名词
中考考察重点：
1、名词词义辨析；
2、名词的数；
3、名词所有格。
考察形式：单选、词汇、完成句子等
定义：是词类的一种，属于实词 ( https: / / baike. / item / %E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%8D / 4430789" \t "https: / / baike. / item / %E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D / _blank )。它表示人、事、物、地点或抽象 ( https: / / baike. / item / %E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1 / 9021828" \t "https: / / baike. / item / %E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D / _blank )概念的统一名称。它分为专有名词 ( https: / / baike. / item / %E4%B8%93%E6%9C%89%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D / 3543467" \t "https: / / baike. / item / %E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D / _blank )和普通名词。
名词的基本用法
一、名词的分类
分类 说明 例句
普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 表示人或事物的个体名称 dictionary，boy，hospital，nurse
集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总称 public，people，class，family，police
不可数名词 物质名词 表示构成个体的物质或材料的名称 rice，glass，snow，steel，cotton，corn，air
抽象名词 表示状态、品质、感情、行为等抽象概念的名词 peace，danger，courage，determination，satisfaction，happiness，success，love，knowledge
专有名词 表示人名、地名、国名 London，Tom，the Great Wall，Asia
表示书名、电影名、各种标语 The Avengers ， Harry Potter
表示机构、组织、团体 The United Nations UNESCO UNICEF
表示月份、星期、节日 March，Monday ，National day
中考真题
1.（2021盐城中考） Jumping the rope is a kind of full-body exercise and it is great for the ________（大脑）.
2. （2021盐城中考）Scientists have found that _________ talk to each other all the time. Their language is a kind of chemical. (plant)
3. （2021扬州中考）So far, China has built nearly 600, 000 cultural centers in ___▲___. （村庄）
4.（2021苏州中考） Tomorrow is Father's Day. Let's get prepared （今晚）to give Dad a big surprise.
5. （2021苏州中考）We need to increase our ___________（知识）of the history of the Communist Party of China.
6. （2021苏州中考）In 1961. Yuan Longping found a natural hybrid rice plant that had many a____________
over others.
7.（2021连云港中考） ________（参观者）must show their health QR codes and check their temperature before they go into the museum.
8.（2021南京中考） Lulu’s best friend never gives up her ________(梦想) of being a teacher.
9.（2021南京中考） David feels very proud to be a member of the school volleyball ________（队）.
11.（2021宿迁中考） Modern ________ (医学) is developing fast. As a result, many diseases can be prevented or cured.
12.（2021宿迁中考）Neil Armstrong said that one small ________ (一步) for a man, one giant leap for mankind.
13.（2021宿迁中考）The task is too difficult Lucy has no c________ but to ask others for help.
参考答案：1、brain【详解】句意：跳绳是一种全身运动，对大脑很有好处。brain大脑，在介词后作宾语，故填brain。2、plants【详解】句意：科学家们发现，植物之间一直在相互交谈。他们的语言是一种化学物质。此空是作从句的主语，要用名词形式，根据“their”可知，此空应填名词的复数形式，故填plants。
3、villages【详解】句意：迄今为止，中国已经建了接近60万个文化中心在村庄里，填名词。
4. tonight 5. knowledge 6. advantages7、Visitors/Tourists【详解】句意：参观者在进入博物馆前必须出示健康二维码并检测体温。根据中文提示，visitor或tourist表示“参观者”，根据“their”可知，此空应填名词的复数形式，故填Visitors/Tourists。
8、dream【详解】句意：露露最好的朋友从来没有放弃当老师的梦想。根据中文提示，dream表示“梦想”，此处特指当老师的这个梦想，用单数名词即可，故填dream。
9、team【详解】句意：大卫作为学校排球队的一员感到很自豪。team队，此处特指“学校排球队”，用名词单数即可，故填team。
10、medicine【详解】句意：现代医学发展很快。因此，许多疾病是可以预防或治愈的。根据汉语提示可知，medicine“医学”；modern medicine“现代医学”。故填medicine。
11、step【详解】句意：尼尔·阿姆斯特朗说“一个人的一小步，却是人类一次巨大的飞跃”。step“一步”；根据“one”可知，用其单数形式。故填step。
12、(c)hoice【详解】句意：这个任务太难了。露西除了向其他人求助，别无选择。根据“ but to ask others for help”和首字母c可知，此处表示她想要向别人求助，因此她别无选择，choice选择，have no choice but to do sth除了做某事，别无选择，固定短语。故填(c)hoice。
巩固练习
1.Sandy really likes eating meat, but she doesn’t like eating .
A. breads B. vegetables C. chickens
2. How much ________ do we need to make a banana milk shake
A. bananas B. apples C. coffee D. milk
3. Jane doesn't like to eat_________. She likes fruit and vegetables.
A. Pear B. meat C. water D. potato
4. Every time I want to give up, my parents always __________(鼓励))me to keep trying.
5. We will hold a party to say goodbye to our teachers next___________(星期三).
6. According to a survey those born in the 2000s have a strong sense of national_______(骄傲).
7. Please put all the books back in the right _____________(顺序) before you leave.
8. Recently, there are about 12 _______________(千) pet hospitals in China, and many people choose small animal treatment as a career.
9. The twin brothers are not only of the same ___________(重量), but also the height.
10. Our monitor wants to have a _____________(讨论) about the sports meeting with us.
参考答案
1、B【解析】考查名词的数。句意：桑迪确实很喜欢吃肉，但她不喜欢吃蔬菜。选项中的bread为不可数名词，无单复数形式的变化，可排除；chicken作不可数名词时意为“鸡肉”，无单复数形式的变化。作可数名词时意为“小鸡”，不符合语境，可排除；vegetable意为“蔬菜”，为可数名词。故选B。
2、D【解析】句意：做香蕉奶昔需要多少牛奶？考查名词。bananas香蕉；apples苹果；coffee咖啡；milk牛奶。根据句中make a banana milk shake提示，做香蕉奶昔要用到香蕉和牛奶，故B、C选项可排除。How much意为“多少”，后接不可数名词，故选D。3、B【解析】句意：Jane不喜欢吃肉。她喜欢水果和蔬菜。考查名词词义辨析。pear梨；meat肉；water水；potato土豆。根据句意她喜欢水果和蔬菜，可知，排除AD；水搭配动词drink，表示喝水，故排除C。故选B。
4. encourage 句意：每次我想放弃的时候，我的父母总是鼓励我继续努力。鼓励encourage，动词；由语境可知句子时态用一般现在时，主语my parents是复数，所以谓语动词用原形；故答案填encourage。
5. Wednesday 句意：下周三我们将举行一个聚会向老师们道别。星期三Wednesday，next Wednesday下周三，故答案填Wednesday。
6. pride 句意：根据一项调查，21世纪出生的人有强烈的民族自豪感。national形容词，后加名词。pride的意思是“骄傲”，根据句意，故填pride。
7. order 句意：离开前请把所有的书按正确的顺序放回原处。由语境和汉语提示可知，填：order；the right order：正确的顺序；所以答案为：order。
8. thousand 句意：最近，在中国有12，000家宠物医院，很多人选择小动物治疗作为职业。thousand千，是一个数量词，和基数词搭配，表示具体数量时，不用复数形式，故这里直接填thousand。
9. weight 句意：这对双胞胎兄弟不仅体重一样，身高也一样。根据句意和所给单词的汉语意思可知，这里考查的是weight，这是一个名词，空前有the same修饰，表示“相同的…”，故填名词。
10、discussion 句意：我们的班长想和我们讨论运动会的事。讨论discussion，可数名词，根据句意"我们的班长想和我们讨论运动会的事"根据a可知，要用单数形式．have a discussion．讨论，故答案为discussion。
二、名词的数
可数名词有单、复数形式。
（一）名词复数形式的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例子
1 一般情况 直接加-s 在清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音和元音后后读/z/ cakes，student，beds，exercises
2 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词 加-es 读/Iz/ watches，boxes，buses，wishes注：stomach→stomachs
3 以＂辅音字母+y＂结尾的词 把y变i，再加-es 读/z/ Ladies，factories，babies
4 以f 或fe结尾的词 把f 或fe 改为v，加-es 读/z/ knives，wives，thieves，leaves
5 以o结尾的可数名词 有生命+es 读/z/ heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
无生命+s 读/z/ radios，photos，pianos
（二）名词复数形式的不规则变化
1. 单复数同形
Chinese→Chinese Japanese→Japanese
2. 改变元音字母
man→men woman→women foot→feet tooth→teeth policewoman→policewomen
注：German→Germans
3. 只有复数形式的名词
trousers scissors pants glasses shoes
4. 其他变化
mouse→mice child→children
5. 有些名词表面为复数形式，实为单数。
math数学，news新闻，physics物理，politics政治，the United Nations 联合国，the United States美国
注：
1. fish表示鱼的种类时，复数形式为fishes，而fish表示鱼的条数时，复数形式仍为fish。如：
different fishes不同种类的鱼 five fish五条鱼
2. works意为＂工厂＂时，单复数形式一样，而work意为＂著作，作品＂时，复数形式是works。如：
a chemical works 一座化工厂 three chemical works 三座化工厂
a work by Mo Yan 一部莫言的作品 three works by Mo Yan 三部莫言的作品
（三）不可数名词
情况 构成方法
1 常见不可数名词 cotton棉花，food食物，hair头发，health健康，ice冰，wind风
2 可转化为可数名词，含义不同 rain雨→a rain一场雨，beer啤酒→a beer一杯啤酒，paper纸→a paper一份论文wood木头→woods森林，custom习惯→customs海关
3 抽象名词具体化 disappointment失望→a disappointment令人失望的事experience经验→an experience 一次经历success成功→a success成功的人或事
4 专有名词 A Mr Black is waiting for you. 一个叫布莱克的先生在等你。
中考真题
1．（2021·湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州·中考真题）My uncle works in a hospital, and he is a ______.
A．doctors B．nurses C．doctor
2．（2021·湖南岳阳市·中考真题）We see some______ rising into the air at the opening of our new library.
A．balloons B．balloon C．balloones
3. (2020 广东深圳中考) — Hey, Alicia! Have you got used to Chinese food
—Yes! But I am still learning to use ______ as a Chinese does.
A. forks B. chopsticks C. knives
4.（2021南京中考）Over the years, Gong Bao Chicken has become one of the most popular ________(dish) in Chinese restaurants throughout the world.
5.(2020湖南郴州)During the epidemic(疫情), many ________ in our city went to Hubei Province as volunteers.
A. woman doctor B. woman doctors C. women doctors
6. 【2020 四川省达州市中考】— It’s said that the two _________ doctors have just come back from Wuhan.
— Yeah, I know them. They are both already in their _________.
A. woman；sixty B. women；sixtieth C. women；sixties D. woman；sixties
1.C【详解】句意：我的叔叔在医院工作，他是一名医生。考查名词辨析。doctors医生，复数形式；nurses护士，复数形式；doctor医生，单数形式。冠词a修饰名词的单数形式，故选C。
2.A【详解】句意：在我们新图书馆的开馆仪式上，我们看到一些气球升到空中。考查名词复数。balloon可数名词，此前有some修饰，使用名词复数，balloon的复数是balloons，故选A。
3.B【解析】考查名词辨析。A表示“叉子”。B表示“筷子”，C表示“刀”，句意: ——嘿，艾丽西亚！你习惯中国食物了吗 ——是的!但我还在学习像中国人一样使用筷子。由常识可知，中国人使用筷子吃饭，故选B。
4、dishes【详解】句意：多年来，宫保鸡丁已成为世界各地中餐馆最受欢迎的菜肴之一。one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数，表示“最……的……之一”，此处应填dish的复数形式dishes。故填dishes。
5.C【解析】考查名词复数。 句意：在疫情期间，我们城里的许多女医生去了湖北省当志愿者。many修饰复数名词，当woman /man 修饰一个另一个名词时,变复数时,两者都需要变成复数，故本句复数为many women doctors。故选C。
6.C【解析】句意：——听说这两位女医生刚从武汉回来。——是的，我认识她们。她们都已经六十多岁了。
考查名词复数和年龄段表达。根据英语语法，以man、woman修饰的职业名称变复数时，man、woman也要变成复数，第一空后名词doctors为复数，故woman应用复数形式women，A、D选项可排除；“in one’s +基数词复数”为固定搭配，意为“在某人几十岁时”，第二空应填sixty的复数形式sixties，故选C。
巩固练习
1. China has made great_______(achieve) since it opened its doors to the outside world.
2. The mother said goodbye with a smile, but her eyes couldn’t hide her __________(sad).
3. Lots of the latest novels can be borrowed in these newly-built ______________(library).
4. Many young people look up to the basketball ___________( hero) and want to become like them.
5. Every child wants to be the _________(proud) of their parents.
1. achievements 句意：中国对外开放以来取得了巨大成就。短语make great achievements表示取得伟大的成就。根据句意，故填achievements。
2. sadness 句意：母亲微笑着说再见，但她的眼睛无法掩饰她的悲伤。根据句中的her可知，her是形容词性的物主代词，应该后跟名词，sad的名词为sadness。故答案为：sadness。
3. libraries 句意：在这些修建的图书馆里可以借很多最新的小说。
4. 句意：许多年轻人崇拜篮球英雄，想成为他们这样的人．从them判断这里用复数形式．故填heroes．
5. pride 句意：每个孩子都想成为父母的骄傲。定冠词the后接名词，the pride of...……的骄傲；根据句意结构和单词提示，可知填pride。
三、名词所有格
名词所有格通常是用来表示一个名词和另一个名词之间的所属关系。
（一）构成
类别 构成方法 举例
单数名词 在词尾直接加’s Jim’s room 吉姆的房间
词尾已有-s的复数名词 在词尾只加’ Students’ rooms 学生们的房间
词尾不带-s的复数名词 在词尾直接加’s Children’s Day 儿童节
表示两者或两者以上共有的所属关系 在最后一个词的词尾加’s Jane and Mary’s room 简和玛丽的房间（指两个人共用一个房间）
表示两者或两者以上各自的所属关系 在每个词的词尾加’s Jane’s and Mary’s rooms 简和玛丽各自的房间（指分别所有）
表示某人的家、店铺、办公室等 在词尾加’s，省略其后名词 at my uncle’s 在我叔叔家
（2）of 所有格
无生命的名词的所属关系一般要用介词of短语来构成。如a map of China，at the end of this term。但表时间、距离、世界、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词直接在词尾加-’s或-’。
five minutes’ walk
（3）双重所有格
表示所属物的名词前有冠词（a/an），数词（one，two...），不定代词（some，all，any...），物主代词（my，your...），指示代词（this，that...时，常用＂of +’s所有格＂形式，即双重所有格来表示所属关系。
a photo of my sister’s 我妹妹的一张照片 this book of my classmate’s 我同学的这本书
中考真题
1．（2021重庆中考真题）There are many ______ teachers in this primary school.
A．woman B．woman’s C．women D．women’s
2. （2021扬州中考）The wallpaper with cartoon patterns is ideal for my ______room. (son).
3.(2020四川自贡中考)—A boy is flying a kite over there. Who is he
—He is _________ brother.
A. Lucy’s and Lily’s B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily
4. （2019 鄂州市）A Chinese father made some nice dresses for his daughter with his ____ (wife) old shirts
5.（2021连云港中考） The ________ Lianyungang-Xuzhou High-speed Railway was open to the public this year.
A. 180 kilometer long B. 180 kilometers long C. 180-kilometer-long D. 180-kilometers-long
6.（2020山东青岛中考）—Is this hat_______
—No, the red one is_______.
A. Lucy's; her B. Lucy; her C. Lucy's; hers D. Lucy; hers
7. （2020四川省达州市中考）— It’s said that the two _________ doctors have just come back from Wuhan.
— Yeah, I know them. They are both already in their _________.
A. woman；sixty B. women；sixtieth C. women；sixties D. woman；sixties
8. （2020年江苏省南京市建邺区二模）After climbing for nearly three hours, we were glad to take ________ rest.
A. a few minutes B. a few minutes’ C. a little minutes’
1.C【详解】句意：这所小学有许多女教师。考查复合名词的复数。many修饰名词复数，woman作定语时，woman与被修饰的名词都要变复数，women teachers女教师，故选C。
2.son’s 3.B【解析】考查名词所有格的用法。句意：——一个男孩正在那边放风筝。他是谁？——他是露茜和莉莉的弟弟。表示两个人共同拥有，只在最后一个名词后加“-s”，根据句意判断是两人“共有”，因此选B。
4. wife’s 句意：一位中国的父亲用他妻子的旧衬衣为他的女儿做了一些漂亮的衣服。wife妻子，是一个名词。根据句意和空后的old shirts可知，这里表示“他妻子的旧衬衫”，故这里应填名词所有格形式，故填wife’s。
5.C【详解】句意：长180公里的连云港至徐州高铁今年向公众开放。
考查名词作定语。此处作定语，排除AB；含有连字符的名词短语作定语，名词需要用单数。故选C。
6.C【解析】考查名词所有格和代词辨析。根据题意“这个帽子是Lucy的吗？”可知第一个空应该用名词所有格；第二个空表示“她的”，应该用名词性物主代词，故选C。
7.C【解析】句意：——听说这两位女医生刚从武汉回来。——是的，我认识她们。她们都已经六十多岁了。
考查名词复数和年龄段表达。根据英语语法，以man、woman修饰的职业名称变复数时，man、woman也要变成复数，第一空后名词doctors为复数，故woman应用复数形式women，A、D选项可排除；“in one’s +基数词复数”为固定搭配，意为“在某人几十岁时”，第二空应填sixty的复数形式sixties，故选C。
8.B【解析】句意：在爬了接近三个小时之后，我们很开心能休息几分钟。
考查名词所有格。minutes是可数名词的复数，表示“几分钟”用a few。a little修饰的是不可数名词。表示“几分钟的休息”用名词所有格，在复数名词后面直接加单撇号，用a few minutes’ rest。故选B。
四、名词词义辨析
1.（2021扬州中考） — We can always find something good in a bad ______________if we look for it.
— It's so true. Let's make full use of what comes.
situation B. direction C. Instruction D. competition
2.（2021南京中考） Yuan Longping was a world-famous scientist. Because of his achievements, rice ________ has been increased greatly.
A. population B. contribution C. production D. introduction
3.（2021宿迁中考）. Huang was born in Nanjing, but Suqian has become his second ________.
A. family B. house C. village D. hometown
4. （2021盐城）Yuan Longping and his team have solved the problem of ________ for many people.
A. hunger B. health C. pollution D. population
5．（2021·四川乐山市·中考真题）—Hello! May I speak to Tony, please
— Sorry, I’m afraid you have the wrong ______.
A．telephone B．name C．number
6．（2021·甘肃天水市·中考真题）If the weather is nice, we could have a(n) ______ in the park.
A．picnic B．chance C．place D．idea
7．（2021·山东菏泽市·中考真题）—China’s high-speed railway ______ is leading the world.
—That’s right. It is moving further into the world.
A．technology B．environment C．population
8．（2021·山西中考真题）— Jenny, I can’t solve the problems by myself. What should I do
— Maybe working in groups is a good ______.
A．method B．survey C．report
9．（2021·湖北武汉市·中考真题）The idiom(成语) “Mengzi’s mother makes three moves” tells of a mother who did all she could to provide the best ______ for her child.
A．experience B．instruction C．environment D．information
10．（2021·天津中考真题）His beautiful music has brought ______ to people all over the world.
A．difficulty B．pleasure C．weather D．danger
11．（2021·四川达州市·中考真题）If you want to be a doctor like Zhong Nanshan, hard work is the key to ______.
A．treasure B．beauty C．success D．health
12.（2021·安徽中考真题）—Have you ever heard “A thousand mile journey begins with the first ______”
—Yes. It’s a famous Chinese saying by Laozi.
A．class B．step C．break D．exam
13．（2020淮安）Many teenagers want to be _________ like Zhong Nanshan when they grow up.
A．writers B．engineers C．doctors D．inventors
14．(2020江苏连云港)The___________ of the meeting is to help teachers and parents achieve better communication.
A．position B．progress C．period D．purpose
15．(2020江苏南通)— A robot served us dinner last night. Don’t you think we are living in amazing times
— I can’t agree more. The ________ makes our lives easier and happier.
A．information B．technology C．discovery D．competition
16．(2020江苏苏州)I don’t care how many words there are in your article, but the ______ of it really matters.
A．ability B．size C．quality D．energy
17．(2020江苏泰州)—We have entered a world where robot operations become true with 5G technology.
—Hard to believe! Scientists are full of________ which leads to great changes in our life.
A．attraction B．invention C．position D．contribution
18．(2020江苏扬州)You’ll have to get your parents’________ if you want to go on the trip.
A．achievement B．announcement C．agreement D．Advertisement
19. （2020云南昆明中考）A 12-year-old boy from Hunan invented a new kind of window because of his ________. The window can prevent children from falling out.
A. communication B. celebration C. honesty D. creativity
20.(2019江苏连云港)US scientist Edward T. Hall said that in a conversation between two people, 65% of _________ is done through body language.
A. application B. pronunciation C. introduction D. communication
21.(2019江苏苏州)- Keep quiet! I need complete__________ when I'm working.
-Sorry, dad. I won't make any noise again.
A. trust B. silence C. control D. strength
1.A【详解】句意：—如果我们去寻找，总能在逆境中找到好的东西。—太对了。让我们充分利用所得到的。考查名词辨析。situation情况；direction方向；instruction指导；competition比赛。根据“We can always find something good in a bad…”可知，此处指“在不好的情况下/在逆境中”，故选A。
2.C【详解】句意：袁隆平是世界著名的科学家，由于他的成就，水稻产量大大增加。
考查名词辨析。population 人口；contribution贡献；production产量；introduction介绍。根据常识可知，由于袁隆平的成就，水稻产量大大增加。故选C。
3.D【详解】句意：黄先生出生在南京，但宿迁已成为他的第二故乡。
考查名词辨析。family家庭；house房子；village村庄；hometown家乡；根据语境可知，此处指的是第二故乡，故选D。
4，A【详解】句意：袁隆平和他的团队已经解决了许多人的饥饿问题。
考查名词辨析。hunger饥饿；health健康；pollution污染；population人口。根据“Yuan Longping and his team have solved the problem of…for many people.”和常识可知，袁隆平和他的团队解决的是饥饿问题，故选A。
5.C【详解】句意：喂！我可以和Tony接电话吗？——对不起，恐怕你打错电话了。考查名词辨析。telephone电话；name名字；number数字。根据上句“Hello! May I speak to Tony, please ”可知，是双方在打电话；根据答语“sorry”提示可知，应是打错电话号码了。故选C。
6.A【详解】句意：如果天气好，我们可以在公园里野餐。考查名词辨析。picnic野餐；chance机会；place地方；idea想法。根据“If the weather is nice, we could have a(n) …in the park.”可知，如果天气好，可以在公园里野餐。故选A。
7.A【详解】句意：—中国高铁技术处于世界领先地位。—是的。它正在进一步走向世界。考查名词辨析。technology技术；environment环境；population人口。根据“China’s high-speed railway…is leading the world.”可知，是高铁技术，故选A。
8.A【详解】句意：—Jenny，我自己解决不了这些问题。我该怎么办？—也许小组合作是个好方法。考查名词辨析。method方法；survey调查；report报告。根据“I can’t solve the problems by myself. What should I do”及“Maybe working in groups is a good…”可知，是提供解决这件事情的办法，故选A。
9.C【详解】句意：“孟母三迁”这个成语讲述的是一位母亲竭尽全力为孩子提供最好的环境的故事。考查名词辨析。experience经历；instruction指令；environment环境；information信息。根据“Mengzi’s mother makes three moves”及常识，可知，《孟母三迁》讲的就是一个母亲为孩子提供最好环境的故事，故选C。
10.B【详解】句意：他优美的音乐给全世界的人带来了快乐。考查名词辨析。difficulty困难；pleasure快乐；weather天气；danger危险。根据“His beautiful music”，结合选项，可知优美的音乐可以给全世界的人带来快乐，故选B。
11.C【详解】句意：如果你想成为像钟南山那样的医生，努力工作是成功的关键。考查名词词义辨析。treasure财富；beauty美丽；success成功；health健康。根据前句“If you want to be a doctor like Zhong Nanshan,”可推知，应是努力工作是成功的关键。故选C。
12.B【详解】句意：—你听说过“千里之行始于足下”吗？—听过。这是老子的一句著名的中国谚语。考查名词辨析。class班级；step步；break休息；exam考试。根据“A thousand mile journey begins with the first…”可知，此处表示“千里之行始于足下”，故选B。
13．C【解析】句意：很多青少年长大后都想要成为像钟南山那样的医生。
考查名词辨析。writers作家；engineers工程师；doctors医生；inventors发明家。根据空后“like Zhong Nanshan”和常识可知，钟南山是一名医生，故选C。
14．D【解析】句意：会议的目的是帮助老师和家长实现更好的沟通。
考查名词辨析。position位置；progress进步；period期间；purpose目的。根据空后“to help teachers and parents achieve better communication.帮助老师和家长实现更好的沟通”可知，这应该是会议的“目的”purpose。故选D。
15．B【解析】句意：——昨晚一个机器人为我们提供晚餐。你不觉得我们生活在一个令人惊奇的时代吗？ ——我非常同意。科技使我们的生活更轻松、更快乐。
考查名词。information信息；technology科技；discovery发现；competition竞赛。根据上文A robot served us dinner last night可知，科技的进步让人们的生活更轻松和快乐了。B选项符合句意，故选B。
16．C【解析】句意：我不在乎你的文章里有多少字，但质量才是最重要的。
考查名词辨析。ability能力；size尺寸；quality质量；energy精力。根据题干中“in your article”可知此处是说重要的是文章的质量，用quailty符合题意。故选C。
17．D【解析】句意：我们已经进入一个5G技术使机器人操作成为现实的世界。——真是难以相信！科学家们对我们生活的改变做出了巨大的贡献。
考查名词辨析。attraction吸引力；invention发明；position位置；contribution贡献。根据We have entered a world where robot operations become true with 5G technology及所给选词，可知，我们已经进入一个5G技术使机器人操作成为现实的世界，科学家们对我们生活的改变做出了巨大的贡献，所以空格处填contribution。故选D。
18．C【解析】句意：如果你想去旅行，你必须得到父母的同意。
考查名词辨析。achievement成就，成绩；announcement公告，宣布；agreement同意；advertisement广告。根据空后的“if you want to go on the trip”结合空前的get your parents’可知，此处是表达得到你父母的同意，这样才能去旅行。故选C。
19.D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：来自湖南的12岁的男孩由于突发奇想，发明了一种新型窗户。这种窗户可以防止儿童掉下来。communication交流，交际；celebration庆祝，庆贺；honesty诚实；creativity创造，创造性。因为突发奇想，所以才发明了。故选D。
20.D【解析】句意“美国科学家爱德华霍尔说：在两个人的对话中，65%的交流是通过肢体语言完成的”。A.应用，申请；B.发音；C.介绍；D.交流。根据句意可知，交流时，65%都是肢体语言，故选D。
21.B【解析】句意：——保持安静!我工作时需要完全的安静。——对不起,爸爸。我不会再制造任何噪音了。考查名词辨析。A. 信任；B. 沉默；C. 控制；D. 力量。根据回答Sorry, dad. I won't make any noise again.可知爸爸工作时需要安静，故选B。
巩固练习
1. You can see the __________ in our faces when we talk about the great achievements in the past 70 years.
A. doubt B. pride C. regret D. ability
2. It’s about ___________ from our school to my house.
A. 20 minutes’ walk B. 20 minute’s walk
C. walk of 20 minutes D. 20 minutes’ walks
3. Lights are out. The concert is to begin. The fans hold their breath for Jay Chou’s ___________.
A. influence B. guidance C. experience D. appearance
4. —Mr. Brown, I will keep practise reading to improve my English.
—If you make a ___________, you must keep it.
A. order B. decision C. promise D. agreement
5. June lst is ___________ Day. My sister is happy on that day every year.
A. Women’ s B. Fathers’ C. Teachers’ D. Children’ s
6. —Here is my family ____________. We took it last year.
—What a happy family!
A. member B. name C. photo D. house
7. —Mum, must I be a teacher like you when I grow up.
—No, you needn't. You can make your own ________.
A. difference B. discussion C. discovery D. decision
8.It's dangerous for us to give too much ___________about ourselves on the Internet.
A. Messages B. suggestions C. preparation D. information
9.If you are going to be a computer programmer, you’d better start with the ABC of computers.
A. English grammar B. English teachers
C. the difficulties D. the basic knowledge
10.—How's Mr Clark’s small company
—Quite good. It has grown to become a_______ in the international trade.
A. rule B. duty C. power D. sign
11. — Why are you still waiting in line
— I’ve missed my________.
A. room B. order C. turn D. time
12. One has to have a ________of right and wrong. Without it, a person can not be trusted.
A. sense B. sign C. symbol
13.—The doctors and nurses are the________ of fighting against the virus (病毒).
—I think so. They are always on the front line.
A. leaders B. relatives C. pioneers
14. —Many countries have reached an ___________with China on fighting against the virus.
—Yes. It is high time for all the countries to work together.
achievement B. agreement C. development D. environment
15. The ___________ that there is life on other planets has always encouraged scientists to explore the outer space.
A. invitation B. possibility C. order D. advice
1.B【解析】句意：当我们谈到过去70年取得的巨大成就时，你能看到我们脸上的骄傲。doubt怀疑，疑问；pride骄傲；自豪；regret后悔，遗憾；ability能力。根据句意when we talk about the great achievements in the past 70 years可知，谈到取得的成就，应感到自豪。故应选B。
2.A【解析】句意：从我们学校到我家大约要走20分钟的路。选项A, 20 minutes’ walk，意为“20分钟的路”；minutes’名词复数的所有格，修饰不可数名词walk。20 minutes二十分钟，名词使用复数，所以其它选项表达错误。故选A。
3.D【解析】句意：灯灭了，演唱会开始了，粉丝们屏住呼吸等待周杰伦的出现。influence影响；guidance指导；experience经历；经验；appearance出现。根据句意可知，粉丝们等着周杰伦出现在演唱上。故选D。
4.C【解析】句意：——布朗先生，我将继续练习阅读以提高英语水平。——如果你做出承诺，你必须遵守。A.订单；B.决定；C.承诺；D.协议。根据I will keep practise reading to improve my English.可知，这是一个承诺，此空故填promise，故选C。
5.C【解析】句意：六月一日是儿童节，每年那一天我的妹妹都非常开心。Women’ s妇女的；Fathers’ 父亲的；Teachers’ 老师的；Children’ s儿童的。根据句意June 1st和常识可知，6月1日是儿童节。故应选D。
6.C【解析】句意：——这是我的家庭照片，我们去年拍的。——多么开心的家庭啊！A. 成员；B. 名字；C.照片；D. 房子。We took it last year中it代指空处的内容。take a photo拍照，所以表示＂家庭的照片＂，故选C。
7.D【解析】句意：——妈妈，当我长大后必须像你一样做一名老师吗？——不，你不必。你可以做你自己的决定。考查名词辨析。difference区别；discussion讨论；discovery发现；decision决定。分析语境可知，此处在讨论长大后做什么，是对未来的决定，此处构成“make one’s own decision”短语，翻译为“做某人自己的决定”。故选D。
8.D【解析】句意：对我们来说，在网上给太多关于我们自己的信息很危险。考查名词。messages 短信，信息,可数名词；suggestions建议；preparation准备；information 信息,不可数名词。根据 “about ourselves on the Internet”可知此处指的是在网上发布太多关于自己的个人信息很危险的；too much修饰不可数名词，表示“太多的”；此处用不可数名词information。故选D。
9.D【解析】考查同义转换。句意：如果你想成为一名计算机程序员，你最好从计算机的基础开始。English grammar意为“英语语法”；English letters意为“英语字母”；the difficulties意为“困难”；the basic knowledge意为“基础知识”。根据语境可推，the ABC指“入门；基础”。故选D。
10.C【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：——克拉克先生的小公司怎么样？——不错。它已成长为国际贸易中的一个大国。rule规则；duty职责；power力量、势力；sign符号、手势。根据“Quite good”可知，克拉克先生的小公司已经发展的很强大了，故power符合语境。故选C。
11.C【解析】句意：——为什么你还在排队？ ——轮到我的时候我错过了。
考查名词辨析。room房间；order顺序，命令；turn轮流；time时间，次数。根据“Why are you still waiting in line ”为什么你还在排队？可知，我错过了（轮到）我的顺次。故选C。
12.A【解析】句意：一个人必须有对错的意识。没有它，一个人就不能被信任。
考查名词辨析。sense感觉，意识；sign标志；记号；symbol象征。根据句意可知，这里考查a sense of right and wrong“是非感”，是固定短语，故选A。
13.C【解析】句意：——医生和护士们是对抗病毒的先锋。——我认为如此。他们总是冲在前线。
考查名词辨析。leaders领导者；relatives亲属；pioneers先锋。根据They are always on the front line，可知，医护人员一直在前线对抗病毒，他们是抗疫先锋，所以空格处填pioneers。故选C。
14.B【解析】句意：——很多国家和中国就抗击病毒达成协议了。——是的，现在是所有国家共同努力的时候了。考查名词词义辨析。achievement成就；agreement同意，协议；development发展；environment环境。根据句意很多国家和中国就抗击病毒达成协议了，可知是协议的意思。故选B。
15.B【解析】句意：其他星球上有生命的可能性一直激励着科学家们去探索外太空。考查名词辨析。invitation 邀请；possibility 可能，可能性；order 命令，顺序；advice 建议。结合句意可知，外星球上有存在生命的可能性，这种可能性激励着科学家去探索。故答案选B。名词
中考考察重点：
1、名词词义辨析；
2、名词的数；
3、名词所有格。
考察形式：单选、词汇、完成句子等
定义：是词类的一种，属于实词 ( https: / / baike. / item / %E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%8D / 4430789" \t "https: / / baike. / item / %E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D / _blank )。它表示人、事、物、地点或抽象 ( https: / / baike. / item / %E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1 / 9021828" \t "https: / / baike. / item / %E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D / _blank )概念的统一名称。它分为专有名词 ( https: / / baike. / item / %E4%B8%93%E6%9C%89%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D / 3543467" \t "https: / / baike. / item / %E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D / _blank )和普通名词。
名词的基本用法
一、名词的分类
分类 说明 例句
普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 表示人或事物的个体名称 dictionary，boy，hospital，nurse
集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总称 public，people，class，family，police
不可数名词 物质名词 表示构成个体的物质或材料的名称 rice，glass，snow，steel，cotton，corn，air
抽象名词 表示状态、品质、感情、行为等抽象概念的名词 peace，danger，courage，determination，satisfaction，happiness，success，love，knowledge
专有名词 表示人名、地名、国名 London，Tom，the Great Wall，Asia
表示书名、电影名、各种标语 The Avengers ， Harry Potter
表示机构、组织、团体 The United Nations UNESCO UNICEF
表示月份、星期、节日 March，Monday ，National day
中考真题
1.（2021盐城中考） Jumping the rope is a kind of full-body exercise and it is great for the ________（大脑）.
2. （2021盐城中考）Scientists have found that _________ talk to each other all the time. Their language is a kind of chemical. (plant)
3. （2021扬州中考）So far, China has built nearly 600, 000 cultural centers in ___▲___. （村庄）
4.（2021苏州中考） Tomorrow is Father's Day. Let's get prepared （今晚）to give Dad a big surprise.
5. （2021苏州中考）We need to increase our ___________（知识）of the history of the Communist Party of China.
6. （2021苏州中考）In 1961. Yuan Longping found a natural hybrid rice plant that had many a____________
over others.
7.（2021连云港中考） ________（参观者）must show their health QR codes and check their temperature before they go into the museum.
8.（2021南京中考） Lulu’s best friend never gives up her ________(梦想) of being a teacher.
9.（2021南京中考） David feels very proud to be a member of the school volleyball ________（队）.
11.（2021宿迁中考） Modern ________ (医学) is developing fast. As a result, many diseases can be prevented or cured.
12.（2021宿迁中考）Neil Armstrong said that one small ________ (一步) for a man, one giant leap for mankind.
13.（2021宿迁中考）The task is too difficult Lucy has no c________ but to ask others for help.
巩固练习
1.Sandy really likes eating meat, but she doesn’t like eating .
A. breads B. vegetables C. chickens
2. How much ________ do we need to make a banana milk shake
A. bananas B. apples C. coffee D. milk
3. Jane doesn't like to eat_________. She likes fruit and vegetables.
A. Pear B. meat C. water D. potato
4. Every time I want to give up, my parents always __________(鼓励))me to keep trying.
5. We will hold a party to say goodbye to our teachers next___________(星期三).
6. According to a survey those born in the 2000s have a strong sense of national_______(骄傲).
7. Please put all the books back in the right _____________(顺序) before you leave.
8. Recently, there are about 12 _______________(千) pet hospitals in China, and many people choose small animal treatment as a career.
9. The twin brothers are not only of the same ___________(重量), but also the height.
10. Our monitor wants to have a _____________(讨论) about the sports meeting with us.
二、名词的数
可数名词有单、复数形式。
（一）名词复数形式的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例子
1 一般情况 直接加-s 在清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音和元音后后读/z/ cakes，student，beds，exercises
2 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词 加-es 读/Iz/ watches，boxes，buses，wishes注：stomach→stomachs
3 以＂辅音字母+y＂结尾的词 把y变i，再加-es 读/z/ Ladies，factories，babies
4 以f 或fe结尾的词 把f 或fe 改为v，加-es 读/z/ knives，wives，thieves，leaves
5 以o结尾的可数名词 有生命+es 读/z/ heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
无生命+s 读/z/ radios，photos，pianos
（二）名词复数形式的不规则变化
1. 单复数同形
Chinese→Chinese Japanese→Japanese
2. 改变元音字母
man→men woman→women foot→feet tooth→teeth policewoman→policewomen
注：German→Germans
3. 只有复数形式的名词
trousers scissors pants glasses shoes
4. 其他变化
mouse→mice child→children
5. 有些名词表面为复数形式，实为单数。
math数学，news新闻，physics物理，politics政治，the United Nations 联合国，the United States美国
注：
1. fish表示鱼的种类时，复数形式为fishes，而fish表示鱼的条数时，复数形式仍为fish。如：
different fishes不同种类的鱼 five fish五条鱼
2. works意为＂工厂＂时，单复数形式一样，而work意为＂著作，作品＂时，复数形式是works。如：
a chemical works 一座化工厂 three chemical works 三座化工厂
a work by Mo Yan 一部莫言的作品 three works by Mo Yan 三部莫言的作品
（三）不可数名词
情况 构成方法
1 常见不可数名词 cotton棉花，food食物，hair头发，health健康，ice冰，wind风
2 可转化为可数名词，含义不同 rain雨→a rain一场雨，beer啤酒→a beer一杯啤酒，paper纸→a paper一份论文wood木头→woods森林，custom习惯→customs海关
3 抽象名词具体化 disappointment失望→a disappointment令人失望的事experience经验→an experience 一次经历success成功→a success成功的人或事
4 专有名词 A Mr Black is waiting for you. 一个叫布莱克的先生在等你。
中考真题
1．（2021·湖北恩施土家族苗族自治州·中考真题）My uncle works in a hospital, and he is a ______.
A．doctors B．nurses C．doctor
2．（2021·湖南岳阳市·中考真题）We see some______ rising into the air at the opening of our new library.
A．balloons B．balloon C．balloones
3. (2020 广东深圳中考) — Hey, Alicia! Have you got used to Chinese food
—Yes! But I am still learning to use ______ as a Chinese does.
A. forks B. chopsticks C. knives
4.（2021南京中考）Over the years, Gong Bao Chicken has become one of the most popular ________(dish) in Chinese restaurants throughout the world.
5.（2020湖南郴州）During the epidemic(疫情), many ________ in our city went to Hubei Province as volunteers.
A. woman doctor B. woman doctors C. women doctors
6.（2020四川省达州市中考）— It’s said that the two _________ doctors have just come back from Wuhan.
— Yeah, I know them. They are both already in their _________.
A. woman；sixty B. women；sixtieth C. women；sixties D. woman；sixties
巩固练习
1. China has made great_______(achieve) since it opened its doors to the outside world.
2. The mother said goodbye with a smile, but her eyes couldn’t hide her __________(sad).
3. Lots of the latest novels can be borrowed in these newly-built ______________(library).
4. Many young people look up to the basketball ___________( hero) and want to become like them.
5. Every child wants to be the _________(proud) of their parents.
三、名词所有格
名词所有格通常是用来表示一个名词和另一个名词之间的所属关系。
（一）构成
类别 构成方法 举例
单数名词 在词尾直接加’s Jim’s room 吉姆的房间
词尾已有-s的复数名词 在词尾只加’ Students’ rooms 学生们的房间
词尾不带-s的复数名词 在词尾直接加’s Children’s Day 儿童节
表示两者或两者以上共有的所属关系 在最后一个词的词尾加’s Jane and Mary’s room 简和玛丽的房间（指两个人共用一个房间）
表示两者或两者以上各自的所属关系 在每个词的词尾加’s Jane’s and Mary’s rooms 简和玛丽各自的房间（指分别所有）
表示某人的家、店铺、办公室等 在词尾加’s，省略其后名词 at my uncle’s 在我叔叔家
（2）of 所有格
无生命的名词的所属关系一般要用介词of短语来构成。如a map of China，at the end of this term。但表时间、距离、世界、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词直接在词尾加-’s或-’。
five minutes’ walk
（3）双重所有格
表示所属物的名词前有冠词（a/an），数词（one，two...），不定代词（some，all，any...），物主代词（my，your...），指示代词（this，that...时，常用＂of +’s所有格＂形式，即双重所有格来表示所属关系。
a photo of my sister’s 我妹妹的一张照片 this book of my classmate’s 我同学的这本书
中考真题
1．（2021重庆中考真题）There are many ______ teachers in this primary school.
A．woman B．woman’s C．women D．women’s
2. （2021扬州中考）The wallpaper with cartoon patterns is ideal for my ______room. (son).
3.(2020四川自贡中考)—A boy is flying a kite over there. Who is he
—He is _________ brother.
A. Lucy’s and Lily’s B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily
4. （2019 鄂州市）A Chinese father made some nice dresses for his daughter with his ____ (wife) old shirts
5.（2021连云港中考） The ________ Lianyungang-Xuzhou High-speed Railway was open to the public this year.
A. 180 kilometer long B. 180 kilometers long C. 180-kilometer-long D. 180-kilometers-long
6.（2020山东青岛中考）—Is this hat_______
—No, the red one is_______.
A. Lucy's; her B. Lucy; her C. Lucy's; hers D. Lucy; hers
7. （2020四川省达州市中考）— It’s said that the two _________ doctors have just come back from Wuhan.
— Yeah, I know them. They are both already in their _________.
A. woman；sixty B. women；sixtieth C. women；sixties D. woman；sixties
8. （2020年江苏省南京市建邺区二模）After climbing for nearly three hours, we were glad to take ________ rest.
A. a few minutes B. a few minutes’ C. a little minutes’
四、名词词义辨析
1.（2021扬州中考） — We can always find something good in a bad ______________if we look for it.
— It's so true. Let's make full use of what comes.
situation B. direction C. Instruction D. competition
2.（2021南京中考） Yuan Longping was a world-famous scientist. Because of his achievements, rice ________ has been increased greatly.
A. population B. contribution C. production D. introduction
3.（2021宿迁中考）. Huang was born in Nanjing, but Suqian has become his second ________.
A. family B. house C. village D. hometown
4. （2021盐城）Yuan Longping and his team have solved the problem of ________ for many people.
A. hunger B. health C. pollution D. population
5．（2021·四川乐山市·中考真题）—Hello! May I speak to Tony, please
— Sorry, I’m afraid you have the wrong ______.
A．telephone B．name C．number
6．（2021·甘肃天水市·中考真题）If the weather is nice, we could have a(n) ______ in the park.
A．picnic B．chance C．place D．idea
7．（2021·山东菏泽市·中考真题）—China’s high-speed railway ______ is leading the world.
—That’s right. It is moving further into the world.
A．technology B．environment C．population
8．（2021·山西中考真题）— Jenny, I can’t solve the problems by myself. What should I do
— Maybe working in groups is a good ______.
A．method B．survey C．report
9．（2021·湖北武汉市·中考真题）The idiom(成语) “Mengzi’s mother makes three moves” tells of a mother who did all she could to provide the best ______ for her child.
A．experience B．instruction C．environment D．information
10．（2021·天津中考真题）His beautiful music has brought ______ to people all over the world.
A．difficulty B．pleasure C．weather D．danger
11．（2021·四川达州市·中考真题）If you want to be a doctor like Zhong Nanshan, hard work is the key to ______.
A．treasure B．beauty C．success D．health
12．（2021·安徽中考真题）—Have you ever heard “A thousand mile journey begins with the first ______”
—Yes. It’s a famous Chinese saying by Laozi.
A．class B．step C．break D．exam
13．（2020淮安）Many teenagers want to be _________ like Zhong Nanshan when they grow up.
A．writers B．engineers C．doctors D．inventors
14．(2020江苏连云港)The___________ of the meeting is to help teachers and parents achieve better communication.
A．position B．progress C．period D．purpose
15．(2020江苏南通)— A robot served us dinner last night. Don’t you think we are living in amazing times
— I can’t agree more. The ________ makes our lives easier and happier.
A．information B．technology C．discovery D．competition
16．(2020江苏苏州)I don’t care how many words there are in your article, but the ______ of it really matters.
A．ability B．size C．quality D．energy
17．(2020江苏泰州)—We have entered a world where robot operations become true with 5G technology.
—Hard to believe! Scientists are full of________ which leads to great changes in our life.
A．attraction B．invention C．position D．contribution
18．(2020江苏扬州)You’ll have to get your parents’________ if you want to go on the trip.
A．achievement B．announcement C．agreement D．Advertisement
19. （2020云南昆明中考）A 12-year-old boy from Hunan invented a new kind of window because of his ________. The window can prevent children from falling out.
A. communication B. celebration C. honesty D. creativity
20.(2019江苏连云港)US scientist Edward T. Hall said that in a conversation between two people, 65% of _________ is done through body language.
A. application B. pronunciation C. introduction D. communication
21.(2019江苏苏州)- Keep quiet! I need complete__________ when I'm working.
-Sorry, dad. I won't make any noise again.
A. trust B. silence C. control D. strength
巩固练习
1. You can see the __________ in our faces when we talk about the great achievements in the past 70 years.
A. doubt B. pride C. regret D. ability
2. It’s about ___________ from our school to my house.
A. 20 minutes’ walk B. 20 minute’s walk
C. walk of 20 minutes D. 20 minutes’ walks
3. Lights are out. The concert is to begin. The fans hold their breath for Jay Chou’s ___________.
A. influence B. guidance C. experience D. appearance
4. —Mr. Brown, I will keep practise reading to improve my English.
—If you make a ___________, you must keep it.
A. order B. decision C. promise D. agreement
5. June lst is ___________ Day. My sister is happy on that day every year.
A. Women’ s B. Fathers’ C. Teachers’ D. Children’ s
6. —Here is my family ____________. We took it last year.
—What a happy family!
A. member B. name C. photo D. house
7. —Mum, must I be a teacher like you when I grow up.
—No, you needn't. You can make your own ________.
A. difference B. discussion C. discovery D. decision
8.It's dangerous for us to give too much ___________about ourselves on the Internet.
A. Messages B. suggestions C. preparation D. information
9.If you are going to be a computer programmer, you’d better start with the ABC of computers.
A. English grammar B. English teachers
C. the difficulties D. the basic knowledge
10.—How's Mr Clark’s small company
—Quite good. It has grown to become a_______ in the international trade.
A. rule B. duty C. power D. sign
11. — Why are you still waiting in line
— I’ve missed my________.
A. room B. order C. turn D. time
12. One has to have a ________of right and wrong. Without it, a person can not be trusted.
A. sense B. sign C. symbol
13.—The doctors and nurses are the________ of fighting against the virus (病毒).
—I think so. They are always on the front line.
A. leaders B. relatives C. pioneers
14. —Many countries have reached an ___________with China on fighting against the virus.
—Yes. It is high time for all the countries to work together.
achievement B. agreement C. development D. environment
15. The ___________ that there is life on other planets has always encouraged scientists to explore the outer space.
A. invitation B. possibility C. order D. advice
