2022届高三英语二轮复习:句子成分课件(50张)

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名称 2022届高三英语二轮复习:句子成分课件(50张)
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更新时间 2022-04-02 14:01:05

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(共50张PPT)
21-22
二轮复习
1.
2.
3.
目录/CONTENTS
第一部分 核心素养之基本能力
第二部分 核心素养之阅读能力
第三部分 核心素养之表达能力
专题三 阅读七选五
专题四 完形填空
专题五 应用文写作
专题六 读后续写
专题一 语法填空
专题二 阅读理解
基本能力
阅读能力
表达能力
第一讲 动词的时态、语态和主谓一致
第二讲 非谓语动词
第三讲 词性转换、比较等级及名词的
单复数
第四讲 冠词、代词和介词
第五讲 并列结构和三大从句
各种句子成分
高考中的语法填空考察的是考生英语只是基本能力。从划分句子上可轻松地找到语法填空的解题突破口。
正确划分句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础,这不仅对语法填空题型的解答有直接影响,而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中的长难句有重要意义。
句子由各个部分构成,这些组成部分叫做句子成分。句子成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语等。

主 语
在句子中,主语是谓语所表示 。主语一般位于 ,且不能省略。但在某些特定句式里,如疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以“下台”位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的词和短语主要有 、 、
、 、 和 等。当主语为从句等时,为避免头重脚轻,可用 作形式主语。
动作的发出者
句子开头
名词(短语)
代词
数词
动名词(短语)
动词不定式(短语)
从句
it

主 语
The most obvious example is probably Christmas, which is celebrated around the world.
Mastering a foreign language will be of great help in our life.
Whether she will be able to come remains a question.
The most obvious example
作主语
作主语
作主语
Mastering a foreign language
Whether she will be able to come
名词短语
动名词短语
从句
[典例] (2021 全国乙卷) (activity)there range from whale watching to hiking and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
[分析] 空处所填单词在句子中做主语,根据空后的 range from whale watching to hiking 可知,这里指各种各样的活动,需用activity的复数。
[答案] activities

谓 语
谓语用来描述主语的 ,常位于 。谓语动词可由 和 、
以及 充当,有 、 和 的变化,同时,又受到
主语 和 的制约。判断的依据是看 和 之间的关系,如果两者之间是 就用主动语态,如果是被动关系就用 。
行为动作、状态或特征
主语之后
动词
动词短语
系表结构
“助动词/情态动词+实义动词
时态
语态
语气
人称

主语
动词
主动关系
被动语态

谓 语
When he got up at 7:00 am, a big plan occured to him.
The watch is necessary in our daily life, but its function is too simple.
We may have different opinions in organizing class activities.
occured
作谓语
作谓语
作谓语
is necessary
may have
动词短语和动词
系表结构
“情态动词+实意动词”
got up
is too simple
[典例] (全国Ⅱ卷)Since 2011, the country (grow)more corn than rice.
[分析] 分析句子结构可知,此处为谓语动词。根据时间状语since 2011可知, 句子应用现在完成时;主语the country是第三人称单数,故谓语动词应用has grown。
[答案] has grown

宾 语
宾语表示 ,一般位于 ,受到 的限制和制约,宾语一般由 、 、
、 或 充当,根据需要也可用
作形式宾语。宾语在 结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。
谓语动作的对象
及物动词和介词的后面
主语
名词
宾格代词
动名词(短语)
动词不定式
从句
it
被动结构

宾 语
I managed to persuade my classmates into accepting my idea.
Suddenly he thought of seeing the beautiful views of the city again before setting out.
Our success depends on how well we can cooperate with one another.
to persuade
作宾语
作宾语
作宾语
seeing the beautiful views of the city again
how well we can cooperate with one
another
不定式
动名词短语
从句
[典例] (全国Ⅱ卷)After (spend)some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history!
[分析] After 为介词,故spend 应用动名词形式作介词宾语。
[答案] spending

表 语
表语与前面的系动词一起构成 (系表结构)。用来说明主语和这个“主子”的 、 、 、 等。可以用作表语的 、 、 、 、 、
、 、 和 等。
复合谓语
特征
类属
状态
身份
名词
代词
从句
数词
形容词
副词
介词短语
不定式(短语)
分词

表 语
Although the answer seemed a little strange, nobody but I doubted it.
Several minutes passed but the whole class in complete silence.
The important thing is to learn and control your temper so that you may not do or say anything you’ll regret.
a little strange
作表语
作表语
作表语
in complete silence
to learn and control your temper
形容词
介词短语
不定式短语
[典例] ( 全国Ⅰ卷)Running is cheap, easy and it’s always . (energy).
[分析] 分析句子结构可至,空处应与其前的cheap, easy相同形式的形容词做表语。
[答案] energetic

定 语
定语是用来描述名词的 与 的修饰语,它常和名词构成名词短语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词。单个词做定语往往放在被修饰词之后。可以用做定语的有: 、
、 、 、 、 、 、
、 、 和 等。
品质
特征
形容词
名词
代词
名词
数词
从句
副词
分词(短语)
介词短语
不定式(短语)
动名词

定 语
We may have various ways to deal with such a situation.
All the books offered by the students are reported to have been sent to the children in the countryside the other day.
How Li Hua regretted the valuable time that he had wasted on the computer games.
various
作定语
作定语
作定语
offered by the students
valuable
形容词和不定式短语
过去分词短语
形容词和从句
that he had wasted on the
computer games
to deal with such a situation
[典例] ( 2021 全国乙卷)Provide (finance)aid and other benefits for local peoples.
[分析] 空白处所填单词在句子中作定语,修饰aid,需要用finance的形容词形式。
[答案] financial
[C] all the persons who live in a particular place or belong to a particular country, race, etc.

状 语
修饰 、 、 或 ,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分做状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、原因、条件、让步、程度等意义。状语可由 、
、 、 、 、 等
充当。状语在句子中的位置很灵活,所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。
动词
形容词
副词
整个句子
形容词
副词
介词短语
动词不定式(短语)
分词
状语从句

状 语
常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构后,强调时放在 ;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰词 ;表示 、 、
的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放句首,地点状语一般放在时间状语 ;一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语时通常位于 之后,实义动词之前。高考一般考察副词修饰动词和句子的用法。
句首
之前
时间
地点
目的
之前
be动词、助动词、情态动词

状 语
After a week’s trip, he returned home, tired but very happy.
To compete more effectively with others, more and more people equip themselves with a higher education.
Time permitting, I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship.
After a week’s trip
作状语
作状语
作状语
To compete
so that we can have a better relationship
介词短语和形容词
不定式短语作
独立结构和从句
Time permitting
tired but very happy
[典例] ( 全国Ⅱ卷)Another reason for corn’s rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice (improve)water quality.
[分析] 分析句子结构可知,空处应用不定式作目的状语,表示“政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是水稻来改善水质”。
[答案] to improve

补 语
补语是用来说明 或 的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补语可分为补充说明主语意义的主语补足语和补充说明宾语意义的宾语补足语,所以说它“寄人篱下”,成不了“主人”。可以用做补足语的有: 、 、 、 、
、 和 等。
主语
宾语
形容词
副词
介词短语
不定式(短语)
名词
分词
从句

补 语
We’ll try our best to make our country more and more beautiful.
The boy has been made what he is. (这个男孩已经成为了他那样的人)
To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.
They caught the boy stealing.
作宾补
作主补
作宾补
what he is
stealing
形容词
从句
过去分词
spoken
more and more beautiful
作宾补
现在分词
[典例] ( 全国Ⅲ卷)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me
(stay)and watch.
[分析] 根据固定搭配 allow sb. to do sth.可知,这里应用stay 的动词不定式形式在句子中做宾补。
[答案] to stay

同 位 语
对句子中的 或 作进一步解释、说明,与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的;如果要对前面的名词的具体内容做进一步的说明,这时候就需要同位语。可以用作同位语的有:
、 、 、 、 、 和
等。
名词
代词
代词
动名词
介词短语
不定式
名词
数词
从句

They three want to travel around the world together on foot.
We are going to the local nursing home for the coming Double Ninth Festival, a holiday for us to show our respect for the elderly.
I hope the opinion that we should go to help them overcome the
present difficulty.
作同位语
作同位语
作同位语
a holiday
that we should go to help them overcome the
present difficulty
数词
名词
过去分词
three
同 位 语
[典例] ( 江苏高考)Scientists have obtained more evidence plastics is finding its way into the human body.
[分析] 分析句子结构可知,空处引导同位语从句,解释说明evidence的具体内容,从句中不缺成分,故用that引导。
[答案] that
插入语常以副词(副词短语)、形容词(形容词短语)、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等形式出现。
常见的副词及短语: indeed, surely, however, obviously, frankly, naturally, luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等。
句子
分类
简单句
复合句
并列复合句
主从复合句
有两个或两个以上的简单句用连词连接而成。
如:and, but, or, so等
定语从句
状语从句
名词性从句
由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)组成的句子.eg:
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the newspaper.
由主句和从句构成,且主从句分别有不同的主谓结构。
五大基本句型
一: S V (主+谓)
二: S V P (主+系+表)
三: S V O (主+谓+宾)
四: S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
五: S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
基本句型 一:SV(主+谓)
谓语:不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语, 形成主谓结构。
如: We come.
S│V(不及物动词)
1. The sun rose.
2. Who cares
3. What he said does not matter.
4. They talked for half an hour.
5. The pen writes smoothly
基本句型二:S│V(是系动词)│ P(表语)
1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The dinner smells good.
3. He fell in love.
4. Everything looks different.
5. He is growing tall and strong.
6. Our well has gone dry.
7. His face turned red.
基本句型 三:S V O (主+谓+宾)
此句型的特点是:谓语动词都是及物动词,必须
跟有一个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。
S│V(及物动词)│O(宾语)
1. Who│knows│the answer
2. He │has refused│to help them.
3. He│enjoys│reading.
4. He│said│“Good morning.”
5. He│admits│that he was mistaken.
基本句型 四:S V o O
(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, e.g.
give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个
指人(间接宾语); 一个指物(直接宾语)。
--Give me a cup of tea please.
--Give a cup of tea to me please.
give sb sth= give sth to sb
S│V(及物)│o(多指人)│O(多指物)
She ordered herself a new dress.
She ordered a new dress for herself.
2. He brought you a dictionary.
He brought a dictionary to you.
3. I showed him my pictures.
4. I told him that the bus was late.
5. He showed me how to run the machine.
基本句型 五:S V O C
(主+谓+宾+宾补)
此句型的特点是: 动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个
宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上一个补充成分
来补足宾语, 才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语: 位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。
可以用作宾语补足语的有名词, 形容词, 不定式,
动名词, 分词, 介词短语等。
The war made him a soldier.
New methods make the job easy.
I often find him at work.
The teacher ask the students to close
the windows.
I saw a cat running across the road.
名词
形容词
介词短语
动词不定式
动名词
S │V(及物)│ O(宾语) │ C(宾补)
1. They painted the door green.
3. They found the house deserted.
4. He asked me to come back soon.
5. I saw them getting on the bus.
a. S V b. S V P c. S V O
d. S V o O e. S V O C
1. Pleas tell us a story. _______
2. She smiled. ______
3. His job is to train swimmers. _____
4. He noticed a man enter the room. _____
5. Please look at the picture. _____
d
a
b
e
c
1.You will tell (your) friend that you’ve got to school.
2. But [as the moon gave far too much light], I didn’t
dare open a window.
主语
谓语
间宾
定语
直接宾语
原因状语
主语
谓语
宾语
状语
句子成分详解表
句子成分 意义 充当词类 例句
主语 表示句子说的是什么人或什么事 名,代,数,不定 式,动名词,短语或 句子 We study in HuangQiao Middle
School.
谓语 说明主语做什么,是什么或怎么样 动词或动词词组 She is dancing under the tree.
宾语 表示动作行为的对象 同主语 Both of us like English.
表语 与联系动词连用,一起构成谓 语,说明主语的性质或特征 同主语 Her father is a chemist.
His words sound reasonable.
定语 用来修饰名词或代词 形,代,数,名, 副,介词短语或句子 We have eight lessons every day.
状语 修饰动词,形容词,副词,表 示动作发生的时间,地点,原 因,目的,方式,结果等 副词,介词短语或句 子 He works very hard.
They held a party in Hollywood.
宾语 补足语 逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系 形容词,名词,介词 短语等 She always keeps the house
clean.
主语谓语是基础,宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数,动词作谓不可无! 一) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
④ How many new words did you learn last class
⑤ Some of the students in the school want
to go swimming, how about you
⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
(二) 挑出下列句中的表语
-- The old man was feeling very tired.
-- The leaves have turned yellow.
-- Soon they all became interested in the subject.
(三) 挑出下列句中的定语
1. What is your given name
2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
4. I am waiting for the sound of the other
shoe!
(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
(五) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
My friend (who wears shoulder-length hair) told me (that Li Chen and Fan Bingbing were seperated yesterday), (which reminded me the weak of celebrity’s marriage).