第二部分
词的灵活运用
及词形转换
S1. 词的分类
英文词可以分成三个大的类别,分别是名词军团、动词军团及辅助军团。
1. 名词军团:
* 名词(noun) : 万事万物及其动作行为的名称叫名词,或名称词
* 形容词(adjective) : 对名称进行各类修饰或描述的词,叫形容词
* 代词(pronoun) : 代替名称的词,叫代词
* 冠词(article): 冠词属于限定词。“限定词+名词”后主要用来指名称实物。
冠词用来限定名称物是哪一个、哪一种、哪一类或哪一些等
* 数词(numeral): 说明名称物个数的叫基数词,说明排序的叫序数词。二者合称为数词
2. 动词军团:
* 动词(verb): 表示动作行为或状态表述的词,叫动词。动词又分成:
1). 动作动词: 说明各类动作描写的词,叫动作动词(action verb)
2). 状态表述系动词: 静态表述说明存在状态的连接词,叫状态表述系动词(is/am/are)
3). 系动动词: 说明状态存在或变化等的动作性表述连接词,叫动作系动词(简称系动动词)
备注:系动动词从动作动词借用而来,共分成 5 个类别
4). 助动词 辅助动作动词(包括系动动词)完成其它各种功能表述的词叫助动词
* 动作副词(adverb): 修饰说明动作发生或状态存在各种情况的词,叫动作副词
3. 辅助词军团:
* 连词(conjunction): 起连接作用的词,叫连词
* 介词(preposition): 从各个角度层面来界定名称与名称存在关系的词,叫介词
同样,界定动作发生与名称或名称物存在何种关系的词,也叫介词
另外:
1). 对其它修饰词或短语、从句作进一步修饰的词,也叫副词,一般称修饰副词;
2). 表示拟声、惊叹等的语气词叫感叹词,感叹词一般不考,所以不作探讨;
3). 对名称进行各类限定的词叫限定词。由于它概念比较宽泛,所以传统语法没有将其列为大类词。
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S2. 衍生词
除了常规的 10 大类词外,英文中还有很多通过词形变化而衍生出来的新词。主要有:
1. 名词经变化后产生的:
1). 词尾加“ -s ” *个数多个或多个单位(可数复数): apples, trees, zebras, pairs, couples, groups, ...
*种类、点/次/数等多个(可数复数): fruits, bloods, times, funs, troubles, interests, ...
*量大量多(无个数无种类时): waters, rains, snows, sands, woods, troubles, ...
2). 词尾加“ -’s ” *所有格形式,代表对后面内容的所有 Tom’s bag, my parents’ room, ...
.或“ -s’ ”: *物主代物形式,以物主指代其所有的人/事/物 Tom’s bag is heavier than Mary’s.
3). 非句首开头 *构成专有名称:
.字母大写 China, White, Microsoft, Mum, Dad, Duck, Old Tree, …
2. 形容词、副词经变化后产生的:
1). 比较级形式 主要通过词尾加“’-er”方式实现,没有改变词性。比如:
She is taller than her sister.
2). 最高级形式 主要通过词尾加“’-est”方式实现,没有改变词性。比如:
She is the tallest in her family.
3. 动词经变化后产生的:
1). 词尾加“ -ed ” *过去式:代表动作发生在过去时间,跟现在没关系
*过去分词:代表动作已完成或被完成(有时兼而有之),还可表示处于这种状态中
2). 词尾加“ -ing ” *现在分词:强调动作正在发生,或处于正在发生这种状态中
*动名词:①动作行为名称 ②动作行为过程 ③有些还指动作后的产物(building)
3). 词尾加“ -s ” *动词三单形式:Our teacher works late every night.
4. 基数词经变化后产生的:
词尾加“ -th ” *序数词:代表“第几...”
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S3. 名称限定词
1. 名称概念词
名词原形形式,且前面不加任何限定词表示名称概念。比如:
Apple is a kind of fruit. “apple”指“苹果这种水果”,不指具体哪一只
It’s time to have lunch. “lunch”指“中餐” ,不指具体哪一餐
I like to play basketball. “basketball”指“篮球类”运动,但不指具体哪一只篮球
We use water to wash hands. “water”指“水这种物质”,不指具体哪些水
前面加了“修饰描述词”,但如果没有任何限定词,此时仍然表示名称概念。比如:
mobile phone: 指“手机/移动电话”这种沟通工具,但不指具体哪一只
bus stop: 指公交车停靠站而已,不指具体哪一个站点
black pen: 指黑色钢笔的名称概念而已,不指具体哪一只
orange juice: 指橙子汁的名称概念而已,不指具体哪一些
2. 名称实物短语
一般名词前面加上限定词后,则表示名称实物(或实体,或具体对象物)。比如:
an apple 指具体实在的一只苹果
... have a lunch with him. 指具体的一餐中饭
They followed a path through the trees. 指具体的一些树
the bus stop over there 指具体实在的一个公交车停靠站
Would you please bring me some water 指具体的一些水
当然,也有特殊情况。比如,在类似于“the tiger”这样的结构中,除了表示特指情况下的
“这一只老虎”外,它还可以表示“老虎这类动物”。比如:
The dolphin in the zoo is ill. 指动物园里的那一只海豚
The dolphin is an intelligent animal. 指海豚这种/类动物,而不是这一只
Don’t touch the guitar here. 指这里的这一把吉它
I am going to play the guitar. ①指吉它这种乐器;②指当时唯一的那一把吉它
如上所述,名称概念词在指具体的实体实物里,必须使用限定词。
3. 限定词
置于一般名词前面,和名称词组合在一起构成短语、然后指具体实体实物的词,叫限定词。
英文叫“determiner”。 这种限定主要包括:
1). 可数物单个情况下(用单数形式),是哪一个;
2). 可数物多个情况下(用复数形式),是哪几个哪一些;
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3). 可数物多个情况下(用复数形式),具体或大概的数目是多少;
4). 不是以个数来统计,而是以某种“单位”来计算的,具体或大概的单位数有多少;
5). 个数不可数,但种类、次数、点数等可数。这种情况下,具体或大概的种类/次数等是多少;
6). 个数不可数,但量有多少;
7). 不管可不可数,对象物是归谁所有的;
8). 在排序的过程中,这个或这些实体物排在第几位。
......
因此,以下这些词都属于限定词:
* 冠词属于典型的名称限定词,用上冠词,名称概念变成实体实物;
* 名词及人称代词的所有格形式属于名称限定词,表明对象物是归属谁所有的;
* 疑问归属代词兼有限定词词性,询问对象物是归属谁所有的;
* 指示代词兼有限定词词性,表明对象物是哪一个或哪一些;
* 部分不定代词兼有限定词词性,在对象物可数的情况下,对大致“个数”进行限度,或者说明
是哪一个/哪一些。在对象物不可数的情况下,对大致“量”进行限度,或者说是哪一些;
* 疑问方式下,how many 也属于“个数”疑问限定;
* 基数词属于限定词,对可数对象物的数量进行限度;
* 序数词属于限定词,在需要排序的情况下对名称实物的排序进行限定;
传统语法没有将限定词单列为大类词。但是在现代词典中却有标示。比如:
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S4. 词的灵活运用一:一词多性多义
古汉语中有一词多用的现象,比如,“名”字既可以用做名词,表示“名字”,也可以用做动词,
表示“给…取名”。“暖”既可以用做形容词,也可以用做动词。英文跟古汉语一样,很多词也兼
具多种词类词性,也就是一词多性多义用法。
主要包括:
1).“名-动”同形:名词与动词的词形相同(名词动用)
2).“名-饰”同形:部分名称词与形容/限定词的词形相同
3).“名-副”同形:部分名称词与副词的词形相同(尤其表时间与地点的词)
4).“动-饰”同形:部分动作词与形容词的词形相同
5).“饰-副”同形:部分形容词与副词的词形相同
6).“介-副”同形:部分介词与副词的词形相同
7).“介-副-饰”同形:部分介词、副词、形容词的词形相同
8).“介-连”同形:部分连词与副词的词形相同
接下来我们逐个进行讲解。
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1. 名-动同形
很多名词可以同时拿来当动词用。比如:
作为名词用时: 作为动词用时:
water: 指“水” 指“给…浇水”
face: 指“脸” 指“面对…”
pay: 指“报酬” 指“付出…给…”
answer: 指“回答/答案” 指“回答、答复…”
box: 指“盒子” 指“用盒子把…装起来”
wonder: 指“景观/景点” 指“想知道…”
interest: 指“注意力/兴趣” 指“吸引…的注意力/兴趣”
exercise: 指“活动/锻炼/运动” 指“做练习/做运动”
knock: 指“敲打/敲击这种动作/这件事” 指“敲打/敲击”
handle: 指“柄/把手” 指“处理”
lift: 指“电梯” 指“举起”
mine: 指“我的什么/人/矿井” 指“开矿”
play: 指“戏剧” 指“玩耍”
show: 指“表演秀” 指“秀给某人看…”
tire: 指“轮胎” 指“使…疲劳”
watch: 指“手表” 指“观察”
can: 指“罐一类的容器” (情态助动词)指“能够/可以”
matter: 指“事情/事态/状况” 指“事关紧要/要紧/起重要作用”
▲需要特别注意的几个词:
作为名词用时: 作为动词用时:
book: 指“书籍” 指“将某事书面正式化/预订…”
fire: 指“火/焰火/火灾” 指“朝…开火;解雇”
fly: 指“苍蝇” 指“飞/飞行”
change: 指“零钱” 指“换汇/换钱”
cook: 指“厨师” 指“烹饪”
share: 指“份额/股份” 指“分享”
stand: 指“站台/立场” 指“站立”
match: 指“比赛” 指“匹配”
present: 指“礼物” 指“呈现/展示/陈述/推出/出席…”
sentence: 指“句子” 指“判决/宣判”
class: 指“...的分类,阶级/班级” 指“将...进行分类”
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以下名词都同时可以当作动词用:
brush, break, call, camera, care, cause, chant, cheat, check, clap, color, control, copy, cough, cover,
cross, cry, crowd, deal, divide, glue, guide, help, hope, kiss, land, lie, lift, light, list, lock, mark, market,
miss, milk, mistake, need, notice, offer, place, plan, play, point, promise, question, race, rain, repair,
repeat, reply, record, reply, report, research, rest, result, ride, return, ring, risk, score, search, shame,
shape, ship, show, shout, solve, speed, stay, stick, step, stop, store, strike, suggest, supply, smoke, sort,
sound, snow, surprise, talk, taste, test, telephone, touch, trade, trouble, tour, trade, travel, use, visit,
waste, walk, warn, worry, wind, state, rule, trip, shop, will, wish, map, date, archive(档案), ...
这类词还有很多,希望大家在学习词汇时要多加注意。这也是考试的重点之一。
活用“名词动用”:
名动同形,或者说名词动用,这是英语单词在运用过程当中最常见的一种现象。甚至于有些名
词在词典中根本查不出来能当动词用,但在实际描述运用中却不乏此举。比如:
girl: Those Japanese doctors are trying to girl the robots. 把...给女性化
cash: Emails reveal how Hunter Biden tries to cash in big on behalf of family. 捞取现金
sandwich: She was sandwiched between two fat men on the bus. 被挤得跟三明治一样
people: Grass’s novels are peopled with outlandish characters. 塑造人物
bridge: Here is some advice for you to bridge the generation gap. 在...之间建立桥梁
map: The team then calculated the amount of food needed to sustain projected human
population growth for 152 countries and mapped where crops would likely be
grown in each. 画出地图
pair: If you do want to multitask, experts recommend pairing a mentally challenging
task with a simple physical task. 将...与...配对
dress: You don’t have to get dressed up for this party. dress sb./oneself: 给...穿上衣服
seat: He invited the guests to be seated and offered them tea.
seat sb./oneself: 使...就座
stage: In the daytime of the festival, performances such as dragon lantern dances, lion
dances, land boat dances and beating drums while dancing are staged. 舞台展示
document: Although researchers have long known that the rich live longer than the poor, yet
this education gap is less well documented. 用文件记录下来
team: The collection isn’t just from the British library archives. It teams up with London’s
V&A Museum. 组队协作
这类用法在高考卷的文章中,尤其是语法填空项中极其常见,希望同学们能掌握这样的用法。
比如:
This compaign which begins here at the Nairobi National Park allows us to document our diverse
wildlife in the national parks and game reserves.
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名动同形需要注意的地方:
有些名动同形的词,在使用过程中要特别注意其不同用法。比如下面这句当中的 access,到底
是名称词性还是动作词性?
One theory is that as technology access (grow), social emotional skills decrease(减少/降低).
有部分同学判断其为动作词性。如果是动词,为什么不用三单?而且,access 作为动词用时
还是个及物动词。比如:
... access the patient data. 访问...
How can man access God now 到达...
The loft can be accessed by a ladder. 到达...
作为名词用法,access to somewhere 表示通往某地的通道。所以这里不可能是 access to grow.
名-动连用现象:
少部分名、动同形的词会产生连用的现象。最典型的就是这句:
They talk the talk, but I walk the walk. 他们只会夸夸其谈,而我却说到做到。
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2. 名-饰同形
很多名词性的词可以同时拿来当形容词用。比如:
作为名称词性用时: 作为形容词性用时:
red: 指“红色” 指“红色的”
Chinese: 指“中国人”, 或指“中文” 指“中国人的”, 或“中文的”
right: 指“右边” 指“右边的”
left: 指“左边” 指“左边的”
front: 指“前边/前部” 指“前边的/前部的”
present: 指“礼物” 指“当前的”
favorite: 指“最喜爱的东西/内容” 指“最喜爱的”
graduate: 指“毕业生,研究生” 指“毕业的,研究生的”
both: 指代“二者” 指“二者(都包括在内)的”
last: 指代“最后的那个(些)” 指“最后的”
best: 指代“最好的那个(些)” 指“最好的”
kind: 指“种类/类别” 指“仁慈/善良的”
key: 指“钥匙/关键” 指“关键的”
home: 指“家” 指“窝在家里的”
here: 指代“这里,这里的人/物” 指“在这里的”
own: 指代“拥有的东西” 指“个人拥有的”
部分不定代词同时兼有形容限定词性。比如:
some: 名称词性: some of us …
形容限定词性: some students …
any: 名称词性: Don’t you worry about any of this.
形容限定词性: I didn’t eat any meat.
little: 名称词性: We see very little of this wine these days.
形容限定词性: I had little money and a little free time.
few: 名称词性: Those are a few of my suggestions.
形容限定词性: Few people understand the difference.
half: 名称词性: Two halves make a whole.
形容限定词性: She was half Italian and half English.
many: 名称词性: Don’t take so many.
形容限定词性: You made too many mistakes.
much: 名称词性: I lay awake for much of the night.
形容限定词性: There was so much traffic that …
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both: 名称词性: Both of these women have no kids.
形容限定词性: Both women were French.
either: 名称词性: Do either of you smoke or drink heavily
形容限定词性: His offices on either side were empty.
neither: 名称词性: Neither of them has/have got a car.
形容限定词性: Neither answer is correct.
all: 名称词性: All of the food has gone.
形容限定词性: All five men are hard workers.
each: 名称词性: Each of the answers is worth 20 points.
形容限定词性: Each answer is worth 20 points.
such: 名称词性: Such is my first day in London.
形容限定词性: Why are you in such a hurry
enough: 名称词性: Enough has been said on this subject.
形容限定词性: Is there enough room for me
rest: 名称词性: I’m not doing this job for the rest of my life.
形容限定词性: I just watched the rest part of the film.
most: 名称词性: Most of my friends are Christian.
形容限定词性: I like most vegetables.
one: 名称词性: This is one of the mistakes.
形容限定词性: There’s only one thing we can do.
other: 名称词性: There are wo dogs here. One is black. The other is white.
形容限定词性: He is taller than any other boy in his class.
another: 名称词性: This mouse is too expensive. Please show me another.
形容限定词性: Please give me another cup of coffee.
全部数词: 名称词性: … to make up a four at tennis.
形容限定词性: There are four bedrooms in this house.
四个指示代词同时兼有限定词性:
this: 名称词性: This is my umbrella.
限定词性: This umbrella is mine.
that: 名称词性: That’s a wonderful film.
限定词性: That film is wonderful.
these: 名称词性: These are expensive.
限定词性: These houses are expensive.
those: 名称词性: Those are a few of my suggestions.
限定词性: Those suggestions seem working.
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疑问代词 what, which, whose, how much 同时兼有限定词性:
what: 名称词性: What are you doing
限定词性: What subject do you like best
which: 名称词性: Which is yours, this one or that one
限定词性: Which phone is yours
whose: 名称词性: Whose is this computer
限定词性: Whose computer is this
how much: 名称词性: How much is the ticket for the show
限定词性: How much drink do you want
▲“名称化”现象:
部分非完全名称化的词拿来当名称词用,我们将这种情况称作“名称化现象”。比如:
big: Emails reveal how Hunter Biden tries to cash in big on behalf of family.
big 当作代词用,相当于 big amount
任何词: Beautiful is an adjective while beauty is a verb.
hello: Say hello to Liz for me.
Goodbye: He wanted to say goodbye to you.
remember: Remember me to one who lives there. 捎口信给谁,让他记住我
* 严格意义上来说,hello, goodbye, beautiful, beauty 这些词都应该标上引号以表示引用。
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3. 名-副同形
部分名称性的词或短语在介词省略后变成了副词。比如:
名称词: 副词:
home: ... go to my home ... go home
today: I can’t meet you on today. I can’t meet you today.
tomorrow: See you on tomorrow. See you tomorrow.
there: Just stay over there. Just stay there.
last year: She finished law school on last year. She finished law school last year.
4. 动-饰同形
部分动词与形容词的词形相同。比如:
作为动词词性时: 作为形容词性时:
last: 指“(某件事)持续了多长时间” 指“最后的/上一个的”
fit: 指“(形状和尺寸)适合,合身” 指“健壮/健康的”
present: 指“呈现/展示/陈述/推出/出席…” 指“当前的”
cool: 指“把...搞凉爽” 指“凉爽的”
warm: 指“把...搞暖和” 指“暖和的”
wet: 指“把...搞湿” 指“湿的”
dry: 指“把...搞干” 指“干燥的”
clean: 指“把...搞干净/变清洁” 指“干净/清洁的”
tidy: 指“把...搞整齐/有条理的” 指“整齐/有条理的”
open: 指“打开,开放” 指“开着的,开放的”
close: 指“关上/关闭” ▲指“紧挨着的,不远的”
slow: 指“使...慢下来” 指“慢的”
narrow: 指“使...变窄/缩小” 指“狭窄的”
empty: 指“把...清空” 指“空的/清空的”
better: 指“使...更好” 指“更好的”
back: 指“退后” 指“后面的”
value: 指“对...估价” 指“有价值的”
own: 指“拥有” 指“个人拥有/属于自己的”
spare: 指“使(某段时间)变成空闲的” 指“空闲的/有空的”
▲这类用法也是考试的重点。
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5. 饰-副同形
部分词兼有形容词与副词二种词性。比如:
作为形容词性时: 作为副词性时:
well: 指“(身体)好的、健康的” 指“(做得)好” ▲它不可以当前置定语用
hard: 指“(材质)坚硬的” 指“(学习工作/动作力度上)比较狠地/猛地”
或指“(事情)困难的”
first: 指“第一个的” 指“(排序)第一地/首先地”
last: 指“最后的;上一个的” 指“最后一个地;上一次地”
second: 指“第二个的” 指“(排序)第二个地/其次地”
fast: 指“动作速度快的” 指“快速地(去做某个动作)”
pretty: 指“漂亮的” 指“相当地/非常”
still: 指“(水面)平静的” 指“依旧/仍然地”
deep: 指“(深的尺度上是)深的” 指“(深的尺度上)深深地”
much: 指“(物的量上是)较多的” 指“(在物的量上投入或程度上是)相当多地”
high: 指“高高的...”high volume 指“高高地..” ... fly high in the sky.
6. 介-副同形
介词兼做副词,这也是英文用词当中的一大特色。比如:
on: 介词: I’ll get them on the line.
副词: Come on. Get it on please. This sweat is lovely and warm.
off: 介词: He took off his coat quickly and jumped into the river.
副词: Take it off. It’s too hot here. (也可看作是形容词做补足语)
by: 介词: ... pass by me.
副词: A car has just passed by.
along: 介词: ... along the street.
副词: She invited everyone she knew to come along ...
around: 介词: ... around the sun.
副词: She looked around but saw nothing.
below: 介词: ... below the mountain.
副词: They live on the floor below. (也可看作是形容词做后置定语)
before: 介词: ... before 9 o’clock.
副词: I think we’ve never met before.
▲备注:介词后面带宾语,副词后面不带宾语。
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7. 介-副-饰同形
除了介副同形,少数还可以做表述性的形容词。比如:
in: 介词: Why are you in such a hurry
副词: Please come in.
形容表述词: He is in.
out: 介词: He ran out the door.
副词: Go out.
形容表述词: She is out (of the room).
down: 介词: We’re going down a mountain.
副词: Sit down, please.
形容表述词: Sales are down this year.
up: 介词: We live just up the road.
副词: He jumped up from his chair.
形容表述词: Soldiers are up at seven.
near: 介词: … stood near the door.
副词: She took a step nearer.
形容表述词: His house is very near.
8. 介-连同形
部分词兼有介词与连词二种词性。比如:
before: 介词: ... before 6 o’clock.
连词: ... before they came back.
as: 介词: Treat me as a friend.
连词: She enjoys all kinds of music, as I do.
than: 介词: I’m older than her.
连词: It was much better than I’d expected.
since: 介词: You’ve grown since the last time I saw you!
连词: It’s a long time since they left.
for: 介词: We got a new table for the dining room.
连词: We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.
while: 介词: Pat killed time by watching TV while waiting for her.
连词: Give me your hand while we cross the road.
▲备注:介词后面带宾语,连词后面跟句子。“while waiting”可以看作是介词+动名词。
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S5. 词的灵活运用二:同性多义
1. 动词情况下的一词多义:
由于语言文化背景的不同,表述方式也不一样。尤其是动作词,英文认为是相同含义的动作,
但是在中文语境下用词就完全不一样了。比如:
drive:
Don’t drive so fast! 中文用“开车/驾驶汽车”
Could you drive me home 中文用“开车/驾驶汽车送人去...”
... to drive sheep into a field. 中文用“驱赶...”
That loud music is going to drive me mad. 中文用“驱使...”
draw:
Tom is drawing a picture now. 中文用“画...”
The Queen’s coach was drawn by six horses. 中文用“拉动...”
The train drew into the station. 中文用“慢慢驶进...”
The Spring Festival is drawing nearer and nearer. 中文用“慢慢过来靠进...”
The movie is drawing large audiences. 中文用“吸引...”
catch:
She managed to catch the keys as they fell. 中文用“接住/抓住”
The murderer was never caught. 中文用“抓捕”
How many fish did you catch 中文用“抓/捕”
We caught the train from Oxford. 中文用“赶上”
She got caught in a thunderstorm. 中文用“被雨淋”
I think I must have caught this cold from you. 中文用“患上.../遭受(风寒)”
He caught his thumb in the door. 中文用“把...给夹住”
The stone caught him on the side of the head. 中文用“打到/击中”
She caught sight of a car in the distance. 中文用“瞅见/瞥见”,强调突然性
Sorry, I didn’t quite catch what you said. 中文用“领会/明白”
The knife gleamed as it caught the light. 中文用“接收到”
The wooden rafters(椽子) caught fire. 中文用“遭受”
present:
The mayor presented him with a gold medal at an official city reception... 中文用“颁发”
Trump will present himself in this meeting. 中文用“出席”
The government has presented these changes as major reforms... 中文用“描述”
She presents a monthly magazine programme on the BBC. 中文用“主持”
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也有一些动作词,本身具有多种不同的含义,至于为什么,那要去说文解字了。另外,英文单
词跟汉字一样,既有源初的基本义,在语言不断发展的过程中也会产生出新的引申义。比如:
claim:
He claims he was not given a fair hearing. 声称
A lot of lost property is never claimed. 被认领
A most unwelcome event claimed his attention. 引起...的注意
She has finally claimed a place on the team. 获得;赢得;取得
The car crash claimed three lives. (灾难、事故等)夺走/夺去(生命)
stand:
Becker stood and shook hands with Ben. 中文用“站立”
He cannot stand his boss any longer. 中文用“忍受”
Terrorism(恐怖主义行径) against our nation will not stand. 中文用“停止”
fire:
The officer ordered his men to fire. 指“开火/射击”
Of course, I can’t fire him for that. 指“解雇”
run:
The dog is running after a hare. 指“跑”
Is there any good ways to run a country 指“运作/运行”
change:
Nothing changed finally. 指“改变”
I want to change some money. 指“换零钱”
另外,及物动词在使用的过程中,其宾语存在二种情况,一种是该动作针对什么内容;第二种,
做这个动作是为谁而做的,相当于“使之怎么样/为之而做”。比如:
get
I get a lot of enjoyment from music. 得到什么
His father got him a nice lantern. 使...得到,为...搞到
found
We found a great new restaurant near the office. 找到什么
Tell him to find me an acre(亩) of land. 为...找到
play
Let’s play a different game. 玩耍
Rivers play an important role in city’s development. 扮演
O ne trick is playing them the sounds of a healthy and energetic reef(暗礁). 为...播放
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fly
... fly in the sky. 飞行
… fly a kite in the sky. 使...飞,放飞
win
He was on a real high after winning the competition. 赢得
They will win him the Earth. 为... 赢得
▲注意,动词的第二种用法是普遍现象。希望大家在阅读的过程中能理解其含义,并能学会掌握
这种用法。
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2. 名词情况下的一词多义:
同为名称词性,也存在一词多义的现象,比如:
train:
I like travelling by train. 指“火车”
The are following after a camel train. 指“队列/行列”
coach:
This is a football coach from Italy. 指“教练”
They went to Italy on a coach tour. 指“长途客车”
country:
European countries 指“国家” a country lane 指“乡间/乡村”
stage:
She was forced to the centre of the political stage. 指“舞台”
This technology is still in its early stages. 指“阶段”
sheet:
a sheet of glass/steel 指“薄片/薄板”
He slid between the sheets and closed his eyes. 指“床单”
strike:
Half the taxi drivers are now on strike. 指“罢工”
She says military strikes against Syria would only make matters worse. 指“打击”
light:
a room with good natural light 指“光线”
We decorated the Christmas tree with glass balls and lights. 指“电灯”
honey:
Add more honey if you have a sweet tooth. 指“蜂蜜”
Have you seen my keys, honey 指“(称呼亲密的人)宝贝”
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3. 形容词情况下的一词多义:
同为形容词词性,也存在一词多义的现象,比如:
hard:
Diamonds are the hardest known mineral. 指“坚硬的”
He gave the door a good hard kick. 指“猛的/狠的”
It is hard to believe that she's only nine. 指“不太容易的/困难的”
Times were hard at the end of the war. 指“艰苦的/艰难的”
I’ve had a long hard day. 指“辛苦的/累的”
She’s a very hard worker. 指“努力/勤劳的”
He said some very hard things to me. 指“苛刻的/不近情理的”
The newspaper story is based on hard facts. 指“可靠的/确凿的”
There was a hard frost that night. 指“非常寒冷的/残酷的”
She drinks wine and beer but no hard liquor. 指“烈性的”
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4. 介词、连词情况下的一词多义:
同为介词或连词词性,也存在一词多义的现象,比如:
since:
She’s a changed woman since she got that job. 指“自从...开始,一直到现在为止”
Since she knows little Italian, she keeps to herself. 指“既然”(陈述一个客观存在的理由)
but:
I’d asked everybody but only two people came. 指“但是” (表示转折)
I’m sorry but I can’t stay any longer. 说抱歉时引出事由,中文没有对应的词
I had no choice but to sign the contract. 指“除...外” (只得这样/只有这个)
under:
Have you looked under the bed 指“位于...的下面(正下方)”
I’ve been feeling under stress lately. 指“在...影响之下,受...影响”
A new bridge is now under construction. 指“处理...局面或状态之下,或过程中”
She also writes under the pseudonym of Barbara Vine. 指“以...之名”
Tony is learning the piano lessons under Mr. Smith. 指“在...的指导之下”
It took us under an hour. 指“少于/小于...,不足/不到...”
本章总结:
其它词性情况下,也一样会含有多种含义。因此,学习英文词汇时一定要学会查词典。也就是,
每学一个生词,尽可能地去看英文注解,掌握它的基本义,在此基础上去理解并掌握它的各种
引申义。而不能仅局限于教材后的中文翻译(很多翻译与解释是片面有问题的,有些甚至于是不
正确的)。如果能掌握其规则,做到活学活用,那就最好了。
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S6. 词的灵活运用三:词形转换
英文单词与汉字最大的不同,也可以说是它最大的一个特点就是,可以通过词形变化来创造一
个新词,改变词的词义,及至词性。词形转换主要有二种情况:
1. 没有改变词性的
2. 改变词性的
1. 没有改变词性的
主要有以下几种情况:
1). 可数性名称词的复数形式
2). 形容词/副词的比较级与最高级形式
3). 动作词的三单形式
4). 动作词的过去式
5). 一般名称词变专有名称词
6). 数词当中的“十几” 、“几十”也是通过词形变化来达成的 (用“-teen, -ty”来表示)
7). 通过加前缀的方式构成反义词
前面六种情况无需讲解,我们来讲讲加前缀的几种主要情况。
1). 部分词加前缀“dis-”表示反义。比如:
like -- dislike (不喜欢) agree -- disagree (不同意)
appear -- disappear (消失) regard -- disregard (漠视)
cover -- discover (揭开/发现) order -- disorder (无序/混乱)
honest -- dishonest (不诚实的) advantage -- disadvantage (劣势)
pleased -- displeased (不开心的) count -- discount (不计算在内/折扣)
appoint -- disappoint (失望/失信) approve -- disapprove (不同意/不通过)
enable -- disable (使...不能) agreement (协议) -- disagreement (不同意见)
encourage -- discourage (使...泄气) integrate -- disintegrate (粉碎/瓦解)
2). 部分词加前缀“mis-”表示反义。比如:
take -- mistake (误拿/误犯) judge -- misjudge (错判)
lead -- mislead (误导) understand -- misunderstand (误解)
3). 部分“m- / p-”字母开头的词,往往加前缀“im-”表示反义。比如:
possible -- impossible (不可能的) moral -- immoral (不道德的)
patient -- impatient (不耐烦的) polite -- impolite (无礼的)
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4). 部分词加前缀“in-”表示反义。比如:
ability -- inability (无能/无力) correct -- incorrect (不正确的)
visible -- invisible (隐形的/无形的) activate -- inactivate (使不活动/钝化/停用)
expensive -- inexpensive (不贵的) valuable -- invaluable (无价的,无法估价的)
5). 部分词加前缀“un-”表示反义。比如:
do -- undo (撤消) crowded -- uncrowded (不拥挤的)
fair -- unfair (不公平的) important -- unimportant (不重要的)
able -- unable (无能不会的) necessary -- unnecessary (不必要的)
usual -- unusual (不寻常的) fortunately -- unfortunately (不幸地)
friendly -- unfriendly (不友好的) happiness -- unhappiness (不幸福)
healthy -- unhealthy (不健康的) forgettable -- unforgettable (不易忘记的)
familiar -- unfamiliar (不熟悉的) concern -- unconcerned (漠不关心的)
balanced -- unbalanced (不平衡的) certain -- uncertain (不确定的)
common -- uncommon (不同寻常的) employed -- unemployed (失业的)
6). 部分“r- / l-”字母开头的词,加前缀“ir- / il-”表示反义。比如:
regular -- irregular (不规则的/无规律的) legal -- illegal (不合法的)
responsible -- irresponsible (不负责任的) logical -- illogical (不合法的)
rational -- irrational (不合理的)
7). 部分词加前缀“re- ”表示反义。比如:
tell -- retell view -- review call -- recall
use -- reuse unite -- reunite write -- rewrite
wild -- rewild build -- rebuild search -- research
send -- resend form -- reform produce -- reproduce
cycle -- recycle fresh -- refresh
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2. 改变词性的
主要有以下几种情况:
A. 名称词与动作词的互转 B. 名称词与形容词(及限定词)的互转
C. 动作词与形容词的互转 D. 形容词与副词的互转
A. 名称词与动作词的互转
1). 在词前或词尾加“en”变成动作词,比如:
courage -- encourage fright -- frighten joy -- enjoy
strength -- strengthen length -- lengthen
2). 部分动作词在词尾加“-ment”变成名称词,比如:
pay -- payment judge -- judgement achieve -- achievement
treat -- treatment invest -- investment develop -- development
argue -- argument amaze -- amazement improve -- improvement
move -- movement govern -- government entertain -- entertainment
agree -- agreement arrange -- arrangement encourage -- encouragement
excite -- excitement manage -- management
3). 部分动作词在词尾加“-tion/ation/ition”变成名称词(注意有些词有适当改动),比如:
act -- action correct -- correction prepare -- preparation
relate -- relation inspire -- inspiration examine--examination
locate -- location operate -- operation translate -- translation
direct -- direction suggest -- suggestion imagine -- imagination
invite -- invitation indicate -- indication graduate -- graduation
invent -- invention instruct -- instruction celebrate -- celebration
situate -- situation inform -- information compete -- competition
attend -- attention explain -- explanation organize -- organization
pollute -- pollution explore -- exploration pronounce -- pronunciation
collect -- collection connect -- connection congratulate -- congratulation
hesitate -- hesitation describe -- description communicate -- communication
4). 部分动作词在词尾加“-sion”变成名称词(注意有些词有适当改动),比如:
divide -- division permit -- permission discuss -- discussion
decide -- decision express -- expression conclude -- conclusion
admit -- admission impress -- impression transmit -- transmission
confuse -- confusion expand -- expansion (扩展)
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5). 部分动作词在词尾加“-age”变成名称词(注意有些词有适当改动),比如:
marry -- marriage post -- postage (邮费) carry -- carriage (运费/运送/马车)
6). 部分动作词在词尾加“-al”变成名称词(注意有些词有适当改动),比如:
arrive -- arrival approve -- approval survive -- survival (幸存者)
7). 部分动作词在词尾加“-action”变成名称词(注意有些词有适当改动),比如:
satisfy -- satisfaction
8). 部分动作词在词尾加“-ice”变成名称词(注意有些词有适当改动),比如:
serve -- service
9). 部分动作词在词尾加(或改成)“-ture/ature/sure”变成名称词,比如:
mix -- mixture press -- pressure sign -- signature
depart -- departure please -- pleasure
10). 部分动作词在词尾加(或改成)“-ance/ence”变成名称词,比如:
appear -- appearance differ -- difference
perform -- performance insist -- insistence (坚持/固执)
enter -- entrance (入口/进口)
11). 绝大多数动词可以在词尾加或适当改动后加“-ing”变成名称词(动名词),比如:
be -- being write -- writing swim -- swimming
build -- building handle -- handling begin -- beginning
carry -- carrying complete -- completing travel -- travelling
12). 其它一些特殊情况:
lose -- loss choose -- choice die -- death
fly -- flight know -- knowledge bear -- birth
food -- feed discover -- discovery grow -- growth
affect -- effect emphasize -- emphasis breathe -- breath
behave -- behavior accompany -- company (陪伴)
vary -- variety(多样性)
还有部分动作词,词尾加后缀变成动作的发出者或接受者:
1). 词尾加(或改加)“-er”,变成做这件事的人:
lose -- loser win -- winner garden -- gardener
sing -- singer lead -- leader manage -- manager
wait -- waiter paint -- painter interview -- interviewer
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2). 词尾加(或改加)“-or”, 变成做这件事的人(部分只指男性):
act -- actor direct -- director operate -- operator
visit -- visitor invent -- inventor educate -- educator
3). 词尾加(或改加)“-ress”, 变成做这件事的人(指女性):
act -- actress wait -- waitress
4). 词尾加(或改加)“-ist”, 变成做这件事的人:
type -- typist tour -- tourist
5). 词尾加(或改加)“-ant/ee”, 变成做这件事的人:
serve -- servant assist -- assistant attend -- attendee
6). 词尾加“-ee”, 变成动作的接收接受者:
pay -- payee employ -- emplyee
7). 其它一些特殊情况:
believe -- belief think -- thought (指思想)
weigh -- weight mean -- means (手段/方法), -- meaning (用义/意思)
memorize -- memory
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B. 名称词与形容词的互转
1). 部分名词在词尾加(或改动后加)“-ful”构成形容词(…满满的),比如:
joy -- joyful color -- colorful peace -- peaceful
use -- useful harm -- harmful beauty -- beautiful
care -- careful grate -- grateful success -- successful
pain -- painful grace -- graceful wonder -- wonderful
help -- helpful thank -- thankful meaning -- meaningful
2). 部分名称词在词尾加(或改加)“-less”构成形容词(…几乎没有的),比如:
harm -- harmless help -- helpless use -- useless
home -- homeless care -- careless end -- endless
smoke -- smokeless
3). 部分名称性词在词尾加(或改动后加)“-y”构成形容词,比如:
ice -- icy cloud -- cloudy noise -- noisy
fog -- foggy storm -- stormy thirst -- thirsty
rain -- rainy salt -- salty hunger -- hungry
sun -- sunny dirt -- dirty health -- healthy
wind -- windy ease -- easy wealth -- wealthy
snow -- snowy luck -- lucky
4). 部分名称词在词尾加(或改动后加)“-ous”构成形容词,比如:
fame -- famous humor -- humorous danger -- dangerous
anxiety -- anxious mystery -- mysterious
5). 部分名称词在词尾加(或改动后加)“-ish”构成形容词,比如:
fool -- foolish child -- childish self -- selfish
6). 部分名称词在词尾加(或改动后加)“-ly”构成形容词,比如:
life -- lively day -- daily year -- yearly
love -- lovely week -- weekly
friend -- friendly month -- monthly
7). 部分名称词在词尾加(或改动后加)“-able”构成形容词,比如:
reason -- reasonable fashion -- fashionable misery -- miserable
8). 部分名称词在词尾加(或改动后加)“-en”构成形容词,比如:
wood -- wooden gold -- golden wool -- woolen
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9). 部分名称词在词尾加(或改动后加)“-al”构成形容词,比如:
origin -- original physics -- physical tradition -- traditional
music -- musical person -- personal education -- educational
nature -- natural medicine -- medical agriculture -- agricultural
culture -- cultural industry -- industrial environment -- environmental
nation -- national emotion -- emotional commerce -- commercial
10). 部分名称词在词尾加(或改动后加)“-ic”构成形容词,比如:
history -- historic economy -- economic fantasy -- fantastic
11). 部分名称词词尾由“-ence”改成“-ent”构成形容词,比如:
silence -- silent absence -- absent confidence -- confident
difference -- different influence -- influent abundance -- abundant (丰盛的/充裕的)
importance -- important
12). 部分与国家地名有关的名词,词尾改成“-ese/-an/-ian/-ean/-ish”构成形容词,比如:
China -- Chinese Asia -- Asian Europe -- European
Japan -- Japanese Britain -- British America -- American
Taiwan -- Taiwanese England -- English Australia -- Australian
14). 部分名称词词尾加“-some”改成形容词,比如:
trouble -- troublesome
15). 基数词变序数词后构成形容限定词,比如:
four -- fourth nine -- ninth forty -- fortieth
five -- fifth twelve -- twelfth ninety -- ninetieth
eight -- eighth twenty -- twentieth ▲in his thirtieth
16). 部分形容词词尾加“-ness”构成名称词,比如:
ill -- illness weak -- weakness hopeful -- hopefulness
sick -- sickness happy -- happiness hopeless -- hopelessness
careful -- carefulness lonely -- loneliness nervous -- nervousness
careless -- carelessness
17). 部分形容词词尾加或改成“-lity/-bility”构成名称词,比如:
real -- reality responsible -- responsibility
18). 少数形容词词尾加或改成“-er”构成名称词,比如:
strange -- stranger foreign -- foreigner
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19). 部分形容词词尾加或改成“-th”构成名称词,比如:
true -- truth long -- length warm -- warmth
dead -- death wide -- width strong -- strength
20). 其它一些特殊情况:
safe -- safety free -- freedom difficult -- difficulty
high -- height short -- shortage urgent -- urgency (紧迫/急事)
proud -- pride crowded -- crowd emergent -- emergency (突发事件/紧急情况)
wise -- wisdom honest -- honesty extinct (灭绝的) -- extinction
21). 名称词通过在词尾加“-’s”构成限定词(形容词性),此略。
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C. 动词与形容词的互转
1). 绝大多数动词在词尾加(或改加)“-ing/-ed”构成现在分词/过去分词(形容词性),比如:
excite -- exciting amaze -- amazing interest -- interesting
touch -- touching delight -- delighting encourage -- encouraging
touch -- touched delight -- delighted encourage -- encouraged
inspire -- inspiring confuse -- confusing disappoint -- disappointing
inspire -- inspired confuse -- confused disappoint -- disappointed
2). 少数动词在词前加“a-”变成动作词,比如:
sleep -- asleep live -- alive wake -- awake
3). 部分动词在词尾加(或改动后加)“-ive”构成形容词,比如:
act -- active effect -- effective express -- expressive
create -- creative attract -- attractive
4). 部分动词在词尾加(或改动后加)“-able”构成形容词,比如:
eat -- eatable wash -- washable drink -- drinkable
suit -- suitable enjoy -- enjoyable respect -- respectable
love -- loveable agree -- agreeable change -- changeable
move -- movable adjust -- adjustable comfort -- comfortable
work -- workable forget -- forgettable
5). 部分形容词,在词前加“en-”构成动作词,比如:
rich -- enrich large -- enlarge deep -- deepen
able -- enable noble -- ennoble worse -- worsen
sure -- ensure weak -- weaken sharp -- sharpen
6). 其它一些特殊形式:
die -- dead/dying do -- deed/doing vary -- various
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D. 形容词与副词的互转
1). 绝大多数形容词在词尾直接加“-ly”构成副词,比如:
bad -- badly exact -- exactly urgent -- urgently
real -- really quick -- quickly certain -- certainly
final -- finally usual -- usually natural -- naturally
slow -- slowly recent -- recently sudden -- suddenly
main -- mainly careful -- carefully sudden -- suddenly
most -- mostly special -- specially especial -- especially
clear -- clearly excited -- excitedly successful -- successfully
▲注意:hardly 几乎不
2). 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词,把“y”改成“i”后再加“-ly”构成副词,比如:
easy -- easily heavy -- heavily angry -- angrily
lucky -- luckily happy -- happily healthy -- healthily
3). 以“元音字母+辅音字母+不发音的 e”结尾的形容词,直接加“-ly”构成副词,比如:
late -- lately polite -- politely complete -- completely
wide -- widely extreme -- extremely approximate -- approximately
brave -- bravely fortunate -- fortunately
4). 以“-ure/ee”结尾的形容词,直接加“-ly”构成副词,比如:
sure -- surely free -- freely
5). 以“-ue”结尾的形容词,去“e”后再加“-ly”构成副词,比如:
true -- truly
6). 以“-ple/ble”结尾的形容词,去“e”后再加“-ly”构成副词,比如:
simple -- simply possible -- possibly incredible -- incredibly
terrible -- terribly probable -- probably
(End)
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