课件35张PPT。
专题一 名词一、名词的单复数
1．可数名词复数的规则变化
可数名词复数的构成，通常是在单数形式后面加－s或－es，其规则如下：◆链接
名词的分类
名词
◆拓展
因为汉语中没有名词的单复数形式变化，所以英语中名词的单复数也就成了易错点。如以下两个典型错误：
①你有词典吗？
Do you have dictionary?
②他悲伤地摇了摇头。
He shook head sadly.一般情况下，英语中的可数名词在句子中出现时，要么用复数形式，要么在其前面加冠词或限定词。因此以上两句可以表达为：
①Do you have a dictionary?
②He shook his head sadly.◆牢记
单复数形式意义不同的名词：
experience经验 experiences经历
manner方式 manners礼貌
custom风俗 customs海关
work工作 works著作，工厂
wood木材 woods树林
sand沙子 sands沙滩
paper纸张 papers报纸，论文，试卷
glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜2．可数名词复数的不规则变化
有些名词的复数属于不规则变化，需要考生在平时的学习中逐一记忆：child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, phenomenon—phenomena, ox—oxen, mouse—mice, man—men, woman—women等。3．总是表示复数意义的名词
集体名词people, police, cattle总是表示复数意义，不能说a people, a police, a cattle，但可以说a person, a policeman, a head of cattle。
The police are searching for the stolen boy.
The cattle are feeding on the grassland.
◆链接
有些名词只用复数形式：trousers, congratulations, thanks, goods, clothes, socks, shoes, belongings, savings。4．单复数同形的名词
有些名词的复数形式同原形。这些名词有：deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, li(里), jin(斤), yuan(元), mu(亩), means(方式，方法)等。
All possible means have been tried.
Every possible means has been tried.
◆点拨
对于单复数同形的名词，一定要从题中找出关键信息(如谓语动词的单复数形式)，来确定其到底是表示单数意义还是复数意义。典例 (2011·西安第三次质检，14) Every possible means ________， but it seems that nothing will prevent the situation from getting worse.
A. has tried B. have tried
C. has been tried D. have been tried
解析：C。考查语态和主谓一致。句意：每一个可能的方法都已经被尝试过了，但是看起来什么也不能阻止局势的恶化。由句意可知，应该用被动语态；means单复数同形，但是可以从every可知，应该是单数；所以答案选C。◆链接
“某国人”的复数形式：
①以－ese结尾的，单复同形，如：Chinese, Japanese。
②以man结尾的，变man为men，如：Englishman—Englishmen。但“德国人”例外：German—Germans。
③其他的，直接加－s，如：Russians, Canadians, Americans。
5．合成名词的复数
①把主体名词变成复数，如：lookers－on, editors－in－chief(总编辑), fathers－in－law(岳父)。
②没有主体名词时，在词尾加－s，如：grown－ups(成年人), go－betweens(中间人)。二、名词间的相互转化
1．物质名词转化为可数名词
物质名词一般为不可数名词，但有些物质名词可以转化为可数名词。
(1)当物质名词转化为个体名词时，是可数的。如：
The bridge is made of stone.(不可数)
The bridge is made of 20,000 stones.(可数)
(2)当物质名词表示份数时，是可数的。如：
Tea is very good for our health.
Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。2．抽象名词具体化
抽象名词一般是不可数名词，但在下列情况下可转化为可数名词：
(1)表示具体的人或事。请比较：
Failure is the mother of success.(success表示抽象概念)
The meeting was a great success.(success表示具体的事情)典例 (2011·安徽名校联考，21)One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain ________ good knowledge of basic word formation.
A．不填 B．the
C．a D．one
解析：C。knowledge本为不可数名词，但当它被形容词修饰时，就具体化了，此时其前应加a/an，意为“对……的了解；有……方面的知识”。所以答案为C项。(2)表示“一种”、“一场”、“一阵”、“(动作)一次”等。请比较：
We had plenty of rain last years.
去年我们这个地区雨量丰沛。(rain指“雨水”，不可数)
What a heavy rain！多么大的一场雨啊！
◆警示
在特定的语境中，有些不可数名词也可以转化为可数名词，这就需要考生区别对待。三、名词作定语
名词作定语，即用一个名词修饰另外一个名词，主要用来说明被修饰名词的：
1．物质构成，如：steel bridge, paper money；
2．用途，如：coffee cup, fire escape；
3．时间，如：evening paper；
4．地点，如：city life, country life, country music；
5．种类，如：office work；
6．内容，如：body language, film industry。◆警示
名词作定语，第一个名词一般用单数，但也有例外，如：
sports shoes运动鞋
students reading room学生阅览室
四、名词所有格
英语名词所有格有两种：’s所有格和of所有格。
1．’s所有格的构成
(1)通常在单数名词和不以－s结尾的复数名词的词尾加’s，如：Jack’s books, Children’s Day, the boy’s bag, men’s room, Tom’s dog, Jones’s father, my brother’s books, sheep’s skin。(2)以－s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加’，如：the students’ books。
(3)作为一个整体的词组，一般在最后一个词的词尾加’s，如：an hour and a half’s walk(步行一个半小时的路程)；a month or two’s absence(一两个月的缺席)。
(4)以and连接的两个名词，表示共同所有时，在最后一个词的词尾加’s，如：Kate and Mary's father (Kate和Mary是姐妹俩)；表示分别所有时，在每个名词后分别加's，如：Kate's father and Mary's father (Kate和Mary不是姐妹俩)。典例 (2009·江西)The ________shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into ________car.
A. girl’s; Tom’s B. girls’； Toms’
C. girls’； Tom’s D. girl’s; Toms’
解析：C。句意：这些女孩的鞋子满是泥，所以我让她们把鞋脱下来再上汤姆的车。由句中的them判断girl用复数形式girls，其所有格作定语直接在词尾加“'”；专有名词Tom的所有格是Tom's，故选C。◆链接
不定代词后接else时，其所有格放在else之后。如：somebody else's bag, somebody else's books。
2．'s所有格的用法
(1)常表示有生命的东西。如：Tom's birthday, the dog's owner。
(2)用于表示时间、距离、天体、度量衡与货币价值、国家、城市等。如：
①时间：a day's work(一天的工作)，today's newspaper；
②距离：twenty minutes’ ride, five minutes’ walk, a mile’s distance；③天体：the sun’s heat, the moon’s surface；
④度量衡与货币价值：ten dollars’ worth, twenty pounds’ weight；
⑤国家、城市等：China’s industry, the city’s development, the government’s plan, China’s development。(3)表示某人的家或店铺。如：at the doctor's在诊所，the tailor’s裁缝铺，the barber’s理发店，at my uncle’s在我叔叔家。
3．of所有格的构成
the＋所有物＋of＋(this, that，. the, my/their...)＋无生命之物。4．of所有格的用法
of所有格主要用于无生命的事物，也可以用于有生命的事物。如：the window of the house; a map of Japan; the name of the girl standing at the gate。
Does anyone know the title of the novel?
They have the support of people of the developing countries.
◆链接
of所有格还可以表示：
①同位关系，如：the city of Zhengzhou, the month of May。
②动宾关系，如：the love of one's country。
③名词本身带有后置的修饰语或带有“the＋形容词”(其表示一类人)时，其所有格用of介词短语。如：the housing problem of the poor; the skills of the workers who have been well trained。5．双重所有格
(1)双重所有格的构成：双重所有格即“of＋'s结构”。
(2)双重所有格的用法：表示整体中的一个或部分，用于修饰of前面的名词。如：a friend of my brother's; this book of the professor's; this lovely baby of my aunt's。
Do you know any friend of my husband's?典例 (2011·江南十校联考，32)—Pardon？Who will come?
—________.
A. The friend of Mr. Green's
B. A friend of a teacher's
C. The aunt of Tom's
D. A cousin of my father's
解析：D。考查名词所有格的表达方式。双重所有格中，带有's的名词必须是明确限定的指人的名词，同时of前面的名词必须不确指，故A、B、C三项错误，D项正确。◆拓展
双重所有格还可以表示赞赏、厌恶等感彩，如：
1．That car of Peter's is very nice.
彼得的车确实很好。(表示赞赏)
2．The dog of Tom's is very fierce.
汤姆的那条狗非常凶。(表示厌恶、不满)五、具体语境中名词的选择
具体语境中名词的选择是高考考查的重点之一。解题的关键是利用好关键信息，分析语境，使填入的名词符合语境要求。
◆探究
知己知彼，才能百战不殆。要解决好这类问题，必须明确命题思路。高考考查的角度有以下几种：
①纯语境类：给出语境，让考生判断符合题意的名词。
②具体语境中名词词义的辨析。
③利用一词多义来设置题目。
④具体语境中的词组搭配。课件48张PPT。
专题十 主谓一致与倒装句主谓一致
谓语动词要与主语的人称和数相一致。通常所说一个句子主谓语一致，主要指三个基本原则：语法形式上一致、意义上一致及就近原则。
一、主谓一致的基本原则
1．语法形式上的一致
主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
The number of errors in your paper was surprising.
你论文中的错误数量之多令人吃惊。
Jane and Mary look a bit like.
简和玛丽看起来有点相像。2．意义上一致
(1)主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。
The crowd were running for their lives.
人们为生活而奔波。
形单意复的单词有：people, police, cattle, militia(国民自卫队)等。
(2)主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。
The news was very exciting.
消息令人振奋。形复意单的单词有：news, works(工厂)和一些以ics结尾的学科名称如physics, politics, economics等。
3．就近原则
就近原则指谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的主语。
Among the boys, one or two are able to jump 1.6 meters.
在这些男孩中，有一两个人能跳过1.6米。
Either you or Jane is to be sent to New Zealand.
要么你，要么简将被派往新西兰。二、主谓一致的各种情形
(一)并列结构作主语
1．由and连接的主语
(1)当两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。
Leech and Bella were here a moment ago.
里奇和贝拉刚才还在这儿。
My brother and I have both seen the film.
我兄弟和我都看过这部电影。
Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China.
水稻和小麦在中国这个地区均可种植。(2)当and不表示并列意义，而连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词用单数。
The singer and composer is coming to our school.
那位歌唱家兼作曲家将来我们学校。
Bread and butter is often served for breakfast in our restaurant.
我们饭店早点经常供应奶油面包。
Pork and Chinese cabbage is one of my favourite dishes.
猪肉炒大白菜是我最爱吃的菜之一。(3)两个并列名词由each, every, many a, no, more than one等词或短语修饰时，谓语一般用单数。
Each doctor and each nurse was sent for.
所有的医生和护士都被请来了。
Many a boy and (many a) girl has made the same mistake.
许多男孩和女孩都犯了同样的错误。
No teacher and no student agrees to have classes on Sunday.
教师和同学都不同意星期天上课。2．not...but, not only...but also, either...or, neither... nor, or
以上并列连词连接主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应该和接近它的主语一致。
Neither Mary nor her parents were invited to the party.
玛丽和她的父母都没有被邀请参加晚会。
Not only his family but also he likes Bond's movies.
他和他的家人都喜欢邦德的电影。
Either your students or Mr. Wallace knows this.
你的学生或华莱士先生知道这事。(二)集合名词作主语
1．谓语动词只能用复数的情况
有些集体名词如people, cattle, police等形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词需用复数。
Traffic police are always very busy, especially at busy streets.
交通警察总是十分忙碌，特别是在繁忙的街道。
2．谓语动词的单复数视主语含义而定的情况
集合名词group, class, family, army, enemy等作主语时，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若强调个体，谓语动词则用复数形式。
My family is a large one.
我的家是一个大家庭。The family are sitting at the breakfast table.
(指家庭成员)全家人都坐在早餐桌旁。
Our group are reading the newspapers.
(指组内成员)我们组的人都在看报纸。
This group is having a meeting.
这个组正在开会。
The army is going to remain in this town.
军队将继续驻扎在这个镇里。The army have rescued the travelers.
(指部队中的官兵)官兵们救出了那些游客。
(三)不定代词作主语
1．谓语动词只用单数的情况
不定代词anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, no one, nobody, nothing, each, the other等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Is anybody going to tell him the news?
会有人去告诉他这个消息吗？
There is nobody in the house.
这间屋子里没有人。
Everything is ready.
万事俱备。/一切准备妥当。
Someone wants to see you.
有人要见你。2．谓语动词单、复数均可的情况
neither of, either of后接复数名词时谓语动词用单复数均可，用复数较正式，若替代不可数名词时，只看作单数。neither作形容词时与单数名词连用，谓语动词用单数。none作主语时，如果指人或可数的物，谓语动词单复数均可，若指不可数名词，谓语用单数。None of them has/have arrived yet.
他们一个人也没到。
Neither of them knows/know the answer.
他们俩都不知道答案。
None of this money is mine.
这钱不是我的。
Neither statement was true.
两个陈述都不真实。
(四)主语后接说明的修饰语
主语后接说明主语的修饰语，如用with, along with, together with, as well as, like, rather than, but, except, besides, including, in addition to与修饰语连接，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。The old man, along with his grandson, has to speed up his steps.
和孙子一道走的那位老人不得不加快脚步。
Anna, together with his parents, is going to New York.
安娜将随她的父母去纽约。
French, as well as English, is taught in our school.
我们学校开英语课也开法语课。
(五)表“时间”、“金钱”、“距离”、“重量”的复数名词作主语
表“时间”、“金钱”、“距离”、“重量”的复数名词用作主语时，表示单位数量通常看作整体，谓语动词用单数。Twenty dollars isn't enough to buy the book.
买这本书20美元不够。
Ten miles isn't long.
十英里并不长。
Five times five is twenty－five.
5乘以5得25。
One and a half apples is lying on the plate.
盘子里有一个半苹果。◆注意
如果强调数量，谓语动词可用复数。
One hundred cents make a dollar.
100美分就是一美元。
More than fifty years have passed since they got married.
他们夫妻共同走过了50多年。(六)疑问代词作主语
疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，要根据说话人所要表达的意思决定谓语动词的单、复数。
Who lives next door? It is Edward John.
谁住在隔壁？是约翰·爱德华德。
Who live next door? It is Tom and Jack.
谁住在隔壁？汤姆和杰克。
Which is(are) your book(s)?
哪本(些)是你的书？
What produce(s) heat?什么产生热量？
(七)含有修饰语的名词作主语
1．谓语动词单复数依所修饰的中心词而定的情况
“分数或百分数＋名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, some, a heap of, heaps of, half of＋名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。Lots of damage was caused by fire.
大量的危害是由火引起的。
Three fifths of the workers here are women.
在这儿3/5的工人是女性。
A large quantity of people are needed here.
这儿需要大量的人。典例 (2011·湖南卷，26)One-third of the country ________ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ________ black people.
A．is; are B．is; is
C．are; are D．are; is
解析：A 本题考查主谓一致。句意：这个国家的森林覆盖面积占国土面积的三分之一并且大多数市民都是黑人。“分数词＋名词”作主语时，其谓语动词的单复数取决于名词的形式；“the majority of＋复数名词”作主语时，其谓语动词通常用复数形式。2．谓语动词用复数的情况
(large) quantities of修饰可数或不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。a number of修饰复数名词，谓语动词用复数。large amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
这座桥花了很多钱。
Quantities of food(nuts) were on the table.
许多食物(坚果)在桌上。◆注意
但是，“the number of＋名词”的中心词却是number。试比较：
The number of the key is 805.
这个钥匙的号码是805。
A number of questions were asked in the computer company yesterday.
昨天该计算机公司问了许多问题。3．谓语动词用单数的情况
a great deal of, a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。表示数量的one and a half后接名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
A large amount of/A great deal of damage was done in a very short time.
短时间内已产生了大量的危害。
One and a half bananas is left on the table.
在桌子上有一个半香蕉。(八)the＋形容词(过去分词)作主语
如果主语为“the＋形容词(或过去分词)”结构，表示人时谓语通常用复数：the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等，但也有少数过去分词与定冠词连用时，用以指个体，这时则用单数；表示物时，谓语用单数。The young are able to create their own future.
年轻人能够创造自己的未来。
The new is sure to replace the old.
新事物一定会替代旧事物的。
The wounded are taken good care of in the hospital.
伤员在医院里受到精心护理。
The departed was a well－known engineer.
这名死者是位很知名的工程师。(九)非谓语动词、从句作主语
1．非谓语动词作主语
单独的非谓语动词作主语，谓语动词一般用单数，用连接词连接多个非谓语动词作主语表达不同概念时用复数，表达同一概念时用单数。Persuading him to join us seems really hard.
劝他加入我们似乎很难。
To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.
早睡早起是个好习惯。
To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.
工作和生活是两件不同的事，但它们永远相伴。2．从句作主语
由what引导的主语从句作主语，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。
What we need is more time.
我们需要的是更多的时间。
What we need are doctors.
我们需要的是医生。(十)There/Here be句型的主谓一致
由there或here引导的句子，主语不止一个词时，谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。
There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.
桌子上有一盏台灯、两支钢笔和三本书。
Here are some envelopes and paper for you.
这些是给你的信封和纸。
There are fifteen kids and an adult playing in the stadium.
体育馆内有十五个孩子和一个大人在玩。(十一)定语从句的主谓一致
1．关系代词作主语的一般情况
关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
Those who want to go to Quebec please sign your names here.
想去魁北克的人请到这儿来签名。
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.
人类使用的一些能源来自太阳。2．句中有one of结构时
(1)在“one of＋复数名词＋who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。
He is one of the boy students who are always ready to help others.
他是乐于助人的男生之一。(2)但是当one之前有the only等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。
He is the only one of the students who comes from the south.
他是唯一来自南方的学生。倒装句
一、部分倒装与全部倒装
要用好倒装句，必须清楚何时用部分倒装，何时用全部倒装。
1．下列情况中用全部倒装：
全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。常见的结构有：
(1)在以副词here, there, up, down, out, away, in等开头的句子中。
Here comes the bus.
Out rushed Mr. Smith, with a stick in his hand.(2)当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语且主语为名词时。
In front of the classroom stands a tall tree.
(3)代词such放在句首，句子的谓语动词是be时。
Such were the facts.
(4)分词/形容词放在句首，句子的谓语动词是be，主语是名词时。
Seated on the ground are a group of old people.
Present at the meeting were some famous professors.2．下列情况下用部分倒装：
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需要添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。常见的结构有：
(1)“so＋形容词/副词”置于句首时要倒装。
So moved was he that he couldn't say a word.(2)用在以so, nor, neither开头的句子，表示前面所述的情况也适用于另一个人或事物。so用于肯定句，表示“也一样”；nor, neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不”。句型是：So(Nor/Neither)＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语。
He didn't see the film yesterday. Neither/Nor did I.
(3)在以never, little, hardly, nowhere, not, seldom等否定意义的副词开头的句子中，使用部分倒装。
Little does he care about what others think.
Never shall I forget it.典例 (2011·福建卷，29)—It's nice.Never before ______ such a special drink!
—I'm glad you like it.
A．I have had B．I had
C．have I had D．had I
解析：C。本题考查倒装与动词时态。句意：——太好喝了。我以前从未喝到这么特别的饮料！。——你能喜欢我很高兴。否定词never置于句首，句子需用部分倒装，排除A，B两项，又由时间状语before可知，句子要用现在完成时，故C项正确。(4)当only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时。
Only by practicing more will you be able to improve your spoken English.
Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
(5)not until...位于句首作状语时。
Not until I had read your letter did I understand the truth.(6)在否定结构not only...but also..., hardly...when..., no sooner...than...中，把not only..., hardly..., no sooner...置于句首时。
Hardly had I got to school when the first bell rang.
(7)某些含有no的词组，如in no way, by no means, at no time, on no condition等位于句首时。In no way can you leave freely.
你决不能随便离开。
◆警示
若主语为人称代词，主语和谓语动词不倒装。
①Here it is.
②Out he rushed, with a book in his hand.
not until...位于句首作状语时，主句使用部分倒装，until部分不倒装。◆牢记
如果是肯定前面所说的情况，前后两句的主语是同一个人或事物时，主谓不倒装，其句型是：so＋主语＋be/助动词/情态动词。
—He is a good teacher.
—So he is. We all love him.
如果only后的成分不是状语，则不倒装。
①Only Lin Tao knows this.
②Only the teachers are allowed to use the room.◆链接
in no time(立刻)所在的句子不倒装。
In no time he got home.课件20张PPT。
专题十一 名词性从句 一、几种易混的从句的辨别
定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句有时候在形式上很相似，下面给考生提供一些区分的方法：
1．定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系；而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容的。that在定语从句中充当句子成分，可指物或人；而同位语从句中的that在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。请比较：
(1)The news (that/which) he told us was exciting.
(定语从句，that/which在从句中作宾语，还可以被省略)
(2)The news that our team has won is exciting.
(同位语从句，that从句是说明news的内容的，that在从句中不作任何成分，但不能被省略)◆辨析
判断是定语从句还是同位语从句可以用“加词”的方法，即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词，如果句子意思成立，则是同位语从句，否则，则是定语从句。如上面第二句，加上be动词后：
The news is that our team has won.句子意思成立，所以是同位语从句。而第一句，加上be动词后：
The news is that he told us.意思不成立，因此不是同位语从句。
◆警示
一般情况下，同位语从句紧跟在它所说明的名词的后面，可是有的时候，为了表达的需要，名词与从句之间被另外一些内容分隔开了，叫做“分隔同位语从句”。对于这类同位语从句，一定要根据句意，找准它所说明的名词。2．定语从句与状语从句
请看两组句子：
第一组：区分such...as...和such...that...
(1)The new storybook is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.
(2)The new storybook is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.这两句话只有一词之差，但语法结构大相径庭：第一句是as引导的定语从句，as相当于that/which(但不能用that/which)，在从句中作understand的宾语。第二句是结果状语从句，that在从句中不作成分。
结论：当从句缺少句子成分时，用such...as...；当从句不缺少句子成分时，用such...that...。第二组：选用in which, where填空
(1)He left the key ______ he had been an hour before.
(2)He left the place ______ he lived for many years.
分析：第一句只能填where, where引导的是地点状语从句，修饰主句中的谓语动词。此处where不可换成in which，因为in which只能引导定语从句，本句中根本就没有先行词(后面的从句不是修饰key的)。
第二句填where或in which。根据句意可知，后面的句子是对名词place的修饰，因此此句是定语从句。◆点拨
判断是用such...as...还是用such...that...的关键：判断从句是否缺少句子成分。
◆牢记
当涉及“地点”时，判断是定语从句还是状语从句的依据：看句中是否有先行词。二、that与what的区别
that引导名词性从句，在从句中不作任何成分，that本身无意义，只起连接作用。what引导名词性从句时，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等，what表示“……的东西或事情”。请比较：
What I need is more time.(what引导主语从句，在从句中作宾语)
That I need more time to do the work is very clear.(that引导主语从句，在从句中不作任何成分)The village is no longer what it used to be.(what引导表语从句，在从句中作表语)
I had no idea what we should do next.(what引导同位语从句，在从句中作宾语)
He will tell us what he saw in London.(what引导宾语从句，在从句中作宾语)◆精析
名词性从句中区分that与what的关键是：分析句子结构，看从句是否缺少句子成分。如果不缺成分，就用that，如果缺少句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等)，且表示“……的东西或事情”就用what。
◆牢记
宾语从句可以跟在及物动词之后，也可以跟在介词之后。◆点拨
解题时要设法排除插入语的干扰，将插入语忽略，从而简化句子结构，这样就可以降低解题的难度。典例 (2011·安徽，33)His writing is so confusing that it's difficult to make out ________it is he is trying to express.
A. that B. how
C. who D. what
解析：D。考查名词性从句。句意：他的书写这么乱，很难弄明白他想要表达什么。what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作表语。三、who, whoever与no matter who的区别
引导名词性从句，在句中作主语时用who，意思是“谁”，含有疑问意味，whoever意为“无论谁”，不含有疑问意味。whoever在引导名词性从句时，相当于anyone who，其中who引导一个定语从句紧随其后。
另外，whoever还可以引导让步状语从句，这时whoever相当于no matter who，但是no matter who只能引导让步状语从句。请比较：1．Who has taken away my bag is unknown.
谁拿走了我的包还不知道。(若用whoever显然句意不通)
2．Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
无论谁违反法律都要受到惩罚。(whoever表达的语气强烈)
3．I'm not going to let you in, no matter who you are.
＝I'm not going to let you in, whoever you are.
(根据句意“我不会让你进去的，不管你是谁”，后面是一个让步状语从句，故用no matter who或者whoever)◆链接
wh－ever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句。引导名词性从句时，whoever＝anyone who; whomever＝any-one whom; whatever＝anything that; whichever＝anything/anyone that; whosever＝any one whose。
Whichever he likes will be given to him.＝Anything that he likes will be given to him.
无论他想要哪个都可以给他。
You should give the book back to whosever name(＝anyone whose name) is on the cover of it.
你该把书还给任何一个他的名字在封面上的人。课件39张PPT。
专题十二 定语从句与状语从句定语从句
一、定语从句与并列句的区别
请观察下面三个句子：
1．Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination, ______ disappointed his mother.
2．Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination and ______ disappointed his mother.
3．Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination; ______ disappointed his mother.第一句话：句中有逗号，根据句意可知，空白处的内容应该指的是前面整个句子的内容，是对前文信息的补充说明，因此，此句是非限制性定语从句，用关系代词which；
第二句话：句中有并列连词and，因此整个句子是一个并列句，所以可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。
第三句话：句中有分号，这表明整个句子是一个并列句，因此可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。
◆技巧
判断是定语从句还是并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和句中的连接词。如果句与句之间有连词或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。二、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点，也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子，填上合适的介词，并从中发现一些规律。1．He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ which he went on to Cambridge.
2．This is the farm ______ which he worked two years ago.
3．In the dark street there was not a single person ______ whom she could turn for help.
第一句话：根据句意可知，他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了Cambridge，故介词用after。此句中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。第二句话：把从句补充完整为he worked two years ago on the farm (“在农场”为“on the farm”)，句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义，即介词跟先行词的搭配。
第三句话：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turn to sb. for help”，因此此处用介词to。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。因此，考生在确定其中的介词时，可从以下三方面入手：
1．句子的意思；2.先行词的意义；3.从句中的动词固定搭配。
◆技巧
考生不妨采用还原法，把从句补充完整，建立与主句的联系，以便判断这个介词与句中其他部分的关系。◆链接
注意way(方式)后接定语从句时的引导词。
先行词是way，当引导词在从句中作状语时，用关系词in which, that或者省略；当引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that/which引导(作宾语时，引导词也可以省略)。比较：
The way(that/which) he explained to us was quite simple. (把从句补充完整：he explained the way to us，可以看出引导词在从句中作explained的宾语)The way(that/in which) he explained the sentence was simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the sentence in the way，可以看出引导词在从句中作状语)
三、引导词as, which的区别
1．引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容时的区别：
(1)表达“正如”之意时，用as，如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意，则用which。He went abroad, which was unexpected.
他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。
She is a good doctor, as her mother used to be.
她是一个很出色的医生，和她母亲当年一样。
(2)当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.2．限制性定语从句中有such, the same时，其后常用as引导定语从句(the same后也可用that，但意义不一样)。
He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect.
This is the same pen as I lost.
3．as引导非限制性定语从句时，只能指代整个主句内容，而which既可以指代整个主句内容，又可以指代先行词。
The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.
这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)4．as常与从句中的know, see, hear, expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens, as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中。
He was absent from school, as is often the case.
他缺课了，这是常事。◆链接
分隔定语从句
一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词，可是有的时候，先行词与定语从句之间插入了另外一些内容，这样就把先行词与定语从句分隔开了，这类定语从句叫分隔定语从句。这类句子应特别注意：不要误把插入部分当先行词。
I was the only person in my office who was invited.(先行词是person而不是office)典例 (2011· 天津卷，10) The days are gone ______ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A．when B．that
C．where D．which
解析：A。本题考查定语从句的引导词。从句主体结构完整，故排除B、D两项；where指地点，与句意不符；故A项正确，引导的定语从句修饰先行词the days。句意：完全靠体力劳动谋生的日子已一去不复返了。四、关系代词和关系副词的区别
当先行词为表示时间、地点的词时，引导词用关系代词还是关系副词是定语从句学习中的一个难点。要确定引导词在从句中所作的成分(如果引导词在从句中作状语，则用why, when或where，否则用that或which)，考生可以采用“补全法”，即依据句意把从句补充完整(补上去的部分在从句中所作的成分就是引导词在从句中所作的成分)，这样就可以很容易地判断出引导词在从句中所作的成分。1．Do you still remember the chicken farm ______ we visited three months ago?
分析：把从句补充完整为“we visited the chicken farm three months ago”，考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作宾语，因此填关系代词that/which。2．In an hour, we can travel to places ______ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.
分析：把从句补充完整为“the places would have taken our ancestors days to reach”，考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作主语，因此填关系代词that/which。
3．Some pre－school children go to a day care center, ______ they learn simple games and songs.
分析：把从句补充完整为“in (at) the day care center they learn simple games and songs”，据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，因此用where/in(at) which。◆技巧
遇到时间和地点，判断成分是关键；主语、宾语用关代，状语才能用关副。(关代：关系代词；关副：关系副词)
◆精析
在考查定语从句时，有时命题人故意在空格处设置一些插入语等干扰信息迷惑考生。解题时，考生可以将其忽略，从而排除干扰。—Is that the small town you often refer to?
—Right, just the one ______ you know I used to work for years.
分析：空白处应填where。此题很容易受you know的影响而误填关系代词。其实you know是插入语，解题时可以将其忽略，简化句子结构：just the one ______ I used to work for years，这样考生就很容易判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。◆探究
表示时间、地点的先行词的模糊化。研究高考试题后，考生会发现近几年高考试题中表示时间、地点的先行词有些已经不是一个明显的表示时间、地点的词语，如：period, ten years ago, the street, the museum，而是已经模糊化的词语，如：activity, business, occasion, point, case等。解题时考生要弄清这些词汇在句中的意义，并结合其在从句中所作的成分选用恰当的引导词。◆警示
point, situation, case后的定语从句的引导词并非总是由where来引导，只有当引导词在从句中作状语时，才用关系副词where，否则用关系代词。状语从句
一、连词when, while, as的用法区别
1．下列情况下只能用when
(1)作并列连词，意思是“在这时”(at this time)，常用于下列句型：
①be doing...when...某事正在进行，这时发生了另外一件事
We were walking along the river when I heard a cry of help.
②be about to do...when...即将做某事，这时发生了另外一件事I was just about to leave when I saw him running towards me with a bag in his hand.
③had(not)＋过去分词．..when...某事刚发生，就发生了另外一件事；某件事情还没有持续多长时间，就发生了另外一件事
We had just sat down when someone knocked at the door.
We hadn't been asleep for long when we heard a terrible noise.(2)表示“既然”。
How can I help them to understand when they won't listen to me?
(3)表示“虽然”，位于句中。
He walks when he could take a taxi.2．下列情况下只能用while
(1)表示对比或比较，意为“然而，可是”。
He likes dancing while his brother likes singing.
(2)表示“尽管”，用于句首。
While she is a top student, she has some shortcomings.
3．表示发展、变化的情况时，只能用as
As he grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening.◆拓展
when, while, as的用法共同点
在说明事情发生的背景时，when, while, as都可以使用。
He broke his leg when/while/ as he was playing football.
◆拓展
表示“当……的时候”，可以使用when，也可以使用while。when从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性的。请比较：1．It was nine o'clock when I got home.(非延续性动词)
2．He was reading a newspaper while he was waiting for a bus.(延续性动词)
二、“It＋be＋时间＋从句”中连词的选择
“It＋be＋时间＋从句”句型是高考考查的热点，其中连词的选择是个难点。突破这个难点的关键是要把握好句意，根据句意的需要选择合适的连词：1．表示“再过多长时间某事才会发生”，用“It will be＋时间段＋before从句”。
It will be three weeks before we have the next exam.
再过三个星期我们才会进行下次考试。
2．表示“自从……以来有多长时间了”用“It be＋时间段＋since从句”，be动词如果用一般现在时，则从句用一般过去时，如果be动词用一般过去时，则从句用过去完成时。
It is three years since he joined the army.
He said it was three years since he had joined the army.
3．It be＋时间状语＋that＋其他，构成强调句型，意思是“就是在某一时间发生了某事”。
It was at six o'clock that we got home.
4．It be＋时间点＋when从句，表示“某事发生在什么时间”，it指代时间。
It was six o'clock when we got home.◆技巧
区分“It be＋时间状语＋that＋其他”(强调句型)和“It be＋时间点＋when从句”
妙招：采用还原法，将it be和that去掉，如果能够还原成一个完整的句子，就是强调句型，否则就不是强调句型。三、几种让步状语从句的用法区别
1．though, although, as引导的让步状语从句的区别
although引导正常语序的让步状语从句；though既可以引导正常语序的让步状语从句，也可以引导倒装语序的让步状语从句；as引导倒装语序的让步状语从句。
Although/ though he has limited technical knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience.as引导让步状语从句时，要把作表语的形容词、名词，作状语的副词或谓语的一部分提到句首，如果是单数名词作表语，把它提到句首时，其前不用冠词。分为以下几类：
(1)“名词＋as＋主语＋其他”构成让步状语从句，单数名词前不加冠词。
Scientist as he is, he is still as modest as before, which always moves all the people who know him.(不能用although, scientist前不用冠词)(2)“动词＋as＋主语＋其他”构成让步状语从句。
Struggle as he might, he was not able to get out.(不能用although)
(3)形容词＋as＋主语＋其他。
Crazy though/as his ideas may sound, some people think there is something in them.(不能用although)
(4)副词＋as＋主语＋谓语。
Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.(不能用although)2．表示“不管……还是……”用whether...or...来引导让步状语从句。
Whether you like the job or not, you have to do it right now.
◆拓展
其他形式的让步状语从句
让步状语从句还可以由下列的词来引导：
no matter how/what/who/when/where...这几个短语的意思是“不论怎样(什么，谁，什么时候，什么地方)”，相当于however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever...。no matter how＋形容词或副词＋主语＋谓语＝however＋形容词或副词＋主语＋谓语，表示“无论……”。
We will solve the problem, no matter how hard it is.＝We will solve the problem, however hard it is.
◆点拨
用although, though，还是as，关键是要看句子结构：是正常语序还是倒装语序。典例 (2011·新课标卷，22)Try ________ she might, Sue couldn't get the door open.
A．if B．when
C．since D．as
解析：D 本题考查连词的用法。句意：尽管苏尝试了，但她还是打不开门。根据句子结构可知，本题考查as引导的让步状语从句，要用倒装语序。其结构为：动词/名词/形容词/副词＋as＋主语＋谓语，故D项正确。课件95张PPT。
专题十三 省略、替代、
强调及其他特殊句式强调句
一、强调句的结构用法
强调句的结构形式是“It＋be的适当形式＋被强调部分＋that/who＋剩余部分”，它常用来突出说话人要强调的语言信息，给对方以强烈的印象和感受。这一强调结构，除不能强调谓语动词外，其他成分均可强调。在本结构中，it无意义，但不能换成this或that；若原句时态是现在时或将来，则be用is，若原句谓语动词是过去时，则be用was，有时也可根据需要在be前加上情态动词may, might, must等。若被强调部分是人，引导词用who或that均可(若强调部分是作宾语的人，也可用whom)；若强调其它部分，则一律用that。译成汉语时常加上“正是……”等字眼。It was in Greece that Olympic Games firstly started.
奥林匹克运动会就是在希腊首次举行的。(强调状语)
It must be John that/who will take part in the contest on behalf of our class.
肯定是约翰将代表我们班参赛。(强调主语)二、强调句型应注意的问题
1．被强调的代词的格应与原句保持一致，其谓语动词与原句主语保持一致。
It is I who am going to Beijing next week.
是我将于下周去北京。
2．对not...until结构中状语进行强调时，not需置于被强调的部分之中，构成“It is/was not until...that...”结构。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized she was a famous film star.
直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她是位著名影星。3．本结构不能用来强调让步状语从句，原因状语从句中只有because引导的可被强调。
It was because he was seriously ill that he didn't go to school yesterday.
正因为他病得厉害，所以昨天才没有去上学。
4．强调句中的时态一般应一致，即主句与从句的时态都用现在时，过去时，或者都用将来时。
It was my two sisters who knew her best.
正是我的两个妹妹最了解她。It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this.
对此受责难的将不是你。
5．如果强调双宾语中的一个，不论是直接宾语还是间接宾语，根据动词的搭配关系，要加上一个介词to或for。
Mr. Green gave Mary a birthday present.→
It was Mary that Mr. Green gave a birthday present to.
It was a birthday present that Mr. Green gave to Mary.三、强调结构的否定句、疑问句、感叹句
强调结构也有其否定、疑问或感叹形式。特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以被强调，构成“特殊疑问词＋be＋it＋that＋剩余部分”结构。
It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes.
并非仅仅是盲人才犯这样愚蠢的错误。
Was it during the Second World War that he died?
他是在第二次世界大战期间死亡的吗？
Where was it that you met Tom yesterday?
昨天你是在哪儿碰到汤姆的？
What a wonderful time it was that we had at the party!
我们在聚会上玩得多么高兴啊！典例 (2011·四川，15)Was it on a lonely island ________ he was saved one month after the boat went down?
A．where B．that
C．which D．what
解析：B。本题考查强调句型。句意：他是在那艘船沉下去一个月后，被人从那座孤岛上救下来的吗？it is...that...为常用的强调句型，被强调的部分置于it is 之后。四、强调句的反意疑问句
强调结构的反意疑问句，附加问句中的主语用it而不用主句中主语。
It was at eleven last night that I knew the good news, wasn't it?
是昨天晚上11点我知道这个好消息的，不是吗？
It is where you come from that you should return, isn't it?
你是从哪里来的就应回哪里去，不是吗？五、如何判定含有定语从句的强调结构
仔细分析that或who在句中的作用：若that或who可有可无(结合it be来分析)，则为强调结构，否则就是定语从句。
It was in the lab that was set up by Mr. Smith that they finished the experiment.
正是在史密斯先生建立的实验室里他们完成了这项实验。(lab后的that不可省略，因为它作该从句的主语引导定语从句；句中第二个that才是强调结构的标志。)It was Li Hong who came from Hunan that won the first prize in the contest.
是来自湖南的李红获得了竞赛的头奖。(who引导定语从句，作从句的主语；that才是强调结构的标志。)六、强调结构和主语从句的区别
1．含有主语从句的句子，译成汉语时不可加上“正是……”或“就是……”之类的字眼，而强调结构可以。
2．含有主语从句的句子若删掉It be...that/who...，则原句在结构上和意义上均不成立，而强调结构若去掉结构标志仍然成立。It is true that he once went to Canada.
他曾经去过加拿大是真的。(不能去掉It is及that，否则原句不成立，故本句是含有主语从句的复合句。)
It was on December 11, 2001 that China became a member of the WTO.
就是在2001年12月11日，中国加入了世贸组织。(若去掉It was和that，原句仍然成立，故本句是强调结构。)插入语
英语句子中(尤其在口语中)常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义或在语气上有所加强，语法上称它们为“插入语”。插入语在句中起到解释、说明等作用，有时表达说话人的一种看法。多数插入语对句子本身影响并不大，若去掉它，句子意思依然清晰明了。然而有些插入语是句子不可缺少的成分，若去掉，句子意思就不完整，如for example, in other words等。因此正确理解和分析插入语对于我们做单项选择题和正确理解短文的意思意义重大。插入语的类型
1．单词(多为副词)
单词作插入语时位置比较活，多见于句末，但也可位于句中或句首。常见作插入语的单词有though, however, therefore, personally, luckily, fortunately, obviously等。有些副词是表示上下文的逻辑关系，起连接作用(虽然本身不是连词)，这一类副词常用逗号将它与句子隔开。有些副词是表达说话人的看法或观点，多置于句首。She had seen the picture. However, she never told it to anyone.
她见过那幅照片，不过，她没告诉任何人。
Luckily, his father's second wife was kind to him.
幸运的是，他父亲的第二任妻子对他很好。
2．短语
现在分词短语、不定式短语、介词短语都可以作插入语，它们在句中起补充说明的作用。常见插入语的短语有：for example, by the way, in some way, judging from, to tell you the truth, so far, on the contrary, no wonder, chances(are that), worse still, to start with等。By the way, how can I find you?
顺便问一句，我怎么才能找到你？
What on earth do you want to say?
你到底想说什么？
To tell you the truth, I have found out that he stole the car.
说实话，我已经弄清楚是他偷了那辆车。3．句子
常见作插入语的句子有：do you think, I believe, do you know, what's more, let's say, that is to say，它们多位于句末，用以表示客气或征询别人的看法。也可以表示补充。表示疑问的插入语也可位于句中或句首。
He is an honest man, I believe.
我认为，他是个诚实的人。
As far as I know, Jack isn't clever.
据我所知，杰克并不聪明。
How soon will he be ready, do you expect?
你想一下，他多久能准备好？4．准插入语
有些复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为含有“插入语”。这种疑问句(也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”)，常用来征询对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求。口语中出现的频率极高。
When do you expect he will come back?
你预计他什么时候可以回来？
Who do you guess has taken away the book?
你认为是谁拿走了这本书？省略
为避免重复，省略句中的一个或几个句子成分，这种语法现象称为省略。
一、简单句中的省略
1．在对话中
—How is your mother today?
你母亲今天怎么样？
—(She is) Much better.
好多了。2．在祈使句中
Open the window, please！＝You open the window, please!
请打开窗户！
3．在感叹句中
What a boy！＝What a good boy he is!
多好的一个男孩呀！
How they are working！＝How hard they are working!
他们工作多卖力呀！4．表示讲话人的意见和看法
Sounds fine to me.＝It sounds fine to me.
对我来说很好。
Pity you couldn't come.＝It's a pity you couldn't come.
真遗憾你不能来。5．提问
Anything wrong？＝Is there anything wrong?
有什么问题吗？
Found the treasure？＝Have you found the treasure?
找到宝藏了吗？
6．名词所有格修饰的名词表示店铺、住宅、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物。At her mother's (house) she passed many happy days.
在母亲家，她度过了许多幸福岁月。
I met him at the doctor's.
我在诊所见到了他。
7．前面出现过的动词，下文再次出现时只须使用不定式符号to即可(动词不定式的省略，一般只省去动词，而保留符号to)。
—Will you go with me?
和我一块儿走好吗？
—Well, I'd like to.行啊，非常乐意。
(＝Well, I'd like to go with you.)
—Have you ever been to the seaside?
你去过海边吗？
—No, we can't afford to.
没有，我们没钱。
(＝No, we can't afford to go to the seaside.)二、并列句中的省略
1．如果后面分句中有与前面相同的部分，则常被省略。
Bob has done his homework but Tom hasn't (done his homework)．
鲍勃已经做完了作业，但是汤姆还没做完。
She was poor but(she was) honest.
她虽穷但却诚实。
The captain can find a boat quicker than we can (find a boat)．
姜是老的辣。2．有时并列句中的省略部分出现在前面的分句，只有看完最后一个分句才能掌握全句的完整意义。
Bob works (in London), and Peter lives in London.
鲍勃在伦敦工作，而彼得住在伦敦。
Mary can (speak English) and (Mary) ought to speak English.
玛丽能讲英语，她也应该讲英语。
We tested the depth(of the water) and (the) temperature of the water.
我们测试了水的深度和温度。三、惯用的省略结构
1．无动词祈使句和无主句祝愿语，往往用感叹号。
If only I could remember his name!
要是我能记住他的名字有多好啊！
Oh, for a friend to help us and advise us!
唉，要是有一位朋友能帮助和指点我们该有多好啊！2．固定句型How/What about＋名词/代词/v.－ing。
What about some more milk?
再喝一点牛奶好吗？
What about him?
他怎么样？
How about going out for a walk?
出去散散步好吗？3．Why not＋省去to的动词不定式。
Why get so excited?
为什么这么兴奋啊？
Why not go at once?
干嘛不马上走呢？四、复合句中的省略
1．宾语从句中的省略
(1)由which, when, where, how和why引导的宾语从句，可全部或部分省去，只保留引导词。
Please pass me one of these books, I don't care which(you pass me)．
请递给我一本书，随便哪一本。
He will come back, but he doesn't know when (he will come back)．
他会回来的，但他不知道什么时候回来。(2)由that引导的宾语从句，连词that可省略，若带有多个宾语从句，只有第一个that可省略，其余不能。
He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
他说这篇课文非常重要，我们应该背下来。
(3)I'm afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess等作答语时，后面跟so或not分别表肯定或否定，宾语从句可省去。—Do you think it will rain?
你认为天会下雨吗？
—I hope not (that it will rain). (或I don't hope so)
但愿不会下雨。
—Do you believe our team will win?
你认为我们队会赢吗？
—I guess so.
应该会赢的。2．定语从句中的省略
在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词who, whom, which, that可省略；以the same...as和such as引出的某些定语从句，也可省略与主句相同的部分。
The girl(whom/who/that) the teacher spoke to is Liu Ying.
老师与其说话的那个女孩是刘英。
I don't like such books as this (is)．
我不喜欢这种书。3．状语从句中的省略
(1)状语从句出现在主句之后时，一般省略谓语动词引导的后半部分。
John will go if Mary will(go)．
如果玛丽去，约翰也会去。
—Coming swimming?
来游泳好吗？
—You don't have to(come swimming) if you don't want to (come swimming)．
如果你不想来，就不用来了。(2)有时条件从句可以完全省去，只留主句。
I would have come yesterday (if I had wanted to)．
我昨天本可以来。
You might do me a favor(if you would)．
你是可以帮我的忙。
I would not do that(if I were in your place)．
我可不会做那种事。(3)以as, than引导的比较状语从句可全部或部分省略。
I can only do the way as (I was) told to do (it in that way)．
我会依计行事的。
After half an hour, she became quieter(than she had been)．
半小时后，她安静些了。(4)在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though, as, whether等引导的状语从句中，若谓语有be，而主语又跟主句主语相同或是it时，则从句的主语和be常被省略。
His opinion, whether (it is) right or wrong, would be considered.
他的意见，无论对错，都要考虑。
Errors, if (there are) any, should be corrected.
如果有什么错误，就应当改正。4．复合句中的特殊的省略现象
(1)主句中的省略多见于句首，多用于口语中。
(It is/was a) Pity you couldn't come.
遗憾的是你不能来。
(2)在对话中答句省去整个主句，只用从句。
—Shall I go to play?
我可以去玩吗？
—If you like(you can go to play)．你喜欢就去。
—When could I start?
我什么时候可以开始？
—(You may) Whenever you like.
什么时候都行。简单句
简单句就是只包含一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子。
一、简单句的基本句型
根据句子基本结构，英语简单句由三种主要动词(连系动词、不及物动词、及物动词)构成，常有以下几种基本句型。1．主语＋不及物动词[主＋谓结构]
Miss Jeana has gone abroad.
简娜小姐已经出国了。
Most students work hard.
大部分学生努力学习。
Great changes have taken place in our hometown.
我们家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。2．主语＋及物动词＋宾语[主＋谓＋宾结构]
We like sports.
我们喜爱运动。
He knows what to do next.
他知道下一步做什么。
He began learning English ten years ago.
十年前他开始学英语。
I have decided to play the flute well.
我已经决定把长笛吹好。3．主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语[主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾结构]
The old man gave the little boy some coins.
老人给了那个小男孩几个硬币。
Mr. Hardey teaches us European Literature.
哈代先生教我们欧洲文学。
His aunt bought him a book and several toys.
他的婶婶给他买了一本书和几个玩具。
His praise gave us great encouragement.
他的表扬给了我们很大的鼓舞。
The programmer is showing us how to use the computer.
程序员正在教我们如何使用电脑。4．主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语[主＋谓＋宾＋宾补结构]
We think Greek too difficult.
我们认为希腊语太难了。
We made him captain.
我们选他作队长。
They don't want to let us go.
他们不想让我们走。
When the policemen came in, they found the old man dead.
警察进来时发现老人死了。He likes to watch the boys playing football.
他喜欢看那些男孩们踢足球。
5．主语＋连系动词＋表语[主＋系＋表结构]
He is an IT engineer.
他是一位信息工程师。
The cloth feels smooth.
这块布料手感光滑。
Please keep silent.
请保持安静。The river near my house looks more beautiful in the early morning.
我家附近的那条河在清晨看上去格外美丽。
6．there be句型
There is a girl and three boys in the room.
房间里有一个女孩和三个男孩。
There are a lot of doves flying in the sky.
天空有许多鸽子在飞翔 7．特殊简单句结构
英语中有些简单句结构比较特殊，只包含一个词或一个成分。
Thanks！谢谢！(感谢语)
Happy New Year！新年快乐！(祝贺语)二、简单句分类
根据英语句式功能，简单句可分为四种：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
(一)陈述句
1．基本结构：主语＋谓语
She often speaks English.
她时常说英语。
The earth moves around the sun.
地球绕着太阳转。
2．否定结构：主语＋助动词/情态动词/be动词＋not＋谓语动词
I have not finished my dinner.
我还没有吃完饭。
She will not attend the conference because of her illness.
因为病了，所以她将不参加大会。
Afghanistan is not a developed country.
阿富汗不是一个发达国家。
He does not like dancing.
他不喜欢跳舞。
He did not go to work last Thursday.
上周四他没去上班。
(二)一般疑问句
一般疑问句通常用yes或no来回答，句末通常读升调。
1．谓语是be或have则将be或have放在主语前。
Have you any films?
你有胶卷吗？
Is she a nurse?
她是一个护士吗？2．若谓语动词是行为动词，则将助动词do或情态动词置于主语前面。
Do you have a live show every week?
每星期你都有一场现场秀吗？
3．一般疑问句的否定式通常把be, have或情态动词和not的简略式n't一起放在句首。
Isn't she a taxi driver?
难道她不是一位出租车司机吗？
若是肯定回答则用“Yes, she is.”(不，她是出租车司机。)否定回答则用“No, she isn't.”(是的，她不是出租车司机。)
4．在一般疑问句中，若提问人的答案没有肯定或否定意向，答案可以是yes，也可以是no时，这时句中常用非肯定的词。
Is there anything wrong with your computer?5．若提问人预计回答者会有肯定的回答时，疑问句中则在用非肯定词的地方用肯定词。
Is there something wrong with your pen?
Did someone phone last night?
所以，招待客人或表示乐意向某人提供帮助时，通常在一般疑问句中用肯定词。[参见“不定代词”some与any的用法。](三)特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句就是用疑问代词或疑问副词进行提问的句子，这种疑问句不用yes或no回答，须作详细回答。
1．若疑问词作主语或主语的定语时，疑问句语序与陈述句语序相同。
Who is in the car?
谁在车里？
Whose father works in Madrid?
谁的父亲在马德里工作？2．若疑问词作句子的宾语、状语、表语或修饰这三种成分时，则用“疑问词＋一般疑问句”。
Where do you come from?
你从什么地方来？
When will you go?
你什么时候走？◆注意
who是主格，whom是宾格，一般可用who代替whom，若前面有介词，则用whom。
Who/Whom are you waiting for here?
你在此等谁呀？
With whom did you do shopping yesterday?
昨天你和谁一块去买东西的？3．“Why＋一般疑问句否定式”。该结构一般表示劝告、建议、责备等。
Why don't you come earlier?
你干嘛不早一点来？
(四)选择疑问句
选择疑问句就是提出两个(或多个)选项看哪一个是正确的疑问句，两个选项部分(或多个选项部分)由连词or连接。or前的选项部分读升调，or后的选项部分读降调；or可连接两个表语、宾语、状语、谓语动词或分句，但选择疑问句不能用yes或no来回答；语序同一般疑问句语序。
Are you a teacher or a student?
你是老师还是学生？
Shall I come to get you or shall we meet at the station?
我来接你还是咱们在车站碰头？
Do you work in New York or Yorkshire?
你在纽约还是在约克郡工作？(五)反意疑问句
1．反意疑问句的句式
反意疑问句句式是：提问者先提出情况和看法，然后问对方是否同意。
(1)第一类：前部分陈述若用肯定式，后部分则用否定式；若前部分用否定式，后部分则用肯定式。疑问部分的主语与陈述部分的主语要一致，其谓语在人称、时态和数上须与前面保持一致。反意疑问句用yes或no回答，肯定回答用yes，否定回答用no。注意前部分陈述为否定式，后部分用肯定式的反意疑问句的回答，这一点与汉语的回答习惯不一致。①若前部分的陈述句谓语是be, have或情态动词，则反意疑问句的句式为：“陈述句，be/have/情态动词＋主语？”
—He cannot swim, can he?
他不会游泳，是吗？
—Yes, he can.
不，他会游泳。
—No, he can't.
是，他不会游泳。—Miss Diana can play the piano, can't she?
戴安娜小姐会弹钢琴，是吗？
—Yes, she can.
是，她会弹钢琴。
—No, she can't.
不，她不会弹钢琴。②若前半句的谓语是行为动词，语序则为“陈述句，助动词do＋主语？”
—He doesn't like sport, does he?
他不喜欢运动，是吗？
—No, he doesn't.
是，他不喜欢运动。
—Yes, he does.
不，他喜欢运动。◆注意
若陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, scarcely, no, rarely, never, little, few, nobody, nowhere等否定意义的词时，反意疑问部分则用肯定式(但不包括含否定意义的前后缀构成的词，如：dislike, unfair等)。
She can hardly speak English, can she?
她几乎不会说英语，是吗？
He dislikes maths, doesn't he?
他不喜欢数学，对吧？(2)第二类：前半部分陈述部分用肯定式，后一部分的提问也用肯定式。其使用有三种情况：
①在祈使句后加上简短反意疑问句，以表示客气。
Have a cup of tea, will you?
喝杯茶，好吗？②有时表示讥讽、感叹等也用这种反意疑问句结构。
So that's your little trick, is it?
那么这就是你的雕虫小技，是吗？
③表示怀疑，请对方加以证实时，也用这种反意疑问句形式。
Your Benz is outside the garage, is it?
你的奔驰放在车库外面，是吗？2．含有特殊主语的反意疑问句
(1)如果陈述部分的主语是表人的不定代词no one, none, nobody, everyone, someone等时，其反意部分的主语多用they，有时为了强调个体用he。
No one phoned me while I was out, did they?
我不在时没人打电话，对吗？(2)如果陈述部分是表物的不定代词everything, anything, something, nothing时，反意部分的主语用it。
Nothing has been considered about this meeting, hasn't it?
有关这次会议的事情，什么都还没考虑，是不是？
(3)one指“人”并作主语时，疑问部分的主语在正式场合用one，非正式场合用you。
One can't be too careful, can one/you?
我们必须十分小心，对吧？
(4)当陈述部分的主语是指示代词时，若是this或that，疑问部分主语用it；若是these或those，则疑问部分主语用they。这些指示代词若作主语的定语，其用法与它们作主语一样。
That story was a hundred years ago, wasn't it?
那个故事发生在100年前，是不是？
Those papers are yours, aren't they?
那些报纸是你的，对不对？(5)若陈述部分的主语为不定式、动名词或从句时，反意部分的主语为it。
To master a foreign language isn't easy, is it?
掌握一门外语不容易，是吗？
What he said at the meeting is very important, isn't it?
他在会上所说的很重要，是吗？
(6)在there be结构中，反意问句仍用there。
There will be a meeting tomorrow, won't there?
明天要开会，是吗？3．含有特殊动词的反意疑问句
(1)若前半句的谓语动词为have to/had to，则其反意疑问部分的谓语动词通常用助动词do的适当形式。
We have to get up at four tomorrow, don't we?
明天我们得四点钟起床，是吗？
They had to leave early, didn't they?
他们不得不早一点离开，是不是？(2)若前半句的谓语动词为used to，则其反意疑问部分的谓语动词可采取两种形式。
He used to live in London, usedn't he？或didn't he?
他以前住在伦敦，是吗？
There used to be a cinema here before the war, usedn't there/didn't there?
战争之前这儿有一家电影院，是不是？(3)若前半句的谓语动词是ought to，则反意疑问部分的谓语动词通常用ought/oughtn't代替。
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
这类事情是不应该被允许的，是不是？
He ought to be punished, oughtn't he?
他应该受到惩罚，是不是？
但在正式文体中，应用ought we not的形式。
We ought to go, ought we not？或We ought to go, should we not?
我们必须走，是吗？(4)若陈述部分有dare或need时，应视具体情况对待：
①dare和need为实义动词，疑问部分的谓语用do的适当形式。
②dare和need为情态动词，疑问部分由dare或need构成。
We need to do it, don't we?
我们有必要去做这件事，是不是？
You daren't go there, dare you?
你不敢去那儿，是吗？(5)当陈述部分带有情态动词must时，反意疑问句要根据must的不同意思而有所变化。
①若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”，则反意疑问部分应用needn't。
You must go home right now, needn't you?
你现在必须立刻回家，是吗？②当mustn't表示“禁止”时，反意疑问部分一般用must。
You mustn't walk on grass, must you?
你不能从草地上走，听见没有？
③若must表示“想必”，“一定”等推测意义时，要根据must后的动词结构及含义确定相应形式。
He must have met her yesterday, didn't he?
昨天他一定是见过了她，是不是？(强调对过去情况的推测)You must have seen the film, haven't you?
你一定看过这部电影了，是吗？(强调动作已完成)
You must be tired, aren't you?
你一定累了，是吗？
4．祈使句的反意疑问句
当陈述部分是祈使句时，反意疑问句的助动词不用do。反意疑问句部分有三种情况。
(1)一般情况下，祈使句后的反意疑问句部分用will you或won't you。Leave all the things as they are, won't you?
所有的东西都不动，好不好？
Give me a hand, will you?
帮我一把，好吗？
(2)以let's开头的祈使句，其后疑问句部分用shall we；而以let us或let me开头的祈使句，反意疑问句部分应用will you。
Let's try another way, shall we?
让我们试试别的方法吧？Let us have a try, will you?
让我们试一试，行吗？
(3)若陈述部分是否定的祈使句，问句部分除了用will you外，也可用can you，此时疑问部分为肯定形式。
Don't make much noise, will/can you?
别出这么大的声音，好吗？5．表示看法含义的宾语从句的反意疑问句
若前半句陈述部分用“I think (believe, suppose, expect...)＋宾语从句”这一结构时，反意疑问部分谓语动词和主语应和宾语从句中谓语动词和主语保持一致，且要用否定式。当主句主语为第二、第三人称时，反意部分应与主句主语和谓语一致。
I believe he is right, isn't he?
我想他是对的，不是吗？
He thinks his aunt know it, doesn't he?
他认为他的阿姨知道这件事，不是吗？◆注意
要注意这类宾语从句中的否定转移现象。
I don't think he can finish the work, can he?
我看他没法完成那份工作，是不是？
6．主从复合句的反意疑问句
除上述I'm sure, I'm afraid, I don't think这类宾语从句外，其他主从复合句的反意部分与主句一致。
She didn't turn up until you were about to leave, did she?
直到你要走时她才来，是不是？7．并列句的反意疑问句
陈述部分如果是并列句，反意部分与邻近分句一致。
Bob speaks English, but his wife speaks German, doesn't she?
鲍勃说英语，可他的妻子说德语，是不是？(六)祈使句
用来表示请求、命令、号召等的句子称之为祈使句。祈使句语调为降调。祈使句的谓语动词用原形，否定形式是在动词原形前加don't(＝do not)或never(语气较强)，主语you常常省略。所以，人们也常常称祈使句为无主句。
Be careful！小心！
Don't be careless！别粗心大意！
Never do that again！再不要这样了！
Keep off the grass！勿踏草地！◆注意
若let的宾语是第一人称，否定式只须在宾语后加not即可；若let的宾语是第三人称，否定式应在let前加don't。
Let's not waste time.
咱们别浪费时间了。
Don't let him say that!
不要让他那样说！
一般而言，祈使句的主语通常不出现，若要特别强调提醒对方或表达某种不满情绪时需加主语或呼语。
You be quiet!
你给我安静点！
Don't you be late again!
你不要再迟到了！Don't you call me John next time!
下次别再叫我约翰了！
下面用以表示祝愿、建议的句子也是祈使句。
May you succeed!
祝你成功！
Long live the People's Republic of China!
中华人民共和国万岁！表示强烈的感情或请求时，可用“Do＋祈使句”的结构。
Do come on time！(务必)准时来！
Do sit down！快请坐下！
(七)感叹句
用以表示快乐、痛苦等强烈感情的特殊句式我们称之为感叹句。感叹句句式有两种形式。一种以how开头，另一种以what开头。1．以how开头的感叹句
(1)How＋形容词/副词(＋主语＋谓语)
How beautiful the flower is!
这花多漂亮啊！
How fluently he speaks English!
他的英语讲得多流利啊！
How interesting (it is)！多有趣呀！
(2)How修饰动词，句型是“How＋主语＋谓语”
How the wind blows！风刮得好大呀！
2．以what开头的感叹句
What (a/an)＋(形容词)＋名词(＋主语＋谓语)
What fun！多有趣啊！
What a good girl！多好的一个女孩呀！
What a beautiful picture it is!
这是一幅多美的画呀！典例 (2011·辽宁卷，33)______a strange plant! I've never seen it before.
A．Which B．What
C．How D．Whether
解析：B 本题考查感叹句。句意：多么奇怪的植物！我从来没见过。感叹句结构为：课件31张PPT。
专题十四 交际英语
情景交际用语指在特定的语境中运用的语言。情景交际用语范围广泛，形式多样，灵活多变，这些情景交际语言的结构无不体现着英语国家的文化、风俗和习惯。
情景交际用语的功能主要包括四十一个项目。1．问候(Greetings)
①Good morning/ afternoon/ evening.
②Hello/ Hi.
③How are you? Fine, thank you, and you?
④Best wishes/ regards to sb.
⑤Please give/ send my regards/ best wishes/ love to sb.
⑥Say hello to sb.
⑦Please remember me to sb.2．介绍(Introductions)
①This is Mr./ Mrs./ Miss/ Ms./ Comrade.../ May I introduce you to...？/ I'd like you to meet...
②My name is.../ I'm a student/ teacher, etc.
③I'm Chinese.3．告别(Farewells)
①I'm afraid I must be leaving now./ I think it's time for us to leave now.
②Good bye！/ Bye bye！/ Bye！/ See you later/ tomorrow./ See you./ Good night.
4．感谢和应答(Thanks and responses)
①Thank you(very much)．/ Thanks a lot./ Many thanks./ Thanks for.../ It's very kind of you to...
②Not at all./ It's/ That's all right./ You are welcome.5．祝愿、祝贺和应答(Good wishes, congratulations & responses)
①Good luck！/ Best wishes to you！/ I wish you good luck/ success！/ Good journey (to you)！/ Have a good trip./ Have a nice/ good/ wonderful time./ Congratulations./ I'd like to congratulate you on.../ Happy New Year！/ Merry Christmas！/ Happy birthday to you!
②Thank you./ The same to you.6．道歉、遗憾和应答(Apologies, regrets, sympathies & responses)
①Sorry./ Pardon./ I'm sorry./ I'm sorry for/ about.../ I'm sorry to hear.../ I'm sorry to have＋v.－ed/ that...
②Excuse me(for...)/ I'm afraid of.../ I'm afraid I was very rude./ I didn't mean to be so rude./ What a pity./ Shame！/ It's a pity that...
③That's all right./ It doesn't matter./ That's nothing./ That's OK./ Never mind./ Don't worry about that.7．邀请和应答(Invitations and responses)
①Will you come to...？/ Would you like to...？/ I'd like to invite you to...
②Yes, I'd love to(...)．/ Yes, it's very kind/ nice of you.
③I'd love to, but...
8．提供(帮助等)和应答(Offers and responses)
①Can/ Could/ Shall I help you？/ Would you like me to...？/ Is there anything(else) I can do for you？/ Do you want me to...？/ What can I do for you？/ Let me do/ carry/ help...(for you)．/ Would you like some...?②Thanks./ That would be nice/ fine./ That's very kind/ nice of you./ Thank you for your help./ Yes, please./ Here, take this/ my...
③No, thanks./ Thank you./ I can manage it myself./ Thank you all the same./ That's very kind of you, but...
9．约会(Making appointments)
①Are you/ Will you be free this afternoon/ tomorrow？/ How about tomorrow morning/ afternoon/ evening？/ Shall we meet at 4：30 at...?
②Yes, that's all right./ Yes, I'll be free then.
③No, I won't be free then. But I'll be free...
④All right. See you then.10．意愿和希望(Intentions and wishes)
①I'm going to.../ I intend/ mean/ plan to.../ I will.../ I'd like to.../ I feel like v．－ing.../ I (do not) want/ hope to.../ I'm ready to.../ I'd prefer to do.../ I would rather not tell you.
②I want/ hope/ wish to.../ I wish that.../ I would like to...
③How about...11．请求、允许和应答(Asking for permission and responses)
①May I．..？/ Can/ Could I．..？/ I wonder if I can/ could.../ Do/ Would you mind if I do/ did...?
②Yes/ Sure/ Certainly./ Yes, (do) please.或Sure, go ahead./ Of course./ Go ahead, please./ That's OK/ all right./ Not at all./ Of course not./ Certainly not.
③I'm sorry you can't./ I'm sorry, but.../ You'd better not.12．同意和不同意(Agreement and disagreement)
①Certainly./ Sure./ Of course./ Yes, please./ No problem./ That's true./ Yes, I think so./ OK./ All right./ That's a good idea.../ It's a good idea.../ We agree(with you)．/ I agree to.../ that－clause
②No. I don't think so./ I'm afraid not./ I'm afraid I (really) can't agree with you.13．喜好和厌恶(Likes and dislikes)
①I like/love...(very much)．/ I like/ love to...
②I don't like(to)．../ I hate(to)．..
14．决定和坚持(Determination, decision and insistence)
①I will.../ I have decided to/ that.../ I have decided wh－疑问词引导的从句/wh－疑问代词或副词to...
②I insist on/that...15．判断和意见(Judgement and opinion)
①It certainly is./ It's correct to do.../ Well done！/ Good work!
②In my opinion.../ It seems.../ So/ As far as I know...
16．职责(Obligations)
You must/ have to/ should/ ought to.../ It is necessary to/ that...17．能力(Ability)
I can.../ He is able to...
18．偏爱(Preference)
I prefer...to.../ He'd prefer them not to.../ He'd rather begin at once.
19．责备和抱怨(Blame and complaint)
①She is to blame./ He blamed her for.../ She shouldn't have done it.
②I'm sorry to have said that, but.../ Why can't you do something about it?20．肯定和不肯定(Certainty and uncertainty)
①I'm sure (of that)．/ I'm sure (that)．..
②I'm not sure (of that)．/ I'm not sure whether/ if.../ I doubt if...
③Perhaps./ Maybe.
21．禁止和警告(Prohibition and warnings)
①You can't/ mustn't.../ If you..., you will.../ You'd better not do it./ Don't smoke！/ Don't be late!
②Look out！/ Take care！/ Be careful!22．可能和不可能(Possibility and impossibility)
①He can/ may.../ It is possible that...
②He may not.../ He is not likely to.../ He is not likely that...
23．预见、猜测和相信(Prediction, conjecture and belief)
①He will...
②I guess that.../ He must have done.../ It seems (that)．../ It seems as if.../ It looks as if...
③I believe that he is right.24．请求(Requests)
①Can/ Will/ Could/ Would you...for me？/ Will/ Can/ Could/ Would you please...？/ May I have...?
②Please give/ pass me.../ Please wait(here/a moment)．/ Please wait(for) your turn./ Please stand in line/ line up./ Please hurry./ Make sure that...please.
③Don't rush/ hurry/ crowd./ No noise, please./ No smoking, please.25．劝告和建议(Advice and suggestions)
①You'd better (not)．../ You should/ought to.../ You need(to)．..
②Shall we...？/ Let's.../ What/ How about...？/ Why not...？/ Why don't you do...?
26．许诺(Promises)
I promise.../ You shall have...tomorrow./ I will give...to you.27．提醒(Reminding)
Don't forget to.../ Don't you remember the days when...？/ Make sure that everything is OK now.
28．表示焦虑(Expressing anxiety)
What's wrong？/ What's the matter(with you)？/ Is there anything the matter?
I'm/ He's/ She's worried./ Oh, what shall I/ we do？/ We were all anxious about...29．表示惊奇(Expressing surprise)
Really？/ Oh dear！/ Is that so？/ Good heavens!
30．表示喜悦(Expressing pleasure)
I'm glad/ pleased/ happy to.../ That's nice/ wonderful/ great./ Hopefully tomorrow will turn fine.
31．谈论天气(Talking about the weather)
What's the weather like today？/ What's the weather going to be like at the weekend？/ How's the weather in...？/ It's fine/ cloudy/ windy/ rainy.../ It's getting cold/ warm.../ It's rather warm/ cold/ hot...today, isn't it？/ It's going to be dry and sunny for the next two days./ It's a beautiful day today.32．购物(Shopping)
①What can I do for you？/ Can/ May I help you？/ Is there anything I can do for you?
②I want/ I'd like.../ How much is it？/ That's too expensive, I'm afraid./ That's fine. I'll take it./ Let me have...
③How much/ many do you want？/ What colour/ size/ kind do you want?
④Do you have any other kind/ size/ colour, etc.?33．问路和应答(Asking the way and responses)
①Excuse me. Where's the men's/ ladies' room？/ Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to...？/ How can I get to...? I don't know the way.
②Go down this street./ Turn right/ left at the first/ second crossing./ It's about... metres from here./ Go straight ahead till you see...34．问时间、日期和应答(Asking the time, date and responses)
①What day is (it) today？/ What's the date today？/ Excuse me. What time is it by your watch？/ What's the time, please?
②It's Monday/ Tuesday.../ It's January/ February.../ It's six o'clock/ six thirty/ half past six/ a quarter past/ to six./ It's time for/ to...35．就餐(Taking meals)
①What would you like (to have)？/ Would you like something (to eat/ drink)?
②I'd like.../ Two eggs..., please.
③Would you like some more...？/ Help yourself to some...
④Thank you. I've had enough./ I'm full, thank you./ Just a little, please.36．打电话(Making phone calls)
①Hello! Is (Tom) in？/ May/ Could I speak to...？/ Is that...(speaking)?
②Hold on, please./ Hello, who is it？/ He/ She isn't here right now./ Can I take a message for you?
③Hello, this is...speaking./ I called to tell/ ask you...
37．传递信息(Passing on a message)
①Will you please give this note/ message to...?
②...asked me to give you this note.
③Thanks for the message.38．看病(Seeing the doctor)
①There's something wrong with.../ I've got a headache and a cough./ I feel terrible/ bad./ I don't feel well./ This place hurts.
②Take this medicine three times a day./ Drink plenty of water and have a good rest./ It's nothing serious./ You'll be all right/ well soon.
39．求救(Calling for help)
①Help！/ Thief!
②What's the matter?40．语言困难(Language difficulties)
Pardon？/ Would you please say that again/ more slowly？/ What do you mean by...？/ I'm sorry I can't follow you./ I'm sorry I know only a little English.
41．常见的标志和说明(Some common signs and instructions)
①BUSINESS HOURS/ MENU/ OFFICE HOURS/ NO SMOKING/ OPEN/ NO PARKING/ CLOSED/ NO PHOTOS
②PULL/ PUSH/ ENTRANCE/ EXIT
③INSTRUCTIONS/ MADE IN CHINA/ THIS SIDE UPON/ DANGER OFF
④PLAY/ STOP/ PAUSE
⑤INSERT HERE课件26张PPT。
专题二 冠词一、冠词的泛指与特指
冠词的泛指和特指是冠词学习的难点之一，也是高考考查的焦点所在。解题时考生要结合语境分析究竟设空处是表示“泛指”还是表示“特指”：
1．表泛指(指一类人或事物中的任何一个，而不具体指哪一个)，用不定冠词；2．表特指(特指某人、某事、某物，指上文中提到的或正在谈论的人或物，或者是谈话双方都知道的人或事物)，用定冠词。请比较：
I have a computer. The computer is a great help to my studies.
(a computer属于泛指，the computer属于特指，指的是上文提到的事物)He is a doctor.(a doctor属于泛指，指的是医生中的一个)
A nurse is a person who takes care of the sick.(尽管person后有一个限制性定语从句，但结合句义可知，此处是说明护士属于哪一类人，属于类指，因此用不定冠词)◆警示
有些考生一见到名词有定语修饰，就认为是特指，这是错误的。其实，有时候，名词前有修饰语时，表示“一个什么样的人或事物”，即表示这个人或事物属于哪一类，是类指，而不是特指。如：
Our teacher is a warmhearted man.
He is a person who is ready to help others.
解题时一定要结合语境，切莫一刀切。典例 (2011·太原二模，21)—What about ________ lecture you attended yesterday?
—To tell the truth, it was too boring.I can't stand ______ lecture like that.
A.a; the B．the; a
C．the; 不填 D.the; the
解析：B。考查冠词。第一空的讲座是特指昨天你参加的，因此用定冠词the；第二空表示泛指“像昨天的讲座那样的讲座”，所以用不定冠词。二、比较级和最高级前冠词的选择
“a/an＋比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比……更……的一个”，属于泛指；“the＋比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。“the＋最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最……的一个”；“a most＋形容词”表示“很……，非常……”。请比较：This one is too small. Can you show me a larger one?
Tom is the older of the two boys.
Part One is a most difficult part but not the most difficult.
第一部分是非常难的一部分，但不是最难的。◆警示
只有相比较的人或事物为两个时，才能用“the＋比较级”。
◆辨析
“a most＋形容词”不含比较概念，most相当于very；而“the most＋形容词”表示“最……”，句中必须有比较的范围。三、表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前冠词的使用
表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词，如：sun, sky, moon, world等前面一般用定冠词，但其前有描绘性的修饰语时，用不定冠词。请比较：
As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.
What a bright moon!
◆点拨
解答此类题的关键是看这类名词前是否有描绘性的修饰语。
四、物质名词和抽象名词前冠词的使用
1．物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词，表示泛指时前面一般不用冠词；但物质名词表示特指时，用定冠词。
请比较：
Man will die without water.(water表示泛指)
The water in this well is not fit to drink.(“The water”特指这口井里的水)I know you don't like music very much. But what do you think of the music in the film we saw yesterday?
(第一个music表泛指的“音乐”，不用冠词。第二个music指这部电影中的音乐，表示特指，要用定冠词the)
The door is made of wood.(wood表示泛指)
The wood outside was all wet.
外面的那些木头都湿了。(wood表示特指)2．抽象名词属于不可数名词，前面一般不用冠词；但用来表示具体的人或事时，其前用不定冠词。
The little boy looked at me in surprise.(surprise在本句中是抽象名词)
What a pleasant surprise to see you here！(抽象名词具体化，a surprise指一件令人惊奇的事情)典例 (2011·南通三模，21)—Do you think an advertisement is ________ help when you look for a college?
—Well, it all depends. Anyway, it gives me more of ________ chance.
A. a; a B. 不填； a
C. 不填； the D. a; the
解析：A。考查冠词。第一空help表示具体的人，所以前面加不定冠词，a help表示“一个帮手”；第二空表泛指。◆探究
物质名词和抽象名词前冠词的使用是考生容易出错的地方。有些考生已经形成了一种定式思维：物质名词和抽象名词前是不加冠词的。因此一见到物质名词和抽象名词，一概不加冠词。
其实，这是不能一概而论的。正确的方法是：结合语境判断名词是泛指还是特指，泛指不加冠词，特指时须加定冠词。◆链接
某些物质名词，如rain, snow, fog, wind, tea, coffee等，其前有形容词修饰时，形容词前应加不定冠词。如：
What a heavy rain!
Longjing is a famous Chinese green tea.
◆技巧
抽象名词表示抽象意义，不用冠词；表示具体事物，用不定冠词。五、专有名词以及表示季节、星期、三餐的名词前冠词的使用
1．专有名词前一般不加冠词，但是以下情况需要用冠词：
(1)由普通名词构成的专有名词前应加定冠词。
请比较：
China, Smith, Bob(不用冠词)
the Great Wall长城
the United States美国(2)表示“一个名叫……的人”时，用不定冠词。
A Mr. Smith is waiting for you outside.
有位史密斯先生在外面等你。(这里的a表示“某一”)
2．表示季节、星期的名词前一般不加冠词，如：in summer, on Monday，但是以下情况应用冠词：
(1)表示季节的名词前有描绘性的形容词时，应加不定冠词；有限制性的定语时(即表示某一年的某个季节时)，应加定冠词。
He joined the army in the spring of 1987.We had a very hot summer last year.
I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii.
(2)表示“某一个星期几”时，用不定冠词。
I happened to meet my classmate Jack on a Wednesday.
3．表示一日三餐的名词前一般不加冠词，但其前面有描绘性的修饰语时，应加不定冠词。请比较：
—Have you had supper?
—Yes. We had a wonderful supper.◆链接
专有名词以及表示季节、星期、三餐的名词前冠词的使用是近几年高考对冠词考查的焦点之一。考查的角度主要针对考生的定式思维——一碰到这类词就认为不应该加冠词。在具体运用中，考生应该打破定式思维，具体情况具体分析。◆牢记
在一些短语中，用与不用冠词意义差别很大：
in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在…… (内部的)前面
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能◆拓展
常见不用冠词的表达：
go by train乘火车去
at noon在中午
at night在晚上
in town在城里
in surprise惊奇地
at work在工作六、序数词前冠词的使用
表示顺序“第几”时用“the＋序数词”；表示“又一，再一”时用“不定冠词＋序数词”。
We have finished the first lesson, and now we will learn the second lesson.
我们已经学完了第一课，现在我们学习第二课。
I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.
我已经有三本书了，我想再买一本。典例 (2011·宁波模拟，2)Johnson had made up his mind to give it up, but on ________ second thought he determined to try ________ third time.
A. /; a B. the; /
C. a; a D. the; a
解析：A。考查冠词。第一空on second thought是固定短语，意为“三思，再三考虑”；第二空序数词前用不定冠词表示“再一，又一”。句意：约翰逊已经下定决心放弃了，但是思虑再三后，他决定再试一次。课件34张PPT。
专题三 代词一、one, it, that的用法区别
1．one替代单数名词，指代上文提到过的同类事物中的一个，但不是上文提到的那一个事物，相当于“a＋单数可数名词”；it替代前面提到的事物，请比较：
I have lost my dictionary; I'm looking for it.(句中it就是指前面的my dictionary)
I have lost my dictionary; I think I must buy one.(one在该句中表示泛指，因为my dictionary已经丢了，不可能再买它了)2．that＝the＋名词，替代特指的可数与不可数名词。
The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought.(that指代the umbrella)
The water in the cup is hotter than that in the pot.(that指代the water)典例 (2011·潍坊抽测，30)I just choose a simpler lifestyle, ________ where I can ride my bike all over and do not have to make a great living to survive.
A．that B．it
C．one D．another
解析：C。考查代词。句意：我只是选择了一种更简单的生活方式，一种可以骑自行车，不必为生活而奔忙的生活方式。one是a simpler lifestyle的同位语。◆链接
ones主要用于替代复数名词，表泛指；若是特指，则用those(相当于the ones)。
If you haven't got a big plate, two small ones will do.
Today's libraries differ greatly from those of the past.
Do you know the ones who have moved here recently?◆警示
替代词one或ones通常不用在物主代词和名词所有格之后。如不可说my one(s), your one(s)等。one或ones也不能用在own之后。
但是，如果one(s)前面有形容词，one(s)可以和物主代词及名词所有格连用。
My cheap radio seems to be just as good as Kate's expensive one.二、other, the other, others, the others, another的用法区别
1．other作定语，后接复数名词或不可数名词。
There are other ways of doing this exercise.
2．the other
(1)特指“两者之中的另一个”，常与one连用，构成“one...the other...”。
Miss Gao has a book in one hand, and a pen in the other.
I have two books. One is an English book; the other(one/book) is a Chinese book.(2)修饰复数名词，表示“其余全部的”(特指某一范围中其他的人或事物)。
Two boys will go to the zoo, and the other boys will stay at home.
3．others用作代词，泛指别的人或事物，常构成“some...others...”结构。
Some people enjoy exercise, others don't.
She always thinks of other people/others and never thinks of herself.4．the others用作代词，特指其余的人或事物。the others意思是“其他东西，其余的人”，相当于“the other＋复数名词”。特指某一范围内的“其他的人或物”。
We five did cleaning yesterday. Lucy and I swept the floors; the others cleaned the windows.
5．another
(1)可作代词，也可作形容词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或事物中的另一个，代替或修饰单数可数名词。
I don't like this one. Show me another.
Please give me another umbrella. This one is too old.(2)表示“又……，再……”(an additional person or thing)，在原来基础上的附加。常用于“another＋单数名词”或“another＋数词＋复数可数名词”。
Have another drink and another of these cakes.
I'll be here for another few weeks.
Where shall we be in another ten years?(3)另一，不同的人或事物
We can do it another time.我们可以下次再做。(不是现在做)
◆链接
other, the other, others, the others, another的用法区别要把握好以下三点(关键词)：
①成分：哪些只可以作定语。
②数量：是指两者，还是指三者或三者以上。
③范围：有无特定的范围。
◆点拨
①要结合句子结构判断：是否需要作定语的词。
②结合语境来判断：是否存在特定的范围。
③利用关键词来判断：是两者还是三者(以上)。典例1 (2011·苏北四市二调，31)We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so let's have ________ one this month.
A．the other B．some
C．another D．other
解析：C。语意表示“我们这个月再去野餐一次吧”，表示“又一，另一”用another。典例2 (2011·衡阳八中第五次月考，24)I have done much of the work. Could you please finish ________ in two days?
A．the rest B．the other
C．another D．the others
解析：A。work是不可数名词，不能用the others代替；the rest既可指代可数名词，也可指代不可数名词。故答案为A。 ◆辨析
some与any的区别
①some一般用于肯定句；
any一般用于否定句和疑问句。
—Have you got any oranges?
—I have some oranges.
(—No, I haven't got any oranges.)②在表示邀请、建议、反问、请求的疑问句中，或期望得到肯定回答时，多用some而不用any。
Would you like some coffee?
◆链接
表示“又……，再……”还可用“数词＋more＋复数可数名词”。
We need another ten chairs.
＝We need ten more chairs.
我们还/另外需要十把椅子。三、none, no one, nothing的用法区别
1．none既可指人，也可指物，后可接of短语，也可回答由how many, how much, which等引起的问句。(即涉及数量用none)
—Did any of your friends come to see you?
你的朋友当中有谁来看过你吗？
—None.
一个也没来。
—How many English books have you read?
你读过多少本英文书？—None.
一本也没读过。
—How much money did you give her?
你给了她多少钱？
—None.
一分也没给。2．no one/nobody只能指人，其后不可接of短语，用来回答由who引起的问句。
—Who went to see the film?
谁去看电影了？
—No one/Nobody.谁也没去。
3．nothing只指物，后不可接of短语，可回答由what引起的问句。
—What's in the box?
盒子里有什么？
—Nothing.
什么也没有。◆点拨
解题时，要善于抓住题干中的关键词汇：
①表示数量的词(有时候借助语法手段来表示，如题干中用的最高级，表明数量是大于或等于三)；
②能够显示肯定或否定意义的词。四、all, none, both, either, neither的用法区别
1．all表示三者或三者以上的人或事物或表示抽象意义的“一切”。
All of the boys went swimming yesterday.
All goes well.
2．none表示三者或三者以上都不，none既可指人也可指物，其后通常接of短语；用作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语只能用单数，若指可数名词，则谓语可用单数也可用复数。None of the money is mine.
None of the food was left.
None of the books is/are interesting.
3．both表示(两者)都；either表示两者之中任何一个；neither表示两者之中任何一个都不。
On both sides of the road, there're a lot of trees.
On either side of the road, there're a lot of trees.(road只有“两边”)
I asked Tom and Bob for help, but neither of them would help me.◆点拨
all, none, both, either, neither的用法区别关键点：
①一看数量：三者或三者以上用all/none；两者用either/neither/both。
②二看肯定还是否定：all/both表肯定；none表否定；not...either＝neither。典例 (2011·西城期末，21)—We have two seats free here. Which one would you like?
—________！ My mother is coming to see the film with me.
A．None B．Neither
C．All D．Both
解析：D 考查代词。根据题干中的two seats可排除A、C(这两项都用于指三者或三者以上)；neither指“两者都不”；both指“两者都”。根据答语中的第二句话可知D项符合语意，即两个座位都要。◆辨析
each与every的区别
①each强调个别，而every则用来概括全体，与all相当。所以与almost, nearly连用时，可用every，不能用each。
Almost every student in our class passed the English exam yesterday.
②each指两者或者两者以上的“每一”，而every则指三者或三者以上的“每一”。
There are lots of trees on each side of the road.③every可用来表示“每隔”，而each不可。
(1)“every＋基数词＋复数名词”；
(2)“every＋序数词＋单数名词”；
(3)“every other＋单数名词”表示“每隔一……”；
(4)“every few＋复数名词”表示“每隔几……”。
He visited his uncle every few days.
Please write on every other line.④every可以与not连用构成部分否定，意思是“并不是/非所有人”，而each则不可以与not连用。
Not everyone likes the film.
五、it与this/that的区别
下列情况下，只能使用it，不能用this/that。
1．作形式主语/宾语时。
it可用作形式主语/宾语，而将真正的主语/宾语放在后面，真正的主语/宾语往往是不定式、动名词或从句。
It is no use going there so early.(形式主语)He thought it no use going over the subject again.(形式宾语)
He found it hard to get along with him.(形式宾语)
It is known to everybody that the moon travels around the earth once every month.(形式主语)
2．强调句型中。
It is Mary that has won the first place.
It was they that (who) cleaned the classroom yesterday.
It was in the street that I met her father.
It was Mary that our teacher praised at the meeting yesterday.3．某些动词(短语)后不能直接跟宾语从句，需要用it作形式宾语，然后接宾语从句。这类动词(短语)有：hate, dislike, like, appreciate, depend on, see to等。
I'd appreciate it if you would like to teach me how to use the computer.
You can depend on it that he will come to help you.◆链接
①指时间、距离、天气、温度等。
Sometimes it snows and the land is all white.
—What time is it now?
—It's half past nine.
It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here.
It is cooler in Tianjin than in Beijing.②用于指性别不详、身份不明的人等。
The child smiled when it saw its mother.
③指代前面整个句子的内容。
Well, you mustn't play on the road. It's dangerous.
④it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。
It's awful—I've got so much work; I don't know where to start.典例 (2011·福建四地六校第三次联考，22)________ is known to us all is that the Chinese government has spared no efforts to protect people from fake food.
A．As B．It
C．That D．What
解析：D。考查主语从句。what在这里引导主语从句，选D项。此题要注意分析句子结构，如果题目改为：①________ is known to us all, the Chinese government has spared no efforts to protect people from fake food.该句空处应用As, as引导非限制性定语从句；②________ is known to us all that the Chinese government has spared no efforts to protect people from fake food.该句空处则应用It, it作形式主语。课件23张PPT。
专题八 情态动词与虚拟语气一、常用情态动词的用法比较典例 (2011·湖南十二校第二次联考，31)—Can I pay the bill by check?
—Sorry, sir. But in our hotel payment ________ be made in cash.
A．need B．can
C．will D．shall
解析：D。句意：——我能用支票付账单吗？——很抱歉，先生。在我们旅馆，只能用现金付款。考查情态动词。shall用于陈述句中的第二、第三人称，表示说话人的意图、允诺、警告、命令、决心等。如：He says he won't go, but I say he shall.他说他不去，但我说他必须去。二、情态动词＋have＋过去分词的用法
“情态动词＋have＋过去分词”结构被普遍认为是一个难点，因为它们表示的意义各不相同，可谓错综复杂。有些表示推测(表推测时，有的常用于肯定句，有的常用于否定句、疑问句)；有些表示责备等。
要弄清楚它们之间的区别，必须理解每一种结构表示的意义：1．“must＋have＋过去分词”表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态进行推测。只用于肯定句，意思是“一定已经”。
The teacher must have thought Johnson was worth it or she wouldn't have wasted time on him, I suppose.
2．“may/might＋have＋过去分词”表示对过去发生的动作或存在的状态进行不太肯定的推测。“might＋have＋过去分词”还可用于虚拟语气，表示与过去的事实相反。—Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You might have put it in the wrong place.(推测)
If he had worked harder he might have succeeded.(虚拟语气)3．“can/could＋have＋过去分词”表示对过去事情的推测，意思是“可能已经”，常用于否定句和疑问句；“could＋have＋过去分词”还可用于虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反。
My MP5 player isn't in my bag. Where can I have put it？(推测)
If he had come yesterday, I could have told him about it.(虚拟语气)
4．“needn't＋have＋过去分词”表示过去没有必要做某事却做了，含有“本来不必”之意。
There was plenty of time. You needn't have hurried.
时间很多，你本来不必那么慌慌张张的。(实际上是慌慌张张来的)
5．“should/ought to＋have＋过去分词”表示过去本应做某事但没做，含有责备之意。
I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I should have driven her there.6．“would＋have＋过去分词”用于虚拟语气，表示与过去的事实相反。
If I had not told him about the thing, he would never have known it.(虚拟语气)
◆点拨
考生解题时要把握好两点：
①是推测还是虚拟；
②是肯定句、疑问句，还是否定句。◆拓展
对现在事情的推测，表示“一定……，肯定……”时用must＋动词原形。
—Hi, Jane. Any idea where Tom is?
—He must be in the workshop. I saw him there just now.◆链接
“should/ought to＋have＋过去分词”的否定式表示过去本来不该做某事但做了。
—My cat is really fat.
—You shouldn't have given it so much food.◆拓展
“had better have done”表示对过去最好做了某事而没有做的一种遗憾，其否定式为“had better not have done”。
You had better not have scolded her.
would like/love to have done表示过去想做某事但未做
I would love to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.三、虚拟语气
Ⅰ.非真实条件句的虚拟语气警示：
(1)若条件句中有were, had, should，可把if省略，而把were, had, should放在主语前，形成倒装结构，这种结构主要用于书面语中。
Had you taken my advice(＝If you had taken my advice), you wouldn't have failed in the examination.
如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格了。
(2)有时主句和虚拟条件从句的动作发生的时间不一致，此时，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选择适当的动词形式。If you had worked hard, you would be very tired now.
如果你真的努力工作了，你现在就会感到很累的。(从句指过去，主句指现在)
(3)有时虚拟条件并不通过条件从句表达出来，而是通过词、短语或上下文暗示，此时句子的时态要依具体情况而定。
①Without electricity(＝If there were no electricity), life would be quite different today.
如果没有电，今天的生活就会完全不同。②He would have given you more help, but he was too busy.
他本来会给你更多的帮助，但是他太忙了。
也就是说，如果那时他不忙，他可以给你更多的帮助。句中的but(he was too busy)实际上暗示了一个虚拟的条件——如果那时他不忙。
③He would lose weight, but he eats too much.
他本来可以减肥的，但是他吃得太多了。
也就是说，如果他吃得不多的话，他是可以减肥的。句中的but(he eats too much)实际上暗示了一个虚拟的条件——如果他吃得不太多。典例 (2011·福建卷，34)—Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.
—I______it，but I was busy preparing for a job interview.
A．attended B．had attended
C．would sattend D．would have attended
解析：D。本题考查虚拟语气。句意：——你错过了有关核污染的演讲真是遗憾。——我本想去听来，但我忙着准备工作面试。由语境可知，此处表示“本想去而事实上没去”。为虚拟语气，叙述与过去事实相反，要用would have done，故D项正确。2．“should＋动词原形”表示的虚拟语气
这一类型常见词有“一坚持(insist)、二命令(order, command)、三建议(advise, suggest, propose)、四要求(request, require, demand, desire)”。以上词及其派生名词所接的名词性从句都使用“(should)＋动词原形”的虚拟语气。
①Jane's pale face suggested that she was ill, and her mother suggested that she(should) have a medical examination.
Jane苍白的脸色表明她病了，她母亲建议她去检查身体。②She insisted that the man had stolen her car and that he(should) be sent to prison.
她坚持说那个男人偷了她的车，并坚决要求他坐牢。
3．特殊句式中的虚拟语气
Wish/It's (high) time (that)．..I
If only/Would rather等固定句式要求用相应的虚拟语气。
①I wish I could fly.
真希望我能飞。
②I would rather you came tomorrow.
我宁愿你明天来。
③If only I had taken your advice!
要是听从了你的建议该多好啊！课件46张PPT。
专题九 非谓语动词一、动名词与不定式的用法区别
表1表2有些动词后面只能跟动名词作宾语，这些动词(短语)是：enjoy, imagine, can't help, avoid, miss, put off, advise, suggest, consider, keep(on), practice, mind, escape, delay, finish, admit, can't stand(无法忍受), risk, excuse, deny, appreciate, give up, include, resist, devote to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, get down to有些动词后面只能跟不定式作宾语，这些动词是：ask, want, wish, hope, agree, refuse, decide, pretend, promise, manage, fail, appear, care, demand, long(渴望), offer, expect, learn, desire注意：有些短语的to不是不定式符号，而是介词，其后应接动名词。这些短语常见的有：
object to doing sth.反对做某事
stick to doing sth.坚持做某事
devote sth. to doing sth.把……献给……
set one's mind to doing sth.决心做某事
be used to doing sth.习惯于做某事
get down to doing sth.开始做某事
look forward to doing sth.盼望做某事◆链接
动名词的复合结构
为了表明动名词动作的发出者，在动名词前加上名词的所有格或物主代词，这就叫动名词的复合结构。如果不在句首，可采用名词的普通格或代词宾格。
Would you mind my/me opening the door?
Tom's failing the exam made his father angry.
Tom's father was angry at Tom's/Tom failing the exam.◆辨析
动名词与现在分词的区别
①作定语时的区别：动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途；现在分词与被修饰的名词存在逻辑上的主谓关系。请比较：
a walking stick＝a stick for walking(动名词)
a sleeping boy＝a boy who is sleeping(现在分词)②作表语时的区别：动名词作表语，表示主语是什么，主语、表语位置可互换；现在分词作表语说明主语的性质、特征，主语、表语位置不可互换。
My job is teaching.＝Teaching is my job.(动名词)
The story sounds moving.(现在分词)二、分词与动词不定式的用法区别
1．分词与动词不定式作状语的区别
(1)动词不定式作状语：
①主要表示目的
To catch the early bus, she got up at 5 o'clock.
②还可以表示原因(用于表示喜、怒、哀、乐等心情的词后)
They were very glad to hear the news.③还可以表示结果(常用于“only＋to do”结构，表示意想不到的结果)
The boy rushed to the door, only to find it locked.
(2)分词(短语)作状语，可以表示动作发生的时间、原因、方式、结果，或表示伴随状况、补充说明等。
Not having made full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week.
由于没有做好充分的准备，我们决定把会议推迟到下周。(分词短语Not having made full preparations在句中作原因状语)Hearing the news, he burst into tears.
听到这个消息，他突然哭了起来。(现在分词短语hearing the news在句中作时间状语，意思是“当他听到这个消息时”)
When asked what had happened, he told us the whole thing.
当被问到发生了什么事情时，他向我们和盘托出。
Laughing and talking, they went into the room.
他们说笑着进了屋。(分词短语laughing and talking表明他们进屋的方式)Armed with a raincoat and an umbrella, he set out to search for the lost child.
穿着雨衣，拿着雨伞，他出发去寻找那个丢失的孩子了。(过去分词短语armed with a raincoat and an umbrella表明他出发时的方式)
Football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
80个国家都踢足球，使得足球成为世界上最为流行的运动。(分词短语making...in the world从意义上讲是“80个国家都踢足球”的结果)He sat there, thinking.
他坐在那里，沉思着。(“沉思”伴随着“坐”)
The professor entered the lab, followed by his assistants.
那位教授进了实验室，后面跟着他的助手们。
The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.(分词adding that...从意义上讲是对句中的expressed his satisfaction的补充说明)
Turning left, you will find the cinema.
＝If you turn left, you will find the cinema.(表条件)
Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university.
尽管缺钱，他的父母还是送他上了大学。(表让步)◆技巧
解题时，根据句意弄清楚空白处需要哪一种状况是关键。如果表示目的，就要用不定式；如果表示时间、条件、方式、让步、原因、伴随状况等，就要用分词。
◆辨析
现在分词与过去分词作状语时的区别：
现在分词表示主动；过去分词表示被动。①Seeing nobody at home, he left them a note.(句子主语he与动词see之间为主谓关系，因此用现在分词)
②Seen from the top of the building, the city looks beautiful.(the city与动词see之间为动宾关系，因此用过去分词)典例 (2011·天津，12)______into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
A．Translating B．Translated
C．To translate D．Having translated
解析：B。本题考查动词的非谓语形式作状语。主句主语the sentence与 translate之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用过去分词形式表示被动意义，A、C、D三项均表示主动意义。句意：被翻译成英语后，我们发现这个句子的顺序完全不一样了。 2．分词与动词不定式作定语、表语、宾语补足语的区别作定语比较：
(1)Did you know the girl talking to our English teacher？(主动、进行)
(2)The bridge built last week cost one million dollars.(被动、完成)
(3)We live in a house facing south.(只表主动)
(4)He likes to read novels written by Dickens.(只表示被动)
(5)He is a retired worker.(不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成)
(6)I have an article to write.(不定式表示将来)典例 (2011·山东卷，27)Look over there—there's a very long, winding path________up to the house.
A. leading B. leads
C. led D. to lead
解析：A。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。句意：看那儿——有一条很长的且蜿蜒曲折的路，它直接通向这座房子。本题为非谓语动词作定语，故排除B项，且path与lead之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词作定语。作表语比较：
(1)The story is interesting.(表示主语的特征)
(2)He was excited at the news.(表示主语所处的状态)
(3)His job is to look after patients.(表示主语的具体内容)
作宾语补足语比较：
(1)Can you hear her singing in the next room？(表示正在进行的动作)(2)I often hear the song sung in English.(表示被动、完成的动作)
(3)I often hear her sing the song.(表示主动和全部过程)
◆技巧
解题思路
贯彻“八字方针”：根据语境，分析关系。分述如下：
①作定语时，分析被修饰语和非谓语动词之间的关系：主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词；表示将来的动作用动词不定式。
②作宾语补足语时，分析宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系：表示主动、正在进行的动作用现在分词；表示被动、已经完成的动作用过去分词；表示将来的动作用动词不定式。典例 (2011·新课标卷，27)The next thing he saw was smoke ________ from behind the house.
A．rose B．rising
C．to rise D．risen
解析：B。本题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意：他看到的下一件事情是从房后冒出的烟。根据句子结构可知，此处缺少定语。故排除A项。B项为现在分词，且smoke与rise之间为主谓关系，符合语境。而C项为不定式表将来，D项为过去分词，表完成，都不符合语境。◆警示
特别注意：英语中有12个动词后面跟不定式作宾语补足语时不带to。它们是：
五“看”：see, look at, watch, notice, observe
二“听”：hear, listen to
一“感”：feel
三“让”：have, let, make
一“帮”：help(其后作宾语补足语的不定式可带to也可不带to)
但变为被动语态时必须加to。三、谓语动词与非谓语动词
在非谓语动词的学习中，经常会出现谓语动词与非谓语动词使用混乱的情况。以下四个句子是非谓语动词使用中的一些典型错误：
1．It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just had a look at the sports stars.
2．She set out after dark arriving home an hour later.
3．Using your head, and you will find a way.
4．Having been told many times, but he still made a lot of mistakes.以上句子应改正如下：
1．把had改为to have。很难想象那些粉丝在体育馆外等待三个小时仅仅是为了看那些体育明星。不定式短语to have a look at the sports stars在句中作目的状语。
2．把arriving改为and arrived, arrived与set out构成并列谓语。arrived与set out为先后发生的两个动作，作并列谓语，因此用谓语动词。判断的方法1：并列作谓语时用谓语动词形式；非谓语动词是对谓语动词进行说明的(说明谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间、条件、原因、方式或者是伴随动作等)。
3．把Using改为Use。此句构成“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”结构(句子表示一种条件关系)。或把and去掉，using...作状语，use与主语you为主动关系，所以用现在分词。
4．把分词短语Having been told many times改为句子He had been told many times，因为句中有连词but，前后构成并列句，因此要用谓语动词。另外，此句也可以把but去掉，Having been told many times在句中作时间状语。判断的方法2：要正确选用谓语动词与非谓语动词，考生还必须学会准确把握句子结构(特别注意句中的连词)。根据句子结构，判断应该使用谓语动词还是非谓语动词。
◆探究
高考试题命题特点：
选项中给出某个动词的谓语动词和非谓语动词形式，考查考生区分谓语动词与非谓语动词的能力。典例 (2011·浙江卷，3)Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some ________ a life span of around 20 years.
A．having B．had
C．have D．to have
解析：A。考查独立主格结构。句意：蝙蝠是一种令人吃惊的长寿生物，有些有大约20年的寿命。逗号前是一个简单句，两部分之间没有连词过渡，所以空白处需采用非谓语形式，排除C项；且与其逻辑主语some存在主动关系，排除B项；另外该动作描述事实的存在现象，故排除D项，选择A项。四、to be done, done, being done的区别
done，过去分词；
to be done，不定式的被动式，表示将来，不作谓语，是非谓语动词；
being done，动名词的被动式或者是现在分词的被动式。
这三者作定语都表示被动，但表示的时间不同：
表示已经发生的动作用done；
表示将要发生的动作用to be done；
表示正在进行的动作用being done。如：
the bridge built已经建成的桥
the bridge to be built将要建的桥
the bridge being built正在建的桥◆技巧
解题时要判断出动作发生的时间，紧紧抓住句中的时间状语，此乃解题的关键。
五、动词－ing与动词－ed的区别(两种形容词化的分词的区别)
英语中，有些动词的分词形式已经转化为形容词，如：
excite使兴奋—exciting令人兴奋的—excited感到兴奋的
surprise使惊奇—surprising令人惊奇的—surprised感到惊奇的
interest使感兴趣—interesting令人感兴趣的—interested感兴趣的判断的方法：当表示主语具有某种特征或性质时，即“令人……的”用动词－ing；而当表示主语处于某种状态时，即“感到……的”就用动词－ed。
◆警示
有些考生认为，动词－ing用来说明物，而动词－ed用来说明人，其实这并不确切。
Jack failed in the exam, and his father was disappointed with Jack. He thought Jack was disappointing.
真正的规律是：
当表示“令人……的”时用动词－ing，而当表示“感到……的”时用动词－ed。六、使用非谓语动词的“一致性”问题
请先观察以下几个句子：
1．While looking at the map, a police officer came up and asked if he could help me.
2．Being a fine day, the children went to the park.
3．Arriving at the station, Tom's wallet was stolen.
以上三个句子都是错误的，犯了“逻辑不一致”的错误。因为非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。因此，当前后主语一致时，可以使用非谓语动词作状语；如果前后主语不一致，则要用独立主格结构或从句。以上三句依据“一致原则”可改为：1．依题意可知，looking的逻辑主语应为I，与句子的主语不一致，因此应在looking前加I was。
2．Being a fine day的逻辑主语为it指代天气，与句子的主语不一致，因此在句首加It, Being的首字母改为小写。
3．Arriving at the station的逻辑主语是Tom，与句子的主语不一致。此句可以改为：When Tom arrived at the station, his wallet was stolen.◆链接
有些非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语可以不与句子的主语保持一致，被称为“独立成分”。这类独立成分有：
generally/exactly/strictly speaking(一般来讲/准确地说/严格来说), judging by/from(根据……来判断), considering(考虑到……), to tell (you) the truth(说实话), to be honest(说实话)。
①To be honest, we don't think we have a chance of winning.
说实话，我认为我们没有获胜的希望。②Strictly speaking, he is not old enough to take part in the game.
严格地讲，他还不到参加比赛的年龄。
③Considering the high quality, our price is very reasonable.
鉴于产品的优良质量，我们的价格非常合理。七、不定式何时用主动表被动
下列情况下不定式用主动形式表示被动意义：
1．在“主语＋系动词＋表语＋to do”结构中，如果句子的主语是do逻辑上的宾语，不定式用主动形式。
The problem is difficult to solve.
这个问题很难解决。
English is not easy to learn.
英语不容易学。2．不定式作定语，与被修饰词之间为动宾关系，而与句中的另一名词或代词之间有主谓关系时(即在句子中能够找到该不定式动作的逻辑主语时)，用主动式。但如果没有这种主谓关系，则需要用不定式的被动形式。
I can't go with you; I have a meeting to attend.(不定式短语中的动词attend与被修饰词meeting之间为动宾关系，而与句中的另一代词即句子的主语I之间为主谓关系，因此不定式用主动形式)3．在“疑问词＋不定式”结构中。
I don't know what to do.
She will tell you which bus to take.
她会告诉你坐哪路公共汽车的。◆链接
不定式用主动表被动的其他情况：
①在“形容词＋不定式”结构作宾语补足语时。
I find the question difficult to answer.
我发现这个问题很难回答。
②在“too...to...”结构中。
The box is too heavy for the boy to carry.◆警示
不定式作定语时，如果不定式中的动词与句子的主语构成动宾关系，且不定式中的动词是一个不及物动词，那么其后必须加上适当的介词。
The chair is comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子坐起来很舒服。
He is easy to get on with.
他是一个容易相处的人。
The river is dangerous to swim in.
在这条河里游泳很危险。典例 (2011·福建卷，27)The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the Ipad 2 more comfortable______.
A．held B．holding
C．be held D．to hold
解析：D。本题考查非谓语动词。句意：与前一个版本厚度与重量的不同使得Ipad2握起来更舒服。分析结构可知，hold与宾语Ipad2之间为动宾关系，但与其逻辑主语之间为主谓关系，故用不定式的主动形式作定语。
