(共49张PPT)
灯
国题围
ase
The Black Robin
Black robins are the birds that humans saved
from extinction.In 1980,there were only five
black robins left in the world.They all lived on a
small island off the coast of New Zealand.Only
one of those birds,a female called Old Blue,
was able to lay eggs.Wildlife workers began a
programme for raising black robin chicks.They
protected Old Blue's eggs,helped them to
hatch,and took care of the chicks.Thanks
to their efforts,there are now more than 250
black robins,and the population is spreading.
To help them survive,people are restoring their
habitats and removing small animals that hunt
them,such as mice and cats from the islands
where they live.
NOTES
robin n.知更鸟
habitat n.栖息地
Case
黑知更鸟
Study
黑知更鸟是人类从灭绝危机中拯救出来的鸟
类。1980年，世界上只剩下五只黑知更鸟。它们
栖息在新西兰海岸附近的一个小岛上，其中只有
一只名叫“老蓝”的雌鸟能够产卵。野生动物工
作者开始了一项黑知更鸟繁育计划。他们保护老
蓝的蛋、帮助孵化，并照顾幼鸟。由于他们的努
力，现在黑知更鸟已超过250只，而且数量还在
增加。为了帮助它们生存，人们正在恢复黑知更
鸟的栖息地并移除捕杀它们的小动物，例如岛上
的老鼠和猫。LESSON 1 THE SIXTH EXTINCTION
Extinctions, where entire species① are wiped② out, are not unusual③ in our Earth ’s history. In fact, over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct. In the last 500 million years, there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended. These include the third mass④ extinction, known as the “Great Dying”， which killed 90% to 96% of all species. And the fifth event, which occurred 66 million years ago, caused the death of the dinosaurs. The reasons for extinctions are varied⑤. According to scientists, they include volcanic eruptions, asteroids⑥ hitting the Earth from space, changes in sea levels, the decrease⑦ of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming. Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth ’s sixth mass extinction. This time, human activity will be to blame⑧.
Although it is not unusual for species to die out⑨ naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern. A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US, looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes, that is, the “background extinction rate”. They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.(1) There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing. It is clear that human activity has negatively affected⑩ all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.
(1)本句是一个主从复合句。句中that引导宾语从句；1,000 times faster是倍数的表示方法。
If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out. Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out. Our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants. Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.(2)
(2)本句是一个并列句。由and连接两个并列分句，其中without与no构成双重否定。
Can a sixth extinction be avoided Experts say that it is not yet too late, if we take action now.This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live.(3) For example, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected. We need to change how we work and travel by using cleaner, more natural sources of energy, such as wind and solar energy. We also need to improve our farming methods to reduce water, air and land pollution. In short ， if we want to survive, we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
(3)本句是一个主从复合句。mean后面跟宾语从句；we live为定语从句，修饰先行词the way。
①species n． 物种，种
②wipe vt. 擦；拭
wipe out 彻底毁灭
③unusual adj. 异常的；不平常的
④mass adj. 大量的
⑤varied adj. 各种各样的，形形色色的
⑥asteroid n. 小行星
⑦decrease vi.& vt. 减少；减少的量
n. 减少
⑧blame vt. 责怪，指责
be to blame 把……归咎于
⑨die out 消失；绝迹，灭绝
⑩affect vt. 影响
up to 多达
depend on 依赖，依靠
be at risk 处境危险，受到威胁
take action 采取行动
take steps 采取措施
endangered adj. 濒危的
solar adj. 太阳光(能)的
in short 总之
[参考译文]
物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。事实上，曾经存在的物种中90%以上现在都已经灭绝。在过去的五亿年中，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。这其中包括称为“大灭绝”的第三次灭绝，那期间 90%至 96%的物种灭亡了。6,600 万年前发生的第五次灭绝导致了恐龙的灭亡。关于灭绝的原因各不相同。科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。许多科学家认为地球的第六次大灭绝即将来临。这一次，人类活动是主要原因。
虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。 2015年在美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行的一项研究，调查了物种自然状态下灭亡的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1,000倍。这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多种物种，我们也有可能濒临灭绝。我们的世界和我们的生命依赖于动植物之间的自然平衡。没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
第六次灭绝可以避免吗？专家说，如果我们现在采取行动还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须极大地改变我们的生活方式。例如，采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源，例如风能和太阳能来改变我们的工作和出行方式。我们还需要改进耕作方式，减少水、空气和土地污染。简而言之，如果我们想要生存，就需要停止破坏我们生活的星球并开始保护它。
Ⅰ.What ’s the main idea of the passage
The passage talks about extinction and its effects on our planet.
Ⅱ.Read the text fast and judge the following statements TRUE or FALSE.
1．Over 90 percent of all ever living species extincted in 500 million years.
2．It is natural for species to die out usually.
3．If a sixth mass extinction occurs, entire species will be wiped out.
4．In order to avoid the sixth extinction, we need to stop traveling around.
答案：1～4 FTFF
Ⅲ.Read the text carefully and choose the best answer.
1．What is one of the reasons for extinction
A．Sleep of volcano. B．Changes in sea levels.
C．Rise in oxygen. D．Drop in temperature.
2．What are scientists mainly concerned about as to reasons of species death
A．Ages. B．Ways.
C．Numbers. D．Rates.
3．Why would we humans die out with 75% of all species on Earth could die out
A．Because we will have no clean water.
B．Because we will kill all species for food.
C．Because we will have no factory farming.
D．Because we will kill one another for water.
4．How can we avoid the sixth extinction
A．By producing more species.
B．By stopping destroying the planet.
C．By taking action to protect ourselves.
D．By moving to another planet immediately.
答案：1～4 BDAB
Ⅳ.Fill in the blanks with right words or phrases according to the passage.
Extinction
Meaning of extinction entire species are 1.wiped out.
The number of extinctions that have occurred so far over 2.90% of all species that ever lived.
Two notable extinctions and their consequences the 3.third mass extinction, killed 4．90% to 96% of all species; the 5．fifth event, which occurred 6.66 million years ago, caused the death of the 7.dinosaurs.
Main reasons that cause extinctions volcanic 8.eruptions, asteroids hitting the Earth from space, changes in 9.sea levels, the decrease of the 10.oxygen content of the sea, 11.global warming.
How to avoid the sixth mass extinction change the way 12.we live, including 13.setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected; change how we work and travel by 14.using cleaner, more natural sources of energy; improve our 15.farming methods.
Ⅰ.语境写单词
1．a strange species 奇怪的物种
2．wipe her tears away 擦干她的眼泪
3．weapons of mass destruction 大量的毁灭性武器
4．the impact site of the asteroid 小行星的撞击地点
5．a huge decrease in population 人口的大幅度减少
6．blame him for the failure 把失败归咎于他
7．the center of the solar system 太阳系的中心
8．hatch chicken 孵化鸡
Ⅱ.拓展识变化
1．unusual adj.异常的；不平常的→unusually adv.异常地；不平常地→usual adj.往常的
2．varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的→vary v．改变→various adj.多种多样的→variety n．种类
3．affect vt.影响→affection n．影响
4．endangered adj.濒危的→endanger v．危及，危害
5．restore vt.(使) 恢复→restoration n．恢复
Ⅲ.语境记短语
1．die out hundreds of years ago 消失；绝迹，灭绝
2．wipe out through ignorance 彻底毁灭
3．be to blame for the accident 把……归咎于
4．be at risk any time 处境危险，受到威胁
5．up to 500 guests 多达
6．depend on their parents for food and clothing
依赖，依靠
7．take action to stop them 采取行动
8．take steps to prevent the spread 采取措施
9．in short 总之
10．due to his carelessness 由于
Ⅳ.仿写练句式
1．[教材原句] In the last 500 million years, there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.
[句式分析] 现在完成时
[佳句仿写] 近几年来，这一艺术有了新的跃进。
In the last few years, this art has made a big leap.
2．[教材原句] They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.
[句式分析] 倍数表示法
[佳句仿写] 这颗恒星绝对是个巨无霸。它要比我们的太阳大百倍。
This star is absolutely huge. It ’s 100 times bigger than our sun.
3．[教材原句] Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.
[句式分析] 双重否定
[佳句仿写] 没有战时的经历的话，海明威就不可能写出《永别了，武器》这部名著。
Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway wouldn ’t have written his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
1．(教材p.52)Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth ’s history.
物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。
wipe out彻底毁灭
Five hundred years ago, the plague almost wiped out the population of the island.
五百年前，瘟疫几乎消灭了岛上所有的人。
归纳拓展
wipe ... with ... 用……擦……
wipe away 擦掉，擦干
wipe sth off/from ... 把某物从……处擦掉(消除掉)
wipe sth/sb from/off one ’s mind/memory
有意忘记某事物/某人
活学巧练
⊙单句语法填空/补全句子
①These measures will help to wipe out poverty in rural areas.
②Whole villages were wiped out by the earthquake.
地震把整座整座的村庄夷为平地。
③She bent down and wiped the dirt off her shoes using a dry cloth.
她弯下腰，用一块干布把鞋上的泥土擦掉了。
④I tried several times to wipe him off my mind, but I just couldn ’t.
我几次想把他忘掉，但就是做不到。
2．(教材p.52)The reasons for extinctions are varied.
关于灭绝的原因各不相同。
varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的
Yet, outdoor activities are varied and tempting in the USA.
然而，美国的户外活动是多种多样的和吸引人的。
归纳拓展
(1)varied art forms 多种艺术形式
(2)variety n. 变化；多样性；种类
种类繁多的；各种各样的
(3)vary vt.& vi. 改变；变化；不同
vary from ...to ... 从……到……不等；在……到……之间变动
vary with 随……而变化
(4)various adj. 各种各样的；多方面的(＝a variety of)
活学巧练
⊙单句语法填空/补全句子
①As we can see, the prices of vegetables vary with the season.
②We may have various (vary) ways to deal with such a situation.
③If you come to visit China, you will experience a culture of amazing depth and variety (vary)．
④House prices vary from place to place and are usually high where there are famous schools.
各个地方的房价都不同，在有名校的地方房价通常很高。
⑤With the help of this technique, providing various/a variety of/varieties of suggestions on appropriate ways of exercise for patients becomes much easier.
在这种技术的帮助下，给病人提供各种关于合适的锻炼方式的建议变得容易多了。
⊙小话题写作
⑥这些书有很多优点。 其中之一是我们可以从中找到各种话题，例如科学、文化和历史。
These books have many advantages. One of them is that we can find a variety of topics, such as science, culture and history.
3．(教材p.52)According to scientists, they include volcanic eruptions, asteroids hitting the Earth from space, changes in sea levels, the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.
科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。
decrease n．减少；减少的量 vi.& vt.减少
It has been reported that the exports of that company have decreased by 3%.
据报道，那家公司的出口下降了3%。
归纳拓展
(1)decrease in 在……减少
(2)decrease to 后接数字，表示“下降到……”
(3)decrease by 后接分数、百分数或其他表示数量的词，表示“下降了……”
(4)有同样用法的还有grow及increase
活学巧练
⊙单句语法填空/补全句子
①The number of new students decreases to 800 this year.
②The price of wheat has decreased by 10%.
③Increase in population caused a shortage of food.
人口的增加导致了食物的短缺。
④As our family income decreased，father argued against an increase in our pocket money.
随着家庭收入的减少，爸爸反对增加我们的零花钱。
4．(教材p.52)This time, human activity will be to blame.
这一次，人类活动是主要原因。
blame vt.责怪，指责
We tend to blame TV, he says, for problems it doesn ’t really cause, overlooking our own roles in shaping children ’s minds.
他说，我们倾向于把责任归咎于电视而忽略了我们自己在塑造孩子思想上产生的影响，而问题却不在电视上。
归纳拓展
(1)be to blame (for sth)
应该为(某事)负责任，应该(为某事)受责备
blame sth on sb/sth 把某事归咎于某人/某事
blame sb for sth/doing sth
因(做)某事而责备某人
(2)blame n. 过失；责备
put/lay/place the blame (for sth) on sb
把(某事)归咎于某人
活学巧练
⊙单句语法填空/补全句子
①She blamed her husband for the failure of their marriage.
②One of the computers is broken and she is blaming it on me.
③Don ’t try to lay the blame for this on others.
④I am not to blame for my laziness, mum.I ’m what you have made me.
妈妈，你不该责备我懒惰。我这么懒也是你娇惯出来的。
⊙小话题写作
⑤说实话，这是苏的错，但李也应该负有责任。
To be honest, it was Su ’s fault but Li was also to blame.
5．(教材p.52)Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.
虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。
die out消失；绝迹，灭绝
In fact, half of the 6,000～7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)．
实际上，根据联合国教科文组织报告，到下个世纪，世界上现有使用的6,000～7,000种语言中有一半将可能消失。
归纳拓展
die away (声音、风、光等)逐渐消失
die off (一群生物)相继死去
die down (慢慢地)熄灭；平息(静)下来
活学巧练
⊙单句语法填空/补全句子
①The practice of children working in factories has nearly died out.
②We no longer see this animal — maybe it has died out.
我们再也看不到这种动物了，或许它早就灭绝了。
③The sound of the car died away in the distance.
汽车的响声消失在远处。
④Although the wind has died down, the rain remains steady, so you still need a raincoat.
尽管风停了，但是雨还在下，因此你仍需要带上一件雨衣。
6．(教材p.53)Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out.
当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多种物种，我们也有可能濒临灭绝。
be at risk 处境危险，受到威胁
The disease is spreading, and all young children are at risk.
疾病正在流行，所有的幼儿都有危险。
归纳拓展
(1)risk vt. 冒……的危险；冒险做
risk one ’s life 冒着生命危险
risk doing sth 冒着做某事的危险/冒险做某事
risk n. 冒险；危险的人或物
(2)reduce/increase the risk of 降低/增加……的危险
at the risk of doing sth 冒着做某事的危险
run/take the risk of doing sth
冒着做某事的危险
take a risk/take risks to do sth
冒险做某事
(3)risky adj. 危险的；冒险的
活学巧练
⊙单句语法填空/补全句子
①I mustn ’t annoy my boss because I won ’t risk losing (lose) my job.
②It ’s nice to get out in the sun, but if you overdo it, you could put your life at risk.
③I won ’t let you take such risks. After all, it is better to be safe than sorry.
我是不会让你冒这种险的。毕竟，小心一点好，以免以后后悔。
④They prevented a serious railway accident at the risk of losing their own lives.
他们冒着失去生命的危险阻止了一次严重的铁路事故。
[能力提升]——一句多译
有一大家人要养活，所以他不能冒险失去这一次好机会。
⑤He has a large family to support，so he can ’t take risks/a risk to lose the good chance.(risk n．)
⑥He has a large family to support，so he can ’t take/run the risk of losing the good chance.(risk n．)
⑦He has a large family to support，so he can ’t risk losing the good chance.(risk v．)
(教材p.53)They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.
他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1,000倍。
[句式分析] 句中1,000 times faster than意为“比……快一千倍”，表示倍数。
The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand.
研究人员发现，笔记本电脑用户记的笔记数量是那些手写者的两倍。
归纳拓展
英语中表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，常见的有以下5种：
(1)A is N times as long/wide/high/large/deep ... as B．如：
The dictionary is almost five times as expensive as that one.
这本字典比那本差不多贵5倍。
(2)A is N times longer/wider/higher/larger/deeper ... than B．如：
The new street is 3 times wider than the old one.
新街是老街的4倍宽。
(3)A is N times the length/width/height/size/depth ... of B．如：
China is almost twice/double the size of their country in area.
在面积上中国差不多是他们国家的2倍大。
(4)A is N times＋what从句．如：
The length of the road is double what it was three years ago.
这条路的长度是三年前的2倍长。
(5)A has increased/decreased/reduced/gone up/risen ... by N times.如：
The costs have been reduced by 20% after the new equipment was brought in.
新设备引进后，成本已经减少了20%。
活学巧练
⊙补全句子
①The population now in this village is five times what it was ten years ago.
现在这个村庄的人口是十年前的五倍。
②Our grain output will be 10 times that of 1960.
我们的粮食产量将是1960年的10倍。
[能力提升]——句型转换
③The red ruler is three times as long as the yellow one.
→The red ruler is twice longer than the yellow one.
→The red ruler is three times the length of the yellow one.
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