The man (who/whom) the headmaster introduced to us yesterday is kind.
结合本单元语法, 根据汉语提示完成短文。
Last Sunday, we went to the Confucius Temple 1. which lies in Qufu city(坐落于曲阜市). It has a history of more than 2, 000 years. We visited the Xing Tan 2. where Confucius taught his lessons(孔子授课的地方). Also, we saw many stone inscriptions 3. which/that have a long history and are of great value(有悠久历史和巨大价值). This is a meaningful visit 4. where/in which I have learned a lot(我学到了很多).
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