2022届高考英语语法专练（三）：介词（含答案）

2022年高考英语语法针对型训练（三）：高频语法+介词
1.AirCar is the latest generation flying car ①_______transforms from road vehicle into air vehicle in less than 3 minutes. Useful for leisure and self-driving journeys, the vehicle can go from driving ②_________ flying mode with the click of a button. The fifth generation flying car designed by Professor Stefan Klein ③ ______(complete) two flight tests at Piestany airport in Slovakia so far.
The two-seat AirCar weighs 1,100kg and can carry an ④_____ (add) load of 200kg per flight. Powered by a BMW 1.6L engine, the car-plane has an effective power output of 140HP. The ⑤______(estimate) travel range of the vehicle is 1,000km and the flight ⑥______ (consume) is 18 liters(升) per hour. AirCar can transform from a ground- based vehicle to aircraft with its speed ⑦______ (reach) up to 200 km/h. But most importantly, the stability and controllability of the AirCar is ⑧______ (access) to any pilot.
“With AirCar you will arrive at your destination ⑨________ the trouble of getting a ride to airport and passing through commercial security. You can drive your AirCar to the golf course, the office, the shopping centre ⑩_______ your hotel and park it in a normal parking space," said Anton Zajac, Klein Vision's co-founder, investor and pilot.
2. More and more ①_____(ambition) parents in the world are signing their children up for Chinese classes. Keen for their children to succeed in life, they see ②_____(be) fluent in a second or third language as an advantage. In the USA, twice as many primary and middle school students took Chinese in 2017 ③_____(compare) to 2015. In France, the number of students learning Chinese in the same age group ④_____(increase) by 400% between 2007 and 2017. And an estimated 100 million foreigners are now learning Chinese, up from 30 million in 2004.
It is easy to understand ⑤_____ Chinese is becoming so popular. Learning Chinese may help people get more job opportunities. For example, there is China’s Belt and Road Initiative, ⑥_____ motivates many countries along the Silk Road to cooperate more closely. It has created thousands of local jobs for people with ⑦_____ knowledge of Chinese. Another reason is that studying Chinese provides access ⑧_____ wonderful Chinese history and culture. Adam Turner, a school head teacher in the UK, cites this as one appealing aspect of the ⑨_____(recent) added Chinese course. "Learning Chinese helps them see life from a new perspective and ⑩_____(broad) their minds to the outside world," he explains.
3. People are always fascinated by the' night sky full of stars. American Dennis Tito isn’t different. ①_____ a boy, he began to dream that he ②_____(travel) there one day. That was one of the reasons for his studies of engineering and his work for NASA. After only five years, however, he left his job in the laboratories and threw ③_____(he) into the investment market.
He was so successful that he had' $200 million in his account. He still kept his boyhood dream and now he had money ④_____(realize) it.
At the time, the Russian space agency was facing financial problems, and that's why they made a deal with Tito. He ⑤_____(pay) twenty million dollars for a one-week space vacation.
He underwent medical examinations ⑥_____(follow) by training for 8 months. On. April 28, 2001, Tito took off with two astronauts ⑦_____ became the first space tourist to the ISS. Tito didn't like the name “space tourist”. He preferred the name “independent researcher” because he: also performed some ⑧_____(science) experiments in space.
Tito stayed in space for 7 days, during ⑨_____ he orbited the Earth 128 times. He then ⑩_____(safe) landed in Kazakhstan.
4. The Organizing Committee of the Olympic Winter Games Beijing 2022 revealed its Olympic torch design in the National Aquatics(水上运动) Centre, ①_____ has been transformed into the “Ice Cube” for next year’s Olympic Winter Games curling(冰壶) competition.
The winning design, ②_____(select) from 182 entries in a global competition, was praised by Beijing 2022’s judges for ③_____(it)combination of both Chinese aesthetic(审美的) value ④_____ advanced technology.
One of the design highlights ⑤_____(allow) two Olympic torches to lock into each other at the top when torchbearers exchange the flame during the Olympic Torch Relay. The two-tone design represents an indication of fire and ice, symbolizing how it will bring light and ⑥_____(warm) to the winter sports scene.
In recognition of Beijing’s status as the world’s first city ⑦_____(host)both the Summer and Winter Games, the design of the 2022 Olympic torch is similar ⑧_____ the 2008 Olympic torch, and by ⑨_____ same color combination and artistic elements from that torch, the Organizing Committee aims to present Beijing’s rich Olympic culture.
Planning for the Olympic Torch Relay and the selection of torchbearers for the Games are ⑩_____(current) underway, with detailed information to be released in the near future by the Beijing 2022 Organizing Committee.
5. If you have ever watched a movie that featured old Beijing, there is a good ①________(possible) that it contained a scene with a flock of pigeons flying over quadrangular dwellings (Siheyuan), ②________ (give) off a uniquely harmonic (和声的) buzzing sound as they flew by. That sound is ③________ local residents remember when they think of old Beijing. Every city has ④________ (it) unique sights and sounds, and the “sound of old Beijing” is the pigeon whistle.
Pigeon whistles (also called pigeon bells) are whistles that ⑤________ (tie) on the tails of pigeons so that when they fly, the air that flows through the whistle creates a harmonic sound. Over ⑥________ last several centuries, Beijing residents have liked to raise pigeons and let them soar through the sky every day. Regardless ⑦________ whether it is a windy morning in spring ⑧________ a cloudless day in late autumn, people can always see a flock of pigeons flying around in the sky and hear the beautiful sound they make while flying. Up until the 1950s, pigeon markets in Beijing were very ⑨________ (promise).
But with the passing of time and advancement of urban development, fewer and fewer people in Beijing are raising pigeons. ⑩________ (consequent), the sight of pigeons flying around with their accompanying harmonic sound is becoming increasingly rare.
6.
A Letter to Myself
Dear Li Ming,
Congratulations! You are a student of senior 3 now and closer to your dream. However, ①_________(make) your dream come true, you have to devote yourself to study. Here are what I want to remind you of.
To begin with, considering that time is limited, it is necessary that you should manage time ②_________ (appropriate). Besides, you must be ③_________ (ambition) and confident in yourself. Of course, ④_________ (burden)with heavy study load, you may sometimes find things disappointing. If so, don't ⑤_________ (discourage). Never should you submit ⑥_________ the obstacles. Most importantly, you must stick to good ⑦_________ (habit), such as going over note frequently, having a thorough understanding of what you ⑧_________ (learn) and associating it with ⑨_________ you have learned. Also, you can make an ⑩_________ (assess) of yourself regularly and make adjustments accordingly.
Follow the suggestions above and you are bound to succeed.
Yours,
Li Ming
7. Chinese President Xi Jinping on Thursday congratulated the complete success of the Chang'e-5 mission that ①_____(bring) back the country's first samples ②_____(collect) from the moon.
On behalf of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commissions(CMO), Xi, also general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and chairman of the CMC, extended warm ③_____(congratulate) and sincere greetings to all members ④_____ had participated in the Chang'e-5 mission in a congratulatory message.
Noting ⑤_____ there is no end for space exploration, Xi expressed the hope that those who have participated in the Chang'e-5 mission will carry forward the lunar exploration spirit of pursing dreams and daring to explorer, so as ⑥_____(start) new exploration to build the country into a major power in space, national rejuvenation(复兴), the ⑦_____(peace) use of space and the building of a community with a shared future for humanity.
Chang'e-5 mission has achieved many major breakthroughs including China's first lunar surface sampling and sealing, first lift off ⑧____ the moon and first spacecraft ⑨_____(carry) samples to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere. The Chang'e-5 mission ⑩_____(be) a huge milestone in China's lunar exploration history since 2004.
8. By 2050, humans may need to clear an additional 3.35 million square kilometers of land for agriculture, ①_____ would squeeze more than 17,000 animal species from some of their lands.
Luckily, the impacts can be minimized, says conservation scientist David Williams of the University of Leeds. “We can feed the planet ②_____ messing it up too badly.”
To figure out ③_____, Williams and colleagues first identified habitats most likely ④_____(clear) for cropland. The team then calculated ⑤_____ amount of food needed to sustain(维持) projected human population growth for 152 countries and ⑥_____(map)where crops would likely be grown in each. By 2050, the world's cropland would need to increase by 26 percent, the team found. The growth is ⑦_____(large) concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia.
Changing the global food system could nearly erase these biodiversity. ⑧_____(loss). We can improve crop yields, transition to more plant-based diets, or increase food imports for countries where agricultural ⑨_____(expand) threatens the most species. The world needs to feed a ⑩_____(grow) population, but it can be done more sustainably.
答案以及解析
1.答案：1.that 2.to 3.has completed 4. additional 5.estimated 6.consumption 7.reaching 8. accessible 9.without 10.or
解析： ①考查定语从句。句意：AirCar是最新一代的飞行汽车，它可以在不到3分钟的时间内从陆路交通工具转变为空中交通工具。此处限制性定语从句，先行词是flying car，从句中作主语，应用关系代词，又因为名词前有最高级the latest修饰，只能用关系代词that引导。故填that.
②考查固定搭配。句意：用于休闲和自动驾驶旅行，只需单击一下按钮，车辆即可从驾驶模式转换为飞行模式。from...to从……到，为固定搭配，故填to.
③考查时态和主谓一致。句意：迄今为止，由斯特凡 克莱因教授设计的第五代飞行汽车已经在斯洛伐克的皮耶那什佳尼机场完成了两次飞行测试。根据时间状语so far可知，应用现在完成时，主语The fifth generation flying car为单数慨念。故填has completed.
④考查形容词。句意：两座的AirCar重1100公斤，每次飞行可承受200公斤的额外负载。作定语修饰名词，所以用形容词，故填additional.
⑤考查过去分词。句意：估计车辆的行驶范围为1000公里，每小时飞行消耗18升。作定语修饰名词，和名词之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词，故填estimated.
⑥考查名词的数。句意：估计车辆的行驶范围为1000公里，每小时飞行消耗18升。此处是名词短语作主语，consumption"消耗"，抽象名词，不可数。故填consumption.
⑦考查现在分词。句意：AirCar可以从地面车辆转变为飞机，其速度可达200公里/小时。此处与its speed是逻辑主谓关系，应用现在分词，作宾语补足语。故填reaching.
⑧考查形容词。句意：但最重要的是，AirCar的稳定性和可控性是任何飞行员都能掌握的。根据句意可知，此处短语be accessible to sb."容易被某人接受"。故填accessible.
⑨考查介词。句意：有了AirCar，你就可以到达目的地，而不必有坐飞机去机场并经过商业安全检查的麻烦。根据句子可知，使用AirCar到达目的地，就不会有后面说的这些问题，应用介词without"没有"。故填without.
⑩考查连词。句意：你可以开着AirCar去高尔夫球场、办公室、购物中心或酒店，把它停在一个普通的停车位上。前后是选择关系，故填or.
2.答案：①ambitious ②being ③compared ④increased ⑤why ⑥which ⑦a ⑧to ⑨recently ⑩broaden
解析：①考查形容词。句意:世界上越来越多有抱负的家长为孩子报名上中文课。分析句子可知此处用形容词做定语,修饰名词parents,所以填ambitious。
②考查动名词。句意:他们渴望自己的孩子在生活中取得成功,他们认为流利地使用第二或第三语言是一种优势。本句是动名词在句中做宾语。所以填being。
③考查过去分词。句意:在美国,2017年学习汉语的中小学生人数是2015年的两倍。本句是2017年学习汉语的中小学生人数与2015年的人数相比较。应该是被动关系,应该用过去分词,所以填compared。
④考查时态。句意:在法国,同年龄段学习汉语的学生人数在2007年至2017年间增长了400%。根据本句的时间状语可知,本句应该用一般过去时。所以填increased。
⑤考查宾语从句。句意:很容易理解为什么汉语如此受欢迎。本句是宾语从句,根据句意可知本句缺少原因状语,应该用why引导。所以填why。
⑥考查定语从句。句意:例如,中国的"一带一路"倡议,推动丝绸之路沿线许多国家进行更紧密的合作。本句是非限制性定语从句,which指点前文的中国的"一带一路"倡议,在从句中做主语。应该用which引导,所以填which。
⑦考查固定短语。句意:它为懂中文的人创造了数千个当地就业机会。a knowledge of是固定短语,意思是:某一方面的知识。所以填a。
⑧考查介词。句意:另一个原因是学习汉语可以接触到精彩的中国历史和文化。access to是固定短语"接近,使用"。所以填to。
⑨考查副词。句意:英国一所学校的校长亚当,特纳(Adam Turner)将这一点作为最近增加的汉语课程的一个吸引人的方面。此处是用副词修饰动词add, recently是副词"近来"。所以填recently。
⑩考查动词。句意:"学习中文有助于他们从一个新的角度看待生活,开阔他们对外界的视野,"他解释说。help do是固定短语,本句中see与broaden是并列动词,都应该用动词原形。broaden是动词"变宽",所以填broaden。
3.答案：①As ②would travel ③himself ④to realize ⑤paid ⑥followed ⑦who ⑧scientific ⑨which ⑩safely
解析：①考查介词搭配。句意:当他还是小孩的时候他就开始梦想终有一天他会登上太空。As a boy, 固定搭配, 表达"作为一名小男孩"。故填As。
②考查谓语动词时态。句意:当他还是小孩的时候他就开始梦想终有一天他会登上太空。根据began可知, travel应该用过去将来时,表示过去的将来将会发生的事情。故填would travel。
③考查反身代词。句意:然而仅仅五年后,他就离开了在实验室的工作,投身于资本投资。根据表达throw oneself into..., 此处应为he的反身代词himself。故填himself。
④考查动词不定式。句意:现在他有了钱可以去实现自己的儿时梦想了。分析句子可知,此处应用不定式to realize表示目的,作目的状语,故填to realize。
⑤考查谓语动词的时态。句意:为这次为期一周的太空旅行他支付了两千万美元。此处为谓语动词,描述过去发生的事情,用一般过去时,故填paid。
⑥考查动词的过去分词。句意:他先进行了身体检查,然后是八个月的训练。分析句子结构,此句谓语动词是underwent, 宾语是medical examinations, 后面部分应作宾语的后置定语。follow与宾语构成被动关系,应该用过去分词形式,故填followed。
⑦考查连词。句意:Tito与两名宇航员起飞了,他成为第一个去国际空间站的太空游客。故填who。
⑧考查形容词。句意:他更喜欢"独立科研员"这个名称, 因为他也在太空做了一些科学实验。此处应用形容词来修饰experiments。science的形容词形式是scientific。故填scientific。
⑨考查定语从句引导词。句意:Tito在太空待了七天,在这七天里,他环绕了地球128圈。此处为非限制性定语从句,关系词指代先行词7 days并在从句中作during的宾语,故填which。
⑩考查副词。句意:他然后安全着陆在哈萨克斯坦。修饰谓语动词landed应用副词,故填safely。
4.答案：①which ②selected ③its ④and ⑤allows ⑥warmth ⑦to host ⑧to ⑨the ⑩currently
解析：①考查定语从句。句意:北京2022年冬奥会组委会在国家游泳中心展示了奥运火炬设计,该中心已被改造成"冰立方",用于明年冬奥会冰壶比赛。分析句子结构可知,该空处所在部分的句子是一个非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the National Aquatics Centre,关系词在从句中作主语,指物,用which引导该从句, that不能引导非限制性定语从句,故填which。
②考查过去分词。句意:该设计从全球征集的182个参赛作品中脱颖而出,因其结合了中国的审美价值、传统文化内涵和先进技术,受到了北京2022年冬奥会评委的称赞。"select"与其所修饰的名词"The winning design"之间是被动关系,用过去分词作定语,故填selected。
③考查代词。句意:该设计从全球征集的182个参赛作品中脱颖而出,因其结合了中国的审美价值、传统文化内涵和先进技术,受到了北京2022年冬奥会评委的称赞。修饰名词combination,表示"它的",用形容词性物主代词,故填its。
④考查连词。句意:该设计从全球征集的182个参赛作品中脱颖而出,因其结合了中国的审美价值、传统文化内涵和先进技术,受到了北京2022年冬奥会评委的称赞。"中国的审美价值、传统文化内涵"和"先进技术"之间是并列关系,用连词and,故填and。
⑤考查时态和主谓一致。句意:设计亮点之一是,当火炬手在奥运火炬传递过程中交换火种时,两个奥运火炬在顶端相互锁定。描述一个客观的事实,用一般现在时;在"one of+可数名词复数"结构中,谓语动词用单数,故填allows。
⑥考查名词。句意:双色设计代表了火和冰的象征,象征着它将如何为冬季运动现场带来光明和温暖。该空作bring的宾语,用名词,warmth是不可数名词,故填warmth。
⑦考查不定式。句意:为了承认北京作为世界上第一个同时举办夏季和冬季奥运会的城市的地位,2022年奥运会火炬的设计与2008年奥运会火炬相似,并通过与奥运会火炬相同的色彩组合和艺术元素,组委会旨在展示北京丰富的奥林匹克文化。当中心词被序数词所修饰,常用不定式作定语,故填to host。
⑧查介词。句意:为了承认北京作为世界上第一个同时举办夏季和冬季奥运会的城市的地位,2022年奥运会火炬的设计与2008年奥运会火炬相似,并通过与奥运会火炬相同的色彩组合和艺术元素,组委会旨在展示北京丰富的奥林匹克文化。similar...to"与...相似",为固定搭配,故填to。
⑨考查冠词。句意:为了承认北京作为世界上第一个同时举办夏季和冬季奥运会的城市的地位,2022年奥运会火炬的设计与2008年奥运会火炬相似,并通过与奥运会火炬相同的色彩组合和艺术元素,组委会旨在展示北京丰富的奥林匹克文化。the same相同的,为固定搭配,故填the。
⑩考查副词。句意:目前,奥运火炬传递的规划和奥运火炬手的选拔工作正在进行中,北京2022年组委会将于近期公布详细信息。修饰动词are,用副词,故填currently。
5.答案：1.possibility 2. giving 3. what 4. its 5. are tied 6. the 7. of 8. or 9. promising 10. Consequently
解析： ①考查名词，由冠词a可知后接名词的单数形式，因此使用possible的名词形式possibility，故答案为possibility.
②考查非谓语动词，句子已有谓语动词，give off的逻辑主语是pigeons，构成主动的关系，因此使用其现在分词形式，故答案为giving.
③考查引导词，s后的表语从句，从句缺少remember后的宾语，因此使用表示"什么"的w hat引导，故答案为what.
④考查代词，此处指每座城市都有它独特的场景和声音，使用形容词性物主代词its，修饰后面的名词，故答案为its.
⑤考查谓语动词，tie与主语that构成被动的关系，因此使用被动语态be done的形式，that指代的是复数名词whistles，故答案为are tied.
⑥考查冠词，此处指在过去的几个世纪里，表示特指，使用定冠词the，故答案为the.
⑦考查介词，此处指不管是春天有风的早晨还是晚秋乌云的日子，使用短语regardless of不管，不顾，故答案为of.
⑧考查介词，此处使用whether...or...是……还是……，故答案为or.
⑨考查形容词，此处位于be动词后，使用promise的形容词形式promising"有前途的"，在句中作表语，故答案为promising.
⑩考查副词，此处使用副词consequently'"结果"，修饰整个句子，故答案为Consequently.
6.答案：1. to make 2. appropriately 3. ambitious 4. burdened 5. be discouraged 6. to 7. habits 8. are learning 9. what 10. assessment
解析： ①考查动词不定式。句意：然而，要使你的梦想成真，你必须全身心投入学习。分析句子可知，该空为目的状语，动词的不定式表目的，故填to make.
②考查副词。句意：首先，考虑到时间有限，你有必要适当地管理时间。分析句子可知，该空修饰动词manage，副词修饰动词，故填appropriately.
③考查形容词。句意：此外，你必须雄心勃勃，对自己充满信心。分析句子可知，该空作表语，形容词作表语，故填ambitious.
④考查过去分词。句意：当然，背负着沉重的学习负担，你有时会感到失望。分析句子可知，该空为非谓语动词作状语，you与burden之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作状语，故填burdened.
⑤考查动词语态。句意：如果是这样，不要气馁。空前为助动词don't，后面跟动词原形，祈使句的主语you与discourage之间是被动关系，故填be discouraged.
⑥考查介词。句意：你决不应该屈服于障碍。固定搭配submit to表示"屈服于。使某人忍受某事"符合句意，故填to.
⑦考查名词。句意：最重要的是，你必须坚持好的习惯，比如经常复习笔记，对你正在学的有一个透彻的了解，并把它和你所学的联系起来。habit为可数名词，结合句意，此处表示不止一个习惯，故用名词的复数形式，故填habits.
⑧考查动词时态。句意：最重要的是，你必须坚持好的习惯，比如经常复习笔记对你正在学的有一个透彻的了解，并把它和你所学的联系起来。分析句子可知，此处与后文you have learned对应，表示"正在学习的"，故用现在进行时，故填are learning.
⑨考查宾语从句。句意：最重要的是，你必须坚持好的习惯，比如经常复习笔记，对你正在学的有一个透彻的了解，并把它和你所学的联系起来。分析句子可知，⑨_____ you have learned作wit h的宾语从句，该空在从句中宾语，表示"你学到的东西"，故填what.
⑩考查名词。句意：此外，你可以定期对自己进行评估，并做出相应的调整。分析句子可知，此处作make的宾语，名词作宾语，故填assessment.
7.答案：①brings ②collected ③congratulations ④who ⑤that ⑥to start ⑦peaceful ⑧from ⑨carrying ⑩has been
解析：①考查主谓一致。句意:星期四,中国习近平主席祝贺嫦娥五号任务的圆满成功,带回了来自月球的第一批样本。结合句意可知,此处在讲述客观事实,句子用一般现在时,主语that指代先行词the Chang'e-5 mission,故谓语动词用三单形式,故填brings。
②考查过去分词。句意:星期四,中国习近平主席祝贺嫦娥五号任务的圆满成功,带回了来自月球的第一批样本。分析句子可知,此处为非谓语动词作定语,samples与collect之间是被动关系,故用过去分词作定语,故填collected。
③考查名词。句意:代表中国共产党中央委员会、国务院和中央军事委员会,中共中央总书记、中央军委主席习近平,对参加“嫦娥五号"任务的全体成员表示祝贺和诚挚问候。congratulations表示"祝贺"常用复数形式,故填congratulations。
④考查定语从句。句意:代表中国共产党中央委员会、国务院和中央军事委员会,中共中央总书记、中央军委主席习近平,对参加“嫦娥五号”任务的全体成员表示祝贺和诚挚问候。分析句子可知,此处引导定语从句,先行词为all members,在从句中作主语,故填who。
⑤考查宾语从句。句意:习近平席上表示,希望参加"嫦娥五号"任务的人,能发扬"追梦、勇于探索、合作解决困难、共赢合作"的月球探索精神。从而开始新的星际探索,并为将我国建设成为空间大国、民族复兴、和平利用空间和建设人类共同未来的社区作出贡献。分析句子可知,此处引导动词noting后面的宾语从句,在从句中不作成分,没有任何含义,故填that。
⑥考查动词不定式。句意:习近平席上表示,希望参加“嫦娥五号"任务的人,能发扬“追梦、勇于探索、合作解决困难、共赢合作"的月球探索精神。从而开始新的星际探索,并为将我国建设成为空间大国、民族复兴、和平利用空间和建设人类共同未来的社区作出贡献。so as to表示"为了"符合句意,故填to start。
⑦考查形容词。句意:习近平席上表示,希望参加"嫦娥五号”任务的人,能发扬追梦、勇于探索、合作解决困难、共赢合作“的月球探索精神。从而开始新的星际探索,并为将我国建设成为空间大国、民族复兴、和平利用空间和建设人类共同未来的社区作出贡献。分析句子可知,此处修饰名词use,故用形容词修饰名词,故填peaceful。
⑧考查介词。句意:嫦娥五号任务取得了许多重大突破,包括中国第一次月球表面取样和密封、第一次从月球发射、第一次在月球轨道交会和对接,以及第一艘携带样本重返地球大气层的航天器。from表示"从…"符合句意,故填from。
⑨考查现在分词。句意:嫦娥五号任务取得了许多重大突破,包括中国第一次月球表面取样和密封、第一次从月球发射、第一次在月球轨道交会和对接,以及第一艘携带样本重返地球大气层的航天器。分析句子可知,此处为非谓语动词作定语,spacecraft与carry之间是主动关系,故用现在分词作定语,故填carrying。
⑩考查动词时态。句意:嫦娥五号任务自2004年以来一直是中国探月史上的一个巨大里程碑。时间状语为since 2004,句子用现在完成时在,主语The Chang'e-5 mission:为单数形式,故填has been。
8.答案：①which ②without ③how ④to be cleared ⑤the ⑥mapped ⑦largely ⑧losses ⑨expansion ⑩growing
解析：①考查定语从句。句意:到2050年,人类可能需要再开垦335万平方公里的耕地,这将迫使17000多种动物离开它们的栖息地。分析句子可知,此处是定语从句,先行词指代前文的整个句子,在从句中作主语,用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句,故填which。
②考查介词。句意:我们可以在不把地球搞得太糟的情况下养活这个星球。根据上文"Luckily, the impacts can be minimized, says conservation scientist David Williams of the University of Leeds.”(幸运的是,利兹大学的环保科学家大卫:威廉姆斯说,影响可以降到最低)可知,我们可以不用把地球搞得太糟,就能养活这个星球,空格后是动名词短语messing up,应用介词,故填without。
③考查副词。句意:为了弄清楚怎么实现这一目标,威廉姆斯和他的同事们首先确定了最有可能被开垦成农田的栖息地。根据后文内容是如何采用方法来解决这个问题,所以是how。故填how。
④考查非谓语动词。句意:为了弄清楚怎么实现这一目标,威廉姆斯和他的同事们首先确定了最有可能被开垦成农田的栖息地。be likely to do sth.很可能做某事,是固定短语,clear与逻辑主语habitats是被动关系,故用不定式的被动式,故填to be cleared。
⑤考查冠词。句意:然后,该小组计算了维持152个国家预计人口增长所需的粮食量,并绘制了在每个国家可能种植作物的地图。根据后文的内容“food needed to sustain..."可知特指维持。的食物数量”,故填the。
⑥考查时态。句意:然后,该小组计算了维持152个国家预计人口增长所需的粮食量,并绘制了在每个国家可能种植作物的地图。根据前文的calculated可知用一般过去时,map的过去式是mapped。故填mapped。
⑦考查副词。句意:这个增长主要集中在撒哈拉以南的非洲、南亚和东南亚地区。此处用副词largely修饰谓语动词is concentrated in作状语,故填largely。
⑧考查名词的数。句意:改变全球粮食体系几乎可以消除这些生物多样性损失。根据前文的these可知应当用名词loss的复数。故填losses。
⑨考查名词。句意:我们可以提高作物产量,转向更多的植物性饮食,或在农业扩张威胁到大部分物种的国家增加粮食进口。where引导定语从句,从句需要一个主语,所以用expand的名词形式expansion,由threatens可知,用作不可数名词,故填expansion。
⑩考查形容词。句意:世界需要养活不断增长的人口,但它可以更可持续地实现。人口是在不断增长的,growing增长的,作定语修饰population。故填growing。