2022年牛津译林版中考英语清单专题：定语从句

定语从句
知识点1：先行词与关系词
知识点2：关系代词的用法
知识点3：关系副词的用法
知识点4：定语从句中需注意的事项
定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来担任,也可以由一个从句来担任。担任定语功能的从句称为定语从句。定语从句在句子中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。
知识1. 先行词与关系词
先行词
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。先行词一般出现在定语从句之前。
Do you know the girl who is singing on the stage
你认识在舞台上唱歌的那个姑娘吗
This is the museum which was built last year.
这就是去年建成的博物馆。
I'll forever remember the days when I studied abroad.
我将永远记得我在国外求学的日子。
Let's find a place where we can have a picnic.
我们找一个能野餐的地方吧。
关系词
引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,关系副词在从句中作状语。
Speaking of the USA,New York is the first thing that comes to mind.
说到美国,人们最先想到的就是纽约。(作主语)
I'll cherish the moment when I met Lisa.
我将怀念我和莉萨见面的那一时刻。(作状语)
温馨提示
在定语从句中,关系词取代了先行词。因此不能再重复先行词。
This is the right book that you are looking for the book.(x)
(应去掉 for 后的 the book)
This is the right book that you are looking for it.
( x)(应去掉 it)
This is the right book that you are looking for.
( √)这正是你正在找的书。
3.关系代词和关系副词
(1)常见的关系代词
关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,常见的关系代词有that、which、who、whom、whose。
关系代词 先行词 在从句中充当成分
that 指人或指物 主语、宾语、表语
which 指物 主语、宾语
who 指人 主语、宾语
whom 指人 宾语
whose 指人或指物 定语
(2)常见的关系副词
关系副词在定语从司中作状语，常见的关系副词有 when, where, why
关系副词 先行词 相应的介词结构
when day,year,date,time 等 during/on/in which 等
where the place,the city 等 at/in/ from which 等
why the reason for which
Mr White invited many friends to his party whom/who he respected.
怀特先生邀请了很多他尊敬的朋友参加他的聚会。
(whom/who在定语从句中作respected的宾语，指代 many friends)
Make marks at the places where you have question.
在你有问题的地方做上标记(where在定语从句中作地点状语)
I still remember the time when we first met years ago.
我依然记得很多年前我们第一次见面的时候。(when在定语从句中作时间状语)
知识2关系代词的用法
1.who,whom的用法
二者都用于指人who 在定语从句中作主语、宾语， whom在定语从句中作宾语
I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards.
我有很多要给他们寄明信片的朋友。(whom在从句中作宾语)
He is the man who lives next door.
他就是住在隔壁的那名男子。(who在从句中作主语)
例We'll never forget those______lost their lives for our country.
A.who B.which C.whom
解析
句意:我们永远忘不了那些为祖国牺牲的人。考查定语从句引导词。根据句意可知先行词指人:分析句子结构可知,关系词在从句中作主语故用who。
温馨提示
在现代英语中,定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 whom也可用 who 代替,但 who 不用于介词后。在非限制性定语从句中，whom 不可用 who 替代。
I happened to meet the professor( who/whom ) I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday.
昨天在购物中心,我碰巧遇见了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。
2.whose 的用法
whose表示“……的”,既可指人,也可指物。在定语从句中作定语。
You're the only one whose advice he might listen to.
只有你的建议他可能会听。
He is the man whose car was stolen last night.
他就是昨晚车被偷的那个人。
I's the house whose door is painted red.
这就是那所门涂成红色的房子
The book ____cover has a beautiful picture is Lily's.
A.which B.whose C. that
解析：
句意:那本封面有着漂亮图面的书是Lily的分新句子结构可知，关系词在从创中体定语，故选whose
3.which 的用法
（1）which一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语。
This is the book which he gave me.
这就是他给我的那本书(作宾语)
The train which has just left is for Shenzhen.
刚开走的火车是驶往深圳的(作主语)
(2)在定语从句中作介词的宾语
The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.
我过去住的房子现在变成一家鞋店了。(作in的宾语)
The pen with which you are writing is Jeff’s.
你现在正用来写字的那支钢笔是杰夫的。(作with 的宾语)
例--Have you heard of the basketball team___won the NBA championship last year
-Of course, it's my favorite basketball team-Warriors.
A.whose B.which C.who
解析：
句意:你听说过去年赢得NBA冠军的篮球队吗 --当然了，它是我最喜欢的篮球队--勇士队。根据句意可知,先行词team指物;分析句子结构可知,关系词在从句中作主语,故选which。
4.that 的用法
that指人或物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,还可作表语，作宾语或表语时可省略
The picture( that ) we are studying was drawn by a fifteen- year-old student.
我们正在研究的这幅画是一个十五岁的学生画的。(作宾语,指代the picture)
She is the girl that helped us yesterday
她就是昨天帮助我们的那个女孩。(作主语，指代the girl)
Xiongan is not the city that used to be.
雄安不再是以前的那座城市了。(作表语，指代the city)
温馨提示
注意:that作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that之前。如介词提前则需要用which或whom
The man with that/who you talked just now is my neighbor,(x)
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbor.
刚才跟你谈话的那个人是我的邻居.
In America. Thanksgiving is a holiday ______celebrates the love of family.
A.who B./ C.that
句意:在美国感恩节是庆祝家庭之爱的一个节日，此句中，先行司holiday指物,且关系词在从句中作主诉，不能省略，故用that。
关系词指物时，只用that，不用which的情况
知识拓展
①当先行词是all.little,much,none,everything,anything, nothing 带不定代词时。
Is there anything that you don't understand
你有什么不懂的地方吗
②当先行词前面有the only.the very,the last等修饰时。
This is the only book that I can find这是我能找到的唯一一本书
③当序数词或形容调最高级修饰先行词时
This is the best book that I have ever read.
这是我读过的最好的书。
④ 当先行词前面有all,any,no 等修饰时
I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun.
我想读所有鲁迅写的书。
⑤当主句是以疑问词 which 开头的特殊疑问句时
Which is the hotel that you like best
哪个是你最喜欢的旅店
温馨提示
关系代词的省咯
一般情况下 that,which,whom作宾语时可以省略,但在从句中作介词的宾语且位于介词后面时,不能省略
I'll never forget the day on which I joined the club.
我永远不会忘记我加入俱乐部的那一天。(which作 on的宾语,不能省略)
知识3关系副词的用法
1.when 的用法
在从句中作时间状语。主要用于修饰表示时间的名间,其先行司通常为 time,day,year, week 等。常可用o which, in which ,at which ,during which 等代替
April Fool's Day is the day when people make fun of others.
(=April Fool's Day is the day on which people make fun of others.)
愚人节是人们愚弄他人的日子。
I still remember the time when I first traveled by plane.
我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时候。
2.where 的用法
在从句中作地点状语。其先行词通常是表地点的名间,如place,house.position 等。常可用in which,on which, at which,to which 等代替。
This is the mountain village where l stayed last year.
这就是我去年待过的山村
Keep the books in a place where you can find them easily.
把书放在你容易找到的地方
3.why的再法
在从句中作原因状语，一般跟在先行词the reason之后。可以用for which代替。
is this the reason why she refused our offer
这就是她拒绝我们帮助她的理由吗
I don't want to listen to any reason why you were absent.
我不相断你缺席的任何理由
温馨提示
关系副词的省略
① the time ,every time, each time,the moment 等后的关系划词可省略。
By the time( when ) he was fourteen years old, Einstein had learnt advanced mathematics all by himself.
到十四岁时，爱因斯坦已经自学了高等数学。
②在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时也可以者略，如the place
This is the place( where )we met years ago.
这就是我们多年前相遇的地方
③先行词 the reason后面的关系副词可省略
The reason he did that is quite clear.
他那样做的理由是非常清楚的
知识4定语从句中需注意的事项
1.主谓一致问题
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致
(1)先行词是单数从句的谓语动词用单数;先行词是复数，从句的谓语动词用复数
Mr Smith, who is now downstairs,is asking to see you.
史密斯先生要见你，他现在在楼下。
The Smiths, who are now downstairs, are asking to see you.
史密斯夫妇要见你，他们在楼下。
“one of+复数名词”后的定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式;
the(only)one of+复数名词"或“the very/right one of+复数名词”后的定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
Jeff is one of the students who were awarded.
杰夫是那些获奖的学生中的一个
Jeff is the only one of the students who was awarded.
杰夫是那些学生中唯一一个获奖的。
2.what 不可引导定语从句
what本身是“复合关系代词”等同于“先行词+关系代词(which/that)"，因此，不能用what 引导定语从句
Tell me what is happening.=Tell me all that is happening
告诉我正发生着什么事。