2022英语提分计划基础语法之词法篇
名词
Ⅰ. 考情分析
名词是高考英语的考查的重点,高考试题主要侧重于对形近名词、意近名词的辨析以及对名词的固定搭配的考查。在语法填空与短文改错中重点考查名词单复数、不可数名词、名词所有格和词性转化;在完形填空中考查在具体语境中名词的辨析;在阅读理解中考查词义猜测。
Ⅱ. 考点回顾
一、名词的复数
1. 可数名词复数的规则变化,通常是在单数形式后加词缀-s或-es。
(1)单数名词词尾直接加-s。如:month→months, German→Germans, human→humans。
(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如:class→classes, box→boxes, match→matches, brush→brushes。
【注意】stomach→stomachs。
(3) 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如:family→families, city→cities, baby→babies, lady→ladies, fly→flies。
(4)以o结尾的名词的复数形式有3种:①多数要在词尾加-s:radio→radios, zoo→zoos, photo→photos, piano→pianos, kilo→kilos, tobacco→tobaccos。
②在词尾加-es: hero, potato, tomato。
③有些加-s或-es:motto, volcano, zero, mosquito。
(5)以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”,之后再加-es。如:knife, leaf, life, self, wife, wolf等。
【注意】①handkerchief →handkerchiefs/ handkerchieves(手帕), scarf(围巾)
②在词尾加-s的有:belief, chief, proof, roof。
2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化
(1)内部变化
①foot→ goose→ tooth→
②mouse→
③gentleman→ man→ woman→ policeman→
Englishman→ Frenchwoman→
(2)词尾变化
①analysis分析→ basis基础→ crisis危机→
②bacterium细菌→ datum数据→ medium媒介→
③criterion标准→ phenomenon现象→
④child→ ox→ penny→pence或pennies
quiz→
(3)单复数同形①Chinese Japanese Swiss
②aircraft deer sheep fish
③crossroads means series species works(工厂)
3. 有些名词通常以复数形式出现。
(1)cattle, people, police, works(作品、著作)。
(2)由两部分构成:chopsticks(筷子), clothes(衣服), compasses(圆规), glasses(眼镜), jeans(牛仔裤), scissors(剪刀), shorts, trousers(裤子)。
4. 常见的不可数名词:advice(建议), air(空气), attention, baggage/ luggage (行李), behavior, equipment, fish(鱼肉), fun, furniture(家具), harm, health, homework, housework, information(信息), knowledge, luck, money, music, nature, news(新闻), pollution, progress, traffic, weather, wealth, wood, word(消息、诺言), work(工作)等。
二、名词所有格
1. ’s所有格主要用于有生命的东西
(1)单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加’s构成所有格。
men’s room男厕所、 Chairman Mao’s works毛主席著作、 Children’s Day
(2)如果该复数名词是以-s或-es接尾,则只在该名词后加“’”来构成所有格。
the workers’ reading-room、 the teachers’ office
a five hours’ walk(a five-hour walk)五小时的路程
(3)用名词所有格表示处所,其后的表示处所的名词shop, house, office可以省略。
at a butcher’s (shop)在肉铺、at a barber’s在理发店、at a tailor’s在裁缝铺、
at my sister’s (house)在我姐姐的家、at Chaplin’s在卓别林的家、
at a doctor’s (office)在诊所
2. 双重所有格(double genitive)是指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即“冠词/某些不定代词/指示代词/数词等+ 名词+of+名词所有格或名词性物主代词”。
a friend of my wife’s我妻子的一个朋友、many books of theirs他们的许多书
三、名词作定语
通常用单数名词作定语,表示被修饰名词的时间、材料/类别、用途/功能、性别、地点、来源、职业等。
evening school夜校、winter sleep冬眠、Friday night周五晚上;stone table石桌、cotton goods棉织品;coffee cup咖啡杯、paper factory纸厂;boy friend男朋友、women drivers女司机;country music乡村音乐、street dance街舞;air pollution空气污染、road accident交通事故、weather report天气预报;history teacher历史老师。
Ⅲ. 真题感悟
一、语法填空
[例1]But Jane knew from past experience that her __36__ (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.
[简析]choice。
[例2]While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the ___69___ (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
[简析]changes。由谓语动词are可知,空格处应填名词的复数形式changes。
[例3]In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their __63__(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.
[简析]ability。their后接名词。
[例4] Any smell might attract natural ___65___ (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.
[简析]enemies。动词后接名词形式作宾语,此处natural enemies“天敌”,应使用复数形式。
[例5]Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ___56___ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.
[简析]carrots。根据a handful of,故填carrots。
[例6]I’m a __66__(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
[简析]scientist。
[例7] In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a __66__(believe) that populations are increasing.
[简析]考查名词。根据其前不定冠词和其后的同位语从句可知,空格处为名词形式,故填belief。
[例8] When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting __66__(compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.
[简析] competition。介词of后接名词形式作宾语,且该名词前面被形容词修饰。
[例9]Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in __62__(weigh) problems.
[简析]weight。
[例10]It is calculated by dividing a __58__ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy. (2021年1月浙江卷)
[简析]person’s 考查名词所有格。dividing后面的宾语weight需用名词所有格作定语。
二、短文改错
[例1]There are branch library in many villages.
[简析]library→libraries。
[例2]We climb everywhere, not only in America. We have been to Europe many time.
[简析]time →times。
[例3] My grandma was the best cooker in the world and could make the most delicious dishes.
[简析]cooker →cook。
[例4]Your knowledges of Greece can help the whole class.
[简析]knowledges→knowledge。
[例5]She always made sure that our homework was finished on time, and she marked strictly on student’s actual performance.
[简析]student’s →students’。
[例6]I first met Li Meng at a friend birthday party five years ago.
[简析]friend →friend’s。
[例7]I’d like to stay there for half a month, visiting place of interest and practicing my English as well.
[简析]place →places。
[例8]Tom was having much troubles getting up in the morning and was always late for work.
[简析]troubles →trouble。
[例9] Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and electric at home.
[简析]electric →electricity。
[例10]Mom, I know I have never expressed my thank to you before.
[简析]thank →thanks。
[例11]You told me the name of different plants and their characteristics.
[简析]name →names。
[例12]He has ruined his healthy.
[简析]healthy →health。
[例13]His new job meant I had to say goodbye to my classmate, my school and just everything else I love in the world.
[简析]classmate →classmates。
[例14]When I was a very young children, my father created a regular practice I remember well years later.
[简析]children→child。
[例15]When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night.
[简析]Friday’s →Friday。名词Friday修饰night,意为“周五晚上”。