课件109张PPT。1．common adj. n. 共同(的)；共用
in common(with)(与……)共有；共用；共同……
In common with many people, he prefers classical music to pop.
像许多人一样，他喜欢古典音乐而不喜欢流行音乐。知识拓展
1)have sth. in common(with sb./sth.)(与某人/某物)有共同之处
in common with...与……有共同之处
common sense 常识
out of(the)common不平常的；非凡的
common ground 共同出发点；共同立场2)由介词in构成的短语
in general 大体上；通常
in particular(＝particularly)特别地；尤其地
in short 简言之
in advance 预先；事先
in detail 详细地
in person 亲自
in public 公开地
in return 作为酬谢词语辨析
common, ordinary, general与usual
1)common用于物，指“不稀奇；很平常”；用于指人“没有职业；不高贵”；
It has become common knowledge.
这已成为众所周知的事情。2)ordinary与common意思很相近，用于物指“天天发生的；很平常的；非常平淡的；无奇的”；用于人指“无特殊地位的；很一般的；没有优越感的”。
Although she was rich, she was always in ordinary dress.
尽管她富有，但她总是穿着平常的衣服。
3)general用于物，指“包括一切的；很少有例外的”；用于人指“绝大多数人都适应的”。
This book is intended for the general reader, not for the specialist.
这本书是为一般读者写的，不是为专家写的。
4)usual指“经常的；习惯的”，强调“习惯性的；符合规章制度的”或“一贯如此的”。
He made the usual mistakes which all beginners make.
他犯的就是那些初学者都犯的错误。即学即用
(1)They often quarrel________each other and don't have much________common.
A．about; on B．with; on
C．with; in D．on; in
答案：C quarrel with sb. “与某人吵架”；in common“有共同之处”。(2)(2010·江西)We give dogs time, space and love we can spare, and________， dogs give us their all.
A．in all B．in fact
C．in short D．in return
答案：D 句意：我们抽出时间、空间和爱给予狗，而狗回报给我们的则是它们的全部。A项意为“总共”，B项“实际上”，C项“简言之”，D项“作为报答”。2．CUZNITE(See you tonight)
这是网络英语聊天中的一种缩写。网络英语聊天中常见的缩写拼写还有：
ASAP：As soon as possible 尽快地
BTW：By the way 随便问一下
BBL：Be back later 稍后回来
CU：See you 再见
CUL：See you later 下次再会
DIIK：Damned if I known 我的确不知
DIY：Do it yourself 自己动手做
FE：For example 示例FYI：For your information 供参考
IOW：In other words 换句话说
LOL：Laughing out loudly 大声笑
NRN：No reply necessary 不必回信
RUOK：Are you OK? 你好吗？
PLZ(PLS)：Please 请3．instantly adv.立即地；即刻地
①She solved the question instantly.
她立即解决了那个问题。
②The young man has an instantly recognizable face.
这个年轻人长了一副一眼就可以认得出的面孔。
知识拓展
1)instantly作连词，意思是“一……就……”。(＝the instant)
①I telegraphed instantly I arrived there.
我一到了那里就开始打电报。
②I recognized her instantly I saw her.
我一看见她就把她认出来了。2)instant (adj.) 立即的；紧迫的；刻不容缓的；(食品)速溶的；方便的
①He is a patient in instant need of first aid.
他是一个急需抢救的病人。
②His new book became an instant success.
他的新书立即获得了成功。
③The shop at the corner sells instant coffee.
拐角那家商店销售速溶咖啡。
3)instant还可作名词，意为“瞬间；刹那；时刻”
常用短语：at the instant 在那瞬间
for an instant 瞬间
in an instant 立即；一会儿之后
4)the instant(that)．..是连词，意为“一……就……”。
①I sent you the news the instant(that)I heard it.
我一听此消息，便通知你了。
②She began to cry the instant she read the letter.
她一读那封信就哭了起来。5)即可用做副词，又可用做从属连词的兼类词还有immediately和directly.
①I came here immediately after having my supper.
我一吃完晚饭就来这里了。
②Return immediately you are done.
事情一做完就回来。即学即用
完成句子
(1)You see the lightning ________ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.
A．the instant B．for an instant
C．on the instant D．in an instant
答案：A 句意为：闪电一发生你就会看到，但过一会儿你才听到雷声。the instant (that) 相当于as soon as, 用来引导时间状语从句；其余各项仅能作状语。(2)[译]我一看见她就把她认出来了。
[误]I recognized her instantly when I caught a glimpse of her.
[正]I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her.
[正]I recognized her the moment I caught a glimpse of her.
[正]I recognized her as soon as I caugth a glimpse of her.4．matter n. 问题；事情；为可数名词，侧重指一件考虑中的或需要解决的事情。
This is a matter I know little about.
这件事我不大知道。知识拓展
matter n.
1)物质(不可数名词)
His special subject is the beginning of space, matter, and time.
他研究的专题是空间、物质和时间的起源。
2)n. 麻烦事；毛病；此时常与the, something, nothing, anything, what等连用，也常与there be连用。
Is there anything the matter?
有什么事吗？3)vi. 有关系；要紧；主要用于否定句和疑问句。
①It doesn't matter this time.
这次不要紧。
②Does it matter if an engineer is a man or a woman?
工程师是男是女这重要吗？
4)常用短语：
as a matter of fact事实上；实际上
no matter wh- 无论……
As a matter of fact, he was right.
实际上，他是对的。
No matter what advice I gave him, he wouldn't follow.
无论我给他提什么建议，他就是不采纳。即学即用
The thing that________is not whether you fail or not, but whether you try or not.
A．matters B．cares C．considers D．minds
答案：A5．trace n．[U，C]痕迹，踪迹
①Ages have left traces on his face.
岁月在他脸上留下了痕迹。
②The woman disappeared without trace.
那女人无声无息地消失了。
知识拓展
trace v．查出，找到，追溯
trace back 追溯以往词语辨析
trace, trail, track6．unique adj.独一无二的；独特的
①Each person's fingerprints are unique.
每个人的指纹都是独一无二的。
②The writer has a unique style.
这个作家有独特的风格。特别提示
unique原来是“唯一的”之义，不可与more, most及very, rather等表示程度的副词连用，但实际上，在作衍生的“独特的”等语义讲时，则常与这些副词连用。
His voice is very unqiue.
他的声音非常独特。知识拓展
unique无比较级。
无比较级的形容词有以下几类：
a)表示性质、特征的形容词：atomic，political等；
b)表示独一无二的形容词：only，mere，unique等；
c)表示状态的形容词：afraid，asleep，alive等；
d)表示大小、极限、主次、上下等意义的形容词：main，minor等。7．debate n．[U，C]/v.讨论；辩论
①This is a debate about the punishment for criminals.
这是关于如何惩治罪犯的讨论。
②The government is debating the education laws.
政府正在就教育法进行辩论。
知识拓展
be under debate 正在讨论中
debate sth. with sb. 与某人争论某事
debate doing sth. 讨论做某事
debate 后不接that从句词语辨析
debate, discuss, argue
debate辩论的目的在于说服对方。
dicuss从不同的观点出发讨论某事。
argue条理清楚地提出赞成或反对某事的理由。
①We can discuss the plan next meeting.
我们可以在下次会议上讨论这个计划。
②Never argue with an artist.
绝对不要和艺术家争论。
③The discussion turned into a furious debate.
这场讨论变成了激烈的辨论。1．as well as 是并列连词，意为“不仅……而且……；既……又……”
The girl is lively as well as healthy.
这个女孩既健康又活泼。
(1)A as well as B的意思是“不但B，而且A”，其重点在前者，而不在后者，而not only A but also B则强调后者，意为“不但A，而且B”。
She is clever as well as beautiful.
＝She is not only beautiful but also clever.
她不仅漂亮而且聪明。(2)as well as连接两个并列成分作主语时，句子的谓语动词应与前面那个名词或代词的人称和数保持一致。
Your brother as well as you is very kind to me.
你哥哥和你对我都很好。
(3)as well as连接两个动词不定式时，如果第一个带to，第二个就不带to。
We expect her to do the housework as well as look after the children.
我们不仅指望她照看孩子，而且指望她做家务。(4)as well as有时意为“与……一样好”
She cooks as well as her mother does.
她烧菜和她妈妈烧得一样好。
(5)as well表示“也”的意思，常放在句末，与too的位置相同。
You may go there as well.
你也可以去那里。
即学即用
John plays football________， if not better than, David.
A．as well B．as well as
C．so well D．so well as
答案：B 由于在空白处和David之间加了插入语if not better than，使题目的难度增加。如果把插入语去掉，答案就十分明了了。so well as只能用于否定句。2．or rather＝exactly speaking 更确切地说
I will meet him, or rather I will ask him to meet me.
我要会见他，或者更确切地说，我要请他来会见我。知识拓展
1)rather than“而不是”；表示选择，常用于两个形容词、状语、名词或代词、动词-ing形式或不定式之间。
It's what he did rather than what he said that moved me.
是他做的而不是他说的感动了我。
2)would rather＝would prefer to“宁愿”；后跟不带to的不定式，常省略为'd rather。
Who would rather clean the blackboard?
谁愿擦黑板？
即学即用
I came home very late，________(更确切地说)，early this morning.
答案：or rather1．For example, within London the most famous dialect is cockney.
例如，在伦敦最著名的方言是伦敦东区土话。
within prep. 在……内；在……里面；在……内部；在……范围以内；在时间或距离限制的范围之内。
①He'll arrive within an hour.
他在一个小时之内就会到达。
②We'd better live within our income.
我们最好量入为出。词语辨析
within与in表达时间的区别
在一般将来时中within指期限之内，而in则指期限之外。
①Mr Black will return within a week.
格林先生将在一周之内回来。
②Mr Black will return in a week.
格林先生将在一周以后回来。即学即用
Success is____our grasp now.(现在成功已经在握)．
答案：within
2．It is also quite easy to tell British and American English apart.
把英国英语和美国英语分开来也很容易。
tell...apart＝tell...from...分辨；区分开来
①It is often hard to tell the twins apart.＝It is often hard to tell one twin from the other.
往往很难分辨双胞胎。
②Can you tell Tom from his twin brother?
你能分辨出汤姆和他的孪生兄弟吗？即学即用
It seems difficult to________“hurt” from “injure” in meaning.
A．judge B．tell
C．divide D．separate
答案：B tell...from...“区分；分清”。3．English spread across the world over hundreds of years because of trade, exploration and business, and this process produced many different Englishes.
因为贸易、探险和买卖，英语在世界范围内流传了几百年，这个过程也导致了许多不同种类的英语的产生。
(1)over介词，(表示时间)在……期间；直到……过完
Can't you stay over Sunday?
你不能过了星期天再走吗？
over介词，还有以下用法：1)在……上方
There is a bridge over the river.
河上有座桥。
2)(表示地位、职权、势力等)高于……；在……之上
He is over me in the office.
他的职务比我高。
3)(表示数目；程度)在……以上；超过……
He has been here for over two years.
他在这儿两年多了。4)越过；横过；到……另一边
He spoke to me over his shoulder.
他转过头来跟我说话。
5)遍及；从头到尾经过
Before the examination, I went over my notes.
在考试前我把笔记从头到尾看了一遍。
6)在……方面；关于
Debates arose over some technical questions.
在一些技术问题上产生了争论。即学即用
完成句子
I have told you about it________(一遍遍的，重复)．
答案：over and over(again)(2)句中English是抽象名词，属于不可数名词范畴，但是在此处第二个English由不可数名词转换成了可数名词，表示英语的种类。在英语中，名词的类别不是固定不变的，它们会根据词义的变化和场合的不同而相互转换，其名词类别的转换可归纳如下：
1)个体名词转变为抽象名词或抽象名词转变为个体名词。如：
①Our school is not far from my home.
我们学校离我家不远。(个体)
②School is over at six.
六点钟放学。(抽象)2)物质名词转变为个体名词或个体名词转变为物质名词。如：
①He broke a piece of glass.
他打破了一块玻璃。(物质)
②He broke a glass.
他打破了一个杯子。(个体)
3)个体名词转变为专有名词。如：
①His father is a teacher.
他父亲是名教师。(个体)
②“What are you doing there？”Father asked.
“你在那儿干什么？”父亲问。(专有)即学即用
I am very obliged to him, for he has done me ________.
A．many kindness B．lots of kindness
C．many kindnesses D．much kindness
答案：C 句意：我非常感谢他，因为他为我做了许多善事。kindness本为抽象名词，是不可数名词，但在此句中它转变为可数名词表示“善事”。4．Perhaps correctness doesn't matter—as long as speakers can understand each other—it's communication that counts.
或许正确与否不要紧——只要说话人相互明白——重要的是交流本身。
1)as long as＝so long as是连词，意为“只要”；as long as还有“和……一样长”的意思。①You may borrow this book as long as you promise to give it back.
只要你答应归还，你就可以把这本书借走。
②I will cooperate as long as I am informed on time.
只要及时告诉我，我就会合作。
③This ruler is as long as that one.
这把尺子和那把一样长。
知识拓展
as...as...表示同级比较，第一个as是副词，第二个as是连词。
(1)基本结构：as＋adj./adv.＋as“和……一样”。例如：
①Is Jim as tall as you?
吉姆和你一样高吗？
②That car runs as quickly as this car.
那辆车跑得和这辆车一样快。
③Your pen writes as smoothly as mine.
你的钢笔写起来和我的一样流畅。(2)否定结构：not as/so＋adj./adv.＋as不如……
①This room is not as clean as that one.
这个房间不如那个房间干净。
②The rabbit runs not as slowly as the dog.
兔子跑得不如狗慢。
③This dictionary is not as/so useful as you think.
这本字典不如你想像地那样有用。
注意：若有修饰成分，如twice, threee times, half, a quarter等，则须置于第一个as之前。例如：
Your bag is twice as expensive as mine.
你的书包比我的贵一倍。(3)as long as 原义为“长达……”。(4)表示条件的连词还有：
Providing/Provided(that)．..倘若……
Supposing/Suppose(that)．..如果……
If only...要是……就好了2)it's communication that counts 是强调句型，强调的是主语communication, count在句中作谓语，意为“重要，有价值”。
①Every second counts.
每秒钟都很重要。
②Her opinion counts because of her experience.
因为她有经验，所以她的意见很重要。
③Knowledge without common sense counts for little.
光有学问而无常识，这种学问无甚价值。
知识拓展
count for much 关系重大
count in 把……算在内
count on/upon 依靠，指望
count up 算出……的总数，共计
①Can you count from 1 to 100 in English?
你能用英语从1数到100吗？
②You can't always count on/upon the help from others.
你不能总是指望别人的帮助。
③They count it an honor to help the disabled people.
他们把帮助残疾人当作一种荣耀。即学即用
1)完成句子
You should make the best of your time for________(每分钟都很重要)．
2)翻译句子
我感觉他不如以前温柔了。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：1)every minute counts
2)I feel that he is not as gentle as before.5．But the main differences between Australian English and other varieties of English lie in the individual sounds and intonation patterns.
但澳大利亚英语和其他几种英语的最主要的区别在于单音和音调模式。
lie in在于；睡懒觉
①The trouble lies in the engine.
问题出在引擎上。
②Her charm lies in her intelligence.
她的魅力在于她有智慧。③The cure for stress lies in learning to relax.
消除紧张的方法在于学会放松。
④It's a holiday tomorrow, so you can lie in.
明天是假日，你可以睡懒觉了。
即学即用
The problem________who would like to go there.
A．lies in B．lies at C．laid in D．lying at
答案：A6．But when he asked how to spell the name, in case the customer wanted him to write her name in the book...
但当他询问如何拼写名字以便顾客要他在书上签她的名字时用……
in case conj.& adv. 以防；可能；倘若；万一
①Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot.
倘若太阳很厉害，你就把帽子戴上。
②In case anything important happens, please call me up.
万一发生什么重要事情，请打电话给我。③You'd better carry some money in case.
你最好带些钱，以防万一。
知识拓展
in case of是介词，意为“万一；倘若”。
①In case of rain they can't go.
万一下雨，他们就不能去了。
②In case of fire, call 119.
倘若有火灾，就拨119。即学即用
John may phone tonight. I don't want to go out______he phones.
A．as long as B．in order that
C．in case D．so that
答案：C in case“万一”；句意为“约翰可能今晚打电话。我不出去，万一他打电话。”7．The variety has been influenced in particular by Malay and the Chinese dialect Hokkien(language spoken in Minnan)，both in grammatical features and vocabulary.
这些在语法特征和词汇方面的变化还受到了马来语和中国方言闽南话的影响。
in particular＝particularly尤其；特别地
She likes reading novels, written by Zhang Ailing in particular.
她喜欢读小说，尤其是张爱玲的小说。知识拓展
particular adj. 特殊的；个别的；苛求的；挑剔的
①Take particular care not to make any mistakes.
要特别注意别出错。
②She is very particular about her clothes.
她特别讲究穿着。即学即用
单项填空
I went along thinking of nothing ________， only looking at things around me.
A．in brief B．in doubt
C．in harmony D．in particular
答案：D 考查短语辨析。句意为：我走路的时候没有想到别的什么事情，只是看周围的情况而已。in particular“特别”；in brief “简言之”；in doubt“怀疑”；in harmony “和谐；协调”。8．In this sense everybody's use of language—whether English, Chinese, or any other—is different.
从这种意义上来说，每个人对语言的使用——不管是英语、汉语或者任何其他语言——都是不一样的。
1)句子的主语是everybody's use of language，谓语是is different；whether English, Chinese, or any other作插入语，用来对所要表达的内容进行解释或补充。插入语可用破折号分开，也可用逗号隔开。如：①He asked the people present, whether men or women, to keep it a secret.
他要求在场的人，无论男女，要保守秘密。
②Pearls, either big or small, are very expensive.
珍珠有大有小，但都非常珍贵。
即学即用
I don't quite share with you some views on the matter—________—these are too strange.
A．to be honest B．believe it or not
C．in other words D．what's more
答案：A 句意：在这件事上，我与你的某些观点不太一致，老实说，这些观点太奇怪了。to be honest在句中作插入语，意为“老实说，说实话”。2)in this sense 从这种意义上说
①The word here is used in its figurative sense.
此词在这儿取的是它的比喻意义。知识拓展
in a/one/some sense/way 在某一方面；就某种意义来说
in no sense/way＝not at all 决不，一点也不
make sense 有意义；意思清楚；有道理
make sense of 理解；懂；明白
There's no sense in (doing) 毫无意义
②What you say is true in a sense.
你的话在某种意义上属实。
③Can you make sense of this poem?
你看得懂这首诗吗？④There's no sense in waiting three hours.
等三小时是毫无意义的。
⑤The conclusion is in no sense scientific.
这个结论绝不是科学的。
⑥It would make sense to leave early.
早点离开是明智的。状语
状语是历年高考的重点和热点。状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分；通常用副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、独立主格结构或从句等充当，表示时间、地点、程度、方式、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、伴随等意义。1．状语的位置
一般说来状语在句中的位置比较灵活，它可以处于句首、句中或句末。修饰形容词的状语，通常放在所修饰的词之前。修饰动词的状语，一般放在所修饰的动词之后。但有些副词，如always，often，usually，never，ever等作状语时，常置于句中，放在实义动词之前，be动词或第一个助动词之后。
2．状语的分类
①时间状语 一般位于句末，也可放于句首。
②地点状语 一般位于句末，也可放于句首。特别提示
有时间副词和地点副词在一个句子中，地点副词在前，时间副词在后。
We went shopping in_the_supermarket at 9_o'clock_yesterday.
昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了。
③方式状语 既可位于句中，也可位于句末或句首。④程度状语 是单个副词时，一般位于被修饰的词之前。
I nearly forgot what he had promised.
我几乎忘记了他答应的事。
This afternoon I was lucky enough to meet one of my old friends.
今天下午我有幸遇到了一位老朋友。
特别提示
enough为副词作状语时，位于所修饰的形容词或副词之后；为形容词作为定语时，位于所修饰的名词之前。
⑤原因状语 一般位于句末，有时也可放于句首。
With_annual_rainfall_close_to_zero,_Antarctica is technically a desert.
由于年降水量接近于零，在学术上来说，南极洲是沙漠地区。
She seemed surprised to_see_us.
她看见我们，似乎有点惊讶。⑥条件状语 常位于句末或句首。
Playing_all_day,_you will waste your valuable time.
如果你整天玩，就会浪费你宝贵的时间。
⑦目的状语 常位于句末，强调时可放在句首。
To_go_to_college,_US teens save their pocket money.
美国中学生攒钱只为上大学。⑧结果状语 常位于句末
Li Ming studied so hard that_he_caught_up_with_the_others_very_quickly.
李明学习如此努力，结果很快赶上了其他人。
A high mountain range runs from east to west, cutting_the_continent_in_two.
一个高大的山脉横贯东西，将大陆一分为二。
He woke up to find_everybody_gone.
他醒了过来，结果发现大家都走了。
⑨让步状语 常位于句首或句末。
Despite_all_our_efforts we still lost the game.
尽管我们尽了全力，还是输掉了比赛。
⑩伴随状语 常位于句末。
He sat in the armchair, reading_a_newspaper.
他坐在扶手椅里读报。3．状语的成分：
①副词作状语
At the bottom of the oceans it is completely dark.
海底是完全黑暗无光的。
He speaks English quite fluently.
他说英语非常流利。特别提示
副词作状语，修饰形容词、副词、动词、介词短语、具有状语功能的名词短语或整个句子。
②名词作状语
They had to walk 100_miles_a_day.
他们不得不一天步行100英里。特别提示
名词作状语，通常为时间名词。
③数词作状语
I hate riding two on a bike.
我不喜欢两个人骑一辆自行车。
He came out first in the exam.
他考试得了第一名。④形容词作状语
Firghtened,_she asked me to go with her.
由于害怕，她要我跟她一起去。
Ripe,_the oranges taste sweet.
这些橘子熟时，味道甜美。
One woman was lying in bed, awake.
有位女士醒着躺在床上。
提示：形容词作状语表示原因时，多放在句首，句子的主语亦是其逻辑主语，相当于原因状语从句；表示时间时，放在句首，相当于一个时间状语从句；表示主语的所处境况或意义增补时，常放在句末，相当于和主句并列的一个句子。⑤不定式作状语
I opened the window to_let_some_fresh_air_in.
我打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。
I am not such a fool as_to_believe_that.
我不会傻到去相信那件事。
⑥分词作状语
Heated,_water changes into steam.
当加热时，水变成水蒸气。
Having_lived_in_the_city_many_years,_I knew it well.
因为在这个城市住了多年，所以我对它很了解。特别提示
分词作状语可表示时间、原因、伴随或方式、条件、让步、结果等，且都可以转换成相应的状语从句或并列句，但分词的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。
only to do sth. 作结果状语表示出人意料的结果，而分词作结果状语表示顺其自然的结果。
He lifted a stone only_to_drop_it_onto_his_own_foot.
他搬起石头却砸了自己的脚。
The child slipped and fell down, hitting_his_head_against_the_door.
那孩子滑了一跤，头碰到了门上。⑦介词短语作状语
In_spite_of_the_heavy_rain,_they arrived.
尽管雨下很大，他们还是到了。
We jumped with_joy.
我们高兴地跳了起来。特别提示
介词短语作状语可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、让步等。
⑧独立主格作状语
It_being_Sunday,_the library is closed.
因为是星期天，图书馆关闭了。特别提示
独立主格作状语，常表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况或行为方式等。
⑨从句作状语
We must strike while_the_iron_is_hot.
我们必须趁热打铁。
We left in such a hurry that_we_forgot_to_lock_the_door.
我们走得很匆忙，门都忘了锁。特别提示
从句作状语可表示时间、原因、地点、条件、目的、结果、方式、让步等。即学即用
(1)(2010·全国Ⅱ)The island is________attractive in spring and autumn because of the pleasant weather in both seasons.
A．partly B．merely
C．nearly D．equally
答案：D 根据本句后半部分内容可知，“这座岛屿在春天和秋天同样吸引人”，故用equally：相等地；同样的。(2)(2010·辽宁)We only had $100 and that was________to buy a new computer.
A．nowhere near enough B．near enough nowhere
C．enough near nowhere D．near nowhere enough
答案：A 句意：我们只有100美元。这些钱远远不够买一台新电脑。nowhere near意为“差得远；过不及/够”；enough修饰形容词，副词时，通常要放在被修饰词的后面。(3)(2010·湖南)Father ________ goes to the gym with us although he dislikes going there.
A．hardly B．seldom
C．sometimes D．never
答案：C 句意：虽然父亲不喜欢去体育馆，但他有时陪我们去那儿。(4)(2010·福建)—Volunteering is becoming __________ popular in China.
—Yeah, people are now aware that helping others is helping themselves.
A．naturally B．successfully
C．splendidly D．increasingly
答案：D 句意：——志愿服务在中国正变得越来越普通。——是的。人们现在意识到了帮助他人就是帮助自己。A项意为“天/自然地”，B项“成功地”，C项“极佳地；豪华地”，均不合题意，只有D项“越来越多地”，合适。(5)Nowadays the roles of husband and wife are not as________defined as before, especially when both partners work and earn money for the family.
A．clear B．clearer
C．clearly D．more clearly
答案：C 题意：如今夫妻的角色不如从前那么明确划分了，尤其是当夫妻双方都工作挣钱养家时。“not as＋adj./adv.＋as”意为“不如”；defined表示“区分明显的”，故须用副词修饰。(6)________and happy, Tony stood up and accpted the prize.
A．Surprising B．Surprised
C．Being surprised D．To be surprising
答案：B 题意：托尼惊喜交加地起身接受了这个奖项。所填选项与happy并列，应看做形容词，作伴随状语，说明主语的状态。A、D两项都表示主动意义，意为“令人吃惊的”；C项表示原因，意义不当。故选B。(7)(2008·重庆)________to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead
A．Fail B．Failed
C．To fail D．Having failed
答案：D 题意：因为我们没能与他们取得电话联系，所以我们发了一封电子邮件。因为fail与we是主谓关系，且该动作发生在sent之前，故要用现在分词的完成式作原因状语。(8)(2008·陕西)________around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird's Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
A．Having shown B．To be shown
C．Having been shown D．To show
答案：C 题意：在被带领着参观完“水立方”后，我们又被带去参观了为2008年奥运会建造的“鸟巢”。此处为现在分词作时间状语，show与we存在被动关系，而这一动作又发生were taken之前，故选C。(9)(2008·辽宁)He was busy writing a story, only________once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
A．to stop B．stopping
C．to have stopped D．having stopped
答案：B 题意：他忙于写一篇故事，只是偶尔停下来吸一支烟。stop与he构成主谓关系，用现在分词在句中作状语表示伴随情况。(10)(2008·安徽)________in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A．To walk B．Walking
C．Walked D．Having walked
答案：B 题意：在三月的一个下午，行走在田间，他可以感受到春天的温暖。句中主谓语之间是一种主动关系，且walk与feel动词同步，故应用现在分词作伴随状语。课件86张PPT。1．complain
vi.抱怨，不满，发牢骚。
①We have nothing to complain about.
我们没有什么可抱怨的。
②You' re always complaining!
你总是发牢骚！知识拓展
complaint n．抱怨，不满；控诉
have complaints about 对……有意见
make a complaint against 对……提出不满意见，对……提出控告
complain that... 抱怨……
complain to sb. about sth. 对某人抱怨某事2．telegraph n. [C]电报 v．打电报给；用电报发送
①The news came by telegraph.
消息通过电报传来。
②Mother telegraphed me yesterday.
妈妈昨天打电报给我。知识拓展
by telegraph (＝by telegram)通过电报
telescope n．[C]望远镜
telephone n．[C]电话
television n．[C]电视词语辨析
telegraph，telegram
telegraph强调“电报”这种通讯方式；telegram强调一份电报或电报传达的信息。3．media n. [pl. ，the～]新闻媒体，传媒
The media have/has a lot of power today.
现在大众传媒具有很大的力量。
提示：media是集合名词，但在非正式英语中也用做单数；medium(新闻媒介)是可数名词，其复数形式是mediums或media。类似的还有：
bacterium→bacteria 细菌
maximum→maxima 最大值
minimum→minima 最小值
agendum→agenda 议事日程
datum→date 数据，资料4．revolution n. [C，U]革命；大变革①Many people were killed in the revolution.
很多人在革命中被杀害。
②Credit cards have brought about a revolution in people's spending habits.
信用卡给人们的消费习惯带来了巨大改变。知识拓展
revolutionary adj.革命的，革新的
n. [C]革命者5．flavour n. [C，U]特点，特色；情调；味道
①It gives our little meals an eastern flavour.
它给我们的便餐增添了一种东方风味。
②The film retains much of the book's exotic flavour.
这部电影保存了原著的许多异国情调。
③I don't like the flavour of onion.
我不喜欢洋葱的味道。
flavour v. 给……调味，加味于1．It is estimated that 1.3 billion people will use English as either a first or a second language by 2050.
据估计到2050年，有13亿人会把英语作为第一或第二语言。
It is estimated...据估计……
It is estimated that 300 people will attend the meeting.
据估计有300人要参加这个会议。
常见的类似结构：It is said that...据说……
It is reported that...据报道……
It is believed that...人们相信……
It is known that...众所周知……
It is supposed that...大家推测……
It is thought that...大家认为……
It is considered that...人们认为……
It is suggested that...人们建议……
It is said that they have got to the village.
据说他们已经到了那个村子。即学即用
完成句子
________(据估计)that the project will last four years.
答案：It is estimated2．Experts believe that the future shape and grammar of English, especially in its spoken form, will no longer be determined in the traditional English-speaking countries like Britain and America but in the rest of Europe, Asia and Africa.
专家们相信未来英语的形式和语法，尤其是英语口语形式，不再取决于英美这些传统讲英语的国家，将由欧洲、亚洲和非洲的其他国家决定。determine v. “决心；决定”；其后可接名/代词、动词不定式或从句。
Have you determined where you will go for the holiday?
你们决定到哪儿去度假了吗？
知识拓展
常用词组：
be determined to do sth. 有决心做……
determine sb. to do sth. 使某人下决心做某事
I am determined to work hard at chemistry.
我决心刻苦学习化学。即学即用
________to do better than Mike, Jack worked very hard.
A．Determining
B．Determined
C．Determine
D．Having determined
答案：B determine to do sth.“下决心做某事”。非谓语动词作原因状语。3．Often meanings and words from other languages find their way into English to produce a new dialect such as“Franglais”which combines aspects of French and English.
从另一种语言里学来的意思和单词与英语结合形成一种新的方言，例如“Franglais”就是结合了法语和英语形成的。
combine v．(使)联合；(使)结合
①The workers combined against the boss.
工人们联合起来反对工头。
②Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.
氢和氧化合成水。即学即用
(1)(2010·福建)—In this day and age, women can have children and jobs as well.
—I can't agree more. It's great to have the two______.
A．linked B．related
C．connected D．combined
答案：D 句意：——在这个年代，妇女可养孩子，也可有自己的工作。
——我非常赞同，把这两者结合起来是非常好的。
A项意为“连接”，B项“把……联系起来”，C项“使……连接；与……有关”，此处均不合题意，只有D项“(使)结合；同时做”正确。(2)The two countries________against their common enemy.
A．connected B．united
C．combined D．were combined
答案：C4．New dialects acquire their own complex features until they become real languages in their own right.
直到那些新的方言名正言顺地真正成为一种语言的时候，它们才会拥有自己的特色。
1)acquire v. 获得；取得；得到
①He acquired the habit of smoking.
他养成了吸烟的习惯。
②The company has acquired shares in a rival business.
该公司购入了竞争对手的股份。③This is the valuable experience we acquired at the cost of blood.
这是我们用鲜血换来的宝贵经验。
词语辨析
acquire，obtain，gain
acquire 多用于通过不断地“学”、“问”等慢慢地获取学问、技术等较抽象的东西。
obtain 表示经过相当长的时间或经过很大的努力获得期望已久的东西。
gain 含义较obtain更进一层，表示付出更大的努力才能获得，故常译为“赢得”。2)in one's own right [副]凭本人(生来)的继承权；凭自己的天赋；当然
She was not a queen in her own right.
她的王妃头衔不是继承得来的。
即学即用
完成句子
He________(获得)the position he had longed for in the end.
答案：acquired5．Experts are convinced that this will happen in the future as more and more people learn English and call it their own.
专家们确信当越来越多的人学习英语并能运用自如时，这一切在不久的将来都会发生。
convince vt. 使确信；使信服
convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
convince sb. that...使某人相信……
be convinced of sth. 深信某事
be convinced that...深信……①I am convinced of his innocence.
我深信他无罪。
②He convinced me that I should study law.
他使我相信了我应当学习法律。
即学即用
________that she had left the workplace, he went away.
A．Convince B．Convincing
C．Having convinced D．Convinced
答案：D be convinced that...“相信……”状语从句
1)状语从句的定义
状语从句是指起状语作用的从句，它从属主句，是主句附属的状语成分，在主从复合句中修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词和副词等。按句中不同的作用和类型，状语从句可分为时间、原因、条件、方式、比较、目的、让步和地点状语从句。2)状语从句的类型
(一)时间状语从句
时间状语从句常用从属连词when, while“当……的时候”， as, after, before, since, until, as soon as等引导。
①It was snowing when he arrived in Tianjin.
他到达天津时，天正在下雪。
③Strike while the iron is hot.
[谚]趁热打铁。状语从句通常在前，主句在后，一般要用逗号隔开；如主句在前，从句在后可以不用逗号。
①Don't go away before I leave.
别在我离开前走掉。
②I'll tell you as soon as I know.
我一知道就告诉你。
在时间状语从句中，通常不用将来时，而用现在时来代替。①I'll tell her about that when I see her.
我见到她时会把这件事告诉她的。
②We'll wait until spring comes.
我们要一直等到春天。
(二)地点状语从句
地点状语从句用连接副词where或wherever(在任何地方)引导。
Just stay where you are.
就留在你原来的地方。(三)原因状语从句
由because, as, since(既然)(＝now that)引出。
(1)because表示原因的口气最重，直接表示因果关系，回答why的问题。
①He didn't go to school today because he was ill.
他今天没来学校是因为他病了。
②As there was no answer, I wrote to him again.
因为没有答复，我又给他写了信。
(2)强调原因状语从句只能用because从句。
It was because he was ill that he didn't go to school.(3)注意for引出并列句表示原因，常是逻辑推理的原因。
①It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面是湿的。
②The day must have broken, for birds are out.
天一定亮了，因为鸟儿们都出来了。(四)条件状语从句
条件状语从句由if，unless，in case(that)，so far as，as/so long as, on condition(that)，provided/providing, suppose/supposing(that)等引导。
①Do you mind if I smoke?
我抽烟你介意吗？
②I won't leave unless he leaves first.
如果他不先离开我就不离开。(五)方式状语从句
方式状语从句由as，as if/thought引导。
①Most plants need air just as they need water.
大多数植物需要空气，正像它们需要水一样。
②She treated me as if/though I were an alien.
她这样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。(六)让步状语从句
常由though(although)“虽然……但……”，even if“即使”，however“不管怎样”，whatever“无论什么”，no matter how(who...)“不管多么……”“无论谁……”等连接词或连接词组引导。The officer often goes in among the masses, though he is very old.
虽然这个官员很老，但他经常到群众中去。(注意英、汉表达的不同，英语中用了though, although就有“虽然……但是……”的含义，不能在主句中用but，但可接yet。)
Although they were lost that day, they were all in high spirits.
虽然他们那天迷了路，但他们的情绪都很高。
(七)目的状语从句
目的状语从句常用that，so that，in order that，等从属连词引导，从句中的谓语动代词常用may(might)，can(could)，should等情态动词。
Come round to the window so that I can touch your hands.
绕到窗子前面去，好让我触到你的手。
He got up early in order that he could breathe fresh air.
他起得很早，为的是能呼吸新鲜空气。(八)结果状语从句
结果状语从句由so that, so...that, such...that, in such a way(manner)that, to such a degree that, to the degree that, with the result that等引导。
He was so tired that he almost fell asleep at dinner.
他那么疲劳以致于在吃饭时几乎睡着了。(九)比较状语从句
比较状语从句常用as...as, not so..as(或not as...as), more...than, less...than, the...the等引导。这种从句中常省略某些成分。
He is copying the poem as carefully as he can.
他正在用心地抄写那首诗。
John is less clever than his brother.
约翰不如他弟弟聪明。
3)使用要点
(1)时间、条件状语从句中不用将来时
在时间、条件状语中不用将来时，必须用一般时态代替将来时。
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go fishing.
如果明天天气好，我们就去钓鱼。
但是在下面一句中，条件句里的will，不表示将来时，而是表示“意愿”。
If you will go, I will go with you.
如果您愿意去，我也去。(2)状语从句中的省略
状语从句中，如果其主语与主句的主语一致。谓语是(或相当于)系表结构，这时从句的主语和系动词均可省略。
He is an honest man although(he is)very poor.
他虽穷，但是诚实。
Whether(she is)sick or well Lily is always cheerful.
无论是有病还是健康，丽莉总是高高兴兴的。
另外，if it is necessary/possible形式可以省略。
If necessary, Mary should come back ahead of time.
如果有必要，玛丽应提前返回。(3)要注意汉英语言的不同
在使用某些英语状语从句时，要注意汉英语言的不同。例如，在汉语里，我们常用“虽然……但是……”；“因为……所以……”；“除非……否则……”等关联词。但在英语中，上述概念分别只用although, because, unless三个从属连词来表示即可。
①Although they are Japanese，(不用but)we can't tell them from us.
虽然他们是日本人，但我们无法将他们同我们区别开来。②As there was a power failure，(不用so)，I had to light the candle.
因为停电了，所以我只能点上蜡烛。
③Unless you keep trying(不用otherwise)you will never succeed.
除非你不断尝试，否则就不会成功。(4)学习状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊连接词。
①时间状语从句
常用引导词：when，as，while，as soon as，before，after，since，till，until，...
特殊引导词：the minute，the moment，the second，every time，the day，the instant，immediately，directly，no sooner...
than，hardly...
when，scarcely... when...注意：1)while引导的从句中谓语动词必须是能够延续的动词。
She listened closely while he read.
在他读的时候，她认真地听。
2)as soon as，immediately，directly，instantly，the moment，the instant，the minute等可引导时间状语从 句，这些动词都表示“一……就”。
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.
我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。3)hardly(scarcely，rarely)．..when/before，no sooner... than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly，scarcely，rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.
我刚坐下，他就进来了。
②地点状语从句
常用引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever，anywhere，everywhere，...③原因状语从句
常用引导词：because，since，as，for
特殊引导词：seeing that，now that，in that，considering that，given that...
It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school.
我上学迟到是因为我没有赶上早班汽车。
Since everyone is here, let's start.
既然大家都到了，咱们就开始吧。
There must be nobody in the classroom, for the light is off.
教室里一定没有人，因为灯灭了。(推测性理由)④目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that，in order that
特殊引导词：in case，for fear that，in the hope that，for the purpose that，...
特别提示
以so that(为了，以便)，in order that(为了，以便)，in case(以防，以备万一)等引导的目的状语从句中，常用can/could，may/might，shall/should，will/would等情态动词。目的状语从句多放在主句之后。in order that引导的目的状语从句被强调时，可放在主句之前。⑤结果状语从句
常用引导词：so...that，so that，such...that
特殊引导词：such that，to the degree that，to the extent that，to such a degree that
He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.
＝His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep.
他说了这么长时间，以致在座的人都犯困了。There was so much dust that we couldn't see what was happening.
灰尘太大了，使得我们看不清发生了什么事情。
So terrible was the storm that whole roofs were ripped off.
暴风真可怕，把整个的屋顶全都刮飞了。
⑥条件状语从句
常用引导词：if，unless
特殊引导词：as/so long as，only if，providing/provided that，supposing that，in case that，on condition that，assuming that，...特别提示
只有if可以引导虚拟语气的非真实条件状语从句。
If I were you, I would say “yes”．
如果我是你，我会说“是”。
⑦让步状语从句
常用引导词：though，although，even if，even though，...
特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中，从句必须要倒装)，while(一般用在句首)，no matter...，in spite of the fact that，whatever，whoever，wherever，whenever，however，whichever。特别提示
1)though，although引导让步状语从句时不与but连用，但是though和yet可连用。
Though the sore can be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口是愈合，但伤疤留下了。
2)as引导让步状语从句时，意为“尽管，虽然”，从句多位于主句之前，而且必须使用倒装语序，此时as相当于though。
Strange as/though it might sound, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.
尽管听起来很奇怪，他的主意还是被出席会议的所有人接受了。3)while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”，相当于although。
While I really don't like art, I find his work impressive.
尽管我是真的不喜欢艺术，但我发现他的作品给我留下深刻印象。⑧比较状语从句
常用引导词：as(同级比较)，than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：the more...the more...；just as..., so...；A is to B what/as X is to Y；no...more than；not A so much as B
The more you study, the more knowledge you can get.
你学的越多，你的知识越丰富。
⑨方式状语从句
常用引导词：as，as if，how
特殊引导词：the way特别提示
当说话者认为句子所描述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，as if从句用陈述语气；当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时，as if从句用虚拟语气。
Do as I told you.
按我告诉你的那样做。
She loves the boy as if she were his mother.
她爱这男孩，就好像她是他的母亲一样。(5)状语从句的省略
状语从句的省略常存在于以下五种状语从句中：①由if，unless等引导的条件状语从句；②由although，though，even if/though等引导的让步状语从句；③由when，while，as，before，after，until/till等引导的时间状语从句；④由as，as if等引导的方式状语从句；⑤由as，than等引导的比较状语从句。特别提示
①当状语从句的主语是it，且谓语动词是be时，it和be要省略。
If(it is)possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.
如果可能的话，他会帮你摆脱困境。
②从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且从句谓语动词是be的某种形式，从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。
As (he was) young，he learned how to ride a bike.
他小时候就学会了骑自行车。即学即用
(1)(2009·山东)The little girl who got lost decided to remain________she was and wait for her mother.
A．where B．what
C．how D．who
答案：A 本题考查连词用法，remain后接状语从句，由句意可知，主句缺地点状语，所以选A。(2)(2009·北京)You may use the room as you like______you clean it up afterwards.
A．so far as B．so long as
C．in case D．even if
答案：B 本题题意：你可以随便使用这个房间，只要你用过后把它打扫干净就行了。so/as long as表示“只要”；引导条件状语从句。例如：It matters little who does it so long as it is done.只要事情做了，谁做都行。注意：as you like表示“随你的便”。例如：Stay as long as you like.你愿停留多久皆可。(3)(2009·江苏)________ unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.
A．Before B．Where
C．Unless D．Until
答案：B 考查连词与状语从句。句意为：在失业率和犯罪率高的地方，可以假定后者是由前者造成的。where引导状语从句，表示“在……地方”。(4)(2009·山东)—Shall we have our picnic tomorrow?
—________it doesn't rain.
A．Until B．While
C．Once D．If
答案：D 本题考查交际用语，意思是：如果明天不下雨的话。(5)(2009·全国卷Ⅱ)All the dishes in this menu，________otherwise stated, will serve two to three people.
A．as B．if
C．though D．unless
答案：D 本题题意：这份菜单上的所有菜，除非另外说明，可供二到三个人食用。unless表示“如果不； 要是不； 除非”；引导条件状语从句。(6)(2009·福建)She had just finished her homework______her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.
A．when B．while C．after D．since
答案：A 考查状语从句。根据从句的动词时态可知主句谓语动词的动作在从句谓语动词之前已经完成，引导词的意思是“这时突然……”；选A。(7)(2009·浙江)The medicine works more effectively ________ you drink some hot water after taking it.
A．as B．until C．although D．if
答案：D 考查连词区别及句意理解。句意：如果服药后多喝热水的话，其效果更好。
(8)(2009·辽宁)It just isn't fair________I was working as a waiter last month，my friends were lying on the beach.
A．whenever B．though
C．for D．while
答案：D 考查连词用法。whenever“无论何时”；though“尽管”； for“因为”；while“当……时候”。句意为：这太不公平了，上个月当我在做侍者时，我的朋友们却躺在海滩上。(9)(2009·安徽)—I wonder how much you charge for your services.
—The first two are free________the third costs $30.
A．while B．until
C．when D．before
答案：A 考查了连词的用法。while表示转折对比。句意为“前两种是免费，然而第三种花费30美元”。(10)(2009·上海)You can't borrow books from the school library ________ you get your student card.
A．before B．if
C．while D．as
答案：A(11)(2009·湖南)________ the police thought he was the most likely one, since they had no exact proof about it, they could not arrest him.
A．Although B．As long as
C．If only D．As soon as
答案：A 本题考查连词的用法。Although在此引导让步状语从句，与后文主句部分构成转折关系。句意为：虽然警察认为他是最有可能的嫌疑人，但是并没有直接证据，因而不能拘捕他。
(12)(2009·重庆)Peter was so excited ________he received an invitation from his friend to visit Chongqing.
A．where B．that
C．why D．when
答案：D 考查连词。句中的so相当于very，因此排除B项。句意为：收到朋友邀请他去重庆的请柬，彼得十分兴奋。(13)(2009·四川)Owen wouldn't eat anything________he cooked it himself.
A．until B．since
C．unless D．while
答案：C 考查连词。句意：“欧文只吃自己亲手做的食物”。unless“除非；如果不”；合乎句意。
(14)(2009·江西)Some of you may have finished unit one. ________ , you can go on to unit two.
A. If you may B. If you do
C. If not D. If so
答案：D 考查了省略句的用法。so代指前面整句话内容。句意为“你们当中有些人可能已经完成了第一单元，如果那样，你们可以继续进行第二单元。”(15)(2009·陕西)My parents don't mind what job I do________I am happy.
A. even though B. as soon as
C. as long as D. as though
答案：C 考查状语从句。根据题干意思可知此处是条件状语从句，引导词意为“只要”，故选C。even though引导让步状语从句，意为“即使”；as soon as引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就……”；as though引导方式状语从句，意思为“仿佛，好象”。(16)(2009·北京)John plays basketball well，________his favorite sport is badminton.
A．so B．or
C．yet D．for
答案：C 本题题意：约翰篮球打得很好，然而他最喜爱的运动却是羽毛球。yet作为连词，表示“可是，却，然而”。例如：I don't know him, yet I can get his help. 我不认识他，但我会得到他的帮助。(17)(2008·全国Ⅰ)—Have you got any idea for the summer vacation?
—I don't mind where we go________there's sun, sea and beach.
A．as if B．as long as
C．now that D．in order that
答案：B 本题题意“对于暑假你有什么看法？”“只要有阳光，大海和海滩，我并不在意去哪儿。”as/so long as表示“只要”，引导条件状语从句。(18)(2008·安徽)—Do you have a minute? I've got something to tell you.
—OK，________you make it short.
A．now that B．if only
C．so long as D．every time
答案：C 考查连词短语。now that“既然”；if only“但愿”；so long as“只要”；every time“每当”。由语境不难看出，答语意思应为“只要你长话短说就行”。(19)(2008·福建)Nancy enjoyed herself so much______she visited her friends in Sydney last year.
A．that B．which
C．when D．where
答案：C 本题考查了状语从句的用法。when引导了一个时间状语从句，句意为“去年当Nancy去悉尼看她的朋友时玩得非常高兴”。(20)(2008·安徽)All the neighbors admire this family，________the parents are treating their child like a friend.
A．why B．where
C．which D．that
答案：B
解析：考查主从复合句。读全句不难看出逗号后为一非限制性定语从句，排除that。定语从句有主语和定语排除which；由上下句的逻辑关系可知正确选项为B。where引导定语从句(＝in which)，句意为“在他们家，父母把子女当朋友对待。”课件76张PPT。1．straightforward adj.简单的，易懂的
①The issue is not quite straightforward as it seems.
这个问题不像看上去那么简单。
②This article is written in straightforward language.
这篇文章用易懂的文字写成。
知识拓展
straightforward adj.坦率的；直截了当的2．association n．[C，U]联系；联想
①He has no association with foreigners.
他和外国人没有联系。
②Scotland has all kinds of happy associations for me.
苏格兰给我各种各样愉快的联想。知识拓展
in association with 与……合作
associate v. 将……联系起来；交往；联合；联想。3．ambiguous adj. 歧义的；含糊的
①All the ambiguous phrases should be removed from the writing.
所有可能引起歧义的短语都要从文章中删掉。词语辨析
ambiguous，vague
ambiguous 意为“歧义的；含糊的”，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清，难以理解和把握。
vague 意为“不明确的；含糊的”，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚、不明了。②His ambiguous directions confused us；we did not know which of the two roads to take.
他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑，以至于我们不知道两条路该走哪条了。
③He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.
他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。4．dilemma n. [C]进退两难的境地；困难的抉择
①Mary is facing the dilemma of obeying her father or marrying the man she loves.
是服从父亲还是嫁给自己所爱的人是玛丽面临的难题。
②She is in a dilemma about the job offer.
对于这份工作她不知道是接受还是不接受。知识拓展
be in a dilemma 在进退两难中
put sb. in a dilemma 使某人左右为难
5．explicit adj. 清楚明白的；易于理解的
①They gave explicit reasons for leaving.
他们明确地说出了离开的原因。
②He gave his opinion in explicit terms.
他直截了当地提出了自己的意见。
知识拓展
explicitness n．[U]明确性；直言不讳6．concept n. [C]概念；观念
He presented a new concept of the beginning of the universe.
他提出了一种宇宙起源的新概念。
知识拓展
conception n．[U，C]概念；观念；思想词语辨析
concept(ion)，idea，thought
concept(ion) “概念；观念；计划”，可指观念的形成、构想或设计的产物。
idea “想法，主意”，指基于理解、思维、推理、想象而产生的思想、念头等。
thought “思想，想法；概念”指经过思考或推理后形成的想法。7．furthermore
adv. 而且，此外。
He lost his way; furthermore, his car broke down.
他迷了路，而且他的汽车坏了。即学即用
The house isn't big enough, and________， it's too far from the town.
A．though B．therefore
C．furthermore D．nevertheless
答案：C 句意：这栋房子不够大，而且，它离市区太远。furthemore在此表示“此外，而且”。though尽管；therefore因此；nevertheless然而。8．thus
adv.如此，这样；因此。
①He sold his farm and thus he had enough money for his journey.
他卖掉了农场，这样他就有足够的钱旅行了。
②He forgot to turn on the radio and thus missed the program.
他忘了打开收音机，因此错过了那个节目。特别提示
thus 位于句中时，后常跟现在分词(短语)作结果状语。
词语辨析
thus/so/therefore
(1)thus adv.因此，所以。可放在句首或句中。
①We do not own the building. Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it.
我们不是这栋楼房的房主，因此不能对它进行大的改动。(2)so因此，所以。它是一个并列连词，连接前后两个分句。
②He was sick, so he went to see a doctor.
他病了，所以他去看医生了。
(3)therefore adv.因此，所以。常放在句首，表示结果。可以单独使用，也可以和and连用。
③He has broken his leg and therefore he can't walk.
他摔断了腿，因此不能走路了。即学即用
They added much water in the drug，________reducing its effectiveness.
A．and B．thus
C．rather D．otherwise
答案：B 句意：他们往药里加了很多水，结果降低了药效。thus后一般跟现在分词作结果状语。9．reject
vt. 拒绝，不接受；不录用；驳回。reject表示“拒绝，不接受”时后面常接gift，offer，opinion，suggestion等名词。
①It's up to you to accept or reject the proposal.
对该建议是接受还是拒绝由你决定。
②One of my papers was rejected.
我的一篇论文被退回来了。词语辨析
reject/refuse/object
(1)reject“拒绝，不接受”，其后直接跟名词、代词作宾语，不接不定式，语气较强。
①The proposal was rejected.
这项提议被否决了。
(2)refuse“拒绝，回绝”，主要用于拒绝别人的请求、要求、邀请求或帮助，其后可以接动词不定式。
②They were refused admittance.
他们被拒绝入内。(3)object表示“反对”，后常跟介词to.
③However, others strongly object to developing private cars.
然而，另外一些人强烈反对发展私人小汽车。
即学即用
He ________for the job vacancy because he couldn't be punctual even for the interview.
A．rejected B．was rejected
C．refused D．was refused
答案：B 本题考查refuse与feject的区别。reject表示“拒绝，不录用”；而refuse 表示“拒绝(别人的邀请或帮助等)”。由语境可知答案为B。10．abuse
1)v.虐待；辱骂；滥用，妄用。
①I promised not to abuse their kindness.
我答应不辜负他们的一片好心。
②Don't abuse your friends.
不要辱骂你的朋友。
2)n.滥用，妄用；虐待；恶语。
①Drug abuse led to his early death.
滥用药物导致了他的早亡。
②They gave me much abuse for no fault.
他们无缘无故地大骂我。11．superior
1)adj.职位较高的；上乘的，占优势的。无比较级和最高级。
①This skirt is made of superior cloth.
这条裙子是用上等质地的料子做的。
②We defeated the enemy by our superior forces.
我们以优势兵力击败敌人。
2)n.上级，长官。
He had a good working relationship with his superior.
他与他的上司有良好的工作关系。知识拓展
1)superiority n．优势，优越性
2)英语中某些(形容)词在表示比较的时候不用“than”，而用“to”，这类常用的(形容)词有：prior较早的，较重要的；inferior下等的，次的；senior年长的，地位高的；preferable更好的，更胜一筹的。
①The task is prior to all others.
这项任务比其他所有的任务都重要。
②These apples are inferior in flavour to those.
这些苹果的味道不如那些苹果的味道。
③He is two years senior to me.
他比我大两岁。12．curiosity
n. [U]好奇心；[C]古玩；珍品
①What the scientist mentioned in his speech excited our curiosity.
那位科学家在他的演讲中所提到的事情引起了我们的好奇心。
②The young girl has a collection of curiosities.
这个年轻的女孩收藏了一批古玩。
知识拓展
curious adj. 好奇的；奇怪的
curiously adv. 奇异地；好奇地即学即用
People have always been curious________how living things on the earth exactly began.
A．in B．at
C．of D．about
答案：D 句意：人们一直对地球上的生物是如何起源的感到好奇。be curious about意为“对……感到好奇”。13．clarify v．弄明白；澄清
①Would you please clarify your last point?
请你说明你的最后一个要点好吗？
②He clarified his stand on his issue.
他澄清了他在该问题上的立场。知识拓展
clarification. n．[U]澄清
14．tendency n．[C]趋向；倾向
①There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in office.
人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋向日益增长。
②Bob has a tendency to exaggerate things.
鲍勃有爱夸张的倾向。知识拓展
have a tendency to 趋向于……
tend v．倾向，趋向15．significance n. [U]意义；含义
①Few people realized the significance of the discovery.
几乎没人意识到这个发现的意义。
②What was the significance of her look?
她那种表情有什么含义？知识拓展
be of great/major/little significance
有重大意义/无意义
significant adj. 重要的，有意义的16．withdraw v. 收回；撤销(说过的话)
I insist that you withdraw your offensive remarks immediately.
我要求你必须立刻收回那些过头的话。
知识拓展
withdrawal n. [C，U]收回；撤回17．status n．[U]地位
Doctors have great/high status in most countries.
医生在大多数国家里享有很高的地位。
词语辨析
status，statue，stature，statute
status 是[站立的位置→]“地位”之义。
statue 是[站着的姿态→]“塑像”之义。
stature 是[站立的高度→]“身高”之义。
statute 是[已确立之物→]“法令”之义。18．potential adj. 潜在的；可能的
①She was the first to realize the potential danger of the situation.
她第一个意识到了处境潜在的危险。
②The book is a potential best-seller.
该书或许会成为一部畅销书。
注意：potential 无比较级形式。知识拓展
potential n．[U]潜力，可能性
potentially adv. 潜在地
19．approval n．[U]赞许；赞成
①We went to the party with our parents' approval.
我们取得父母同意后去参加聚会。
②He nodded in approval.
他点头表示赞成。
知识拓展
express/show approval 表示赞成
on approval(商品)供试用的注意：approve表示“赞成”时常与of连用。20．offence/-nse n．[U]得罪；使伤感情
①He took offence when I said that.
当我说到那个问题时，他生气了。
②I'm sure he didn't mean to cause offence to you.
我肯定他并非有意得罪你。
知识拓展
commit an offence 犯罪
give/cause offence 使……受伤害
take offence at 对……生气
offend v．得罪；伤害……的感情；使不舒服；违反21．betray v．对……不忠，背叛，出卖
①He betrayed his leaders.
他背叛了他的领导。
②She betrayed all the members of the group to the enemy.
她把组织的所有成员都出卖给了敌人。知识拓展
betray onself 无意中露出本性
betray 分有意识的和无意识的两种用法：
betray
betrayal n. [U，C]出卖，背叛22．oppose v．反对
①The planned new airport will be strongly opposed by the residents.
修建新机场的计划将会遭到当地居民的强烈反对。
②They opposed the new tax law.
他们反对新税法。注意：be opposed to 后接(动)名词。
[译]我非常反对让他一个人走。
[误]I am very much opposed to permit him to go alone.
[正]I am very much opposed to permitting him to go alone.23．prejudice n．[U，C]偏见；歧视
①He has a prejudice against career women.
他对职业妇女有偏见。
②A judge must be free from prejudice.
法官必须不抱成见。知识拓展
prejudice v. 怀有偏见；损害24．resist v．反抗；抵抗
①If he has a gun, don't try to resist.
如果他有枪就不要反抗。
②I can't resist strawberries.
我挡不住草莓的诱惑。
我的利益与你的冲突。
③The hours of the two meetings conflict.
这两个会议时间冲突。知识拓展
conflict with 与……相冲突
in conflict with 与……相冲突1．a(huge/large)number of＝(huge/large)numbers of许多，大量(修饰可数名词复数；句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数)
the number of……的数目；修饰可数名词复数；句中作主语，谓语动词用单数。
①There are a large number of people there.
那里有很多人。
②Numbers of people visited the fair.
许多人参观了展览会。③Birds gather in large numbers beside the river.
鸟儿一群群地聚在河边。
④The number of girls in this class is large.
这个班级的女孩人数多。
⑤The number of skilled workers is small.
熟练工人人数较少。
知识拓展
1)只修饰可数名词的有：
many(of the), a great/good many (of the)，a large/big/great number of, large/big/great numbers of，many a
2)只修饰不可数名词的有：
much (of the), a great/good deal of, a great/good amount of，large/big/great amounts of
3)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有：
a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a large quantity of，large quantities of即学即用
________of the students in our school is larger than that in their school.
A．Numbers B．The number
C．A number D．The numbers
答案：B2．be relevant to 与……有关
①What you have said is not relevant to the present question.
你说的话和目前的问题无关。
②The scientist corresponds with colleagues in order to learn about matters relevant to her own research.
那个科学家和同事们相互通信了解和她自己的研究有关的事。即学即用
完成句子
The judge ruled that the evidence________(与……无关)the case.
答案：was not relevant to3．get down to sth./doing sth.开始做某事
①Let's first have a drink before we get down to business.
我们做正事之前，先喝杯酒吧。
②It is high time you got down to some serious work.
你该认真干点正事了。即学即用
As soon as we got there, we______repairing the machine.
A．started to B．began to
C．decide to D．got down to
答案：D4．let sb. down 使某人失望；辜负某人
①Please come and support me. Don't let me down.
请来支持我，别让我失望。
②This machine won't let you down.
这部机器不会出毛病，你尽管放心。
即学即用
完成句子
What he has done__________(使我很失望)．
答案：let me down1．The demand for Chinese as a foreign languge is growing fast, both in English-speaking countries, such as Britain and the USA, and in other countries like France, where the number of students studying Chinese has increased by 15% each year in recent years.
把汉语作为外语的要求正迅速增长，例如，在英国、美国等说英语的国家和法国等不说英语的国家，近年来，学习汉语的学生的数目正以每年15%的速度递增。1)demand n. 要求；需要
They tried hard to meet the workers' demand for better working conditions.
他们想方设法满足了工人们提出的改善工作条件的要求。知识拓展
demand v. 要求
常用搭配：
demand＋名词
demand＋宾语从句(从句中用虚拟语气)
①He demanded an early reply.
他要求尽早做出答复。
②He demanded that the workers(should)be back to their posts.
他要求工人们回到工作岗位上去。2)by 15%
by可用来表示增减幅度；表示“增加到”则用“to”。
①Because of the flood, the water in the river has increased by 10 metres.
由于发生了洪水，河水上涨了10米。
②This year the output of that car factory has increased to 10 000.
那个汽车厂的产量今年增加到10, 000台。即学即用
(1)I demanded that John________there at once.
A．go B．goes
C．went D．would go
答案：A
(2)Luckily, the bullet narrowly missed the captain______an inch.
A．by B．at
C．to D．from
答案：A2．As one American student says，“The biggest problem about learning Chinese is often fear—sometimes caused by the teachers...”
正如一位美国学生说的：“学习汉语最大的问题常常是害怕——有时是由老师引起的……”。
as是关系代词，引导定语从句，在定语从句中作say的宾语，意思是“正如；正像”。
As is known to us all, the earth is round.
正如我们所知，地球是圆的。
关系代词as引导的定语从句与which引导的定语从句
as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1)as和which都可以在定语从句中作主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。
He married her, as/which was natural.
他娶了她，那是很自然的。
2)as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，甚至还可分割主句，且常见于as is known, as sb. can know, as sb. know, as it's well known, as it is, as is said above等句型中。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常有“正如；正像”的含义。①John, as you know, is a famous writer.
正如你所知道的，约翰是一个著名作家。
②Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don't believe.
我不相信张华已经去巴黎超过10次了。
3)当先行词被such, the same修饰时，关系代词常用as。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.
这是和我上周丢失的一样的词典。注意：当先行词被the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。
①She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.
她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的那条连衣裙。
②She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.
她穿着跟她妹妹一样的连衣裙。即学即用
________is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
A．Which B．When C．What D．As
答案：D as引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语，代表后面的整个句子。3．I remember the first time I heard a native of Beijing speaking, it was so clear!
我记得第一次听到北京当地话，太地道了！
the first time连词，引导时间状语从句，相当于when...for the first time。
The first time I met him, he was a child.
我第一次见到他时，他还是个孩子 。词语辨析
the first time＋从句与It's the first time＋从句
1)the first time＋从句，表示“第一次做……时”，从句的时态用一般过去时态。
2)It's the first time＋从句，表示“这是我第一次做”，从句的时态用完成时态。
①The first time I read the book, I liked it.
我初次读这本书就喜欢上了它。
②It's the first time I have seen such a beautiful lake.
这是我第一次看见这么美丽的湖。
③It was the first time he had been to Beijing.
那是他第一次去北京。即学即用
I thought of her nice and honest________I met her.
A．first time
B．for the first time
C．the first time
D．by the first time
答案：C4．Established in 1990, the HSK test was initially meant for those learners who regard Chinese as a second or foreign language.
HSK测试创立于1990年，起初是为面向那些把汉语作为第二语言或外语的学习者成立的。
be meant for为……而有；注定要成为……；计划被给予某人
①The magazine was meant for young girls.
那份杂志是编给年轻女孩看的。
②He was meant for a painter.
他注定要当画家。
③I was never meant for the army.
我根本不是当兵的材料。即学即用
In some parts of London, missing a bus means________for another hour.
A．waiting B．to wait
C．wait D．to be waiting
答案：A mean doing表示“意味着”；句意：在伦敦的部分地区，错过一班车意味着要再等上一个小时。
