(共91张PPT)
类别 课程目标要求掌握的项目
话题 The Renaissance and describing a Chinese painting
词汇 mysterious, disturbing, subject, combination, work, trade, afford, employ, contrast, compare，basically, effect, shade, motivate, reckon, crossing, flee, appeal, suspect, seek, behalf, fundamental, blame, movable, passion, inspire, profession, calculate, overnight, ferry, tax, moustache, merely, squeeze, mill, desire
on behalf of, at liberty, depend on, get tired of doing sth., in history, lead to, leave sth. behind, take up, hand in hand, instead of, up to, find one's way, end up(with)
功能 Talk about the ancient civilization.
语法 复习非谓语动词
1．mysterious adj.
1)神秘的；不可思议的；难解的
a mysterious event/crime/letter/parcel
神秘的事件/罪行/信件/包裹
2)保密的；好故弄玄虚的
①He was being very mysterious, and wouldn't tell me what he was up to.
他神秘莫测，不告诉我他想干什么。
②She gave me a mysterious look.
她向我使了个神秘的眼色。
知识拓展
mysteriously adv.神秘地；不可思议地
mystery n．神秘/秘密(的事物)
即学即用
完成句子
For the ________ on her face, Tom worked up all the night. (为了她脸上神秘莫测的笑容，Tom彻夜无眠)．
答案：mysterious smiles
2．disturbing adj. 烦扰的；令人心烦的
He has had some disturbing experience.
他有过一些使他很不安的经历。
知识拓展
disturb vi. & vt. 弄乱，打乱，打扰，扰乱
指的是扰乱某种状态，使秩序或某种状态受到影响，往往指彻底的“打扰”。
①Wind disturbed the water.
风吹皱了水面。
②Please don't disturb me while I'm working.
当我工作时，请不要打扰我。
③He was disturbed to hear of your illness.
他听到你生病的消息感到很不安。
3．combination n.
1)(两个或两个以上的事物或人)结合；混合；联合；组合；合并；化合
①It is the combination of wit and political analysis that makes his articles so readable.
他的生花妙笔与政治分析相得益彰，使他的文章脍炙人口。
②The firm is working on a new product in combination with several overseas partners.
公司正在联合几家海外合伙人制造新产品。
2)结合到一起的事物或人；混合物；联合体
①Pink is a combination of red and white.
粉红色是红色与白色的混合色。
②The architecture in the town centre is a successful combination of old and new.
市中心的建筑风格是古今结合，浑然一体。
知识拓展
combine vi. & vt. (使)联合；(使)结合
in combination with...与……联合
combine A with B 使混合为一整体；组合；合并
be combined with 与……联合着
combined adj. 组合的；结合的
①Eco travel is a form of travel that combines normal tourism with learning.
生态旅游是把普通的旅游和学习结合起来的一种旅游。
②The two small shops combined to make a large one.
这两个小店合并起来成为了一个大商店。
词语辨析
combine, connect, join和unite
这组词都有“结合；连接”的意思。
1)combine着重指两个或两个以上的人或事物为了共同的目的而结合在一起，结合后原来的部分可能仍不改变或失去其本性。
The three parties combined to form a coalition government.
三党结盟组成联合政府。
2)connect指两物有形的连接，两者仍保持各自的独立性，并常与介词with或to连用构成短语：be connected with“与……有联系”；connect with“将……相连”；
connect sb. to “把某人与……联系在一起”。
①He and the Johnsons are connected by marriage.
他和约翰逊家联姻。
②His research work is connected with steel industry.
他的研究与钢铁业有关。
3)join指任何事物的直接连接，连接的程度可紧可松，还有能分开之意，如田与田、国与国之间的相互连接，但只与介词to连用。
The new highway has joined the two cities.
新公路把那两个城市连接了起来。
注意：在join, connect表“连接”的句子中，常用by sth., by doing sth.短语表示“用什么方式”来连接，用at表示连接的地点，有时用with短语表示“用某种材料”来连接。
①He joined the two pieces of wood together with nails.
他用钉子把这两块木头钉了起来。
②The two railways connect at Zhengzhou.
两条铁路在郑州交汇。
4)unite意为“联合；团结；团聚”，指很紧密地结合，强调结合成为新的统一体，如指把两部分或两个国家结合成一体。
①Oil will not unite with water.
油和水不相溶。
②Unite to win victories.
团结起来，争取胜利。
即学即用
Nowhere in nature is aluminium (铝) found free, owing to its always ________ with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
A．combined
B．having combined
C．combine
D．being combined
答案：D 动名词作to的介词宾语。
4．subject n. [C](绘画，摄影等的)主题
The subject of the music is a love story.
这首音乐的主题是爱情故事。
知识拓展
1)subject n. 学科；科目；话题；(语法)主语
①What subject did you have yesterday
你们昨天上的是什么课？
②What is the subject of that sentence
那个句子的主语是什么？
2)subject 为广义用法。
theme 常指文章、演说等的subject。
topic 常指会话的subject。
①The theme of the poem is love and peace.
这首诗的主题是爱与和平。
②We have common topics to talk about.
我们有共同的话题可谈。
The subject of “The subject they like talking about is the subjects they study.”is “the subject”．
“他们喜欢谈论的话题是他们所学的科目。”这句话的主语是“话题”。
5．basically adv.基本上，本质上，大致说来
①Basically I agree with your proposals, but there are a few small points I'd like to discuss.
我基本上同意你的建议，但是有几个小问题有待讨论。
②Despite her criticisms, she is basically very fond of you.
别看她批评你，她其实很喜欢你。
知识拓展
basic adj.基本的，基础的，首要的
6．shade n．[U](图画等中的)阴影；阴暗部分
①The artist uses light and shade to good effect.
这位艺术家很会运用明暗效果。
②They were sitting in the shade of a tree.
他们正坐在树荫下。
知识拓展
put/throw/cast...into/in the shade使……相形失色
词语辨析
shade, shadow
在本质上，shade指一个立体空间，shadow指一个平面。
7．work n. 指“文艺、音乐或艺术作品”，是可数名词。
This film is a new work by the director Zhang Yimou.
这部电影是导演张艺谋的新作。
知识拓展
works指某作家或作曲家的全部作品或部分作品
I have The Complete Works of Shakespeare.
我有《莎士比亚全集》。
即学即用
He recognized the painting as an early ________by Picasso.
A．works
B．work
C．job
D．jobs
答案：B
8．trade n. 贸易；商业；交易；生意
①China does lots of trade with America.
中国和美国之间贸易频繁。
②He is in the furniture trade.
他从事家具业。
知识拓展
trade vi.& vt. 交易；买卖；经商；对换
trade with sb. 与某人做买卖；与某人交换
trade for sth. 用某物同某物进行交换
I'd like to trade this book for your knife.
我想用这本书换你的刀子。
即学即用
Tom's dream is to be in the fruits ________ all over the world.
A．change
B．exchange
C．trade
D．trades
答案：C (be) in the fruits trade 从事水果贸易事业。句意为：Tom的梦想是从事全球水果贸易事业。
9．afford vt. 负担得起(……的费用、时间等)
常用结构：afford＋名词/代词/不定式，并且afford常与can, could, be able to连用，表示“有足够的时间、金钱等条件做某事”。
①Now many people can't afford the medical treatment in the country.
现在，在农村许多人看不起病。
②Reading affords us pleasure.＝Reading affords pleasure to us.
阅读使我们快乐。
即学即用
—If you like the new house, I suggest you buy it.
—But it's really too expensive. I can't ________ it.
A．get
B．afford
C．supply
D．buy
答案：B
10．employ vt. 雇用；利用；忙于
①She is employed in a bank.
她受雇在银行上班。
②Your article employed so many scientific terms.
你的文章用了这么多科学术语。
知识拓展
1)employ oneself in...或be employed in...忙于……
He saw that his daughter was employed in trimming a hat.
他看见他的女儿正忙着装饰一顶帽子。
2)employer n. 雇用者；雇主
employee n. 雇工；受雇者
employable adj. 可雇用的；可使用的
employment n. 雇用；使用；职业
即学即用
完成句子
They ________ (聘请) him to look after their baby.
答案：employed
11．contrast v. 使对照；使对比
contrast A with B 对比A与B(以显示二者的差异)
His actions contrasted sharply with his promises.
他的行动与他的诺言有天壤之别。
知识拓展
contrast n. 比较；对比；对照；差别
①There is a remarkable contrast between the two brothers.
这两兄弟之间有极其显著的差别。
②In contrast with their system, ours seems very old fashioned.
我们的制度与他们的相比显得过于守旧了。
即学即用
翻译句子
His white hair was in sharp contrast to his dark skin.
________________________________________________________________________
答案：他的白发与黑皮肤形成了鲜明的对比。
12．motivate vt.激发，激励；成为……做事的动机
①What motivated him to do such a thing
是什么促使他做这种事的？
②Examinations do not motivate a student to seek more knowledge.
考试不能促使学生去追求更多的知识。
知识拓展
motivation n．动机，诱因
motive n．动机，目的
motivated adj.被激发的，(由……)激起的
即学即用
Only one third of the workers say their supervisors know what________them to do their best work.
A．encourages B．makes
C．motivates D．has
答案：C 句意：只有三分之一的工人说他们的上司知道是什么激励他们尽力工作的。motivate“激发，成为……做事的动机”，更强调客观上的刺激，符合句意。encourage侧重指主动的鼓励；make与have作使役动词时其后接不带to的不定式作宾补。
13．compare v. 比较……
compare A with/to B 把A与B比较/把A比喻成B。
①It's necessary to compare English to/with Chinese in English study.
学习英语时有必要把英语和汉语进行一番比较。
②A teacher is often compared to a candle.(不用with)
教师常被比作蜡烛。
③Compared with/to our parents, we are really very fortunate.
与我们的父辈相比，我们确实很幸运。
知识拓展
comparison n. 比较
in/by comparison with... 与……比较
In comparison with 1949, the total output value of the textile industry went up by 4.3 times in 1973.
1973年纺织工业总产值与1949年相比，增长了4.3倍。
直击高考
(1)(2009·重庆)Michael's new house is like a huge palace, ________with his old one.
A．comparing
B．compares
C．to compare
D．compared
解析：考查非谓语动词与固定搭配。表达“与……相比”，应用compared to/with。
答案：D
(2)(2008·天津)Her shoes________her dress; they look very well together.
A．suit
B．fit
C．compare
D．match
解析：考查动词词义。句意：她的鞋子和衣服很配，它们搭配起来很好看。match“般配；与……相配”。fit指大小尺寸吻合；suit指衣服，颜色等合身，相配。
答案：D
1．I find it mysterious, and perhaps even a little disturbing；...
我发现它很神秘，或许还有那么一点令人不安；……
1) find＋宾语＋adj. (作补语)；发现……
I found him honest.
我发现他很诚实。
2)find后除了跟adj. 作宾补外，还可以跟名词、分词、介词短语等，意思是“发现/发觉……处于某状态或在做某事”。
①She woke up and found herself in the hospital.
她醒来发觉自己在医院里。
②We came home and found him asleep on the sofa.
我们回到家发现他在沙发上睡着了。
③I suddenly found myself running down the street.
我不知不觉突然沿街跑了起来。
知识拓展
find fault with 找碴儿；挑错
The man is very hard on others and always finding fault with others.
这人对别人很苛刻，总是挑别人的毛病。
即学即用
(1)(2010·辽宁)We were astonished________the temple still in its original condition.
A．finding
B．to find
C．find
D．to be found
答案：B 句意：看到寺院仍处于原始状态，我们感到非常震惊。空格处为不定式作原因状语。
(2)When he woke up he found himself ________ to the tree.
A．tied
B．being tied
C．to be tied
D．tieing
答案：A
2．The effect of the light, the combination of light and shade, is astonishing.
光的效果，光和影的结合，是令人惊讶的。
effect
1)n.影响；效果，作用
①Unfortunately, their efforts had no effect.
不幸的是，他们的努力毫无作用。
②I tried to persuade him, but with no effect.
我试图说服他，但无济于事。
2)vt.使发生，引起，实现
①Nothing can stop me from effecting my goal.
什么都不能阻止我去实现我的目标。
②The demonstration effected nothing.
这次示威游行没有产生任何效果。
知识拓展
effective adj.有效的；事实上的
effectively adv.有效地；事实上，实际上
have (an)effect on sb./sth.对某人或某物有影响
take effect见效，生效，起作用
cause and effect 因果
go/come into effect 开始生效
bring about effect 产生效果
put/bring/carry sth. into effect 使……生效
in effect 实际上；(规律、法律)生效；在实行中
give effect to 实行
be of no effect 没有作用
①The medicine will soon come into effect.
这种药很快就会见效。
②What he says has a great effect on his children.
他的话对他的孩子们影响很大。
词语辨析
affect, effect, influence
1)affect为动词，指“产生的影响之大足以引起反应”，着重“影响”的动作，有时含有“对……产生不利影响”的意思。
2)effect作“结果；效果；影响”讲时是名词，常见搭配有：have an effect on对……有影响；put into effect“实行；实施”；take effect“生效；实行；见效；起作用”。
3)influence既可作动词又可作名词，指“通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的、 潜移默化的影响”。
①The entire country was affected by the drought.
全国都受到了旱灾的影响。
②His speech deeply affected the audience.
他的演讲深深地打动了听众。
③What we read will influence our thinking.
我们所阅读的书会影响我们的思想。
④The film had quite an effect on her.
这部影片对她影响极大。
即学即用
完成句子
The new law will ________(生效) next month.
答案：come into effect
单项填空
(2009·上海)We won't know whether it will be successful. We won't know whether there will be good ________.
A．ends
B．results
C．effects
D．causes
答案：B 考查名词辨析。句意为：我们不知道是否会成功，我们不知道是否会有好的结果。result意为“结果；影响”，指由于某一行动、计划或事件等带来的直接后果。例如：His limp is the result of a fall. 他的腿是摔瘸的。end结束，结尾，结局，最后情况；effect意为“结果；影响”，指由于某一行动、计划或事件等带来的间接后果或某一事物产生的效应或其影响；cause缘故，原因，指一种影响、结果或后果的制造者。
非谓语动词
非谓语动词，就是在句子中不能充当谓语的动词，也叫非限定动词，包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式。其用法辨析如下：
一、作主语
不定式作主语表示一个具体的、将来的动作，一般受一定条件的限制；而动名词作主语表示一个抽象的、习惯性的动作，一般不受条件限制。
①To swim in the sea in hot summer is very pleasant.
炎热的夏季在海里游泳很惬意。
②Reading aloud is a good way in learning languages.
朗读是学习语言的一个好方法。
特别提示
不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在后面；而动名词只能在一些特定的句式中可以用it作形式主语。
二、作宾语
不定式和动名词都可以作宾语，但须跟在特定的动词后面。不定式一般不作介词宾语；而动名词则可以作介词宾语。
①We must not pretend to know what we don't know.
我们不能不懂装懂。
②True happiness consists in being contented with oneself.
真正的幸福在于知足。
特别提示
(1)except, but作介词时后面也可以跟不定式，但多用于否定句和疑问句。
①Then he has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
于是他别无选择，只能躺下睡觉。
②Tom did nothing last night except watch TV.
除了看电视，汤姆昨晚什么也没干。
(2)有些动词如begin, like, start等后跟不定式、动名词作宾语都可以，意义差别不大。
①As soon as he arrived at the school, he began reading/to read books.
他一到学校，就开始看书。
②I liked playing/to play table tennis when I was a middle school student.
我上中学时，喜欢打乒乓球。
(3)有些动词如forget, remember, regret等后跟不定式和动名词作宾语差别较大。这些动词跟不定式时表示的是将来的、未发生的动作，跟动名词时表示过去的、已发生的动作。
①Don't forget to post the letter for me when you pass the post office.
当你经过邮局时，别忘了替我把这封信寄出去。
②I'll never forget seeing the musical in New York.
我永远忘不了在纽约看过的那出音乐剧。
(4)有些动词如need, want, require, bear(忍耐)等后跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，也可跟不定式的被动形式表被动意义。
①The room needs repairing/ to be repaired.
这房间需要修理。
②This kind of cloth bears washing/ to be washed.
这种布料很耐洗。
三、作表语
1．不定式与动名词
不定式作表语一般表示一个具体的、将来的动作；动名词作表语一般表示抽象的、习惯性的动作。
①All that I want is to learn from practice.
我所需要的是从实践中学习。
②His hobby is collecting stamps.
他的爱好是集邮。
2．动名词与现在分词
动名词作表语一般只和系动词be连用，与主语是等值关系，两者有时可以互换，句子意思不变。现在分词作表语，除了和系动词be连用以外，还可以跟在其他连系动词后面作表语。现在分词作表语表示主语的特征、性质，它相当于形容词，和主语不是对等关系，因此不能和主语交换位置。
①His favorite sport is playing basketball.
(＝Playing basketball is his favorite sport.)
(动名词)他最喜欢的体育活动是打篮球。
②Our main task is building our country into a modern powerful one.
(动名词)我们的主要任务是把我国建设成为一个现代化强国。
③The present situation is quite encouraging.
(现在分词)当前形势很令人鼓舞。
④She seems unthinking.
(现在分词)她似乎漫不经心。
3．现在分词与过去分词
现在分词作表语，具有主动的含义，表示主语具有的特征；过去分词作表语，具有被动含义，表示主语所处的状态。
①He was sunk in thought.
他陷入了沉思。
②He is disappointing.
他令人失望。
不及物动词的过去分词也可以作表语，这时不表示被动，而表示完成。如：
③When I got there, everyone was gone.
当我到那儿时，大家都走了。
四、作定语
1．动名词与现在分词
动名词短语不能作定语，只能用单个的动名词作前置定语，用来说明该名词的性质、用途，可替换成for短语。现在分词作定语时，与所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系，表示正在进行的动作，可转换成定语从句。
a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming(动名词)
a sleeping child＝a child that is sleeping(分词)
2．分词(短语)
单独一个分词作定语放在中心词的前面，分词短语作定语放在中心词的后面。现在分词表示主动、进行的动作，过去分词表示被动、完成的动作。
falling leaves正在飘落的叶子
fallen leaves落叶
China is a developing country, not a developed country.
中国是一个发展中国家而不是一个发达国家。
五、作状语
不定式作状语多表示目的、原因、结果，分词作状语表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式和伴随。分词作原因状语多放在句首，不定式作原因状语表示内心情绪产生的原因。现在分词作结果状语表示自然的结果，不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果。
①Being Party members, we should take the lead in everything.
因为我们是党员，所以凡事我们都应该起带头作用。
②He wept to hear the news.
听到这个消息，他哭了。
③His parents died, leaving him a lot of money.
他的父母去世了，留给他一大笔钱。
④He hurried to the station, only to find that the train had left.
他匆忙赶到车站，结果却发现火车已经离开了。
六、作补语
不定式和分词都可以作补语，但须跟在特定的动词后面，并且表示的意义有所不同。现在分词作补语表示正在进行的动作，不强调动作的全过程；不定式作补语表示已经完成的动作，强调动作发生的全过程。
①I saw him going upstairs.
(动作在进行)我看见他正在上楼。
②We watched her cross the street.
(动作全过程已完成)我们看到她穿过了马路。
七、非谓语动词时态和语态的形式
动词不定式 动词 ing形式 动词 ed形式
一般式 to do doing done是及物动词do的过去分词，done既表示被动，又表示完成；而不及物动词的过去分词并不表示被动而只有完成的含义
一般被动式 to be done being done
完成式 to have done having done
完成被
动式 to have been done having been done
进行式 to be doing
完成进
行式 to have been doing
八、非谓语动词的几种特殊情况
1．非谓语动词的否定式
非谓语动词的否定式在它们前面加not。
①They decided not to go.
他们决定不去了。
②Tom's not coming home on time made his father very worried.
汤姆没按时回家让他父亲很着急。
③Not invited, I felt a little depressed.
由于没有受到邀请，我感到有些郁闷。
2．非谓语动词的被动式
①He came without being invited.
没有邀请他就来了。
②He was very glad to be told that his mother would take him to the countryside.
被告知妈妈要带他去乡下，他很高兴。
3．非谓语动词的完成式
如果要强调非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前通常用非谓语动词的完成式。
①The book is said to have been translated into three languages.
据说这本书被翻译成了三种语言。
②Having been told many times, he still couldn't understand it.
尽管已经被告知过很多次，但他依然不明白。
4．分词的独立主格结构
分词短语所表示的动作的逻辑主语一般和句子的主语一致，但有时分词短语也会有自己独立的主语(通常是名词或代词)，这种结构被称为独立主格结构。该结构在句子中作状语。
①Time permitting, we'll go to have a picnic.
时间允许的话我们就去野餐。
②The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their work.
月亮出来了，他们决定继续工作。
③All the work done, they went to the square.
所有工作都做完后他们就去广场了。
即学即用
Ⅰ.非谓语动词对比练习
1．①Charles Baggage is generally considered________the first computer.
A．to have invented B．inventing
C．having invented D．invented
②We are considering________Hong Kong next year.
A．visit B．visiting
C．to visit D．to pay a visit for
2．①I'd like________with you to give them a first aid.
②I'd rather________with you to help them out of danger.
③I feel like________with you to give them a warm welcome.
A．to go B．going
C．gone D．go
3．①Mary needs________her watch.
A．to be repaired
B．repair
C．repairing
D．to repair
②Mary's watch needs________.
A．to repair
B．repairing
C．repaired
D．to have repaired
4．①Li Ping advised us ________a new plan.
②Li Ping advised a new plan________.
A．made
B．to make
C．making
D．to be made
5．①The foreigner is considering________a visit to the Great Wall.
A．to pay
B．paying
C．pay
D．having paid
②She is considering how________there.
A．to go B．going
C．go D．to have gone
6．①Looking at the pictures, she couldn't help________of her childhood.
A．thinking B．to think
C．to be thought D．thought
②Busy translating a book, she couldn't help________the article.
A．write
B．writing
C．to write
D．written
7．①Who is ________by the door
A．stood
B．standing
C．to stand
D．to standing
②She has not a leg________upon.
A．to stand
B．standing
C．to standing
D．stood
8．①He has made up his mind________up with the world advanced level.
A．to catch
B．catching
C．caught
D．to catching
②Would he mind________the window
A．to open
B．opened
C．opening
D．to be opened
9．①He suggested________the matter with the manager.
A．discussed
B．be discussed
C．discussing
D．to discuss
②He suggested that she________it with the boss.
A．discuss
B．be discussed
C．discussed
D．discussing
10．①The bamboo can be used to ________chairs.
A．making
B．made
C．be made
D．make
②You'll soon be used to________here.
A．live
B．living
C．lived
D．live in
答案：1.①A ②B 2.①A ②D ③B 3.①D ②B 4.①B ②D 5.①B ②A 6.①A ②C 7.①B ②A 8.①A ②C 9.①C ②A 10.①D ②B
Ⅱ.根据汉语提示完成下列句子。
1．It is difficult________________________(照顾这么小的一个孩子)．
2．Mr. Green seemed________________________(越来越不喜欢他)．
3．I happened________________________(正挨着他站着)when he was shot.
4．________________________(晚饭后散步)is a good habit.
5．________________________(不知道)when she can finish writing the book.
6．I remember________________________(付给我报酬了), but I can't remember the exact number.
7．When I came into the classroom, I________________________(发现有人打扫过了)．
8．She was very glad to see her daughter well________________________(被照顾)．
9．What do you think of the play________________________(同学们演出的)
10．How shall we answer the question________________________(杨先生提出的)
答案：1.to look after such a little child
2．to dislike him more and more
3．to be standing next to him
4．Taking a walk after supper
5．There is no knowing
6．being paid
7．found it cleaned
8．taken care of
9．put on by the students
10．raised/put forward by Mr. Yang(共73张PPT)
1．moustache n．[C]小胡子，髭
He has shaved off his moustache.
他剃去了小胡子。
词语辨析
moustache, beard
moustache指唇上部的胡须，古称髭，
beard指下巴上的胡须。
2．flee v．逃跑，逃避(其过去式和过去分词均为fled)
①The spectators fled when the bull got loose.
那头公牛挣开了束缚，观众四散奔逃。
②They fled to America.
他们逃往美国。
③During the war, thousands of people fled the country.
在战争期间，成千上万的人逃离了祖国。
知识拓展
flee to somewhere逃往某个地方；flee somewhere逃离某个地方。
After all his hope had fled, he had to flee his hometown to flee responsibility.
所有的希望破灭后，他不得不离开家乡以逃避责任。
The enemy soldiers were fleeing in all directions, but few of them could escape.
敌兵四处逃窜，但很少能逃出去。
词语辨析
flee, escape, run away
(1)flee迅速离开，逃离。多用于书面语，指非常迅速地离开某人或某地，尤指因害怕有某种危险而逃离，可用作及物词和不及物动词，但通常不用于被动语态。(多强调动作)
He killed his enemy and fled the country.
他杀了仇人，然后逃往国外。
(2)escape逃跑，逃走，摆脱，逃避。用法比较广泛，多表示从监禁或管制中逃跑，摆脱不愉快或危险的处境等，多用作不及物动词，通常与介词from搭配使用。(多强调结果)
He escaped from the burning house.
他从着火的房子里逃了出来。
(3)run away逃离，逃跑。多用于口语，表示突然离开某人或某地，为不及物动词短语，常和介词from搭配使用。
He ran away from home at the age of thirteen.
他十三岁就离家出走了。
即学即用
John tried to ________the country but was stopped at the airport.
A．run away
B．flee
C．escape
D．rush
答案：B 句意：约翰企图逃往国外但在机场被拦截了。flee表示“逃离”，在此处用作及物动词。A、C两项作“逃离”解时，与介词from搭配后才可接宾语；rush迅速移动，与句意不符。
3．appeal
1)vi.呼吁，恳求；吸引，使感兴趣，常与to连用。
①She appealed to us to go with her.
她恳求我们和她同行。
②The film appeals to young people.
年轻人对这部电影很感兴趣。
2)vi.上诉。常与against连用。
I intend to appeal against this sentence.
我要对这个判决提起上诉。
3)n.呼吁，恳求；吸引力；上诉。
①The police made an appeal to the public to remain calm.
警方呼吁公众保持镇静。
②His ideas have a certain appeal.
他的想法有一定的吸引力。
③He decided to make an appeal to a high court.
他决定向高等法院提起上诉。
知识拓展
appeal to sb. to do sth.呼吁某人做某事
appeal for sth.呼吁某事；请求给予某物
即学即用
(1)(2010·安徽)—How did you like Nick's performance last night
—To be honest, his singing didn't________to me much.
A．appeal B．belong
C．refer D．occur
答案：A 句意：老实说，他的歌不大吸引我。B项意为“属于”，C项“暗指，提到，查阅”，D项“发生，被想起”。只有A项“吸引”合乎题意。
(2)Teaching as a career________to many people because of the long holiday.
A．attracts B．calls
C．appeals D．pulls
答案：C appeal吸引，使感兴趣，为不及物动词，常与to连用。
4．suspect
1)n.嫌疑犯，可疑分子
Two suspects in connection with the robbery were arrested today.
与那起抢劫案有关的两名嫌疑犯今天被逮捕了。
2)vi.怀疑，认为(某人)有嫌疑
①I suspected that there was something wrong with the engine.
我怀疑发动机有毛病。
②They suspect him of murder.
他们怀疑他谋杀。
3)adj.可疑的，不可靠的
His motives are highly suspect.
他的动机非常可疑。
知识拓展
suspect sb. of sth./doing sth.
怀疑某人有……罪/做过某事
即学即用
He was________of selling state secrets and arrested last month.
A．doubted
B．suspected
C．respected
D．inspected
答案：B suspect sb. of doing sth.怀疑某人做过某事。句意：他涉嫌倒卖国家机密，于上个月被捕。
5．seek vt. & vi. 寻找；追求；企图(跟不定式)
①Our purpose was to seek friendship and cooperation.
我们的目的是寻求友谊和合作。
②They are seeking to attain the most advanced technological levels in the world.
他们正设法达到世界上最先进的技术水平。
知识拓展
seek one's fortune外出闯荡，闯世界；外出寻找发财机会
seek after 追求；企图得到
seek for 找寻；寻求
seek out 找到；找来
①One mustn't seek after comfort, personal fame and gains.
我们不应当贪图安逸，追名逐利。
②They encouraged her to seek for new ways of conducting her experiments.
他们鼓励她寻找进行实验的新方法。
③She sought out an experienced teacher, who put forward a good idea.
她找到一位有经验的老师，这个老师出了一个好主意。
特别提示
seek的过去式和过去分词都是sought。英语中有些不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有 aught或 ought形式，哪些该拼写为 aught，哪些又该拼写为 ought呢？凡是动词原形中有a，过去式分词则为 aught，不含a的则为 ought。这类变化规则可简单记忆为：有a则a，无a则o。又如：
catch—caught—caught
teach—taught—taught
bring—brought—brought
buy—bought—bought
fight—fought—fought
think—thought—thought
即学即用
In the early 1920s, thousands of people went to Australia to ________their fortune.
A．seek
B．take
C．develop
D．undertake
答案：A 句意：20世纪20年代初期，成千上万的人到澳大利亚寻找发财机会。seek one's fortune(外出寻找发财机会)是固定搭配。
6．circulate v．流传；传播
①The news of her death circulated quickly.
她死去的消息迅速传开。
②The document will be circulated to all members.
这份文件将在所有成员中传阅。
知识拓展
circulate sth. to sb.(＝hand sth. around to sb.)传送给某人某物
circulation n．[U，C]流传；传播；循环
7．blame
1)n.(对错事或坏事应负的)责任；责备。常与for连用。
He got much blame for his stubborn attitude.
他顽固的态度让他受到许多责难。
2)v.责怪，把……归咎于。常用以下结构：
①He blamed the failure on me.
他把失败归咎于我。
②Who is to blame for the loss
谁该为这次的损失负责？
即学即用
I feel it is your husband who________for the spoiled child.
A．is to blame
B．is going to blame
C．is to be blamed
D．should blame
答案：A be to blame(该受责备，应负责任)是固定短语。
8．merely adv. 仅仅；只；不过
They are not merely content to fill the stomach.
他们不仅仅满足于填饱肚子。
词语辨析
merely与only
都作副词，二者可以互换。但only还可作形容词，表示“惟一的”，而merely的形容词是mere。
①I said it merely/only as a joke.
我仅仅当玩笑说说而已。
②He is the only son in the family.
他是家里的独子。
知识拓展
1)only后跟不定式作结果状语，常指使人惊讶、失望、伤心的事。
We hurried to the station, only to find the train had already left.
我们急忙赶到车站，结果却发现火车已开走了。
2)only too, but too, all too后跟形容词或副词，意为“太，很，非常”。
We're only too pleased to see the film.
我们非常喜欢看那部电影。
3)only引导的状语位于句首时，句子的谓语动词应倒装。
Only in this way can you make great progress.
只有用这种办法你才能取得大的进步。
即学即用
(1)(2010·湖北)I wasn't blaming anyone; I________said errors like this could be avoided.
A．merely
B．mostly
C．rarely
D．nearly
答案：A 句意：我不是在责怪任何人；我只是说这种错误是可以避免的。B项表示“主要地；大部分”，C项“很少；难得”，D项“几乎，差不多”。只有A项“仅仅；只是”合乎题意。
(2)Only when I left my parents for Italy________how much I loved them.
A．I realized
B．I had realized
C．had I realized
D．did I realize
答案：D 本题主要考查倒装句的用法。句意为：“直到我离开父母去意大利后，我才意识到我多么爱他们”。当only放在句首，后面接能作状语的词、语、句时，其主句部分要部分倒装，故排除A、B两项；C项中时态不对。
9．chief
1)adj.最重要的，首要的
The chief criminals should be punished without fail.
首恶必惩。
2)n.领导人，负责人
He soon took the position as chief of a department.
他很快升任某一部门的负责人。
词语辨析
major, main, chief
(1)major意为“重大的，主要的”，指在规模、数量、重要性方面超出同类的其他事物。
John has also played a major part in the improvement of the paper.
约翰在改进这份报纸的工作中也起了较大的作用。
(2)main意为“主要的”，强调事物的某一部分或分支的重要性、大小及优于其他部分、分支，或表示该部分在整个事物中占较为重要的地位。
His main reason for going to the library was to look for the book he spoke of yesterday.
他到图书馆去的主要原因是去找他昨天谈到的那本书。
(3)chief意为“主要的，首要的”，强调在顺序、等级、重要性、价值方面高于其他所有同类事物。
The chief reason for the great changes in the cultural field is the development of economy.
经济发展是文化领域内发生巨大变化的首要原因。
知识拓展
in chief主要地(＝chiefly)
10．movable adj.活动的，可移动的
①The teddy bear with movable arms and legs is lovely.
这个四肢能活动的玩具熊非常可爱。
②This dresser is movable; we can take it to our new flat.
这个梳妆台是可移动的，我们可以把它带到新公寓去。
词语辨析
movable, moving, mobile
movable表示“可(被)移动的”。
moving表示“(正在)移动的；动人的”。
mobile表示“(自由)移动、变动(位置或地点)的”
①Then along comes a rapidly moving cold front.
然后来了一股迅速移动的冷锋。
②People these days are much more socially mobile.
如今人们的社会地位变化得快多了。
11．squeeze v．榨出；挤出；压出(液体)
①She squeezed juice from an orange.
她用橘子榨汁。
②Time is like the water in the sponge. If you like, it can still be squeezed out.
时间，就像海绵里的水，只要愿挤，总还是有的。
知识拓展
squeeze out榨出，挤出
12．mill n．[C]工厂，制造厂；磨坊
①She works in a paper mill.
她在一家造纸厂工作。
②The farmer took his corn to the mill.
农民把他的玉米拿到磨坊去。
词语辨析
mill, factory, plant, works
mill原义是“磨坊”，因而尤用于轻工业方面，如纺织厂、面粉厂、造纸厂等。
factory意义较广泛，可指任何生产或制造产品的地方。
plant多用于电气业或机械制造业的工厂。
works多用于钢铁等重工业企业。
①Our factory exports to Southeast Asia.
我厂向东南亚出口产品。
②They are planning a new unclear power plant.
他们正在计划一座新的核电厂。
③They once worked in that old iron works.
他们曾在那座旧铸铁厂工作过。
13．desire vt. 渴望；期望；希望
He desired a college education.
他想接受大学教育。
n. 愿望；心愿；要求
I had a desire to go swimming.
我很想去游泳。
知识拓展
desire的常用搭配有：
1)desire＋名词 期望……
I desire an immediate answer of his.
我请他立即回信。
2)desire to do sth. 期望做某事
He desires to learn English.
他期望学英语。
注意：desire后不能接动名词 。
3)desire sb. to do sth. 要某人做某事
They desire me to return soon.
他们要我快点回来。
4)desire＋that clause，从句中谓语动词用should(有时用would, may或might)加动词原形的虚拟式，也可只用动词原形，把should省掉。
She desires that you (should) see her at once.
她要你立即见她。
5)have a desire to do sth.
想做某事
She has a strong desire to become an actress.
她迫切想当一名演员。
即学即用
改错
We always desire living in peace with our neighbours.
________________________________________________________________________
答案：living改为to live
14．spread v. 传播；散布；蔓延
①The fire spread from the factory to the houses nearby.
火从工厂蔓延到了附近的房舍。
②The illness spread through the village.
这种病在村里蔓延开来。
③The news of victory spread at once.
胜利的消息马上传开来。
知识拓展
spread oneself 舒展四肢(躺下)
spread out 张开；伸开
spread over 遍布在；盖在……
spread to 波及；蔓延到
spread (spread, spread) vi.& vi. 伸展；展开；铺
①The bird spread its wings.
这只鸟展开翅膀。
②She spread the bread with butter.
她把黄油涂在了面包上。
即学即用
With the rapid growth of population, the city ________ in all directions in the past five years.
A．spreads
B．has spread
C．spread
D．had spread
答案：B 考查动词时态。句意为：随着人口的迅速增长，在过去的5年里这个城市一直在向四面八方扩展。句中“in the past five years” 表一段时间，且以“现在”为立足点，故用现在完成时态。
1．find one's way 找到路；设法到达
He found his way home.
他找到了回家的路。
知识拓展
常与way搭配的其它短语还有：
make one's way (辛苦地)前进；行走
feel one's way 摸索着前进
struggle one's way 挣扎着前进
wind one's way 蜿蜒前行
lose one's way 迷路
go one's way 我行我素；走自己的路
2．up to
1)直到，到……为止(用于地点、数量、程度、时间等)
①The girl ran up to her father.
那女孩儿跑到她父亲身边。
②The three year old child can count up to one hundred.
那个3岁的孩子可以数到100。
③The snow came up to my knees.
雪积到了我的膝盖。
④She was here up to a few minutes ago.
她直到几分钟前还在这里。
2)是(某人的)责任，由(某人)决定
It's up to him to decide it.
那件事由他决定。
3)(口语)计谋什么(坏事)
I see what you are up to.
我知道你在动什么歪脑筋。
4)忍住；胜任(通常用于疑问句或否定句)
①She's not up to the job.
她不胜任那份工作。
②Do you feel up to going out, or do you still feel sick
你觉得能够外出，还是觉得仍不舒服？
即学即用
I haven't seen you for a couple of days. What have you been up ________？
A．in
B．to
C．with
D．for
答案：B
3．take up
1)选学(课程)；开始学习
①He took up the study of English at the age of five.
他五岁就开始学习英语了。
②I took up mathematics, shorthand and economics.
我选学了数学、速记和经济学。
2)开始(某项活动或爱好)
①When she first took up story telling, she used to ask many children to come and listen.
她开始学讲故事时，常常请许多孩子来听。
②Now he has the leisure to take up exercise.
现在他有时间进行体育锻炼了。
③For a long time he had wanted to take up writing.
很久以来他一直想从事写作。
3)提出(商讨)；讨论
①We shall take the matter up with the school.
我们将要把这件事向学校提出来。
②There is another matter which we ought to take up.
还有一件事我们应该提出来商量。
4)从事(某工作)
①In these years millions of university graduates have taken up posts in various fields.
这些年中，有数百万大学生走上了各种工作岗位。
②In 2007 he went to his hometown to take up teaching.
2007年他回到家乡从事教学。
5)占去(时间或空间)
①Sorry, we've taken up so much of your time.
对不起，我们占了你这么多时间。
②The table takes up too much room/space.
这张桌子占了太多的空间。
6)继续；接下去
The old man took up the tale where he had left off.
那老人从他上次停下来的地方接着讲故事。
直击高考
(2006·山东)After he retired from office, Rogers ______ painting for a while, but soon lost interest.
A．took up
B．saved up
C．kept up
D．drew up
解析：take up“从事某(工作、学业等)”。
答案：A
4．get tired of doing sth.
对做某事感到厌烦，厌倦做某事。也可写为be tired of doing sth.。如：
She got/was tired of talking to these people.
她已经厌烦了和这些人谈话。
知识拓展
tire out使筋疲力尽
be/get tired of sth./sb.对某事/某人感到厌烦
即学即用
The students often________learning because they are expected to do far better than they really can.
A．get rid of
B．get tired with
C．get away with
D．get tired of
答案：D get tired of(doing)sth.厌倦(做)某事，符合句意。
5．at liberty 自由的；有空的
You are at liberty to do as you choose.
你要做什么，可以随意选择。
知识拓展
liberty n. 自由；解放；权利
①All the prisoners longed for liberty.
所有的犯人都渴望自由。
②You have the liberty to refuse my offer.
你有权利拒绝我的建议。
6．on behalf of
代表……；因为(某人)，相当于on sb's behalf。如：
①On behalf of my friends I would like to thank you.
我谨代表我的朋友向你致谢。
②Don't worry on behalf of me.
别为我担心。
知识拓展
in behalf of sb./in sb.'s behalf为帮助某人。
We collected money in behalf of the homeless.
我们为帮助无家可归者募捐。
1．So you can walk along a street for half an hour or so and end up five minutes from where you started.
因此你有可能沿街走了半小时左右，结果离你出发的地点实际仅有五分钟的路程。
end up (with) (以……)结束；(以……)终结
end up为动副短语，相当于不及物或及物动词的用法，end up with意为“以……结束”。
①The speech ended up with a famous poem.
那篇演说最后以一首名诗来结束。
②Stop spending so fast, or you'll end up as a beggar.
不要大手大脚地乱花钱，否则你最终会成为乞丐的。
词语辨析
end in; end up with
这两个短语基本同义，但end in强调最后的结局，通常接表示胜利、失败等意义的名词；end up with着重于某事的结尾；有时两者可以互换，无多少区别。
The Long March ended up with/in victory for us.
长征以我们的胜利而结束。
注意：该短语与close with “以……结束”同义。
即学即用
(2010·江西)Smell the flowers before you go to sleep, and you may just________sweet dreams.
A．keep up with
B．put up with
C．end up with
D．catch up with
答案：C 句意：在你睡觉前闻一闻这些花，即可终得美梦。A项意为“跟上”；B项“忍受”，D项“赶上”。只有C项“以……告终”合乎题意。
2．We visited the Van Gogh Museum, instead of the more famous Rijksmuseum.
我们参观了凡·高纪念馆，而没去更著名的国立博物馆。
词语辨析
instead, instead of
两词都是“代替”的意思，但用法不同。
1)instead是副词，instead of是介词短语。表示“代替”的意义时，instead of还含有“对比”的意思。译成汉语时，“代替”两词不一定译出，但“代替”之意隐约可辨。
①If you are busy, you may come another day instead.
要是你忙的话，就改日再来吧。
②He never studies, instead, he plays all day and night.
他不学习，而是整日整夜地玩。
③A person with good manners never laughs at people when they are in trouble. Instead, he tries to help them.
有(讲)礼貌的人，当他人遇到困难时，从不嘲笑。相反，却是努力地去帮助。
2)instead of表示“代替；顶替；而不(是)”的意思时，常常和in place of互换使用，其后常可用名词、代词、动名词。
①If you have no time, I'll go instead of you.
如果你没时间，我愿替你去。
②People here would use this kind of mud instead of soap.
这儿的人们常拿这种泥当肥皂用。
③We should encourage him instead of laughing at him.
我们应当鼓励他而不应嘲笑他。
④I want to fly to Beijing instead of taking a train.
我想坐飞机去北京而不想坐火车去。
3)有时候instead of还起连词作用，常译为“反而”、“而不”。
①This book is dull instead of interesting.
这本书不但无趣，反倒枯燥无味。
②Things will be better instead of worse.
形势将更好而不会更糟。
③Production increases quickly instead of slowly.
生产增加很快，而不是很慢。
即学即用
I admire those people. ________ having little money, they feel happy and satisfied.
A．With
B．Because of
C．Instead of
D．In spite of
答案：D 短语辨析考查。句意为：我羡慕那些人。尽管没有多少钱，他们却感到幸福和满足。in spite of “尽管；不管；不顾”；其他三个选项介词语意与句子不符。(共85张PPT)
1．overnight
1)adj.整整一夜的；夜间的；一夜之间的
①We made an overnight stop there.
我们在那里停留了一晚。
②The play was an overnight success.
这部剧作一夜成名。
2)adv.在夜间；一夜之间，突然
①I stayed overnight in a friend's house.
我在朋友家住了一晚。
②Don't expect it to improve overninght.
不要指望这事一下子就改善了。
知识拓展
前缀over 的基本意思是“在……之上”，引申出“越过，太，过分”等意思。
overweight adj. 超重的
overtake v． 追上，赶上
overpopulation n． 人口过剩
overwork v． 过度劳累
overflow v . 溢出
overestimate v． 高估
即学即用
All arrangements for your staying________on April 10 will, of course, be made by us at our expense.
A．overtime
B．overnight
C．all over
D．overall
答案：B 句意：当然，安排您4月10日夜宿的所有费用将由我们支付。overninght作副词，表示“在夜间”。
2．ferry n．[C]渡船；渡口 v．摆渡；渡运
①We will take the ferry across the river to the village.
我们要搭渡船过河到那村庄。
②We had lunch when we arrived at the ferry.
我们到渡口后吃了午饭。
③Can you ferry us across
你能渡我们过去吗？
词语辨析
“船”之种种
boat小船 ship大船
canoe独木舟 submarine潜水艇
tanker油轮 yacht游艇
ferry游船 steamer汽船
3．tax v．对……征税，向……课税 n．[C，U]税，税款
①A government can tax its citizens directly.
政府可以直接向公民课税。
②Tobacco and alcoholic drinks are taxed heavily in their country.
烟酒在他们的国家都被课以重税。
③Every citizen must pay taxes.
每个公民都必须纳税。
知识拓展
after tax税后(的)(不包括税金)
before tax 税前(的)(包括税金)
词语辨析
tax, duties
tax指政府向个人或企业征收的各种“税”。
duties主要指“海关关税，遗产税，印花税”。
Customs duties are paid on goods entering the country, death duties on poverty when the owner dies, and stamp duties when one sells a house.
关税是货物进口时应缴的税；遗产税是对死者财产所征收的税；印花税则是对卖房者征收的税。
4．reckon v．认为；估计；指望
①We reckon him honest.
我们认为他很诚实。
②I reckon it will lose about ￡100.
我估计大约要损失100英镑。
③He reckoned on a large profit.
他指望会有一笔为数不小的赚头。
知识拓展
reckon on指望，依赖
reckon with考虑到，重视
reckon up计算；总计
reckon in把……考虑或计算在内
be reckoned as/to be将……看作……；认为……是……
I reckon＝ I think我认为
④If we reckon up the numbers of visitors to the exhibition for the past week, we shall see a surprising total.
我们如果把过去一周的展览会参观人数加起来，我们会得出一个惊人的总数。
⑤They reckon this book as / to be one of his best works.
他们认为这本书是他的优秀作品之一。
⑥Did you reckon in the cost of the taxi
你把出租车费算进去了吗？
⑦I am not reckoning on her help.
我并不指望她的帮助。
1．hand in hand 手拉手；(比喻)密切关连；连在一起的
①War and suffering go hand in hand.
战争与苦难是同时并存的。
②Doctors and nureses work hand in hand to heal the wounded and rescue the dying.
医生和护士密切配合，救死扶伤。
③I saw them walking together hand in hand in the park.
我看见他们手牵手在公园里散步。
知识拓展
1)“名词＋after＋名词”短语：
day after day 日复一日地
hour after hour 一小时又一小时地
month after month 每月，月复一月地
night after night 每夜，一夜又一夜地
time after time 反复，一再，屡次
week after week 每周，一周又一周地
2)“名词＋by＋名词”短语：
day by day 一天一天地
year by year 逐年地，一年年地
item by item 逐项地，逐条地
little by little 一点一点地，逐渐地
side by side 肩并肩地，并排地
step by step 一步一步地，逐步地
3)“名词＋for＋名词”短语：
end for end 两端位置颠倒地
eye for eye 以眼还眼地
4)“名词＋to＋名词”短语：
back to back 背靠背地
face to face 面对面地
head to head 头对头地
heart to heart 开诚布公地，心连心地
即学即用
We must keep our room clean, for dirt and disease go________.
A．hand in hand
B．step by step
C．from time to time
D．one after another
答案：A 句意：我们必须保持屋子的清洁，因为脏乱和疾病形影相随。hand in hand“连在一块地”，符合句意。step by step逐步地； from time to time不时地；one after another依次地。
2．depend on依靠，视……而定
Whether he will go there depends on your decision.
他是否去那儿取决于你的决定。
知识拓展
independence n． 独立
dependable adj. 可依靠的
dependence n． 依靠，依赖
independent adj. 独立的
dependent adj. 依靠的，依赖的
It (all) depends./That depends.(一切)要看情况而定。
depend on sb. to do sth.
依靠某人做某事
depend on it(口)肯定无疑；保管没错
rely on sb. doing/to do sth.相信/指望某人做某事
rely on it that相信/指望(后接从句)
即学即用
—How often do you eat out
—________， but usually once a week.
A．Have no idea
B．It depends
C．As usual
D．Generally speaking
答案：B 由连接词but可排除选项C、D，A项的意思是“不知道”，B项的意思是“看情况而定”。由句意可知B项最佳。
3．in history历史上
①Germany had ever allied with Italy in history.
在历史上，德国曾经与意大利结盟过。
②That was the worst airline disaster in history.
那是历史上最严重的空难。
知识拓展
in the history of...在……的历史上
have a history of...有……的历史
with a long history有悠久历史的
(注意以上搭配中冠词的使用情况)
4．instead of 而不…；取代
①He'll go to Italy instead of France.
他要去意大利而不是法国。
②If you cannot go, he'll go instead of you.
如果你不能去，他愿替你去。
词语辨析
in place of与instead of
in place of一般指以甲代乙；instead of指用甲而不用乙，除了“代替”之意外，还有对乙否定的意味，所以有时译成“不……”。
直击高考
(2008·湖南)Last night Mr. Crook didn't come back at the usual time.________， he met some friends and stayed out until midnight.
A．Meanwhile
B．However
C．Instead
D．Yet
解析：考查副词。句意为：昨天晚上克鲁克先生没有像往常一样回家，而是和朋友们在外面一直呆到了深夜。instead“却；而是”。
答案：C
1．The Mona Lisa is the subject of many stories, but there is one anecdote which remains a puzzle.
关于《蒙娜·丽莎》有很多故事，但有一则秩闻仍然是个谜。
remain link v. 一直保持；仍然(处于某种状态)
The rules will remain in effect until October.
这些法规到10月前仍然有效。
知识拓展
1)remain vi. 剩下；逗留；留待(后接不定式)
①Few house remained after the earthquake.
这场地震之后很少有房屋剩下。
②The famous scientist didn't remain long in the USA; he returned home soon.
那位著名科学家没在美国待很长时间，不久他就回国了。
③Much remains to be settled.
许多问题有待解决。
2)remaining adj. 剩余的；常作定语(注意不能用remained)
The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the remaining 20 dollars.
那妇人说她要用剩下的20美元给女儿买个礼物。
词语辨析
remain与stay
remain指在他人/物离开、清除或消失后仍留下来；而stay一般没有此意，只指客人等寄宿或暂留或保持某种状态不变。
There remained in the village only women and children. All men went out to help.
村子里剩下的只是妇女和小孩。男人都出去帮忙了。
直击高考
(1)(2010·重庆)The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building________now.
A．remains
B．is remained
C．is remaining
D．has been remained
解析：remain为不及物动词，没有被动语态，故排除B、D两项；表示“存在”意义的状态动词一般不用于进行时，而多用一般(现在/过去)时。
答案：A
(2)(2009·四川)Ladies and gentlemen, please remain________until the plane has come to a complete stop.
A．seated
B．seating
C．to seat
D．seat
解析：考查系表结构和seat的用法。seat是及物动词，表示“坐着”，应该用seat oneself或者be seated，此处取其第二种表达法。
答案：A
2．The burglar left the antique frame and the glass behind.
盗贼没有把古董和玻璃拿走。
leave sth./sb. behind 遗忘；留下；没带走；使落在后面
①Oh dear! The travelling bag has been left behind.
哎呀！旅行袋忘了拿了。
②I'm afraid we must leave Xiao Lin behind.
恐怕我们得把小林留下。
③No one of course wanted to be left behind.
当然谁也不甘落后。
知识拓展
1)leave alone 别管；别惹；别碰；让某人一个人待着
Leave her alone.
别管(惹)她。
2)leave for (离开某地)前往……
We're leaving (Beijing) for Shanghai.
我们将动身(离开北京)去上海。
3)leave out 省略
Decide with your partner which words have been left out.
和你的同伴确定一下哪些词被省略了。
4)leave a message for sb. 给某人留口信
Didn't the man leave a message for me
那个人没有给我留话吗？
直击高考
(2009·辽宁)My parents have promised to come to see me before I________for Africa.
A．have left B．leave
C．left D．will leave
解析：考查时态。在时间状语从句中，从句中的将来用一般现在时表示。句意为：我父母答应我，在我出发去非洲之前来看我。
答案：B
即学即用
________it with me and I'll see what I can do.
A．When left
B．Leaving
C．If you leave
D．Leave
答案：D
动词不定式
1．动词不定式概述
动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成，在某些情况下可以省略to，在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、同位语和独立成分。
2．不定式的时态
不定式常用的时态有一般时、完成时、进行时和完成进行时四种，常用的为前三种。
1)一般时(to do/be...)
动词不定式的一般时表示不定式的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生。
①I want to have a rest.
我想休息一下。
②I plan to attend the meeting.
我计划参加这次会议。
③I believe him to be an expert.
我相信他是位专家。
④We want to visit an advanced worker.
我们想去访问一位先进工作者。
2)完成时(to have done/been...)
不定式的完成时表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，
①I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
很抱歉让你久等了。
②You seem to have been in a fight.
你好像打过架了。
3)进行时(to be doing)
不定式的进行时表示不定式的动作同谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。
①They seemed to be talking about something important.
他们似乎在谈论重要的事情。
②He seems to be worrying about something.
他似乎正在担心什么事。
③They are said to be working hard.
据说他们工作得很努力。
4)完成进行时(to have been doing...)
不定式的完成进行时表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前已经发生，并且一直进行着。
He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years.
据说他已在那家工厂工作12年了。
3．不定式的语态
1)不定式有时态和语态的变化，见下表：
语态
时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般时 to do to be done
完成时 to have done to have been done
进行时 to be doing 无
完成进行时 to have been doing 无
2)动词不定式的主动语态
不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。
I haven't got a key to unlock the door.
我没有钥匙开门。
不定式和它所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。
I haven't got a chair to sit on.
我没有椅子坐。
不定式作表语形容词的状语，又和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式。
①The book is difficult (for me) to understand.
这本书(我)很难理解。
②He is hard (for me) to talk to (him)．
(对于我来说)很难同他交谈。
3)不定式的被动语态
动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的承受者，一般使用不定式的被动语态。
①Her father disappeared, never to be heard from again.
他父亲失踪了，再也没有听到他的消息。
②The book was said to have been translated into many languages.
据说这本书已被译成多种文字。
如果强调句中的承受者，则用不定式的被动形式。
The bag is too heavy to be lifted.
这个包太重了，搬不动它。
4)在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某事时，用不定式的主动形式，如是强调事情本身必须是被完成时，则用被动形式。
①There is a lot of work to be done.
有许多工作要做。(工作被做)
②There is a lot of work to do.
有许多工作要做。(需要人去做)
4．不定式的否定形式
动词不定式的否定形式是在to前面加not，(有时也用never表示强调)。
①She decided not to be late again.
她决定不再迟到了。
②He promises never to make such a stupid mistake.
他许诺决不犯这样蠢的错误。
③I regretted not to have started earlier.
我后悔没有早一点出发。
5．不定式省略to的情况
1)在feel, hear, listen to, make, let, have, see, look at, watch, notice, observe等词后，接省略to的不定式作宾补。
2)在would rather (would sooner, had rather, had sooner)．..than, rather than等结构的than之后用不带to的动词不定式。
①I would rather do anything than do such a thing.
我不至于蠢到干这种事。
②He insisted on going back to his work rather than stay in hospital.
他坚持回去工作，而不愿呆在医院。
3)在以why引导的疑问句中用省略to的不定式。
①Why worry about it
为什么担心呢？
②Why don't you go there by bike
为什么不骑自行车去那儿呢？
4)在cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but之后接不带to的不定式。
I cannot but admire his courage.
我只能钦佩他的勇气。
5)不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时，如这些介词前有实义动词do的各种形式，则后接不带to的不定式，否则接带to的不定式。
①I have no choice but to accept the fact.
除了接受这个事实我别无选择。
②What do you like to do besides swim
除了游泳你喜欢做什么？
6)为了避免重复，不定式可省去to。
I'm really puzzled what to think or say.
对于想什么或说什么，我真的很困惑。
6．不定式的复合结构
一般来说，不定式动作的执行者为主句的主语，但有时动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子中的主语，这时须使用不定式的复合结构：“for＋名词/代词＋to do”或“of＋名词/代词＋to do”这一结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。
1)作主语
For him to get there on time is possible.
对于他来说按时到那儿是可能的。
2)作表语
Their hope is for Mary to live with them.
他们的希望是玛丽同他们住在一起。
3)作宾语
I found it hard for them to finish the work in such a short time.
我发现对于他们来说在这么短的时间内完成这项工作是很难的。
4)作定语
There will be a lot of difficulties for them to overcome.
一定会有许多困难要他们克服。
5)作状语
The poem is too hard for me to understand.
这首诗太难了，我不能理解。
7．不定式在句中的作用
动词不定式有副词、形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作状语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语和主语等成分。
1)作主语
①To live is to work.
活着就要工作。
②To save time is to lengthen life.
节约时间就等于延长生命。
2)作表语
①His job is to teach English.
他的工作是教英语。
②The main thing is to keep our machine from rust.
主要的事情是使我们的机器不生锈。
3)作宾语
①I learn to speak Japanese.
我学着讲日语。
②They decided to begin the experiment at once.
他们决定马上开始那项试验。
③I wish to be a college student.
我希望成为一名大学生。
4)作补足语
(1)在主动语态中作宾语补足语。
①I like you to do it this way.
我希望你这么干。
②Please ask John to turn on the light.
请让约翰开灯。
(2)在被动语态的句子中即成为主语补足语。
①We are advised to wait.
有人劝我们等着。
②They are allowed to talk in the classroom after class.
课后他们被允许在教室里讲话。
5)作定语
(1)动词不定式作定语时，须放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面。
①He said he had an important meeting to attend.
他说他有一个重要的会议要参加。
②The fisherman had nothing to take home that morning.
那个渔夫那天早上什么也没钓到便回家了。
(2)如果不定式是不及物动词，作定语时后面就应有必须的介词。
①Give me a piece of paper to write on.
给我一张纸写字。
②He is looking for a room to live in.
他在寻找一间居住的房子。
(3)有些名词常可用不定式作定语。
①Before liberation he had no chance to go to school.
解放前他没有机会去上学。
②Our teacher had no time to think about rest.
我们老师根本没时间考虑休息一下。
③Is that the best way to solve the problem
这是解决那个问题最好的方法吗？
④She was the first (person) to think of the idea.
她是第一个想到这个主意的人。
6)作状语
(1)作目的状语。
①He sat down to have a rest.
他坐下来休息。
②They went there to visit their teacher.
他们去那里拜访老师了。
(2)作结果状语。
①He woke up to find everybody gone.
他醒来后结果却发现大家都走了。
②My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.
我祖母活到亲眼见到了中国解放。
(3)在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后作原因状语。
①I am very glad to see you.
见到你非常高兴。
②I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill.
听说你母亲生病了真遗憾。
(4)在带有enough或too的句子里作状语，表示程度。
①He was too excited not to say a few words.
他太激动了，不会不讲几句话的。
②He is old enough to go to school.
他到上学年龄了。
③She is too tired to do the job.
她太累而不能做那件工作了。
(5)强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用“in order to或so as to＋动词原形”结构，so as to不用于句首。
①He got up early in order to catch the first bus.
他早起是为了赶上第一班车。
②The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便接乘客。
即学即用
(1)(2010·重庆)Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one________first is the library.
A．repaired
B．being repaired
C．repairing
D．to be repaired
答案：D 不定式被动式表示被动关系及尚未发生的动作，此处正合题意。
(2)(2010·江西)There are many talented actors out there just waiting________.
A．to discover
B．to be discovered
C．discovered
D．being discovered
答案：B 句意：很多有天赋的演员在那里，就是为了等着被人发现。discover与actors间为动宾关系，且强调将来，故用不定式的被动语态。
(3)(2010·辽宁)—It's no use having ideas only.
—Don't worry. Peter can show you________to turn an idea into an act.
A．how
B．who
C．what
D．where
答案：A 句意：不用担心。Peter可以向你展示怎样把点子变为行动。句中疑问词how＋不定式to turn代替宾语从句how you can turn...。
(4)(2010·山东)I have a lot of readings________before the end of this term.
A．completing
B．to complete
C．completed
D．being completed
答案：B 句意：在这学期结束前我有大量阅读任务要完成。根据题意，此处是一个将要发生的动作，故用不定式的一般式。而C项表示已完成，D项表示正在进行，均不合语境。
(5)(2010·四川)In many people's opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant ________.
A．to deal with
B．dealing with
C．to be dealt with
D．dealt with
答案：A 英语中某些形容词(如pleasant, nice, comfortable, difficult, easy, hard等)后接动词不定式作状语时，常用主动形式表示被动含义。
(6)(2009·北京)For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit________on his own farm.
A．grown
B．being grown
C．to be grown
D．to grow
答案：A 本题题意：至于早餐，他只饮用从他自己的农场里种植的新鲜水果里所榨取的果汁。本题考查过去分词短语担任后置定语，相当于定语从句which/that is grown on his own farm.
(7)(2009·北京)All of them try to use the power of the workstation________information in a more effective way.
A．presenting
B．presented
C．being presented
D．to present
答案：D 本题题意：为了更有效地提供信息，他们都在竭力使用工作站的权限。本题考查不定式短语担任目的状语。
(8)(2009·北京)________twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.
A．Being bitten B．Bitten
C．Having bitten D．To be bitten
答案：B 本题题意：被我们的狗咬了两次，那位邮递员便拒绝给我们送信了，除非是我们把狗拴起来。本题考查过去分词担任原因状语。相当于原因状语从句As he was bitten twice，...注意：由过去分词转化而来的形容词在句中担任状语或后置定语时，不能和being连用。例如：Einstein walked along the street, lost in thought. 爱因斯坦漫步街头，沉浸在思索之中。
(9)(2009·天津)________by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.
A．Being encouraged B．Encouraging
C．Encouraged D．Having encouraged
答案：C 考查非谓语动词做状语。此时考虑句子的主语和这个动词的关系，本句中encourage与he构成逻辑上的动宾关系，所以排除B项和D项，它们表示主谓关系；A项和C项都表被动， C项还表示完成；A项还表示正在进行。由句意“受到新科技的鼓舞后，许多农民在地里建起了农场”知，选C项。
(10)(2009·江苏)Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year，________ reduce unemployment pressures.
A．help
B．to have helped
C．to help
D．having helped
答案：C 考查非谓语动词。去掉almost three times the number hired last year不难看出此处应用不定式短语表示目的。
(11)(2009·浙江)________， the pay isn't attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting.
A．Generally speaking
B．On the contrary
C．In particular
D．To be honest
答案：D 考查插入语。Generally speaking“一般来说”；On the contrary“相反”；In particular“特别”；To be honest“说实话”。
(12)(2009·全国Ⅰ)The children all turned________the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
A．looked at
B．to look at
C．to looking at
D．look at
答案：B 句意为“当那位著名的女演员走进了教室，所有的孩子都转过头去看她。”turn to 表示“转向；求助”的意思。但此处turn意为“转身”；其后的不定式表目的。
(13)(2009·全国卷Ⅰ)Now that we've discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions________？
A．taking
B．take
C．taken
D．to take
答案：C 句意为“现在，我们已经讨论了问题， 人们满意要采取的决定吗？”take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动。
(14)(2009·全国卷Ⅱ)They use computers to keep the traffic________smoothly.
A．being run B．run
C．to run D．running
答案：D 本题题意：他们使用计算机来保持交通畅通无阻。keep表示“保持或继续处于…的状态”，后接形容词，现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、名词以及副词等担任宾语补足语，但不能采用不定式(短语)。例如：Sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 对不起，让你久等了。此外，run表示“运转；运行”，通常用作不及物动词。例如：The machine won't run smoothly. 这台机器运转不灵。
(15)(2009·福建)In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao，________the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.
A．marking
B．marked
C．having marked
D．being marked
答案：A 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，其后有宾语，故与逻辑主语是主动关系，且表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行，用现在分词，选A。
(16)(2008·全国Ⅰ)I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good________.
A．to be breathed B．to breathe
C．breathing D．being breathed
答案：B 本题题意：在夏季，我喜欢早点起床。呼吸早上的空气对身体有益。本句还可以转换为：It is so good (for us) to breathe the morning air.不定式(短语)修饰作表语或补足语的形容词时，通常采用主动形式表示被动含义。常见的此类形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, expensive, convenient, impossible, pleasant, comfortable, nice, fit, dangerous, tough等。
(17)(2008·安徽)________in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A．To walk.
B．Walking
C．Walked
D．Having walked
答案：B 考查非谓语动词。句意为“三月份的一天下午他在田野散步时，感受到了春天的温暖”。因此应用现在分词形式做状语。
(18)(2008·福建)________in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.
A．Waiting
B．To wait
C．Having Waited
D．To have waited
答案：C 本题考查了分词作状语的用法。因为wait与the old man构成主动关系且wait这个动作在realized之前已经发生，故应用现在分词的完成时。
(19)(2008·湖南)________the project as planned, we'll have to work two more hours a day.
A．Completing
B．Complete
C．Completed
D．To complete
答案：D 考查非谓语动词。句意为：为了按计划完成这项工程，我们一天得多工作两小时。根据句意此处为非谓语动词表目的，故选D。
(20)He was busy writing a story, only________once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
A．to stop
B．stopping
C．to have stopped
D．having stopped
答案：B 考查非谓语动词作状语。作伴随状语一般只用分词。可排除A、C项；D项表示动作发生在writing前，不符合逻辑，也可排除。本题易错选A项。
