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国题围Grammar ——过去完成时
?语法图解
?探究发现
①He asked me where I had been during the summer holidays.
②What had Jane done by the time she was seven
③I had learned 900 English words by the time I was ten.
④She had lived here for a few years before she moved to Beijing.
⑤By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I had cooked the dinner already.
⑥Had you ever seen her before that
[我的发现]
1．过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。
2．过去完成时的疑问句，将had提前。
一、概念及基本结构
过去完成时表示过去的过去，其构成是：had＋过去分词。
1．肯定句：主语＋had＋过去分词。
2．否定句：主语＋had＋not＋过去分词。
3．一般疑问句：Had＋主语＋过去分词？
肯定回答：Yes，主语＋had。
否定回答：No，主语＋had not。
4．特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组＋一般疑问句(had＋主语＋过去分词)
[即时演练1] 用所给词的适当形式填空
①She said she had seen (see) the principle already.
②She said her family had hidden (hide) themselves from the army during the war.
二、基本用法
1．表示某一动作在过去某一时刻之前已完成。
He had gone to bed by 10：00 last night.
昨夜十点钟之前他已上床去睡了。
2．与一般过去时搭配，表达某一动作在过去的动作发生时已完成。
The train had left when I got to the station.
当我到达车站时火车已开走了。
The minute I saw a lady getting off the bus, I knew it was her, for I had seen her before.
我一看到正在下公共汽车的那位女士就知道是她，因为我以前见过她。
3．表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟时间段)或since (后跟时间点)等连用。
She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago.
自从这所学校25年前开办以来，她一直在这里工作。
4．使用过去完成时在简单句里表达某一动作在过去的某一时刻已完成时，该过去的时刻常以“by＋过去时间”的短语来表达。
例如下面的说法是不正确的：
He had gone to bed at 10：00 last night.
若是要说“at 10：00 last night”就必须用一般过去时“He went to bed ...”。 请再观察下面的句子试比较：
It had rained yesterday.(误)
It rained yesterday.(正)
[即时演练2] 补全句子
①I had reached the station before six o'clock.
六点之前我已到达车站。
②By the time we arrived, everyone had received medical care.
我们到达时，每个人已接受了医疗护理。
三、常见句型
过去完成时既可表示过去某个时间或动作之前所发生的事情，也可表示过去某个时间或动作之前所发生的动作一直持续到过去某个时间，下面是过去完成时的常见句型：
1．By the end of＋名词(短语)，主语＋had done ...
By the end of the day, most of the inhabitants had left their homes.
到这一天结束的时候，大部分居民已离开他们的家园。
2．主句＋had done＋ before＋过去时间状语
I had finished my homework before five o'clock.
五点之前我已完成作业。
3．用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句，表示动作发生在这些动作之前。
She said that she had never been to Paris.
她说她从未去过巴黎。
4．By the time＋从句(did/was/were), 主语＋had done ...
By the time we arrived, someone had grabbed all the good seats.
我们到达时，所有的好位子都给人占了。
5．主语＋had done ...＋before 从句(did/was/were)
Fortunately, the population had left the village before the volcano erupted.
幸运的是，火山喷发前人们已离开了村庄。
6．主语＋had done ...＋when 从句(did/was/were)
They had already put the fire out when I returned to the village.
当我返回村子时，人们已将大火扑灭。
7．主语＋(did/was/were)＋after 从句(had done)
The earthquake happened in the daytime after people had already left home for work or school.
地震发生在白天，当时人们已离开家去上班或上学。
8．Hardly (scarcely, barely) had＋主语＋done＋when从句(did/was/were); No sooner had＋主语＋done＋than从句(did/was/were)
Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down.
我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。
No sooner had he left home than it began to rain.
他一离开家天就下起雨来。
9．It/This/That was the first/... time＋that 从句 (had done)
It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.
这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。
10．It was/had been＋一段时间＋since 从句 (had done)
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我们已经有十年都没这么高兴过了。
11．hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think 等动词有时用过去完成时表示一件本来打算做而未做，曾经设想而未实现的事。
They had wanted to help but could not get here in time.
他们本想来帮忙，但未及时赶到。
I had thought that he had died at least twenty years ago.
我原以为他至少死了二十年。
I had intended to come over to see you, but was prevented from doing so.
我原打算过来看你，但受阻未成。
12．用于表示与过去事实相反的if 虚拟条件句中
If she had seen you yesterday, she would have told you the truth.
如果她昨天见过你，她就会告诉你事实的真相。
13．用在 wish 后的宾语从句中，表示与过去事实相反。
I wished that he hadn't made such a mistake.
我希望他从未犯过这样的错误。
[即时演练3] 用所给词的适当形式填空
①By the time she reached hospital, she had slipped (slip) into a coma.
②By the end of June, they had treated (treat) over 10,000 patients.
③He had learned (learn) a lot before he was 10 years old.
四、过去完成时与其他时态的区别
过去完成时有特殊的语法规则，它与其他完成时有明显不同，不仅结构上不同，内容、含义上也不同。
(一)过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词have (has)＋过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
比较：I have learned 1,000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了1,000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1,000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了1,000 个英语单词。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
— Oh, not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.
——对不起，让你久等了。
——没什么，我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在)
(二)过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1．时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。
比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
他们昨天十点就到了车站。
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
他们昨天十点到达车站。
2．在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。
She was very happy.Her whole family were pleased with her, too.She had just won the first in the composition competition.
她非常高兴。她的全家也都对她很满意。她刚在作文比赛中获得第一名。
3．当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and 或but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在before, after, as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
他走进房间，打开灯，读了一份晚报。
Our neighbours made us welcome as soon as we arrived.
我们一到就受到了邻居们的欢迎。
[即时演练4] 补全句子
①He said that he had been in China for over ten years.
他说他在中国已经有十多年了。
②Hardly had we arrived when the problems started.
我们刚到，问题就来了。
③She had rushed out of the door before I could stop her.
我还没来得及阻止她，她就冲出门去了。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I had finished (finish) half of the work by yesterday.
2．She found that she had left (leave) her luggage on the bus.
3．She already knew the secret but no one had told (tell) her.
4．If he had done (do) otherwise, I should have thought him a bad man.
5．She turned scarlet from embarrassment, once she realized (realize) what she had done.
Ⅱ.补全句子
1．No sooner had I sat down than there was a loud knock on the door.
我刚坐下就有人大声敲门。
2．It was the first time that I had been in a foreign country.
那是我第一次到国外。
3．It was three years since he had left his grandfather.
他离开他的外祖父已有三年。
4．I wished that I hadn't written that article.
我希望我从未写过那篇文章。
5．If he had studied hard, he would have passed the exam.
如果他努力学习了，他就能通过考试了。
Ⅲ.语法填空
I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mountains.The sun was setting 1 my car broke down near a remote village.Cursing my 2 (fortune)，I was wondering where I was going to spend the night when I realised that the villagers who had gathered around me 3 (argue) as to who should have the honour of receiving me 4 a guest in their house.Finally，I accepted the offer of 5 80 year old peasant woman who lived alone in a little house.While she was getting me settled into a tiny but clean room，the head of the village was tying up his horse 6 my car to pull it to a small town some 20 kilometers away 7 there was a garage.
I had noticed three hens 8 (run) freely in my hostess' courtyard and that night one of them ended up in a dish on my table.Other villagers brought me goats' cheese and honey.We drank together and talked 9 (merry) till far into the night.
When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village，I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I 10 (cause) her.But she refused.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了我在去塔伊耶托斯山脉的途中车子坏了，这时热情的村民帮助了我。
1．when 考查状语从句。太阳正要落山时我的车抛锚在一个偏远的村庄附近，考查be doing ... when ...结构，故填when。
2．misfortune 考查词性转换。句意：我咒骂自己的不幸，故填misfortune。
3．were arguing 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处表示“村民们围着我在争论谁会荣幸地邀请到我这位客人”，故填were arguing。
4．as 考查介词。as a guest“作为客人”，故填as。
5．an 考查冠词。此处表示一位80岁的农妇。因为80的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。
6．to 考查介词。句意：村长把他的马绑到我的汽车上，将汽车拉去一个小镇上的汽车修理厂，故填to。
7．where 考查定语从句。a small town作先行词，所填词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
8．running 考查非谓语动词。notice sb/sth doing sth“注意到某人或某物正在做某事”，此处表示我看到三只母鸡在女主人家的院子里跑着，结果晚上其中的一只就成了我桌子上的菜了，故填running。
9．merrily 考查词性转换。修饰动词talked应用副词形式，故填merrily。
10．had caused 考查动词的时态。句意：我想报答那位老妇人，因为我给她带来了麻烦，但是她拒绝了。“带来麻烦”发生在“想报答”之前，为过去的过去，所以用过去完成时，故填had caused。
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