Unit 2 Great people 单元知识点全解
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译林牛津Unit 2 Great people教材全解
【教材内容解析】
Comic strip&Welcome to the unit
Who do you think is the greatest person in history, Eddie (P. 20)
do you think在句中作插入语，意为“你认为”，它后面的部分常用陈述语序。插入语一般是对一句话作适当的附加解释，若将其去掉，对整个句子并无多大影响。若把插入语提到句子的前面，它就会成为主要部分，而原来的主要部分则成为一个从句。
例如：你认为她什么时候会回来？
When do you think she will be back (do you think为插入语)
Do you think when she will be back (do you think为主句)
(2) I’ve never heard of him. (P. 20)
hear of =hear about 听说
hear from 收到……的来信
Did you hear of/about Hua Chenyu from Super Boy
I hear of/about the news the day before yesterday.
【拓展】
① hear表示“听到、听说”，强调听的结果，listen则表示“听”，强调听的动作。类似的还有：look“看”，see“看到”；look for“寻找”，find“找到”。
I listened carefully but I couldn’t hear what he said.
② hear sb. doing sth.“听到某人正在做某事”
Can you hear the girl singing in the next room
③ hear sb. do sth.“听到某人做某事的全过程”
Parents heard the teacher scold their son for half an hour.
He’s an inventor. He invented my favourite food. (P. 20)
invent作动词，意为“发明、创造”，其名词形式为inventor“发明者”和invention“发明物”。
Can you tell me who invented the telephone
He always tried to invent something new.
(4) Italian, one of the first Europeans to discover America. (P. 21)
the first (one) to do sth.“第一个做某事的人”。动词不定式常用作定语修饰序数词或者序数词修饰的名词。
Li Ming is always the first one to get to the classroom.
Jim is the first boy to get it.
Reading
Armstrong joined the navy in 1949 and served as a pilot for three years. (P. 22)
① join+组织/团体，表示“加入到某个组织中并成为其中一员”。
He joined the army in 1990.
Nowadays more and more people join the swimming club to build their bodies.
② join+sb. (in sth.)表示“加入到某些人当中去”。
Would you like to join us in the computer game
③ join in表示参加某种活动，相当于take part in。
College students join in many activities after class.
However, on their way back to the Earth, the spacecraft began spinning out of control. (P. 22)
control用作名词或者动词，意为“控制”，常用的词组有beyond control“难以控制”，in control of“处于控制地位”，out of control“失去控制的”，under control“被控制”
Sorry, it is beyond my control.
The football fans have got out of control.
(3) Armstrong received the order to cut the flight short.(P. 22)
① order 意为“命令”，可以用作名词或者动词。
If you make any more noise I’ll order you out of the room.
【拓展】
order 名词或者动词，意为“订单，订货”。
This is an order for five hundred bags.
order 名词，意为“次序，顺序”。
Please put them in the right order.
② cut 意为“剪下，切下，割下”cut down：意为“砍伐，砍倒，缩短”固定搭配：cut grass:割草；cut across: 抄近路；cut off: 切除，割掉，剪下；cut out : 裁剪；cut up : 切碎
(4) Together with Buzz Aldrin, he landed the spacecraft Apollo on the Moon. (P. 23)
① with作介词，with sb意为“和谁在一起”，与后面的某人构成介词短语，在句中作伴随状语，不影响谓语动词的形式。
Jim lives with his grandmother.
Bill, with his parents goes to the cinema every weekend.
② land可以用作及物动词，表示“使着陆、使登录”；用作不及物动词，表示“着陆、落下、跌下”。
The aeroplane landed us at the airport in Barcelona.
The plane will land an hour later.
A book fell from the shelf and landed on my head.
(5) They collected Moon rocks to take back to the Earth for further research.(P. 23)
further是far的比较级，far的比较级有两种形式，即farther和further，farther表示具体的距离上“更远、较远”；further除了表示距离上“更远”以外，还可以表示抽象意义上“更进一步”。
例如：
He walks a little further.
Jim can jump farther than his brother.
Many students send their children to foreign countries for further study.
(6) He was the pride of the whole world.(P. 23)
pride表示“骄傲”，take pride in“对……感到骄傲”，相当于be proud of。
The man is proud of his past achievements.
=The man takes pride in his past achievements.
Grammar
In the past, people washed their clothes by hand. (P. 28)
by hand表示“用手、手工的”。
This coat is made by hand.
Do you know the Great Wall was made by hand
【拓展】hand的相关短语
give sb. a hand帮助某人
hand in hand手拉手
on the one (other) hand 一方面（另一方面）
shake hands (with) （与……）握手
hand in 上交
hand out 分发
4. Integrated skills
(1) married a French scientist called Pierre Curie in 1895
marry表示“结婚”时为及物动词，marry sb.表示“同某人结婚”，be/get married to sb.“与某人结婚”，be married表示状态，可以延续；get married表示动作，不可以延续。
The lady married/got married to that man in 2011.
The couple have been married for three years.
(2) It was brave of him to go to a place that was unknown to humans at that time. (P. 30)
unknown作形容词，意为“未知的、不出名的”，反义词是known“出名的”，常见的短语有be unknown to意为“对……是未知的”。
The unknown world is full of amazing things.
Its greater part is unknown to me.
(3) She also pushed for the use of X-ray machines, which are now widely used in hospitals. (P. 30)
widely 表示抽象意义上的“宽”，意为“广泛地，普遍地”。
English is widely used in the world.
wide此处用作副词，意为“充分地”，表示实际意义上的“宽”。
That man died with his eyes open wide.
wide还可用作形容词，意为“宽广的，宽阔的；……宽的”。
Our classroom is 10 metres long and 8 metres wide.
5. Study skills&Task
saw people die of hunger, so began research into hybrid rice. (P. 32)
die of/from意为“死于”，of表示内因，from表示外因。
The old man died of lung cancer.
The worker died of illness.
A lot of people died from the earthquake.
That soldier died from the crash.
happen to find a natural hybrid rice plant that had many advantages over others. (P. 32)
happen表示“发生”的时候，作不及物动词，常用的结构为：sth. happens to sb.“某人发生了某事”；happen to do sth.“碰巧做某事”。
An accident happened to him yesterday and now he lay in hospital.
If you happen to talk to him, have him call you.
(3) has spent all his life on the research and development of better rice plants. (P. 32)
development作名词，意为“发展”，常见的短语是with the development of意为“在……发展下，随着……的发展”。形容词为developing“发展中的”和developed“发达的”。
What do you think today’s developments will mean for him
China is a developing country.
America is a developed country.
【重点短语】
in history 在历史上
hear of 听说
all one’s life 某人的一生
become interested in 感兴趣
out of control 失去控制
cut... short 缩短
by hand 手工
happen to碰巧
push for 推进
at present 现在、目前
at the age of在……年龄时
【语法讲解】
一般现在时和现在进行时
一般现在时
表示经常性或者习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态。
I often take a bus to school.
表示客观事实或者客观真理。
The earth is round.
Light travels faster than sound.
当主句为一般将来时时，在以if, as soon as, until, when等引导的时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
When I grow up, I will go to America.
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the zoo.
与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：always, usually, often, sometimes, on Sundays, every day, every morning, once a year等。
2、现在进行时
表示现在或者现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。
They are singing in the next room now.
The students are working on the farm these days.
现在进行时表示将来的动作，这种结构的动词有：go, come, start, begin, arrive, leave等，表示即将发生的动作或者安排好要做的事情。
We are leaving for Shanghai.
The bus is coming soon.
③ 常与现在进行时连用的时间状语和标志词有：now, these days, look, listen等。
一般过去时和过去进行时
1、一般过去时
表示过去发生的动作或者存在的状态。
We visited a farm last Sunday.
When I was in the countryside, I used to swim in the river.
表示过去的习惯或者经常发生的动作。
When I was in the countryside, I used to swim in the river.
与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday, last night, last week, three days ago, in 1990, in the past, just now, the other day, at that time。
2、过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或者一段时间正在进行的动作，常和表示过去的时间状语连用如then, at that time, this time yesterday, at ten yesterday。
I was reading when my mother came in.
过去进行时常用于when和while引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中。
When the teacher came in, we were talking loudly.
While the family were having dinner, the doorbell rang.
go, come, leave, arrive, start等动词的过去进行时表示过去按计划即将发生的动作。
一般过去时和现在完成时
1、现在完成时
表示发生在过去的或已经完成的对现在仍有影响的动作。
I have lost my key.
I have already seen the film.
表示一个动作或者状态发生在过去，并持续到现在，可能还要持续下去，常和“for+时间段”或者“since+时间点/从句”连用，这时只能用延续性动词。
Mr. Zhang has taught English for 20 years.
几个副词在现在完成时中的用法
just意为“刚刚”，表示动作刚刚结束，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。
He has just come back from America.
ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句和否定句中，放在助动词和过去分词之间。
Have you ever been to London
never意为“从来没有”，常与before连用，放在助动词和过去分词之间。
I have never been to Beijing before.
before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时候，总放在句末。
I have never heard of this singer before.
延续性动词和非延续性动词在现在完成时中的用法
现在完成时可表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在，与一段时间连用时谓语动词必须是延续性动词，非延续动词不能和一段时间连用。
我离开家乡已有10年了。
误：I have left my hometown for 10 years.
正：I have been away from my hometown for 10 years.
非延续性动词若与一段时间连用，必须转换为延续性动词，常见的情况如下：
buy→have borrow→keep open→be open
close→be closed begin/start→be on come→be her
go→be there die→be dead catch a cold→have a cold
fall asleep→be asleep join→be in/be a member of leave→be away
⑤ 常与现在进行时连用的时间状语有：already, yet, never, ever, just, so far, up to now, until now, by now, in the past/last few years, for+一段时间，since+时间点/从句。
2、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
方面 时态 意义及用法区别 举例
侧重点不同 现在完成时 与现在有关的时态，属于现在时间范畴，侧重过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响 I have seen the film already.
一般过去时 是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关 I went to Nantong yesterday.
时间状语不同 现在完成时 already, yet, just, so far, until now, up to now, by now, ever, never, before, in the past/last few years, for, since Have you ever picked flowers or stepped on the grass in a park
一般过去时 ...ago, yesterday, last..., just now, in 1990 My father bought this bike five years ago.
【教材内容解析】
Comic strip&Welcome to the unit
Who do you think is the greatest person in history, Eddie (P. 20)
do you think在句中作插入语，意为“你认为”，它后面的部分常用陈述语序。插入语一般是对一句话作适当的附加解释，若将其去掉，对整个句子并无多大影响。若把插入语提到句子的前面，它就会成为主要部分，而原来的主要部分则成为一个从句。
例如：你认为她什么时候会回来？
When do you think she will be back (do you think为插入语)
Do you think when she will be back (do you think为主句)
(2) I’ve never heard of him. (P. 20)
hear of =hear about 听说
hear from 收到……的来信
Did you hear of/about Hua Chenyu from Super Boy
I hear of/about the news the day before yesterday.
【拓展】
① hear表示“听到、听说”，强调听的结果，listen则表示“听”，强调听的动作。类似的还有：look“看”，see“看到”；look for“寻找”，find“找到”。
I listened carefully but I couldn’t hear what he said.
② hear sb. doing sth.“听到某人正在做某事”
Can you hear the girl singing in the next room
③ hear sb. do sth.“听到某人做某事的全过程”
Parents heard the teacher scold their son for half an hour.
He’s an inventor. He invented my favourite food. (P. 20)
invent作动词，意为“发明、创造”，其名词形式为inventor“发明者”和invention“发明物”。
Can you tell me who invented the telephone
He always tried to invent something new.
(4) Italian, one of the first Europeans to discover America. (P. 21)
the first (one) to do sth.“第一个做某事的人”。动词不定式常用作定语修饰序数词或者序数词修饰的名词。
Li Ming is always the first one to get to the classroom.
Jim is the first boy to get it.
Reading
Armstrong joined the navy in 1949 and served as a pilot for three years. (P. 22)
① join+组织/团体，表示“加入到某个组织中并成为其中一员”。
He joined the army in 1990.
Nowadays more and more people join the swimming club to build their bodies.
② join+sb. (in sth.)表示“加入到某些人当中去”。
Would you like to join us in the computer game
③ join in表示参加某种活动，相当于take part in。
College students join in many activities after class.
However, on their way back to the Earth, the spacecraft began spinning out of control. (P. 22)
control用作名词或者动词，意为“控制”，常用的词组有beyond control“难以控制”，in control of“处于控制地位”，out of control“失去控制的”，under control“被控制”
Sorry, it is beyond my control.
The football fans have got out of control.
(3) Armstrong received the order to cut the flight short.(P. 22)
① order 意为“命令”，可以用作名词或者动词。
If you make any more noise I’ll order you out of the room.
【拓展】
order 名词或者动词，意为“订单，订货”。
This is an order for five hundred bags.
order 名词，意为“次序，顺序”。
Please put them in the right order.
② cut 意为“剪下，切下，割下”cut down：意为“砍伐，砍倒，缩短”固定搭配：cut grass:割草；cut across: 抄近路；cut off: 切除，割掉，剪下；cut out : 裁剪；cut up : 切碎
(4) Together with Buzz Aldrin, he landed the spacecraft Apollo on the Moon. (P. 23)
① with作介词，with sb意为“和谁在一起”，与后面的某人构成介词短语，在句中作伴随状语，不影响谓语动词的形式。
Jim lives with his grandmother.
Bill, with his parents goes to the cinema every weekend.
② land可以用作及物动词，表示“使着陆、使登录”；用作不及物动词，表示“着陆、落下、跌下”。
The aeroplane landed us at the airport in Barcelona.
The plane will land an hour later.
A book fell from the shelf and landed on my head.
(5) They collected Moon rocks to take back to the Earth for further research.(P. 23)
further是far的比较级，far的比较级有两种形式，即farther和further，farther表示具体的距离上“更远、较远”；further除了表示距离上“更远”以外，还可以表示抽象意义上“更进一步”。
例如：
He walks a little further.
Jim can jump farther than his brother.
Many students send their children to foreign countries for further study.
(6) He was the pride of the whole world.(P. 23)
pride表示“骄傲”，take pride in“对……感到骄傲”，相当于be proud of。
The man is proud of his past achievements.
=The man takes pride in his past achievements.
Grammar
In the past, people washed their clothes by hand. (P. 28)
by hand表示“用手、手工的”。
This coat is made by hand.
Do you know the Great Wall was made by hand
【拓展】hand的相关短语
give sb. a hand帮助某人
hand in hand手拉手
on the one (other) hand 一方面（另一方面）
shake hands (with) （与……）握手
hand in 上交
hand out 分发
4. Integrated skills
(1) married a French scientist called Pierre Curie in 1895
marry表示“结婚”时为及物动词，marry sb.表示“同某人结婚”，be/get married to sb.“与某人结婚”，be married表示状态，可以延续；get married表示动作，不可以延续。
The lady married/got married to that man in 2011.
The couple have been married for three years.
(2) It was brave of him to go to a place that was unknown to humans at that time. (P. 30)
unknown作形容词，意为“未知的、不出名的”，反义词是known“出名的”，常见的短语有be unknown to意为“对……是未知的”。
The unknown world is full of amazing things.
Its greater part is unknown to me.
(3) She also pushed for the use of X-ray machines, which are now widely used in hospitals. (P. 30)
widely 表示抽象意义上的“宽”，意为“广泛地，普遍地”。
English is widely used in the world.
wide此处用作副词，意为“充分地”，表示实际意义上的“宽”。
That man died with his eyes open wide.
wide还可用作形容词，意为“宽广的，宽阔的；……宽的”。
Our classroom is 10 metres long and 8 metres wide.
5. Study skills&Task
saw people die of hunger, so began research into hybrid rice. (P. 32)
die of/from意为“死于”，of表示内因，from表示外因。
The old man died of lung cancer.
The worker died of illness.
A lot of people died from the earthquake.
That soldier died from the crash.
happen to find a natural hybrid rice plant that had many advantages over others. (P. 32)
happen表示“发生”的时候，作不及物动词，常用的结构为：sth. happens to sb.“某人发生了某事”；happen to do sth.“碰巧做某事”。
An accident happened to him yesterday and now he lay in hospital.
If you happen to talk to him, have him call you.
(3) has spent all his life on the research and development of better rice plants. (P. 32)
development作名词，意为“发展”，常见的短语是with the development of意为“在……发展下，随着……的发展”。形容词为developing“发展中的”和developed“发达的”。
What do you think today’s developments will mean for him
China is a developing country.
America is a developed country.
【重点短语】
in history 在历史上
hear of 听说
all one’s life 某人的一生
become interested in 感兴趣
out of control 失去控制
cut... short 缩短
by hand 手工
happen to碰巧
push for 推进
at present 现在、目前
at the age of在……年龄时
【语法讲解】
一般现在时和现在进行时
一般现在时
表示经常性或者习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态。
I often take a bus to school.
表示客观事实或者客观真理。
The earth is round.
Light travels faster than sound.
当主句为一般将来时时，在以if, as soon as, until, when等引导的时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
When I grow up, I will go to America.
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the zoo.
与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：always, usually, often, sometimes, on Sundays, every day, every morning, once a year等。
2、现在进行时
表示现在或者现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。
They are singing in the next room now.
The students are working on the farm these days.
现在进行时表示将来的动作，这种结构的动词有：go, come, start, begin, arrive, leave等，表示即将发生的动作或者安排好要做的事情。
We are leaving for Shanghai.
The bus is coming soon.
③ 常与现在进行时连用的时间状语和标志词有：now, these days, look, listen等。
一般过去时和过去进行时
1、一般过去时
表示过去发生的动作或者存在的状态。
We visited a farm last Sunday.
When I was in the countryside, I used to swim in the river.
表示过去的习惯或者经常发生的动作。
When I was in the countryside, I used to swim in the river.
与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday, last night, last week, three days ago, in 1990, in the past, just now, the other day, at that time。
2、过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或者一段时间正在进行的动作，常和表示过去的时间状语连用如then, at that time, this time yesterday, at ten yesterday。
I was reading when my mother came in.
过去进行时常用于when和while引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中。
When the teacher came in, we were talking loudly.
While the family were having dinner, the doorbell rang.
go, come, leave, arrive, start等动词的过去进行时表示过去按计划即将发生的动作。
一般过去时和现在完成时
1、现在完成时
表示发生在过去的或已经完成的对现在仍有影响的动作。
I have lost my key.
I have already seen the film.
表示一个动作或者状态发生在过去，并持续到现在，可能还要持续下去，常和“for+时间段”或者“since+时间点/从句”连用，这时只能用延续性动词。
Mr. Zhang has taught English for 20 years.
几个副词在现在完成时中的用法
just意为“刚刚”，表示动作刚刚结束，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。
He has just come back from America.
ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句和否定句中，放在助动词和过去分词之间。
Have you ever been to London
never意为“从来没有”，常与before连用，放在助动词和过去分词之间。
I have never been to Beijing before.
before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时候，总放在句末。
I have never heard of this singer before.
延续性动词和非延续性动词在现在完成时中的用法
现在完成时可表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在，与一段时间连用时谓语动词必须是延续性动词，非延续动词不能和一段时间连用。
我离开家乡已有10年了。
误：I have left my hometown for 10 years.
正：I have been away from my hometown for 10 years.
非延续性动词若与一段时间连用，必须转换为延续性动词，常见的情况如下：
buy→have borrow→keep open→be open
close→be closed begin/start→be on come→be her
go→be there die→be dead catch a cold→have a cold
fall asleep→be asleep join→be in/be a member of leave→be away
⑤ 常与现在进行时连用的时间状语有：already, yet, never, ever, just, so far, up to now, until now, by now, in the past/last few years, for+一段时间，since+时间点/从句。
2、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
方面 时态 意义及用法区别 举例
侧重点不同 现在完成时 与现在有关的时态，属于现在时间范畴，侧重过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响 I have seen the film already.
一般过去时 是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关 I went to Nantong yesterday.
时间状语不同 现在完成时 already, yet, just, so far, until now, up to now, by now, ever, never, before, in the past/last few years, for, since Have you ever picked flowers or stepped on the grass in a park
一般过去时 ...ago, yesterday, last..., just now, in 1990 My father bought this bike five years ago.