课件88张PPT。1．explore
1)vt. 探索；调查研究；勘探；考察；在……探险
①We must explore all the possibilities for the solution to the problem.
我们必须探讨解决这个问题的所有可能性。
②Tricycles are worth using if you want to explore the narrow alleys (小巷，胡同) of old Beijing.
如果想去老北京的胡同探秘，三轮脚踏车绝对是值得一坐的。2)vi. 探索；勘探；考察；探险
explore for oil 勘探石油
The children have gone exploring in the woods.
孩子们去林中探险了。知识拓展
1)explorer n．探索者；勘探者；探险者
His father is an Arctic explorer.
他的爸爸是个北极探险家。
2)exploration n. 探索；勘探即学即用
完成句子
He tried his best ________________(在他对该国进行探索考察的过程中)．
答案：in the course of his explorations of the country2．annual adj.每年的；年度的
n．[C]年鉴；年刊
①He helped the whalers catch the baleen whales that were on their annual migration.
他帮助捕鲸队捕捉季节性迁徙途中的须鲸。
②With annual rainfall close to zero, Antarctica is technically a desert.
南极洲的年降雨量接近于零，是一个不折不扣的沙漠。
③annual income 年收入知识拓展
annually adv. 每年
anniversary n. 周年纪念日；周年纪念3．state vt. 陈述；说明；n. 国家；(美国的)州；政府；状态；状况
①The witness stated that he had never seen the man before.
证人说他以前从未见过该男子。
②All the industry is owned by the state.
全部工业都归国家所有。
③He is in a poor state of health.
他的健康状况不好。知识拓展
in a state of.../in a ... State 处于……状态
state-run adj. 国营的
statesman n. 政治家
statement n. 声明；陈述
state-owned adj. 国有的
be in / get into a state 兴奋；紧张词语辨析
country, nation, state, land
country侧重指版图、疆域，意为“国家；国土”；nation侧重指人民、国民、民族，意为“民族，国家”；state侧重指政权、政体，意为“国家；政府”；land意为“国土；国家”，带有感彩，多用于文学作品，如motherland。
①He had left his country at the age of ten.
他10岁就离开了自己的祖国。
②The Indian nations in the western United States were the first habitants in America.
美国西部的印第安民族是美国最早的居民。
③People were afraid of going to foreign lands in the past.
过去人们害怕去国外。直击高考
(2006·辽宁)School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous ________.
A．states B．conditions
C．situations D．positions
解析：考察名词词义辨析。state强调抽象的精神状态；condition注重各种物质条件的综合；situation指“处境；局势；形势”。
答案：C4．flower n. [C]花 vi. 开花
①One flower makes no garland.
一朵鲜花做不成花环。
②The flowers are out.
花开了。
③come into flower 开始开花
④Most fruit trees flower in the spring.
大多数果树在春天开花。知识拓展
in flower 开着花；盛行即学即用
It is much more beautiful when it is ________.
A．flower
B．in flowers
C．in flower
D．flowered
答案：C5．adapt vt. 使适应；使适合；改编；vi. 适应
1)使适应adapt (oneself) to...(to是介词)
adapt sth. 使某事物适应/适合
①Some animals learn to adapt themselves to the change of weather quickly.
有些动物学会了很快适应气候的变化。
②I'll adapt my teaching methods to meet the need of the freshmen.
我将改变我的教学方法以满足新生的需要。2)改编；改写
adapt A for B 将A改写/编成B
books adapted for students 为学生们改写的书
The play is adapted from a short story.
该剧是由一部短篇小说改编而来。
3)改建；改造adapt A for B将A建设/造成B
4)adapt from 根据……改编
adapt...as...把……改写为……
5)adaptable adj.适应性强的
adaptation n. 改编词语辨析
adapt, adjust, fit, suit, match
它们都有“适合；适应”的意思。
1)adapt指修改或改变，使某物或某人做些改变以适应新条件。
2)adjust指借正当的判断或熟练的技巧“调整/调节”以使两者互相适应。
3)fit指大小适合，引申为“吻合”。
4)suit多指合乎要求、口味、性格或情况。5)match指大小、色调、形状或性质等相配或相称。
①You should adapt yourself to the new environment.
你应该适应新环境。
②You can't see through the telescope until it is adjusted to your eyes.
把望远镜调节到适合你的目光之后，你才能看得见。
③The shoes fit you well.
这鞋你穿正好。
④No dish suits all tastes.
众口难调。
⑤A red jacket doesn't match green trousers.
红上衣与绿裤子不相配。直击高考
(1)(2009·浙江)The good thing about children is that they ________ very easily to new environments.
A．adapt
B．appeal
C．attach
D．apply
解析：考查动词词义辨析。adapt“适应”；appeal“吸引，呼吁”；attach“吸附”；apply“申请”。句意：孩子有个好处就是他们能很容易适应新的环境。故选A。
答案：A(2)(2007·山东)It is not socially ________ for parents to leave children unattended at that age.
A．accessible
B．adorable
C．adaptable
D．acceptable
解析：形容词词义辨析。accessible“可接近的；可获得的”；adorable“值得崇拜的，值得敬慕的”；adaptable“能适应的；适应性强的；可改编的”；acceptable“可接受的”。
答案：D6．mass
1)n.
(1)团、块、堆、片、群、众多；大量；大宗
(2)大部分；主要部分
(3)大众；民众(the masses)
(4)集团纵队；密集队形
(5)质量(不可数名词)
①I have masses of work to do.
我有许许多多的工作要做。
②The mass of public opinion is in favor of the new foreign policy.
大部分的舆论拥护新的外交政策。③I wonder if they are truly concerned with the interests of the masses.
我不知道他们是否真正关心民众的利益。
2)adj.
(1)大众的；民众的
(2)大量的；大规模的；大批的
Mass education is essential in promoting democracy.
民众教育对提倡民主是非常重要的。
3)v. 聚集(起来)
mass forces for action集结兵力准备作战
Flies are massing over there.
那边苍蝇密布。即学即用
完成句子
①Before the rain, the sky has ________ clouds.
下雨前，天空有一团云。
②There are ________ice in the river.
河里有很多冰。
答案：①a mass of ②masses of7．balance
1)vt.& vi.(使)平衡；(使)均衡
①Believe it or not, he can balance on one toe.
信不信由你，他能用一个脚趾保持身体的平衡。
②The company balances its accounts every month.
这家公司每月账目收支平衡。2)n.平衡；余额
①I've got a good sense of balance and learnt to ski quite quickly.
我的平衡感很好，很快就学会了滑雪。
②I must check my bank balance.
我要核对一下我在银行的余额。知识拓展
balanced adj. 平/均衡的
keep one's balance 保持平衡
on balance 总的说来
lose one's balance 失去平衡
in the balance 悬而未决
out of balance 失去平衡
off balance 不平衡即学即用
A ________diet promotes good health and normal development.
A．just
B．plain
C．poor
D．balanced
答案：D 句意：均衡的饮食促进身体健康和正常发育。balanced表示“均衡的”。8．extreme
1)adj.尽头的；极端的；极度的
①The capital is in the extreme south of the country.
这个国家的首都在它的最南端。
②Extreme poverty reduced them to a state of apathy.
极度的贫困使他们万念俱灰。
③Extreme sports are very new in America.
极限运动在美国还很新鲜。2)n.极端
They should be warned against going from one extreme to the other.
应当提醒他们不要从一个极端走向另一个极端。特别提示
extreme无比较级和最高级。此类形容词还有excellent, perfect, senior, junior, superior, inferior等。
①This book is superior to that one in style.
这本书在文体上胜过那本书。
②Women are inferior to men in strength.
女人在力量上不及男人。知识拓展
extremely adv. 极度，非常
go to extremes 走极端
in the extreme 极端，非常即学即用
Regular visits to the doctor are________important for pregnant women.
A．naturally
B．basically
C．extremely
D．separately
答案：C 句意：对孕妇来说定期看医生极其重要。此处用extreme的副词形式修饰important。naturally自然地；basically基本地；separately各自地。9．promote
vt.促进，促成；提升，晋升；宣传，推广(产品)
①There will be a meeting next week to promote trade between China and the USA.
下星期将召开一个会议来促进中美之间的贸易。
②My fellow worker has been promoted to manager.
我的同事已被提拔为经理。
③We are spending millions of pounds on promoting our new cat food.
我们正在花费几百万英镑宣传我们的新猫粮。知识拓展
promoter n． 促进者；发起者
promotion n． 提升，晋升；宣传
promotional adj. 宣传的
词语辨析
promote, advance
promote指积极地支援或鼓励某项运动、主义、计划等，以协助其成长、前进或发展。
advance指促使向某个目标前进。①He has been devoted to promoting goodwill between the two countries.
他致力于增进两国友好关系。
②Scientific research advances knowledge.
科学研究增长人类知识。
即学即用
The company________the rock group's new record by playing it often on the radio.
A．promised
B．promoted
C．progressed
D．bought
答案：B 句意：该公司在电台反复播放这支摇滚乐队的新唱片进行宣传。promote表示“宣传，推广”。10．trap
1)v.使陷入困境；诱骗
trap sb.(into sth./into doing sth.)
①Some miners were trapped underground after the collapse.
塌方后，一些矿工被困在地下。
②By clever questioning they trapped him into making a confession.
他们用巧妙的盘问诱使他招认了。
2)n.困境；圈套，陷阱
The police set a trap to catch the thief.
警察设下了捉拿窃贼的圈套。知识拓展
place/lay/set a trap for sb.
给某人设圈套
be caught in a trap＝fall into a trap
落入陷阱，落入圈套 即学即用
When we arrived at the building, we found that man ________in the fire.
A．trapping
B．trap
C．trapped
D．to trap
答案：C “被困于……中”常译作be trapped in。故此处用过去分词trapped作宾补。11．treaty n．[C](国家或政府间的)条约，公约
①The government has signed a treaty with Washington.
政府已与华盛顿签约。
②The treaty will pave the way for the peace in the area.
这项条约将为该地区的和平铺路。知识拓展
make/sign a treaty with与……签订条约
词语辨析
treaty, agreement, bargain, convention
treaty指国与国之间通过谈判达成的条约。
agreement指个人、团体或国家间就某些问题达成的“协议，协定”。
bargain特指“买卖协定；正规的书面(经济)合同”。
convention指多国间的公约，比treaty更具体但不如treaty正规。12．commercial
1)adj. 商业的；营利性的
Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants.
首先，园艺师一直用它大量生产市场销售用的植物。
2)n. [C]商业广告知识拓展
commerce n. [U]商业；贸易
commodity n．[C]商品；日用品
Our country has been trying to broaden its commerce with other nations.
我国一直在努力扩大与其他国家的贸易往来。即学即用
With the ________ development of the city, all the citizens tried to buy cars.
A．commerce
B．comical
C．comic
D．commercial
答案：D1．in case of 如果；万一(＋n./pron.)
①In case of rain, they can't go.
万一下雨他们就不能去了。
②In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.
遇到火情时立即按警铃。知识拓展
in case 假如；万一(连词，常引导条件状语从句)
as is often the case 这是常有的事
in any case 无论如何；总之
in no case 决不(in no case置于句首时，句子用部分倒装)
in this/that case 如果这样/那样的话
in the case of 就……来说；关于
③In any case, catch the train tomorrow.
无论如何，明天一定要赶上火车。
④In no case should you leave here.
在任何情况下都不要离开这里。
⑤Take an umbrella in case it rains.
带上雨伞以防下雨。直击高考
(1)(2010·浙江)I guess we've already talked about this before but I'll ask you again just________.
A．by nature
B．in return
C．in case
D．by chance
解析：句意：我猜我们以前谈过这个问题，但为以防万一，我还是要再问问你。A项意为“天生；生性”；B项“作为(……的)回报”；D项“偶然，意外地”。只有C项“以防；万一”合乎句意。
答案：C(2)(2008·福建)What's the________of having a public open space where you can't eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while?
A．sense
B．matter
C．case
D．opinion
解析：本题考查了名词的辨析。句意为“要这样一个既不能在此吃喝又不能长时间闲呆的公共场所有什么意义？”sense表示“意义”；而matter表示“事情”；case表示“事例；案例”；opinion表示“观点”。
答案：A2．cut...in/into把……切成(几部分)
①He cut the cake in half.
他把蛋糕对半切开。
②Cut each one into about 6 pieces.
把每一个切成6块左右。知识拓展
cut away 切除；剪掉；匆匆跑掉
cut down 砍倒；减少；缩减
cut in 插嘴
cut out 切下，剪下；删除
cut up 切碎
cut off 切掉；中断；隔绝即学即用
He was in hospital for six months; he felt as if he was ________from the outside world.
A．cut out
B．cut off
C．cut up
D．cut through
答案：B 考查动词短语。cut off“切断；剥夺”；cut out“切掉”；cut up“切碎”；cut through“刺穿；抄近路”。句意为：他住院六个月，感觉好像与外界隔绝了。3．run away逃离；突然离开
①He broke the window and ran away.
他打破窗子逃跑了。
②He ran away from home at the age of thirteen.
他13岁时离家出走。
知识拓展
run away from sth. 避开；回避
run away with sb. 失去控制词语辨析
run away, get away
run away强调动作迅速。
get away侧重指犯罪分子从现场逃跑或被捕时逃跑。
①When they arrived, the thief had run away.
他们赶到时，贼已经逃走了。
②Two of the prisoners got away.
两名犯人逃跑了。4．set foot on到达，进入。有时可与set foot in换用。
①The overseas Chinese are very glad to set foot on their homeland.
华侨们非常高兴踏上祖国的土地。
②He said he would never set foot in that house again.
他说他永远也不会再踏进那所房子了。知识拓展
be set in 以……为背景
set sail 启航
set about(doing)sth. 着手(做)某事
set off 出发，动身；使爆炸
set back 把(钟表)往回拨；阻碍
set up 竖立；创立，建立
set out(to do sth.) 出发；着手(做某事)
set free 释放，放出即学即用
They will be filled with joy when they ________on Chinese soil in July.
A．set foot
B．set out
C．set about
D．set in
答案：A 句意：当在七月踏上中国的土地时，他们心中将充满喜悦。5．on earth此处意为“在世界上”，多用于加强最高级的语气。
Who do you think is the greatest man on earth?
你认为谁是世界上最伟大的人？特别提示
on earth多译为“在世界上”，on the earth多译为“在地球上”，与in the sky相对应；in the earth多译为“在地下/里”。另外，on earth可用在when, what, who, where，how, which, why等之后加强语气，相当于in the world，意为“究竟； 到底”，用于否定句时相当于not...at all，表示愤怒、敬佩等情感。
What on earth are you doing?
你究竟在干什么？1．It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable place.
很难想像比这里更难以居住的地方。
imagine
vt. 想像；设想；感觉；猜测
①We can't imagine life without any water.
我们无法想像没有水的生活。
②He imagined that he had heard a strange noise upstairs.
他感觉听到楼上有奇怪的声音。
③Can you imagine what he is doing?
你能猜测他在做什么吗？知识拓展
1)imagine (sb./one's) doing sth. 想像(某人)做某事
I can't imagine my marrying a man of that sort.
我难以想像我会嫁给那种男人。
2)imagine＋宾语从句
Can you imagine that he left without even a word?
你能设想他甚至一句话都不说就离开吗？
3)imagine＋obj.＋(to be)＋adj./(as) n．/prep.
①I imagine her (to be) beautiful and soft.
我把她想像得既温柔又漂亮。
②I imagine him (as) a tall and handsome man.
我想像他是一个高大英俊的人。直击高考
(2007·浙江)—Look! He's running so fast!
—Hard to ________ his legs were once broken.
A．know
B．imagine
C．realize
D．find
解析：根据句意“——看，他跑得真快！——很难想像他的腿曾经骨折过。”
答案：B2．Not until the late 18th century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land.
直到18世纪末，英国探险家詹姆斯·库克才穿越了南极圈，但他却从未发现任何陆地。
not...until的意思是“直到……才……”，有时为了加强语气，可将not until提前放在句首，这时，句子须用部分倒装语序，即将助动词放在主语的前面。试比较：The noise of the street didn't stop until midnight.
街上的噪音一直到午夜才停止。
(＝Not until midnight did the noise of the street stop.)
但是，如果not...until连接的是含状语从句的复合句，用于倒装语序时只倒装主句部分，从句部分(即until后面的从句)不倒装。
①He didn't arrive until the game had begun.
直到比赛开始他才到来。
(＝Not until the game had begun did he arrive.)
②We won't come home until it is dark.
我们不到天黑不回家。
(＝Not until it is dark will we come home.)直击高考
(1)(2010·江西)Not until he left his home________to know how important the family was for him.
A．did he begin B．had he begun
C．he began D．he had begun
解析：句意：直到离开家，他才开始意识到这个家对他来说是何等重要。not until引导的从句置于句首时，主句需用倒装语序。本句中主从句的动作基本同时发生，故用一般过去式。
答案：A(2)(2008·陕西)Not until the motorbike looked almost new________repairing and cleaning it.
A．he stopped
B．did he stop
C．stopped he
D．he did stop
解析：本题考查了倒装的用法。not until结构放在句首，主句要用倒装。主句倒装时要借助于助动词did，C项表述错误。
答案：B主语
主语(subject)是一个句子的主题(theme)，是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。
1)名词用作主语。如：
①A tree has fallen across the road.
一棵树倒下横在路上。
②Little streams feed big rivers.
小河流入大江。2)代词用作主语。如：
①You're not far wrong.
你差不多对了。
②He told a joke but it fell flat.
他说了一个笑话，但没有引人发笑。
3)数词用作主语。如：
①Three's enough.
三个就够了。
②Four from seven leaves three.
7减去4余3。4)名词化的形容词用作主语。如：
①The idle are forced to work.
懒汉被迫劳动。
②The old and young marched side by side.
老少并肩而行。
5)副词用作主语。如：
①Now is the time.
现在是时候了。
②Carefully does it.
小心就行。6)名词化的介词用作主语。如：
The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.
我们必须承受人生之沉浮。
7)不定式用作主语。如：
①To find your way can be a problem.
你能否找到路可能是一个问题。
②It would be nice to see him again.
如能再见到他，那将是一件愉快的事。8)动名词用作主语。如：
①Smoking is bad for you.
吸烟对你有害。
②Watching a film is a pleasure; making one is hard work.
看电影是乐事，制作影片则是苦事。
9)名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：
①The disabled are to receive more money.
残疾人将得到更多的救济金。
②The deceased died of old age.
死者死于年老。10)介词短语用作主语。如：
①To Beijing is not very far.
到北京不很远。
②From Yanan to Nanniwan was a three hours' ride on horseback.
从延安到南泥湾骑马要走三个小时。
11)从句用作主语。如：
①Whenever you are ready will be fine.
你不论什么时候准备好都行。
②Because Sally wants to leave doesn't mean that we have to.
不能说因为萨利要走因而我们也得走。12)句子用作主语。如：
“How do you do？” is a greeting.
“你好！”是一句问候语。
13)主语可由一个以上的名(代)词等构成，这种主语可唤作并列主语。如：
①He and I are old friends.
我和他是老朋友。
②The Party and government show great concern for our welfare.
党和政府非常关怀我们的生活。14)英语常用无人称的名词作主语。如：
①A gun wounded him.
有人用枪打伤了他。
②The happy news brought them all to my home.
他们听到这个好消息后就都来到我的家。
15)英语还常将表示时间、地点的词用作主语。如：
①Today is your last lesson in French.
今天是你们最后一堂法文课。
②Tian An Men Square first saw the raising of our fivestar red flag on October 1st, 1949.
1949年10月1日天安门广场上升起了我们的第一面五星红旗。16)和汉语一样，英语的主语有时用得不合逻辑。如：
①The kettle is boiling.
这壶水开了。
②My tent sleeps four people.
我的帐篷睡四个人。17)有时为了强调或补充，在口语中，说话人往往用名词(或代词)重复主语。如：
①He is a nice man, your friend Johnson.
他是个好人，你的朋友约翰逊。
②The poison it has worked.
那毒药，它起作用了。
③To see you after such a long time, that was good.
过了这么久又见到你，这太好了。18)有时重复主语的名词(代词)可带有be, have或助动词。如：
①It went too far, your game did.
太过分了，你耍的花招太过分了。
②He was happy, he was.
他真快乐，真快乐。(he was亦可单独成句，变为He was)
即学即用
(1)(2010·北京)________some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.
A．Whether
B．What
C．That
D．How
答案：B 句意：一些人认为是缺点的地方在其他人看来是一种优势。what引导的从句在句中作主语，且what在从句中作regard的宾语。其他选项不能此用。(2)(2010·陕西)It never occurred to me________you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
A．which
B．what
C．that
D．if
答案：C 句意：我从来没想到你能成功地说服他改变主意。It occurs to sb. that...意为“某人突然想到……”。其中it为形式主语，指代真实主语that从句的具体内容。(3)(2010·浙江)It is uncertain________side effect the medicine will bring about, although about 2,000 patients have taken it.
A．that
B．what
C．how
D．whether
答案：B 句意：尽管大约两千病人已经服用了这种药，但这种药会带来什么副作用，仍然不明。句中it为形式主语，指代真实主语what从句的具体内容。
